ROLES OF CSR IN TH PUBLIC SECTOR (Fox et. Al) 1.

Mandating (legislative) (mandate: A command or an authorization given by a political electorate to its representative) 2. Facilitating (guidelines on content, fiscal and funding mechanisms, creating framework conditions) 3. Partnering (engagement with multi-stakeholder processes, stimulating dialogue) 4. Endorsing (tools and publicity) Initiatives of Public Sector depending on the roles adopted 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Minimum standards The public policy role of business Good corporate governance Socially responsible investment Philanthropy and community development Stakeholder management Production and consumption Certification and management systems Transparency and reporting International CSR guidelines

(Lepoutre et. Al) 1. Activate 2. Orchestrate 3. Modulate Common Tools adopted in public action 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Public information campaigns Organizational reporting Labeling Contracts Agreements Incentives

(Nidasio 2004) Frameworks according to two levels of analysis 1. Top-down (as opposed to a bottom-up) approach 2. Government centered (as opposed to a multi-stakeholder) approach (multi-stakeholder approach an approach that involves different stakeholders working together to achieve a common goal)

GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Moon(2004) states that CSR policy adopted by the British government as a response to the social governance crisis and lack of legitimacy of the state that appeared in the last decades of the 20th century. An answer was being sought to the social governance deficit that affected the British society in issues such as: unemployment, regeneration of socially and economically less favored areas, vocational training of unemployed and the employed, and business start-up and job creation. Moon concludes that the British government saw CSR meeting as a contribution by the business world towards meeting these challenges and incorporated it into the political agenda.

Midttun (2005) proposed a new embedded relational model: the Keynesian Welfare State Model, the Neo-liberal Model, and the Embedded Relational CSR Model. Midttun analyzed each of the models adopted by the governments in political, commercial, and regulatory exchange taking into account three players: (1) government, (2) industry, (3) civil society. In each model, Midttun analyzed the intermediation between these players and their areas of exchange. The CSR Model is based on decentralized sector and less state intervention compared to the welfare model. The CSR model has developed new ways of paying attention to sustainable development by adding dimensions and roles to areas of exchange.

Gribben et. Al. (2001) presents the role of governments in the creation of new models of social partnerships with a view to solving social problems, in coordination with companies, social organizations and local government.

Guarani and Nidasio (2003) analyzed the role of CSR in public-private partnerships incorporates an area of long-term consistency into concept of political networks. The study concludes that public-sector players commit themselves above all in the evaluation social and environmental needs.

Bendell and Kearins (2004) address the political dimension of CSR and its application to business administration and management in relation to the demands of civil society. First: they state that the concept of voluntary compliance linked to CSR is accepted by few stakeholder groups. Second: they point out that the voluntary nature of CSR has brought growing social awareness of the political activities of companies. Third: they claim that some general and financial managers are of the option that, without major changes in government public policies, individual efforts by companies in CSR may not yield commercial success.