SEMINAR REPORT On SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Electronics & communication)

SUBMITTED BY Vikram Kumar 3208190 June 2012

GANPATI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY-BILASPUR

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA

CONTENTS

TITLES

PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 SDH CONCEPT 1.2 EVOLUATION OF SDH 1.2.1 WHAT IS SDH 1.2.2 EXISSTING NETWORK 1.2.2.1 LIMITATION OF THE PDH

1.2.3. BENEFITS OF THE SDH 2. NETWORK SIMPLIFICATIONS 2.1 SURVIVABILITY 2.2 SOFTWARE CONTROL 2.3 BANDWIDTH ON DEMAND 2.4 FUTURE PROOF NETWORKING 3 STANDARISATION 3.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE SDH 3.2 SDH FRAME STRUCTURE 3.3 SECTIOMN OVERHEAD 3.4 TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER 3.5 ADD AND DROP MULTIPLEXER 3.6 DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT 3.7 REGENERATORS

3.8 NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 3.9 NETWORK TOPOLOGY 3.10 POINT TO POINT TOPOLOGY 3.11 POINT TO MULTIPORT TOPOLOGY 3.12 RING TOPOLOGY 4 SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXING 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINATIONS 4.3 INPUT TO MULTIPLEXER 4.4 PRIMARY SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER 4.5 FORMATING CONTAINER C-4 4.6 FORMATING VIRTUAL CONTAINER VC-4 4.7 FORMATION OF ADMISTRATIVE UNIT AU-4 4.8 FORMATION OF ADMISTRATIVE UNIT GROUP 4.9 ADDING SDH TO FORM STM-1 4.10 FORMING VIRTUAL CONTAINER VC-12 4.11 FORMING TRIBUTARY UNIT TU-12 4.12 MULTIPLEXING OF TU-12S TO FORM TUG-3 4.13 EQUIPMENT 4.15 BENEFITS 4.16 KEY FEATURES 4.17 NM2100 ELEMENT MANAGER\

4.18 INSTRUMENT USED IN BSNL IN SDH 4.19 FIBCOM 6310 EDGE NODE 4.20 FIBCOM 6320 EDGE NODE 4.21 FIBCOM 6325 EDGE NODE 4.22 FIBCOM 6370 EDGE NODE 4.23 SOFTWARE USED TO PERFORM SDH 4.24 BENEFITS

1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 SDH CONCEPTS
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) signals the beginning of a new phase in the evolution of the worlds communication network. SDH will bring a revolution in telecommunications services which will have far reaching effects for end-users, serviceproviders and equipment manufacturers alike. With the introduction of SDH, the transmission network will enter a new era which can be compared in scale to that occurred following the introduction of PCM and Optical Fibre. As end-users (particularly business-users) become more dependent on effective communication, pressure builds up for a reliable and a flexible network with unlimited bandwidth. The complexity of current network, based on plesiochronous transmission systems, meant that network operators are unable to meet this demand.

The current Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) evolved in response to the demand for plain voice telephony (sometimes called POTS- Plain Old Telephony Service) is not ideally suited to the efficient delivery and management of high bandwidth connections. Synchronous transmission systems address the shortcomings of PDH. Using essentially the same fibre, a synchronous network is able to significantly increase available bandwidth while reducing the amount of equipment in the network. In addition the provision within the SDH for sophisticated network management introduces significantly more flexibility into the network .Deployment of synchronous transmission systems will be straight forward due to their ability to interwork with existing plesiochronous systems.

The SDH defines a structure which enables plesiochronous signals to be combined together and encapsulated within a standard SDH signal. This protects network operators investment in plesiochronous equipment, and enables them to deploysynchronous equipment in manner suited to the particular needs of their network As synchronous equipment becomes established within the network the full benefits it brings will become apparent. The network operator will experience significant cost savings associated with

reduced amount of hardware in the network, and the increased efficiency and reliability of the network will lead to savings resulting from a reduction in operation and maintenance costs.The sophisticated network management capabilities of a synchronous network will give a vast improvement in control of transmission networks. Improved network restoration and reconfiguration capabilities will result in better availability, and faster provisioning of services. The SDH offers network operators a future proof network solution. It has been designed to support future services such as MetropolitanArea Network (MAN), Broadband ISDN, etc.

1.2 EVOLUTION OF SDH

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) has reached a point where it is no longer sufficiently flexible or efficient to meet the demands being placed on it. As a result, synchronous transmission was thought to overcome the problems associated with plesiochronous transmission, in particular the availability of PDH to extract individual circuits from high capacity systems without having to demultiplex the whole system.Attempts to formulate a set of standards covering optical transmission of synchronous signals began in U.S. at the beginning of 1984.

