Pos 2010

PRODUCTION ORIENTED SURVEY
In collaboration with AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES and
2010
STATE DEPARTMENTS OF AGRICULTURE
All India Coordinated Rice Improvement (AICRIP) Programme
DIRECTORATE OF RICE RESEARCH ((Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, AP, India
Correct citation:
Directorate of Rice Research, 2011 Production Oriented Survey 2010 All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Programme (ICAR) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India
Production oriented survey-2010 Contents

Sl. No States Summary Introduction Andhra Pradesh-1 Andhra Pradesh-2 Andhra Pradesh-3 Bihar-1 Bihar-2 Chhattishgarh Gujarat Haryana J & K-1 J & K-2 Jharkhand Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Puducherry-1 Puducherry-2 Punjab Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh-1 Uttar Pradesh-2 West Bengal Acknowledgement Pages 1 26 27 39 44 49 52 55 59 65 80 83 86 95 103 115 122 125 128 132 138 143 144 149 156 163
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Production Oriented Survey, 2010
PRODUCTION ORIENTED SURVEY-2010 SUMMARY Production oriented survey (POS) on different aspects of rice cultivation and farmers practices was conducted during crop season of 2010 by 23 AICRIP centres in 17 states viz Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattishgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Puducherry, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The survey was conducted by the scientists of Directorate of Rice Research and its cooperating centers located in different states belonging to different State Agricultural Universities and department of Agriculture (Table 1 and 2). A total of 125 scientific staff and 73 officials from the different States Department of Agriculture surveyed 129 Districts in 17 States. The success of Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon. Weather influences agricultural operations from sowing of a crop to the harvest and particularly rainfed agriculture depends on the mercy of the weather. In India, every year there is a considerable damage by floods in one part of the country and a drought in other parts. The Indian sub-continent is predominantly characterized by a tropical monsoon climate and success of kharif crops is highly dependent on it. There are two monsoon systems operating in the region (a) the southwest or summer monsoon and (b) the northeast or the winter monsoon. The summer monsoon accounts for 70 to 80% of the annual rainfall over major parts of south Asia. There is a large variability in the monsoon rainfall on both space and time scales. Consequently the Indian regions experience drought or flood in some parts of the country or the other almost every year during the monsoon period between June-September. According to Indian Meteorological department, during 2010 crop season period, out of 597 meteorological districts for which data are available, 173 districts (29%) received deficient rains, while 11 districts got scanty falls this season. On the brighter side, 240 districts (40%) received normal rains and the remaining 173 districts experienced excess rainfall in the June-September summer monsoon season. For the country as a whole, the rainfall for the season was 102 per cent of its long period average (LPA) of 89cm. Though June saw less than average rainfall across the country, monsoon picked up in July and August and peaked unusually in September flooding many parts of the country. The withdrawal of monsoon was also delayed by nearly four weeks and the annual rainy season began its retreat only on September 27. Another interesting feature of this season was the absence of an all India break monsoon condition. Break monsoon are periods of dry spell after days of continuous rainfall. Though there had been spells of subdued rainfall activity all through the season in different spatial and temporal scales, there was no all India break monsoon condition during this year, according to IMD report. Predominant rice varieties cultivated by the farmers in different states are presented in Table 3. The prevalence of different diseases and insect pests in different rice growing regions of India is presented in Table 4 and Table 5. The diseases like blast (both leaf blast and neck blast), brown spot, sheath blight, sheath rot, false smut, grain discolouration and bacterial blight are widely prevalent across different states. Sheath blight has become a major problem in Andhra Pradesh, parts of Bihar, Haryana, parts of Uttar Pradesh and Puducherry. Similarly, false smut of rice is widely prevalent in moderate intensities in many parts of country especially on hybrids.
