Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DNA profiling.
Non coding blocks in DNA are called introns, and the coding regions are called exons. In introns DNA sequences are repeated many times, this is called short tandem repeats (STR's). A DNA profile is produced using gel electrophoresis, In which DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes can be separated according to their size. - A single band shows when a persons maternal and paternal chromosomes have the same number of repeat units. - two bands occur when the two chromosomes have a different number of repeats at a locus. ( a locus is a place where the same STR's occur.)
2 of 13
PCR.
Polymerase chain reaction is used to copy DNA. Cycle 1: - A sample of DNA is added to detergent to release the DNA from cells. - DNA polymerase, DNA primers with fluorescent markers and nucleotides are added. - (at 95 degrees) the DNA splits into two strands. - (at 55 degrees) primers attach at the start of the STR repeated sequence. - (at 70 degrees ) DNA polymerases attach nucleotides are added the DNA sequence is replicated.
3 of 13
4 of 13
Bacteria.
are prokaryotic Made from: - cell wall - cell surface membrane - ribosomes = site of protein synthesis - capsule = a mucus layer for protection - flagellum = used for cell movement - mesosome = in-folding of the cell surface membrane, site of respiration - main circular DNA - plasmids = small circles of DNA - pilus = protein tubes that allow bacteria to attach to surfaces
5 of 13
Viruses.
Consist of: - a strand of DNA or RNA (Viral DNA can be single or double stranded.) - protein coat How viruses reproduce: - virus attaches to a hosts cell - virus inserts nucleic acid - the viral DNA replicates - viral protien coats are made - new virus particles are formed - virus particles are released
6 of 13
Specific immunity.
B lymphocytes: - secrete antibodies in response to antigens - special protein molecules of a class known as immunoglobulins - B cell produces antibodies which which bind to bacteria with antigens on surface this labels them as 'non self' - antibody binds to antibody receptor on a macrophage - macrophage engulfs antibodies and bacterium - lysosomes fuse with vacuole releasing enzymes which destroy the bacteria.
7 of 13
8 of 13
9 of 13
Clonal selection
- bacterium with antigens on surface - antigen binds to B cell with complimentary receptor - B cell becomes an antigen-presenting cell (APC) - activated T helper cell with complimentary receptor binds to APC and produces cytokines (proteins) that stimulate B cell. - the B cell divides to give B memory cells and B effector cells - B effector cells differentiate into plasma cells - plasma cells secrete antibodies which bind to antigens identifying them for destruction.
10 of 13
11 of 13
12 of 13
13 of 13