The aim was to have a synchronous standard to allow the interconnection of equipment from more than one vendor. In order to move away from proprietary interfaces and achieve true interconnectivity between vendors, subcommittee T1X1 of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) began work in 1985 on developing a Standard Optical NETwork (SONET) based on a proposal by Bell Core. In 1986, CCITT became interested in the work being carried out on SONET and after much debate on how to incorporate both U.S. and European transmission hierarchies, final agreement was reached in Feb1988 and CCITT working group XVIII brought out the recommendations on Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), published in the CCITT Blue Book 1989. Since then, an ongoing standards effort has continued to develop and refine the SDH standards.

1.2.1 What is SDH ?

As defined in CCITT recommendations the SDH is a hierarchical set of digital transport structures, standardized for the transport of suitably adapted payloads over physical transmission networks. The ITU-T recommendations define a number of transmission rates within the SDH. The first of these is 155 Mbit/s, normally referred to as STM-1 (where STM stands for Synchronous Transport Module). Higher transmission rates of STM-4 (622 Mbit/s), STM-16 (2.4 Gbit/s) and STM-64 (10 Gbit/s) are also defined. The recommendations also define a multiplexing structure whereby an STM-1 signal can carry a number of lower bit rate signals as payload, thus allowing existing PDH signals to be carried over a synchronous network.

1.2.2 EXISTING NETWORK

The type of transmission network that exists till today before adoption of SDH is Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) and it is called so because the type of signal that are processed is Plesiochronous. Diagram 1

Fig no.1 pdh mutliplexing

The PDH multiplexing hierarchy shown in Figure 1 appears simple enough. But there are complications encountered in processing, while multiplexing a number of 2Mbit/s channels: likely to have been created by different pieces of equipment, each generating a slightly different bit rate. Thus, before 2Mbit/s channels can be multiplexed (bit interleaved) they must all be brought up to the same bit rate by adding dummy information bits also known as justification bits. Diagram 2

Fig 2 mapping of the pdh signal into sdh

The same problems with synchronization as described above occur at every level of the multiplexing hierarchy and justification bits are added at each stage.

The use of plesiochronous operation throughout the hierarchy has led to adoption of the term Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy or PDH.

1.2.2.1 LIMITATIONS OF PDH

The availability of cheap transmission bandwidth has led to the proliferation of new, non-voice, telephone service, mostly aimed at business customer. Often, businesses rely on these services to maintain a competitive edge, and this has led business users to demand ever-improved transmission quality, higher availability of service and more flexible connection patterns.The problem of flexibility in a plesiochronous network is illustrated by considering what a network operator needs to do in order to provide business customer with a 2Mbit/s-leased line. If a high-speed channel passes near the customer, the operation of providing him with a single 2Mbit/s line from within that channel would not be so simple. The use of justification bits at each level in a PDH means that identifying the exact location of the frames of a single 2Mbit/s line with say a 140Mbit/s channel must be completely demultiplexed to its 64 constituent 2Mbit/s line via 34and 8 Mbit/s as shown in Figure 1. Once the required 2Mbit/s line has been identified and extracted, the channels must then be remultiplexed back up to 140Mbit/s.

1.2.3 BENEFITS OF SDH

network. It allows the network to evolve to meet the new demands being placed upon it. SDH offers a number of benefits, both to telecom network operators and to the end users.

2 NETWORK SIMPLIFICATION One of the main benefits seen by a network operator is the network simplification brought about through the use of synchronous equipment. A single synchronous multiplexer can perform the function of the entire plesiochronous multiplexer mountain, leading to significant reduction in amount of equipment used. Lower operating costs will also result through reductions in space inventory required, simplified maintenance, reductions in floor space required by the equipment and lower power consumptions. The more efficient drop and insert of channels offered by an SDH network, together with its powerful network management capabilities, will lead to greater ease in provisioning of high bandwidth.

2.1 SURVIVABILITY
The deployment of optical fibre throughout the network and adoption of the SDH network elements makes end-to-end monitoring and maintenance possible. The management capability of the synchronous network will enable the failure of links or even nodes to be identified immediately.

2.2 SOFTWARE CONTROL

Provision of network management channels within the SDH frame structure means that a synchronous network will be fully software controllable. Network management systems will not only perform traditional event management dealing with alarms in the network, but will also provide a host of other functions, such as performance configuration management, resource management, network security, etc. monitoring,

2.3 BANDWIDTH ON DEMAND

In a synchronous network it will be possible to dynamically allocate network capacity or bandwidth on demand. Users anywhere within the network will be able to subscribe at very short notice to a service offered over the network some of which may require large amounts of bandwidth; for example dial-up video conferencing and many other new services. These will represent new sources of revenue for network operators and increased convenience for users.