Department of Plant Pathology, DRR
Severe incidence of false smut was recorded in Haryana, parts of Andhra Pradesh and parts of Uttar Pradesh. Khaira disease due to zinc deficiency was moderate to severe in parts of Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Among the insect pests, stem borer, leaf folder and brown plant hopper were widely prevalent in most of the states. Stem borer was in moderate to severe intensities in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. The incidence of leaf folder was moderate to severe in states like Haryana, Andhra Pradesh and Puducherry. Similarly, moderate to severe incidence of brown plant hopper was noticed in Haryana and parts of Puducherry. WBPH was recorded in severe intensity in parts of Haryana. There was increased incidence of termites and rats in some of the states like Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar. Andhra Pradesh-1: Five districts viz., Ranga Reddy, Mahboobnagar, Karimnagar, Nalgonda and Khammam were covered in this part of Andhra Pradesh. Almost all the districts surveyed in the state received excess rainfall (25-48%). The occurrence of excess rains during kharif and rabi predisposed the rice crop to a number of pest and diseases. In addition, persistent high humidity with less sunshine hours was the limitation to raise the productivity in wet season crop. But a significant impact of the monsoon was that a larger area has been brought under rice cultivation particularly in canal and tankfed areas. Most predominant varieties cultivated in this region were BPT 5204, HMT Sona, JGL 384, JGL 1798, MTU 1010, Kavya, Tellahamsa, MTU 7029, MTU 1001 and IR 64. The major cropping sequences were rice-rice, dhaincha-rice-rice, greengramrice-rice, rice-maize/jower, rice-groundnut, rice-rice-vegetables and rice-fallows. Farmers are applying fertilizers @ 100-190 kg N, 40-60 kg P2O5 and 20-40 kg K2O per hectare. Many farmers are also applying FYM. Farmers are using complex fertilizers like 18-46-0, 28-28-0, 1717-17, 19-19-19/ 20-20-0 and 16-16-16. Some of the farmers also applied zinc sulphate. Most of the farmers adopted zig zag method of transplanting. In Khammam and Nalgonda some of the farmers (10-15 %) are making alleyways for every 2-3 meters as a part of BPH management. The intensity of common weeds was low to medium and about 80-85% of the farmers are using herbicides like oxadiargyl (60%), butachlor (50%), anilophos (30%) and pretilachlor (25%). Most of the insect pests like BPH, WBPH, stem borer, gall midge, leaf folder were found in low to moderate intensities. Rice hispa was severe in some parts of Ranga Reddy district. Panicle mite was noticed in low to moderate intensities in Khammam, Nalgonda, Karimnagar and Warangal. Among the diseases, false smut was severe (up to 50%) in some places in Khammam, Nalgonda, Karimnagar and Ranga Reddy districts. Grain discolouration was severe in some parts of Nalgonda. Andhra Pradesh-2: Production Oriented Survey (POS) was conducted in East Godavari and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. The popular varieties in these districts are Swarna (MTU-7029), Amara (MTU-1064), Indra (MTU-1061), Samba mahsuri (BPT-5204), Badava mahsuri (PLA-1100), Cottondora Sannalu (MTU-1010), Prabhat (MTU-3626), Vijetha (MTU1001), MTU-2716 and IR 64 and of which Swarna (MTU-7029) occupied nearly 80 per cent of the paddy area in these two districts. The newly released varieties like MTU- 1061 and MTU1064 were predominant in low lying areas like Achanta, Poduru and Palakollu mandals of West Godavari where submergence is a problem. Short duration rice varieties like MTU-1010, MTU3626 and IR-64 were sown for seed purpose to be sown in rabi season. The common crop rotations were paddy-paddy, paddy-paddy-pulse, paddy-pulse, paddy-sugarcane, paddy-paddymaize, paddy-maize and paddy-fodder. The inputs like seeds, pesticides and fertilizers were adequate. Seed is obtained from APSSDC, farmer to farmer, Co-operative societies and Research
