Day 6: INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTION 1.

Name the three types of faults which could take place i) Transient faults ii) Permanent faults iii) Intermittent faults 2. Name 3 ways in which a fault can occur i) Deteriation in the insulation ii) Damage due to external. iii) Breakdown of insulation due to lightning strikes or surges due to switching. 3. Name 4 effects of a fault. i) Increase in current. ii) Increase in heat. iii) Voltage drop. iv) Large magnetic field due to increase in current. 4. List 3 functions of protection schemes. i) To safeguard the entire system, in order to ensure continuity of supply. ii) To minimize damage and repair costs. iii) To ensure the safety of personnel. 5. Explain the difference between a ring circuit and a radial circuit. Ring Circuit: more than one source of supply and power can flow in both directions. Radial Circuit: A source and power can only flow in one direction. 6. Define a fault level. Fault current and fault power are only opposed by the network equivalent impedance between the fault point and the generation of power. The smaller this impedance is, the higher the fault power flow. 7. Define Fault Rating listed on circuit breaker. Power system equipment is not rated to normal operating levels but to the power that could flow through it under worst fault condition. 8. By means of a sketch, explain the function of an earth fault indicator. It is used extensively on cable ring network. Before the ring can be reconfigured, the faulted section must be located.

Day 7:

NON-UNIT PROTECTION

1. Name 4 different relay applications i) Over current. ii) Instantaneous iii) Definite Time, IDTD iv) Inverse Time, IDMT (BS142/IEC25) 2. Explain the principle of IDMT characteristics found in a modern relay. Time of operation is inversely proportional to the fault current level and the actual characteristic is a function of both time and current settings. 3. List the 4 different curve characteristic and where they could possibly be used. i) Standard Inverse (SI) Cable Circuits. ii) Very Inverse (VI) Overhead Line Circuits. iii) Extremely Inverse (EI) Transformers. iv) Rarely Inverse (RI) Capacitors. 4. Define the Time Multiplier Setting. Time Multiplier Setting is the adjustment required by the relay in order to determine the time it takes the relay to operate and trip the circuit breaker. 5. Define the Plug Setting Multiplier. Plug Setting Multiplier is the current adjustment, which determines the amount of current required by the relay when causing the operating element of the relay to pick-up. 6. Name 2 types of current transformer. i) Ring type CT. ii) Bar primary CT. 7. In which scheme, would Class X current transformers be used? Differential Protection Schemes. 8. Identify the following CT values: 15Va 10 p 20, if the CT ratio is 2000 to 5 amp. 15va 10 p 20 CT Ratio 2000:5A 20 x 2000 = 40kA. 9. What is the purpose of Voltage Transformer? The purpose of VT is as protection and as well as metering applications.

10. Explain the functions of Solkor Protection Schemes. Form of unit protection for MV/HV systems and works by sensing a voltage in balance between either and of the unit by doing this it will flowing through it from another unit and therefore maintaining a supply. Especially useful in cable networks and is utilized between two primary substation. Day 8: SWITCHGEAR

1. Which requirement must be met when withdrawing a circuit breaker from a panel? All source of supply have been isolated, earthed and the live shutter is locked off and danger labels have been applied. 2. Which procedure must be followed before work of any kind may be carried out on the spouts of switchgear? i) Shutters of live spouts shall be locked in the shut position. ii) The contacts of spouts to be worked on shall be tested by means of an approved tester in order to prove that they are dead. iii) Spout contacts shall be earthed with equipment provided for the purpose at the point of work and at all points of isolation from the supply. 3. Explain the procedure to be followed when inserting test prods up the spouts of switchgear panels. If the application of test prods requires the removal of earthing equipment, the circuit must be tested with an approved tester immediately prior to the insertion of the test prods and again before connections to the prods are made. Rubber gauntlets must be worn at all times. 4. Is the Person-In-Charge of the test permitted to remove Control Point Earths to test purposes? (Explain) Cannot because only the Authorised Person shall carried out and liasing with the control operator and witness by the Competent Person. 5. Name the responsibilities of the Authorised Person when issuing a Permit to work. i) Familiarize with the switching procedures. ii) A Competent Person must be present to witness the switching procedures. iii) Liaise with the Control Operator keeping then informed of switching movements and permit details. iv) Carry out switching in a safe and proper manner. v) Apply personal padlocks and appropriate labels to all control point Earths. vi) Prepare permit once all operating has been completed. vii) Give explicit instructions to the Person-In-Charge of the work and ensure that these instructions are fully understood.

viii) ix) x)

Issue the permit once these instructions have been understood, ensuring that all parties fully and correctly complete the permit. Remove the original page of the Permit and hand it, together with the keys of Control Point Earths to the Person-InCharge. On completion of the work the Authorised Person shall ensure that all persons are clear of the mains and apparatus and that the Person In Charge signs off the Permit to Work.

6. Which information should appear on the Permit section of the Permit to Work form? i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) Name and signature of the Authorised Person. Name and signature of the Competent Person. Name and signature of the Person-In-Charge. Name of the Control Operator. Name of the both Control Points Earths Date and time of work to be done. Type of work to be done.

7. Are corrections permitted on a Permit to work? NOT permitted.