2.4 FUTURE PROOF NETWORKING

SDH offers future proof platform for new services. It is the ideal platform for services ranging from POTS, ISDN and mobile radio through to data communications (LAN, WAN, etc.). It is able to handle very latest services such as video on demand and digital video broadcasting via ATM. SDH has been selected as the bearer network for the next generation of telecommunication network, the broadband ISDN (B-ISDN).

3 . STANDARDISATION
The SDH standards mean that transmission equipment from different manufacturer can inter work on same line. The ability to achieve this so-called mid-fibre meet has come about as a result of standards which define fibre-to-fibre interfaces at the physical (photogenic) level. They determine the optical line rate, wavelength, power levels, pulse shapes and coding. Frame structure overhead and payload mappings are also defined. This standardisation of equipment and interfaces in the SDH means network operators have freedom to choose different equipment from different vendors. This means that operators can avoid the problem traditionally associated with being locked to a

proprietary solution from a single vendor. The SDH standards also facilitate inter working between North American and European transmission hierarchies.

3.1 PRINCIPLES OF THE SDH:Despite its obvious advantages over the PDH, SDH would have been unlikely to gain acceptance if its adoption had immediately made all existing PDH equipments obsolete. All plesiochronous signals between 1.5 Mbit/s and 140 Mbit/s can be accommodated except 8 Mbit/s. The ways in which they can be combined to form a basic transmission rate of 155.52 Mbit/s is defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.709. The input signals are processed to have a basic frame called the synchronous transport module (STM-1). Figure 3 shows the multiplexing structure as recommended by ITU-T. The SDH defines a number of containers each corresponding to existing plesiochronous rate.

Information from the plesiochronous container is mapped into the relevant container. The way in which this is done is similar to the bit stuffing procedure carried out in a conventional PDH multiplexer. Each container then added with some control information known as path overhead. The path overhead bytes allow the operator to achieve end-toend path monitoring; such as error monitoring. The container and the path overhead together form a Virtual Container (VC).

In Synchronous network, all equipment is synchronized to an overall network clock. It is important to note, however, that the delay associated with a transmission link may vary

with time. As a result, the location of virtual containers within an STM-1 frame may not be fixed. These variations are accommodated by associating a pointer to each VC. The pointer indicates the position of the beginning of the VC in relation to an STM-1 frame. It can be incremented or decremented as necessary to accommodate changes in the position of the VC. ITU-T recommendation G.709 defines different combinations of Virtual Containers which can be used to fill up the pay load area of an STM-1 frame. The process of loading containers and attaching overhead is repeated at several levels in the SDH, resulting in the nesting of smaller VCs within larger ones.

This process is repeated until the largest size of VC (VC-4 in India) is filled, and this is then loaded into the payload of the STM-1 frame. When the payload area of STM-1 frame is full, some more control information bytes called Section Overhead are added. The section overhead bytes are so called because they remain with the payload for the fibre section between two synchronous multiplexers. Their purpose is to provide communication channels for functions such as OA&M facilities, protection switching, performance monitoring, frame alignment and a number of other functions. When a higher transmission rate than the 155Mbit/s (STM-1) is required in a synchronous network is achieved by using a relatively straightforward byte-interleaved multiplexing scheme. Following hierarchy levels are defined in the SDH:

STM-1 : 155.52 Mbit/s STM-4 : 622.08 Mbit/s STM-16 : 2,488.32 Mbit/s STM-64 : 9,953.28 Mbit/s

3.2 SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

A basic STM frame is represented by a matrix of 9rows and 270 columns; each column being one byte as shown in Figure V. Transmission is row by row, starting with the byte in the upper left corner and ending with the byte in the lower right corner. The frame repetition rate is 125 m s, meaning that a byte in the payload represents a 64 Kbit/s

channel. The STM-1 frame is capable of transporting any PDH tributary signal ( 140 Mbit/s). The frame comprises of section overhead (SOH), pointer and the payload. How do we arrive at the bit-rates?