Stations. Pesticides and fertilizers were purchased from the local pesticide dealers. Machinery like combined harvester, transplanter and drum seeder used for direct sowing were used wherever their availability was there. Nearly 10 per cent of the farmers used different types of paddy transplanters (manually operated, Kubota, Yanji sakthi and Yanmar type). Private companies introduced the transplanters as well as combine harvesters during peak season where as drum seeder was supplied by the Department of Agriculture. Drying and storage facilities were inadequate. Almost all the farmers took threshing of paddy on the roads. Majority of farmers sold the produce immediately after threshing as the produce was discolored due to crop lodging and soaking in rain water. Very few farmers applied farmyard manure. Most of the farmers applied complex fertilizers as top dressing. The use of phosphatic and potassium fertilizers was satisfactory but some farmers applied excess nitrogenous fertilizers. The fertilizers like DAP, 20-20, 10-26-26 and 14-35-14 were used by majority of farmers. Among diseases, bacterial leaf blight and sheath blight were moderate to severe and other diseases like false smut were found in low to moderate level. Among insect pests, stem borer, leaf folder, panicle mite and brown plant hopper were observed in low to moderate level. Rat damage was severe in almost all the areas and on all the varieties sown. Farmers took protective measures like bromadiolone baiting, traditional butta trap, burrow fumigation and passing electricity around the field for control of rodent pest. Post harvest losses occurred due to heavy rains received after crop harvest and when the crop was spread as heaps for drying. Even the big heaps were soaked before threshing resulting in grain discolouration and even germination in some cases. Andhra Pradesh-3: The predominant varieties grown in the zone included Swarna (MTU 7029), Samba Mashuri (BPT 5204), Sona Mashuri (BPT 3291), Srikakulam Sannalu (RGL 2537), Vijeta (MTU 1001), Cottondora Sannalu (MTU 1010) and Jagityala Sannalu (JGL 1798). Varieties like Jaya, Super Jaya, Pooja, KRH-2, NLR 34449 and MTU 1061 were grown in some pockets. Among these, Pooja is particularly preferred by some farmers in Patapatnam mandal of Srikakulam district and Jaya was grown at specified locations in all the three districts surveyed. The weather condition in the north coastal zone during kharif 2010-11, was erratic with 4 cyclones during crop growth period. Impact of cyclones was observed both during the tillering stage, flowering and grain maturation stage of crop growth. Majority of farmers felt that there was a min. of 4-5 bags to a max. of 10-15 bags loss in yield due to the erratic monsoon and cyclonic rains (Table 3). Lodging was observed during grain maturation stage in addition, germination of non dormant varieties was observed leading to yield loss. In general, a 40% excess rainfall is recorded during kharif 2010-11. Rice is the predominant crop in the zone with 80.06 % cropped area under paddy in Srikakulam district (Table 4). Paddy cultivation in Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram constitute 49.67 and 38.04% of the total cropped area. Due to excess rainfall both from south west monsoon and cyclonic rains during kharif 2010-11, increase in paddy area over the previous year was recorded in all the three districts surveyed. Although, farmers went for delayed sowing and transplantings, an increase of 56.56, 22.53 and 9.44 per cent area was recorded in Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts. The farmers preference for varieties varied with the district. Swarna (MTU 7029) is the most popular variety in Srikakulam district occupying 30.10% of the paddy area (Table 5), followed by BPT 5204 (24.98%) and MTU 1001 (15.05%) whereas, in Vizianagaram, Sona mashuri (26.0%) is the leading variety followed by MTU 1001, Swarna and BPT 5204. However, in Visakhapatnam, Srikakulam Sannulu is preferred by majority of famers (31.5%) over Sona mashuri, Samba
mashuri and Swarna. Cumulatively, Swarna and Samba mashuri are the most popular varieties occupying a major area in the north coastal zone. Bihar-1: Production oriented survey was conducted in three districts of this region of Bihar viz., Vaishali, Samastipur and Muzaffarpur during Kharif, 2010. During the survey period, crop was in dough stage in all the three districts. The farmers were mainly sub-marginal to marginal. The varieties grown in the state were Swarna, Sugandha, Prabhat, Subhashini, Vaidehi, Sita, Kasturi, Jaya, Pusa Basmati 1, Satyam, Dhanlakshmi, BPT 5204, MTU 7029, Kanak, and Rajendra Swetha. The prevailing cropping practice was