Benchmarking Energy Use in Buildings and Cleanrooms

Dr. Satish Kumar Energy Efficiency Ambassador Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd. (Formerly, Chief of Party, USAID ECO-III Project)

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore February 21, 2011

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Outline

Commercial Building Sector in India Benchmarking Energy Use in the Building

Sector Implementation Barriers & Challenges ECBC Implementation Strategy Conclusions & Recommendations

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Commercial Buildings Sector in India

Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast

Currently, ~ 659 million m2 (USAID ECO-III Internal Estimate Using MOSPI, CEA and
Benchmarked Energy Use data)

In 2030,~ 1,900 million m2 (estimated) *

66% building stock is yet to be constructed

660 million m2 Year: 2010 * Assuming 5-6% Annual Growth

Current 34% Yet to be Built 66%

1,930 million m2

Source: USAID ECO- III Project, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Projected Growth Across Building Sector in India

Source: McKinsey Analysis

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Growth of Electricity Consumption in Commercial Sector in India

50000 40000 GWh 30000 20000 10000 0 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 28201 31381 40220 35965 46685

14.6 11.3

11.8

16.1

Growth in % over the previous year

SOURCE: Central Electricity Authority (2009).

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Indian Power Supply: Current Situation and Future Projections

Installed Capacity in India Approx. 160,000 MW Projected Capacity in 2030 800,000 MW

600 MW capacity addition each week

Continued deficit supply in 2007-08 (MOP)

Peak power deficit of 16.6% Energy Deficit of 9.9%

Source: Planning Commission of India and Central Electricity Authority

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Electricity Scenario in India

Public Water Works & Sewage Pumping 3% Agricultutre 21% State-wise Per Capita Electricity Consumption During the Year 2007-08
1486 1433

Miscellaneous 2% Domestic 24%

1800 1600 1400 Electricity in kWh 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

1614

Traction (Railways) 2% Public Lighting 1%

Commercial 9% Industry 38%

1020

623 439

National Average

188

101 Bihar

Madhya Pradesh Source: Central Electricity Authority's 'Year End Review 2007-08'

Punjab

Gujarat

Delhi

Maharashtra

West Bengal

Assam

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

ECBC Compliance
Applicable BUILDING SYSTEMS ENVELOPE Prescriptive HVAC Mandatory Requirements Trade-off option (for ENVELOPE only) COMPLIANCE APPROACHES

LIGHTING

ELECTRICAL POWER

Whole Building Performance

SOLAR HOT WATER & PUMPING Required for ALL Compliance Approaches

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Energy Conservation Act 2001

Government of India - creation of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Powers and Functions of BEE vis--vis ECBC
Prescribe ECBC for efficient use of energy Take suitable steps to prescribe guidelines for ECBC Link Energy Performance Index (from the EC Act) to the ECBC Prescriptive Compliance
Approach in order to facilitate the implementation of the Code

[On Page 5, clause (j) of the EC Act, 2001 currently reads: "energy conservation building codes" means the norms and standards of energy consumption expressed in terms of per square meter of the area wherein energy is used and includes the location of the building]

Power of State Government:

The State Govt., in consultation with BEE, may amend ECBC to suit the regional and local climatic conditions with respect to use of energy in the buildings direct the owner or occupier of a building (if notified as a Designated Consumer) to comply with the provisions of ECBC

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Use of Benchmark Numbers

Building Level Benchmarks First Step, Less Costly
Energy consumption per employee in an office Energy consumption per bed in a hospital Energy consumption per room in a hotel

System Level Benchmarks Requires Metering Infrastructure, More Costly and

Data-Intensive
Lighting System: 5 Watts/m2 Equipment Power: 10 Watts/m2 HVAC System: 50 m2/Ton of Refrigeration; 25 Watts/m2
Chilled and Condenser water pumps: 10 Watts/GPM Air Handling Unit: 0.75 Watts/CFM

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Benchmarking: Macro Analysis Building Population

N=861

N=760

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Baseline Energy Use in Commercial Buildings

Number of Buildings 145 55 88 224 10 128 22

Floor Building Type Area (m2) OFFICE BUILDINGS One shift Buildings 16,716 Three shifts Buildings 31,226 Public Sector Buildings 15,799 Private Sector 28,335 Buildings Green Buildings 8,382 HOSPITALS Multi-specialty 8721 Hospitals Government Hospitals 19,859 HOTELS

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh) 20,92,364 88,82,824 18,38,331 44,98,942 15,89,508 24,53,060 13,65,066

Benchmarking Indices kWh/m2/year 149 349 115 258 kWh/m2/hour 0.068 0.042 0.045 0.064

141 kWh/m2/year kWh/bed/year 378 88 13,890

2,009 kWh/room/yea kWh/m2/year r 279 kWh/m2/year 24,110 kWh/m2/hour 0.05642

89

Luxury Hotels (4 and 5 Star)

19,136

48,65,711

SHOPPING MALLS 101 Shopping Malls 10,516 23,40,939

252

Source: Building Energy Benchmarking study undertaken by the USAID ECO-III Project ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Why Regression Based Rating and Why Not Simple EPI Based Rating?