Diagram 3

Fig sdh frame structure

We may proceed through the steps as given below: Number of rows in a frame = 9 Number of columns in a frame = 9+261 = 2,70 Number of bytes/frame = 9*270 = 2,43019 Number of bits/frame = 9*270*8 = 1,944 Number of bits per second = 9*270*8*8000 = 15,552,000 = 155.52 Mbit/s

3.3 SECTION OVERHEAD (SOH)

The first 9 bytes in each of the 9 rows are called Section Overhead (SOH). SOH bytes are used for communication between adjacent pieces of synchronous equipment. SOH is classified as the Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) and Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH). Top three rows of SOH are RSOH, used for the needs of the regenerator

section. Bottom five rows of SOH are MSOH, used for the needs of multiplex section. The reason for this is to couple the functions of certain overhead bytes to the network architecture. The purpose of individual bytes is detailed below: A1,A2 : Frame alignment B1,B2 : Parity bytes for error monitoring D1D3 : Data Communication Channel (DCC) networkmanagement D4D12 : Data Communication Channel (DCC) network management E1,E2 : Orderwire Channel F1 : Maintenance J0 : Trace Identifier K1,K2 : Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel M1 : Transmission error acknowledgement S1 : Clock quality indicator : Media Dependent Bytes

In SDH, multiplexers perform both multiplexing and line terminating functions. Synchronous multiplexers can accept a wide range of tributaries and can offer a number of possible output data rates.

Though the regeneration of signals is similar to PDH, there are some additional equipment in SDH to perform function like cross-connection and OA&M as explained further.

3.4TERMINAL MULTIPLEXERS
Terminal Multiplexers are used to combine plesiochronous and synchronous input signals into higher bit rate STM-N signals as shown in Figure 3 On the tributary side, all current plesiochronous bit rates can be accommodated. On the aggregate, or line side we have higher bit rate STM-N signals.

Diagram-4

Terminal multiplexer
pdh

Stm-n

sdh Figure 4 Terminal Multiplexer

3.5ADD DROP MULTIPLEXERS

Plesiochronous and lower bit rate synchronous signals can be extracted from or inserted into high speed SDH bit streams by means of ADMs. This feature makes it possible to set up ring structures, which have the advantage that automatic backup path switching is possible using elements in the ring in the event of a fault.

3.6 DIGITAL CROSS CONNECTS (DXC)

Cross-connection in a synchronous network involves setting up semipermanent interconnections between different channels enabling routing to be performed down to VC level. Diagram 6

Fig 6 digital cross connect switch

This network element can have widest range of functions such as mapping of PDH tributary signals into virtual containers and switching of various containers up to and including VC-4.

3.7 REGENERATORS
Regenerators, as the name implies, have the job of regenerating the clock and amplitude of the incoming data signals that have been attenuated and distorted by dispersion. They derive their clock signals from the incoming data stream. Messages are received by extracting various 64Kbit/s channels (e.g. service channels E1, F1, etc. in RSOH) and also can be output using these channels.

Diagram 7

Fig7regenerator

3.8 NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The network management system is considered as an element in the synchronous network.

Fig 8 nms

All the SDH network elements mentioned so far are software-controlled. This means that they can be monitored and remotely controlled, which precisely is the job of NMS.

3.9 NETWORK TOPOLOGY

We have already discussed various elements which can be seen in a SDH network. Elements such as Terminal Multiplexer, Add and Drop Multiplexer and Digital Cross Connects have similar functions to the extent that they provide interface for transportation of tributary signals.

These elements can be used in a number of configurations. In other words, the waythey are connected in a network is known as Network Topology. Some commonly used topologies are explained further.

3.10 POINT TO POINT TOPOLOGY In Point-to-Point Topology two terminal multiplexers are connected directly as shown in Figure 9. It is no doubt simple and cost effective; but lacks the benefits of other topologies. Diagram 9

Fig 9

3.11 POINT TO MULTIPOINT TOPOLOGY In Point-to-Multipoint Topology two terminal multiplexers are connected via ADM or DXC to provide drop and insert at ADM location as shown in Figure 10

Diagram 11

Fig 11 3.12 RING TOPOLOGY In Ring topology the elements used are ADMs connected together in ring form, as shown in Figure 12; though DXCs can also be used. Apart from the facility of drop and insert possible at every ADM locations, this topology provides a special feature called Self Healing. This feature protects the traffic carried by the ring automatically against equipment/fibre failure; and hence is most commonly used topology. Diagram 12

Fig 12 4 SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXING 4.1 INTRODUCTION Present transmission systems interconnecting switches use multiplexers, whom input as well as the output are plesiochronous signals. These are commonly known as Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) multiplexers.

Diagram 13

Fig 13

Transmission systems planned for the future will use multiplexers that accept plesiochronous synchronous signal at its input and synchronous signal at the output and are called Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) multiplexers. This handout explains in a simplified manner the principles of synchronous multiplexing and narrates various signal processing steps by taking different input signals from PDH.