rice-wheat. Farmers mainly used their own resources and depended on private institutions for different inputs and equipments. The common needs of farmers of various districts were good quality seeds, fertilizers, equipments, storage, drying facilities, marketing facilities and subsidy by state government on diesel, fertilizers and other inputs. Among biotic constraints brown spot, sheath rot, bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight and false smut were observed in the fields. Among the insect-pests, leaf folder, stem borer, BPH, mites, termites, rats and rice case worm were common. Farmers applied fungicides like Bavistin, Dithane M-45 and hexaconazole and insecticides like Folidol and imidachloprid. The fertilizer application consisted of 80-120 Kg N, 60 Kg P2O5 and 30 Kg K2O/ha and if available, farmers used vermivompost. Many farmers followed random method of transplanting. The weed population was in general low to medium. Rainfall was moderate in the region. The main source of irrigation was canal and underground water. Bihar-2: Production oriented survey was conducted in three districts in this part of Bihar when most of the rice crops were in milk to grain filling stage. The weather conditions were not favourable for rice cultivation and there were reports of drought or drought like situations in many of the places visited. The commonly grown varieties were Rajendra Mahsuri 1, Sonam, IR 64, BPT 5204, Swarna (MTU 7029), Rajendra Kasturi, Nati Mahsuri, Rajendra Sweta, Sita, Saket 4, MTU 1001 and Sudha among the HYVs and Hybrid 6444, Hybrid Goraknath and hybrid 6201 among the hybrids. The common crop rotations were rice followed by pulses like gram or lentil, oilseeds like linseed and vegetables like potato. The intensity of common weeds was in general low to moderate and most of the farmers practiced only manual weeding and herbicide application was very less. There was scarcity of most of the inputs in majority of the places visited. The incidences of biotic constrains like brown spot, sheath blight, neck blast and false smut among the diseases and insect pests like BPH, mealy bugs and stem borer were recorded in low to moderate intensities. Many farmers applied various pesticides to control different pests and diseases. Chhattisgarh: Production oriented survey was conducted in five districts of Chhattisgarh viz. Bastar, Dantewada, Bijapur, Narayanpur and Kanker during kharif 2010 when the rice crop was in dough to maturity stage in the month of October and November, 2010. The major cropping system in the region was rice-vegetables. The most popular varieties grown in the region were HYVs like MTU 1001, MTU 1010, IR 64, Swarna, HMT and Hybrids like PA 6444, PA 6129 and KRH-2. Most of the farmers are growing the local varieties like Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Mehar dhan, Chitari, Loctimajhi and some of the scented varieties like Badshabhog and Dubraj. Farmers adopted both direct sowing and ransom method of transplanting. Weed infestation was medium to high and almost all the farmers followed one or two hand weeding and none of the
farmers used weedicides. Most of the farmers did not use FYM or fertilizers in the nursery seed beds. In the main fields also only urea, DAP and IFFCO fertilizers were used as basal dose and some farmers applied 25-50 kg/ha of urea as top dressing (2 splits). However, many farmers did not apply P2O5 and K2O. Only few farmers practiced the application of FYM based on the availability. Among the biotic constraints, low to moderate level of blast, neck blast, brown spot and false smut and few incidences of sheath blight were reported. Pests like stem borer, leaf folders, brown plant hopper and gall midge were recorded in low intensities and only few farmers adopted plant protection measures. Farmers expressed the need for timely availability of fertilizers and pesticides, implements, drying facilities and power for different agricultural operations. Gujarat: Production Oriented Survey in rice growing areas of eleven districts viz, Ahmedabad, Anand, Bharuch, Dang, Kheda, Navsari, Panchmahals, Surat, Tapi, Vadodara and Valsad was conducted. Twenty seven taluks and fifty six villages were covered under survey. The Kharif season of 2010 witnessed little late (last week of July) but well distributed normal monsoon (61days) with the total