Simple EPI based rating does not take into

account
Physical characteristics Location characteristics Operating characteristics

Regression based methodology:

Energy consumption of a benchmarked building = function (Building use, physical, operational and location characteristics).

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Performance Based Rating

Offices
-3 -2 -1 0 8.0 8.5 9.0
10 12 14 16 18

lkwh

-2

1. Estimate energy consumed by benchmarked building

log(kwh) = c0. + c1.climate + c2.log(%ac) + c3.log(bua) + c4.log(hrs) + c5.log(emp)

0.17

0.87
0 .0 8 2

0 .0 9 3

0.83

-1

lpac2
0.29
0 .0 8 1

-3

0.11

9.0

8.5

lhrs
0.19

8.0

lemp

2. Calculate performance relative to the benchmarked building (BPI)

Estimated Electricity Consumed(Log)

10 12 14 16 18

8 10 12

BPI=Actual Energy Consumed / Energy Consumed by the benchmarked building

3. Compare candidate buildings BPI to other buildings and assign score to the performance differential

10

12

14

16

10

12

14

16

18

Actual Electricity Consumed(Log)

Building Performance Index (BPI)

1.0

Cumulative Percent

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Data Fitted Curve

0.0

BPI (Actual Annual KWH consumed/ Predicted KWH)

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

8 10

lbua

0.80

Performance Based Rating

Estimated Electricity Consumed(Log)

16

BPI < 1 Efficient Bldgs.

14 10 12

Building Performance Index (BPI) =

Actual Energy Consumed Energy consumed by the benchmarked building

BPI > 1 Inefficient Bldgs.

10 12 14 16 18

Actual Electricity Consumed(Log)

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Performance Based Rating

Building Type Built up area (m2) Annual Elec. Purchased (kWh) Annual Elec. Generated (kWh) Select Climate zone Office 2,000 100,000 40,000 Hot and Dry

Hours per day

Days per Week Percent conditioned space Total number of employees

12
5 0.75 150

EPI ~ 82 132 200 ~

Percentile 25% 50% 75%

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Performance Based Rating

Building Type Built up area (m2) Annual Elec. Purchased (kWh) Annual Elec. Generated (kWh) Select Climate zone Hours per day Days per Week Percent conditioned space Total number of employees Office 2,000 100,000 40,000 Hot and Dry 12 5 0.75 150

EPI ~ 72 116

Percentile 25% 50% 75%

Dynamic! 175 ~

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Benchmarking of Cleanroom Facilities

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Cleanroom Energy Benchmarking

Cleanroom energy benchmarking data shows that there is a variety of chiller
plant designs and operating efficiency for cleanroom facilities. Chiller plants usually serve cleanroom facility and adjacent spaces simultaneously and use significant energy and water. The efficiency level of the overall chiller plant is influenced by the efficiency of individual components and subsystems in the plant. Major components include chillers, water pumps, and cooling tower or condenser fans.

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Benchmarked cleanroom energy usages in a semiconductor cleanroom facility

Central Plant Chilled Water for Cleanroom Cooling 12% Central Plant Chilled Water for Process Cooling 7%

Process 16%

Lighting 1%

Cleanroom Fans 14%

Heating 10%

Glycol Chilled Water 40%

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Benchmarked HVAC energy usages in a semiconductor cleanroom facility

Exhaust Fans 3% Hot Water + Steam 25%

Chillers 39%

MUAH + RCU Fans 9% Pumps 17% Cooling Towers 7%

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

HVAC Air Systems

Air Change Rates
Recirculation air change rates (ACRs) are an important factor in contamination
control in a cleanroom and are the single largest factor in determining fan and motor sizing for a recirculation air handling system. Many air change rate recommendations were developed decades ago with little scientific research to back them up. The recommended design ranges for ISO Class 5 (Class 100) cleanroom ACRs are from 250 to 700 air changes per hour. Higher ACRs equate to higher airflows and more energy use, and dont always achieve the desired cleanliness. Benchmarking has shown that most facilities are operated at or below the low range of recommended ACRs. A Sematech study has also verified that lowered air change rates in cleanrooms are adequate in maintaining cleanliness. The actual operating ACRs documented for ten ISO Class 5 cleanrooms was between 94 and 276 air changes per hour.

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Global Trends
Building Performance Labeling of Buildings and Facilities
EN 16001 ISO 50001 IPMVP Automation and Controls Innovation Next Generation of Energy Management Systems

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011

Thank You
Acknowledgements: 1. Bureau of Energy Efficiency, USAID, and ECO-III Project Team 2. Kumar, S. et. al. (2010): Developing an Energy Conservation Building Code Implementation Strategy in India, ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Asilomar, CA 3. Kumar, S. et. Al. (2010): Performance Based Rating and Energy Performance Benchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India, BauSIM 2010, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.

Contact Information:
Satish Kumar, Ph.D. Energy Efficiency Ambassador Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd. Phone: +91-124-3305-039 Email: satish.kumar@in.schneiderelectric.com

Useful Web Sites:http://www.beeindia.nic.in/ecbc.php http://www.eco3.org http://www.buildingenergytools.in/ben chmarking http://www.buildingenergytools.in/eco nirman

ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011