4.2 TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS

1.SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH)

SDH is a hierarchical set of digital transport structures, standardized for the transport of suitably adapted payloads over physical transmission networks.

2. SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE(STM) An STM is the information structure used to support section layer connections in the SDH. It consists of information payload and section overhead information fields organized in a block frame structure, which repeats every 125 m s. The information is suitably conditioned for serial transmission on the selected media at the rate, which is synchronized to the network. A basic STM is defined at 1,55,520 Kbit/s. This is termed STM-1. Higher capacity STMs are formed at rate equivalent to N times this basic rate. STM capacities for N= 4, N= 16 and N= 64 are defined by ITU-T.

3. VIRTUAL CONTAINER-n (VC-n ) A virtual container is the information structure used to support path layer connections in the SDH. It consists of information payload and Path Overhead (POH) information fields organized in a block frame structure, which repeats every 125 or 500 m s. Alignment information to identify VC-n frame start is provided by the server network layer. Two types of virtual containers have been identified.

LOWER ORDER VIRTUAL CONTAINERn : VC-n (n= 1,2,3) This element comprises a single Container-n (n= 1,2,3) plus the lower order Virtual Container POH appropriate to that level.

HIGHER ORDER VIRTUAL CONTAINER-n : VC-n (n= 3,4) This element comprises either a single Container-n (n= 3,4) or an assembly of Tributary Unit Groups (TUG 2s or TUG 3s) together with Virtual Container POH appropriate to that level.

4. ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT-n (AU-n ) An administrative unit is the information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layer and the multiplex section layer. It consists of an information payload (the higher order Virtual Container) and an Administrative Unit pointer which

indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative to the multiplex section frame start. The AU-4 consists of a VC-4 plus an Administrative Unit pointer which indicates the phase alignment of the Vc-4 with respect to an STM-N frame. One or more Administrative units occupying fixed, defined positions in an STM payload are termed as Administrative Unit Group (AUG). An AUG consists of a homogeneous assembly of AU-4.

5.TRIBUTARY UNIT-n (TU-n) A Tributary Unit is an information structure which provides adaptation between the lower order path layer and the higher order path layer. It consists of an information payload (the lower order virtual container) and a Tributary Unit pointer which indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative to the higher order Virtual Container frame start. The TUn (n= 1,2,3) consists of a VC-n together with a Tributary Unit pointer. One or more Tributary Units, occupying fixed, defined position in a higher order VC-n payload is termed a Tributary Unit Group (TUG). TUGs are defined in such a way that mixed capacity payloads made up of different size Tributary Units can be constructed to increase flexibility of the transport network. A TUG-2 consists of a homogeneous assembly of identical TU-1s or Tu-2. A TUG-3 consists of a homogeneous assembly of TU-2s or TU-3. 6.CONTAINER-n (n= 14) A container is the information structure which forms the network synchronous information payload for a Virtual Container. For each of the defined Virtual Containers there is a corresponding container.

7.NETWORK NODE INTERFACE (NNI) The interface at the network node which is used to interconnect with another network container. 8.POINTER An indicator whose value defines the frame offset of a Virtual Container with respect to the frame reference of the transport entity on which it is supported.

9.CONCATENATION A procedure whereby a multiplicity of Virtual Containers is associated with one another with the result that their combined capacity can be used as a single container across which bit sequence integrity is maintained

10. SDH MAPPING A procedure by which tributaries are adapted into Virtual Containers at the boundary of an SDH network.

11.SDH MULTIPLEXING A procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adapted into a higher order path or the multiple higher order path layer signals are adapted into a multiplex section.

12. SDH ALIGNING A procedure by which the frame offset information is incorporated into the Tributary Unit or the Administrative Unit when adapting to the frame reference of the supporting layer.

4.3 INPUT TO MULTIPLEXER The basic input to a synchronous multiplexer is plesiochronous signal from European or North American or Japanese hierarchy and basic output is synchronous signal called Synchronous Transport Module of level one (STM-1). As European standards for PDH working is followed in India, let us consider only European standards for PDH rates for explanation. The SDH multiplexer only accepts only following PDH bit rates from European hierarchy: 2,048 Kbit/s 34,368 Kbit/s 1,39 264 Kbit/s SDH does not accept 8,448 Kbit/s PDH signal.