rainfall of 957.7 mm which was more than the average of last 30 years. Predominant varieties cultivated were Gurjari, GR-11, GR-4, Mahsuri, Jaya, GR-7, GR-12, GR101, GR-103, GAR-13, Narmada, Moti Gold, Sonam, Varsha, Kabir, Kaveri, Sonam Surekha and Radha and hybrids like Arize-6444, Gorakhnath, PA-6201 and Suruchi. Prevailing crop rotations were rice-wheat-rice, rice-sugarcane, rice-gram, rice-banana, rice-vegetables, rice-rice, rice-tobacco, rice-pearl millet, rice-wheat-Summer Green gram and rice-Indian bean. In general the rice crop condition was good all over the state. The productivity trend is maintained but unseasonal rain during maturity and harvesting stage damaged the crop. Among the biotic constraints the infestation of insect pest like leaf folder, stem borer, WBPH, BPH and army worm was recorded in negligible to low intensity. During early stage of crop growth, infestation of army worm was noticed. Among diseases bacterial blight appeared negligible in few fields. Blast, grain discoloration, sheath rot were low to moderate and severe in few fields, false smut and white tip nematodes were also negligible to low incidence. Haryana: Roving surveys in paddy growing areas of 11 districts in Haryana were conducted during August-October, 2010. A total of 110 villages (10 in each district) were surveyed in the district of Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Jind, Ambala, Yamunanagar, Panchkula, Panipat, Sonepat, Fatehabad and Sirsa. The commonly grown varieties were PR 114, Sabnam, PA 6444, Pusa 44, HKR 47, HKR 127, PR 113 among the HYVs; hybrids like RH 257, PA 6129, Royal Bhog (Pepsi), hybrid 9235, PHB 71, hybrid 748, Hybrid Nitya, PHB 77, hybrid 721, hybrid 404, Reshma, hybrid 3325; Basmati varieties like Taraori Basmati, Pusa Basmati-4 (Pusa 1121), CSR-30 and Pusa Basmati-1 and local varieties like Samban. Application of weedicide, random planting inadequate plant population raising of nursery in unpuddled fields and rice-wheat sequence were common in all the district. Mixed application of fungicides with insecticides for foliar application and that of granular insecticides with urea as broadcast application was commonly followed in all the districts surveyed except Panchkula. Weedicides like Sofit, Nominee gold and insecticides viz. endosulfan and chlorpyrifos were also applied by some farmers in nursery. Seed used for raising the nursery of one acre of high yielding and Basmati varieties were quite low (4-5 kg) as against the recommended seed rate of 10-12 kg/acre. The seed treatment was followed by 50,70,60,40,60,80,40,50,20,50,& 50% farmers in Kaithal,
Kurukshetra, Karnal, Jind, Panipat, Sonepat, Yamunanagar, Ambala Panchkula, Panipat, Fatehabad and Sirsa district, respectively. In general, the rainfall was above normal in most of the surveyed districts particularly Yamunanagar, Ambala Kurukshetra and Karnal. An exceptional heavy rainfall during July 5-7, 2010 coupled with movement of water from adjoining areas resulted in flood at Rice Research Station, Kaul, which caused a severe setback to the nursery and transplanted crop. However, it helped in raising the water table by 8-10 feet in the flood-affected areas. The main constraints identified in increasing rice production in Haryana were depletion of water table, limited water resources, inadequate and intermittent power supply, erratic monsoon in the form of excessive rains leading to flood and damage to nursery, direct sown and transplanted paddy in certain parts of the state particularly district Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Yamunangar, Ambala and Sirsa, poor quality of underground water, deterioration in soil health, sub-optimal plant population, salinity and alkalinity and continuous practice of rice-wheat cropping system in addition to biotic constraints particularly WBPH, BPH, sheath blight and bacterial blight. Bacterial leaf blight was recorded in severe form at one location each in the district of Kurukshetra, Karnal and Jind in hybrid PA 6129, CSR 30 and Sabnam, respectively. False smut was recorded in low to moderate intensity in 10, 10 40 and 30% sites in Kurukshetra, Jind, Ambala and Panchkula district, respectively. However at one location each in the districts of Panipat and Yamunangar, the smutted panicles ranged between 85-90% and 55-60% in PA 6129 and PA 6444, respectively. Leaf