4.4 PRINCIPLES OF SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXING

The SDH defines a number of containers at its boundary; each corresponding to an existing plesiochronous rate. These containers are filled in with the information from a plesiochronous signal, the process is called mapping. The way in which this is done is similar to the justification procedure carried out in PDH multiplexing. Each container is then added with control information known as Path Overhead which is to help the service provider to achieve end to end path monitoring. The container and the path overhead together is called Virtual Container. Depending upon the PDH bit rates various VCs are formed. For example, VC-1,VC-3,VC-4 are formed for European PDH bit rates 2 Mb/s, 34 Mb/s and 140 Mb/s respectively.

In a synchronous network, all equipment is synchronized to an overall network clock. However there may be a slight delay associated with a transmission link; the location of VCs within an STM-1 frame may not be fixed with time. These variations are accommodated by associating a pointer with each VC, which indicates the position of the beginning of the VC with respect to the STM-1 frame. The pointer value can be incremented or decremented as necessary to accommodate movements of the position of the VC. The VC and the pointer together is called the Administrative Unit (AU) if it contains VC-4 and Tributary Unit (TU) if it contains VC-3 or VC-1. TUs are further combined in a definite fashion to obtain VC-4 and in turn AU-4 and AUG are obtained. Figure 11 shows a genetic multiplexing structure standardized by ITU-T which takes care of both American as well as European PDH rates. Figure12 shows the reduced multiplexing structure which takes care of only European PDH hierarchy. Further some more control information bytes called Section Overhead (SDH) is added to provide communication channel for OA&M, protection switching, frame alignment, performance monitoring etc. An AUG and a section overhead together form STM-1. Details of synchronous multiplexing taking various input bit rates are explained in the following sections.

Diagram 14

Fig 14

4.5 FORMING CONTAINER C-4 As defined by ITU-T, a container is the information structure which forms the network synchronous information payload for a Virtual Container. Container-4 is filled out by taking 140 Mbit/s PDH signal in a manner similar to the justification process carried out in PDH higher order multiplexing. Each of the 9 rows of payload (260 columns by 9 rows) portioned into 20 blocks of 13 bytes. The first byte of each block is W\X\Y\Z containing D, R, O, S and C bits as shown in Figure 14. The last 12 bytes of each block contain data bits (i.e. 96 D bits). In above provision each row will have one S bit and five C bits, where CCCCC= 00000or majority vote will indicate S bit as data bit. The size of the C-4 is 260 columns by 9 rows (260*9 bytes) in a time frame of 125 m s.

4.6 FORMING VIRTUAL CONTAINER VC-4 The container is then added with control information known as path overhead (POH) of 9 bytes (one Column by nine rows) which help the service provider to achieve end-to-end path monitoring. The container and the path overhead together is called Virtual Container (VC). VC-4 is formed when POH is added to C-4. The size of the VC-4 will be 261 columns by 9 rows (261*9 bytes) in a time frame of 125 m s.

4.7 FORMING ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT AU-4 A pointer which is physically located in 4th row of the SOH area, is associated with VC, whose value indicates the position of the beginning of the VC with respect to the STM-1 frame and the process is called SDH aligning. The pointer value can be incremented or decremented as necessary to accommodate movements of the position of the VC. The VC-4 and the pointer together is called Administrative Unit-4 (AU-4)

4.8 FORMATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT GROUP(AUG) One AU-4 moves further to form AUG without any addition of bytes. Formation of AUG may appear redundant; but its necessity may be appreciated while forming AUG from AUS-3 (applicable to SONET).

4.9 ADDING SOH TO FORM STM-1 More control information bytes called section overhead (SOH), is added to the AUG to form STM-1 frame. SOH is further classified as regenerator SOH (RSOH) terminated at regenerators and Multiplex SOH (MSOH) terminated where AUGs are assembled and disassembled. MSOH bytes pass transparently through regenerators. The SOH includes bytes for block framing, bytes for error performance, bytes for order-wire and other bytes to provide communication channel for OA&M, protection switching, etc.. Figure 15 depicts all the steps involved to obtain STM-1 frame from C-4.

Fig 15

4.10 FORMING VIRTUAL CONTAINER VC-12

The container VC-12 is added with control information of 4 bytes called path overhead to achieve end-to-end path monitoring. The C-12 and the POH together is called VC-12. The size of the VC-12 will be 140 bytes in a time frame of 500 m s.

4.11 FORMING TRIBUTARY UNIT TU-12

The VC-12 together with the pointer is called Tributary Unit (TU-12). The size of the TU-12 is 144 bytes, in a multiframe (4 frame) structure, image 140 bytes are for VC-12. Two bytes (V1 and V2) out of remaining four bytes are the pointers indicating the location of the first byte (V5) of the V-12

. Conceptually the size of TU-12 will be 36 bytes (4 columns * 9 rows) in a time frame of 125 m s.