and Neck blast appeared in low to moderate intensity in variety CSR 30, Pus Basmati-4 and Pusa Basmati-1. The neck blast incidence remained below 12% at all the location except one in district Karnal where the disease incidence ranged from 1520% in variety CSR 30. Foot rot and bakanae ranged from trace to 6% at 30,40,50,90,10,10,10,40,80,20 and 10% location in the districts of Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Jind, Ambala, Yamunangar, Panchkula, Panipat, Sonepat, Fatehabad and Sirsa, respectively. Maximum diseases incidence of 6% was recorded in variety Pusa Basmati-4 and CSR 30 in district Karnal, Panipat, Sonepat and Yamunangar, respectively. Sheath blight was observed in low to moderate intensity at 20,30,20,20,40 and 30% places in the district of Jind, Ambala, Panchkula, Sonepat, fatehabad and Sirsa, respectively. Sheath rot was observed at 10, 20 10 and 40% locations each in the district of Kurukshetra, Panckhula, Panipat and Fatehabad with a diseases incidence ranging from trace-3% in hybrid PA 6444, PA 6129, hybrid Nakul, hybrid Sugandh 999, Sikander 333, Pusa 44, PR 114, and Pusa Basmati-4. Stem rot incidence was observed in, moderate to severe form at one location each in the district of in Kaithal and Panchkula where its incidence ranged from 10-15% and 30-35%, respectively in Pusa Basmati-1 and hybrid 1316, respectively. Other diseases namely, grain discolouration, brown spot, and narrow brown leaf spot, leaf smut, kernel smut/bunt and chlorsis were recorded in low to moderate intensity at few locations. However Khaira (Zinc deficiency) was recorded in moderate to serve from at 10, 10, 30 and 10% locations in district Karnal, Panipat, Sonepat and Sirsa in Pusa Basmati-1, Pusa Basmati -4and Pusa Basmati CSR 30. Jammu & Kashmir-1: A survey on rice scenario was conducted in three districts, namely Pulwama, Anantnag and Kulgam of J&K State during Kharif 2010. The crop was at heading to maturity stage during the time of survey. Maize and rice were the only two crops grown widely in Kharif season. The non-availability of high yielding cultivars of rice, weedicides, fertilizers and pesticides particularly at higher reaches were responsible for lower productivity in these
districts. Zinc deficiency occurred at few places of Marhama, Sirhama, Mattan, Shelipora and Isoowagan regions in Anantnag district. Farmers grew seed from their previous crop that consists of a number of local and few improved varieties. The impact of pests and diseases remained at low during the current season. Jammu & Kashmir-2: A production oriented survey in rice crop was conducted in a hilly district Rajouri and in some plains of Jammu district of J&K State during kharif-2010. The varieties like K-39, K-343 and Giza-14 were still found to be the preferred varieties in Rajouri while a revolutionary change was pragmatic in Jammu district whereby every farmer was keen to replace their age-old customary varieties of rice to the new high yielding hybrids. But with the unusual onslaught of false smut disease devastating many rice fields, growing hybrid varieties in Marh and Bhalwal blocks, there remains a big challenging task before its adoption in full spirits. A few progressive farmers had even left growing hybrids of paddy in view of the alarming rise in the incidence of false smut. Weather for the year in both the districts remained most favourable to escape with the many diseases and pests and made the crop flourish till a heavy downpour and hailstorm wrecked the basmati crop in particular and thereby losing yield even to the maximum extent of 80 per cent. Many farmers in Jammu were constantly getting the improvised seed from nearby Punjab state, but without testing their reliability in local agro-climatic conditions. Even farmers in Rajouri district were demanding the high yielding rice varieties that could thrive well in their subtropical and high altitude temperate areas. Use of fertilizers in many surveyed areas was not encouraging. The declining supply of potash and the late and erratic supply of DAP may seriously affect the soil health in near future. Many rivulets (irrigation channels) feeding almost the entire fields in Rajouri district, required to be repaired and reconstructed as there heve been damages due to heavy rains that lashed the state during this year. Jharkhand: Production