4.12MULTIPLEXING OF TU12s TO FORM TUG-3

It is achieved in two stages. First, three TU-12s are multiplexed by byte interleaving to form one TUG-2. Second, seven numbers of TUG- 2s are multiplexed to obtain TUG-3. This is depicted in Figure 16

The payload size of TUG-3 while multiplexing from Tu-12s via TUG-2s will be 756 bytes which accounts for 84 columns by 9 rows in a time frame of 125 m s.

As size of TUG-3 is 86 columns by 9 rows, the byte in extra two columns are used as Null Point Indicator (NPI) and fixed stuff. The NPI is used to distinguish between TUG-3 containing TU-3 or TUG-2s and is contained in first three bytes of the first column.

Diagram17

Fig 17

4.13 EQUIPMENT
The software used for managing the STM I equipment is NM 2100/6300 Element Manager CT 6300 Craft Terminal which is developed by Fibcom Technologies, Gurgaon (Harayana) The FIBCOM 6300 is an open ITU-T compliant TMN system. The product family covers applications ranging from craft terminals over element management systems to complex network management systems. It is divided into two main products:

FIBCOM 6300NM - the network manager with advanced network layer functions and management of network elements FIBCOM 6300CT - the craft terminal for local operation and maintenance.

The FIBCOM 6300 is a combined element and network management system with a Windows NT-based user interface. It is a very robust, scalable and reliable carrier-class

system from which all SDH elements can be managed. A single server can handle several thousand-network elements and more servers can be added. To put it simply, the FIBCOM 6300 involves element and network management of transmission networks including optical networks. The FIBCOM 6300 provides automated or semi-automated path setup including protection, reconfiguration of paths and grooming of paths. Paths can be related to customers - internal or external. Performance data is collected, and alarms are retrieved and related to paths.

4.15 BENEFITS
The operator can concentrate on the circuits and services without losing the visibility of and access to the individual network elements. Furthermore, the FIBCOM 6300 is highly scalable and can be configured with duplicated computer servers for extremely high availability. It provides with open interfaces (Q3) for easy integration with other management systems.

4.16 KEY FEATURES

Multiple operating platform TMN Element Manager Craft Terminal Distributed GUI Supports all FIBCOM products Remote SW downloads World -wide field proven Management System Management of SDH, ATM and primary rate elements Windows NT graphics user interface Distributed management platform based on CORBA Scalable, flexible and cost effective solution Configurable, fault and performance management Compliant with ITU-T and ETSI standards

4.17 NM2100 Element Manager

The 6300 EM runs under Windows NT for management of SDH, ATM, HDSL, PDH and primary rate equipment. The 6300CT runs under Windows 95 on a portable PC. Both products have a graphical user interface.

The 6300EM and the 6300CT can manage different types of equipment via element access modules. For Example, FIBCOM 6310 & 6320 Edge Node are managed using the same 6300 System. SDH product family for regional and access networks.

FIBCOM 6330 SDH product family for trunk and regional networks. FIBCOM 6340 SDH for multi service applications. FIBCOME 7200 Optical Transport System. (DWDM). The 6300EM/NM can be configured as a fully distributed multi-user system with the software located on a number of computers working together as one virtual computer platform. The data distribution is supported by CORBA. Together with the modular system design, the data distribution facility permits tailored management solutions with element manager configurations ranging from simple single user systems managing small networks to large multi-user management systems managing complex networks with thousands of network elements

4.18 Instruments Used By BSNL In SDH

Fibcom India Ltd. is the leader in SDH equipment and optical fiber network solutions from concept to commissioning in technical collaboration with Tellabs Denmark A/S. Fibcoms high quality, standards based and field proven SDH/DWDM product range can satisfy the needs of most demanding customer by virtue of its flexibility, adaptability and expandability. A range of network management system is available to suit any type of customer requirements. B.S.N.L is one of their active customers, some of the equipments used by B.S.N.L are as follows:-

fig 18 Various Phases In SDH where Fibcoms equipmentsare used

1. Fibcom 6310 edge node 2. Fibcom 6320 edge node 3. Fibcom 6325 edge node 4. Fibcom 6340 edge node 5. Fibcom 6345 edge node 6. Fibcom 6370 edge node

4.19 FIBCOM 6310 Edge Node

FIBCOM 6310 Edge node is a flexible, cost-effective ADM/TM providing access for up to 21x 2 Mbit/s ITU-T G.703 services and ATM 155 Mbit/s, E3/DS3/E4 Transportation

FIBCOM 6310 is a complete SDH node, providing all thebenefits of SDH, such as protection and performance monitoring with various applications in access networks

4.20 FIBCOM 6320 Edge Node

Compact STM-1, STM-4, ADM/TM network element with 4/1 connectivity for access/regional network 6320 is an acronym for Add- Drop Multiplexers and Cross Connects for VC1 level switchin excellent choice for access and regional transport networks. Wide range of Tributaries E1/E3/E4/STM- 1/STM1e/STM1o & 10/100 Ethernet, DTMF Engineering Order Wire (EoW), Ultra low power consumption, Ideal for access & regional network, ATM Payload supports. FIBCOM 6320 offers STM-1 and STM 4 optical interfaces; a special feature unique to this product is "Sub deployed lines". Which makes it possible to provide fully managed STM-1 lines Running only at third of the capacity FIBCOM 6320 can operate over extended temperature range. It offers 2 Mb/s signals with an output jitter, which is sufficiently low to carry synchronisation signals. Diagram 19

4.21 FIBCOM 6325 Edge Node Optical SDH trunk platform for multiple services
Fibcom 6325 is a compact Multi-Service Provisioning Platform supporting SDH, PDH and data services. High reliability and redundancy enable the node to be used not only in

access networks, but also in core networks. Small, fast and dense... fits anywhere. At only 1RU (44mm) in height. It offers speeds of up to 2.5Gbps (STM-16) and enables a wide mix of services from traditional SDH and PDH to colored

WDM and IP interfaces Cross-connection redundancy makes the Fibcom 6325 node reliable as HUB node handling high traffic load, Formed in ring or meshed networks, all traffic going through the Fibcom 6325 node is fully protected against single point of failures

Diagram 20

Fig 20 4.22 FIBCOM 6370 Edge Node High-capacity optical networking

FIBCOM 6370 provides transparent light paths, which can carry most types of traffic such as SDH/SONET, IP and ATM over SDH and a large variety of data signals (Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel etc.). This, one-optical-platform-carriesall- signal-formats, allows flexible and rapid inservice expansion of both capacity and services. It can reduce infrastructure cost of long haul and regional systems.

Fig 21

In WDM systems a single optical amplifier operates as a multi-channel repeater, as against individual regenerators required per channel in traditional single channel systems FIBCOM 6370 provides 32/64-channel DWDM platform for operation at the ITU-T grid in C Band and L Band respectively

4.23 SOFTWARE USED TO PERFORM SDH

The software used for managing the STM I equipment is NM 2100/6300 Element Manager CT 6300 Craft Terminal which is developed by Fibcom Technologies, Gurgaon (Harayana). The FIBCOM 6300 is an open ITU-T compliant TMN system. The product family covers applications ranging from craft terminals over element management systems to complex network management systems. It is divided into two main products:

FIBCOM 6300NM - the network manager with advanced network layer functions and management of network elements

FIBCOM 6300CT - the craft terminal for local operation and maintenance. The FIBCOM 6300 is a combined element and network management system with a Windows NTbased user interface. It is a very robust, scalable and reliable carrier-class system from which all SDH elements can be managed.

A single server can handle several thousand-network elements and more servers can be added. To put it simply, the FIBCOM 6300 involves element and network management of transmission networks including optical networks. The FIBCOM 6300 provides automated or semi-automated path setup including protection, reconfiguration of paths and grooming of paths. Paths can be related to customers - internal or external. Performance data is collected, and alarms are retrieved and related to paths.

4.24 BENEFITS
The operator can concentrate on the circuits and services without losing the visibility of and access to the individual network elements. Furthermore, the FIBCOM 6300 is highly scalable and can be configured with duplicated computer servers for extremely high availability. It provides with open interfaces (Q3) for easy integration with othermanagement systems.

4.25 NM2100 Element Manager

The 6300 EM runs under Windows NT for management of SDH, ATM, HDSL, PDH and primary rate equipment. The 6300CT runs under Windows 95 on a portable PC. Both products have a graphical user interface. The 6300EM and the 6300CT can manage different types of equipment via element access modules. For Example, . FIBCOM 6310 & 6320 Edge Node are managed using the same 6300 System. SDH product family for regional and access networks.

FIBCOM 6330 SDH product family for trunk and regional networks. FIBCOM 6340 SDH for multi service applications. FIBCOME 7200 Optical Transport System. The 6300EM/NM can be configured as a fully distributed multi-user system with the software located on a number of computers working together as one virtual computer platform. The data distribution is supported by CORBA. Together with the modular system design,