Oriented Survey in paddy growing areas of Jharkhand was conducted during summer-2009-10 and kharif, 2010. Six districts (Ranchi, Ramgarh, Hazaribagh, Gumla, Lohardaga, and East Singhbhum) covering 53 villages from 19 blocks were surveyed. The survey was conducted during tillering / milky/ dough/ mature stages of the crop. General climatic conditions and rainfall in all surveyed district was erratic or below below normal (Drought) as far as paddy cultivation was concerned. Due to late monsoon rain, transplanting could not be done timely. Most of the farmers reported that the rainfall was very erratic and low during the crop season and therefore, there was only about 30-35 % rice cropped area where transplanting was done and rest of the area became fallow. Most of the area (about 90-95%) of the districts is monocropped (rice). Rice is mainly grown as rain fed crop with extremely limited life saving irrigation facilities through wells and ponds. Some progressive and marginal farmers procured seed from private dealers, Birsa Agricultural University (BAU), Ranchi. and Zonal Research Station (BAU) and KVK. The main source of irrigation was pond, well, and rivers. Only 8-10 per cent area of surveyed districts of Jharkhand had irrigation facility. Very few progressive and marginal farmers were ready to adopt new technologies and recommendations in Ranchi, Hazaribagh and East Singhbhum. The common needs of the farmers were creation of irrigation facility like ponds, canal and bore well, loan from bank, electricity supply, good quality seeds of short duration varieties, fertilizers and pesticides at reasonable price, availability of tractor, power tiller, diesel pump, spraying machine etc especially on hired basis and easy availability of kerosene oil. The prevailing crop rotation followed were rice-fallow, rice-wheat, rice-mustard, rice-chickpea, rice-pea, rice-vegetable (tomato/ brinjal/ pea/ cauliflower) and ricerice. FYM or
cow dung was used in limited quantities in nursery as well as main field. Fertilizers were applied @ 30-80 kg N ha-1, 10-30 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 0-30 kg K2O ha-1. Some farmers (about 5-6%) in the surveyed districts used potassic fertilizer. Most of the farmers reported that they do not apply chemical fertilizers in traditional varieties of rice in almost all the above surveyed districts of Jharkhand. The method of transplanting was random and average plant population was 25-33 hills/m2.The average grain yield of traditional variety, HYVs and Hybrid ranged from 8-1.2 q/ha, 15- 20 q/ha and 30-40 q/ha, respectively. The predominant weeds were Cyperus Spp., Echinochloa Spp., Panicum Spp., Euphorbia hirta, Celosia, Spp., Phyllanthus Spp., Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta alba, Amaranthus Spp. Commelina Spp., Eclipta alba and Agiratum conizoides etc. in kharif season and Xanthium stumarium and Oxalis spp. in summer rice. Very few farmers applied weedicides like pretilachlor or top star (2,4-D) or butachlor @ 1.5 to 2.0 kg a.i./ha as a post emergence for management of weeds. Two hand weedings was common practice of the farmers in most of the surveyed area of the state. Rate of adoption of plant protection measures against insect pests/diseases/weeds among farmers was limited i.e., 4 to 5% only in survey districts of Jharkhand. Among biotic constraints, diseases like brown spot was most serious disease particularly on local tradition varieties or upland rice whereas, blast and grain discolouration were also recorded in medium to severe intensities in HYVs and Hybrids, False smut was in low to medium intensities in HYVs and Hybrids. IR 64 was susceptible to blast (medium to severe intensity) in some places of Ranchi. Some farmers used fungicides like indofil M-45 (25%) or carbendazim (0.1%) or Saaf (0.2%) or hexaconazole (0.1%) for management of above diseases. The most common insect pests were stem borer, case worm, Gundhi bug, BPH, gall midge and leaf folder. Some farmers used insecticides like choloropyriphos (2 ml/lit of water), monocrotophos (1 ml/lit.), Rogor (1 ml/lit.), cypermethrin (2 ml/lit.), trizophos (2 ml/lit), phorate 10G (5-6 kg/ha) or carbofuran 3G (10-15 kg/ha) for management of above pests. Some farmers reported that putting of Sindwar (Vitex negundo) leaves/twig or Karma or Velwa twig in the main field of rice at panicle initiation stage helps to check the attack of insect pests. They also reported that putting of maize cob near the main field of rice crop also helps to check the attack of insect pests in paddy. The farmers also reported damage by rats in rice both in the field as well as in the store houses to the extent of up to 2- 3 per cent in the surveyed districts of Jharkhand. Karnataka: In Karnataka Production Oriented survey was conducted during kharif, 2010 by multidisciplinary team consisting of Pathologist, Breeder, Agronomist and Soil Scientist in nine districts viz., Mandya, Hassan, Shimoga, Mysore, Chikkamagalur, Dharwad, Tumkur, Dakshina Kannada and Udupi. The crop was at heading to maturity stage at the time of survey. The rainfall was normal and the climatic conditions were favourable for rice cultivation. In general, the rice in these districts is grown under irrigated condition. Canals were the main source of irrigation. The major cropping practices in the region were rice-rice, rice-pulses, rice-vegetables, rice-ragi, rice-sugarcane and rice-maize. The main varieties grown in these regions were BR-2655, Jaya, Thanu, MTU-1001, MTU-1010, IR-64, IR-30864 and Jyothi. The weed infestation was medium to low and the common weeds were Echinochloa colona, E. crusgalli, Cyprus sp., Marsilia quadrifolia etc. Zinc deficiency was commonly observed in all the districts. Among biotic constraints blast, neck blast, sheath blight, sheath rot, udbatta (first time observed in BR-2655), false smut incidence in hybrids and improved varieties like Palguna, stem borer, leaf folder and hispa were observed in moderate intensity. The Seed replacement rate achieved during 2010-11
is around 40 % in the state which is comparable with other crops. More emphasis is given for mechanization to overcome the crisis of agricultural labour. Mechanical transplanter is gaining popularity and covered an area up to 1 lakh ha and combined harvesters are being used in larger area. Madhya Pradesh: Production Oriented Survey of rice was conducted in eight districts viz. Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Shahdol, Umaria, Anoopur, Katni and Panna districts of Madhya Pradesh. The weather conditions during crop growth period were extremely abnormal because there were no good rains in the month of June. The rainfall was restricted in the state ranging from 10 to 70 mm in the month of June. Therefore, direct sowing of unsprouted seeds or lehi (Sprouted seeds) sowing was delayed in rainfed ecosystem in the state. There was long dry spell in the month of July. The farmers have sown the seeds in the nursery in the month of June but due to late rains in the month of August the transplanting was very much delayed. It was observed that due to late rains in the month of August the direct sown area of rice was unsown or replaced by black gram, green gram or sesame. The transplanting of hybrid rice or improved varieties were undertaken by the farmers having assured irrigation in Rewa, Katni, Panna and Satna districts but the farmers could do direct seeding of rice under rainfed or partial irrigated area of Shahdol, Umaria and Anooppur district. It was observed that approximately 55 to 60% yield losses occurred in the surveyed area due to poor rains and severe drought. There was heavy rainfall (1500 mm) in Jabalpur, Balaghat, Damoh and western part of Madhya Pradesh and central districts. Therefore, both direct seeding and transplanting were performed well in rainfed and irrigated ecosystems. It was observed that even 35 to 45 days old seedlings were planted in the irrigated area but under rainfed it was unsown and serious losses occurred. This year rice area was diverted into pulse crop viz Soybean, Urad, Moong, Jowar, Bajra and Til in Rewa, Satna ,Sidhi , Panna and Katni districts due to delayed and poor rains. The predominant varieties in the state were PA6201, PA 6444, PHB71, PAC 801, Loknath, and PRH 10 among hybrids and HYVs like IR-36, IR-64, IR 50, Govinda, Vandana, Pusa Sugandha 3, Kranti, HMT, Pusa Sugandha 5, Basmati, Lochai, Sonam, JR-75, JR 201, Sabnam, Winner and Champion. It was noted that rice hybrids are being popularized by the private sectors and government agencies in the state and therefore, the farmers are taking keen interest to grow hybrid rice and benefited by obtaining the grain yield ranging from 50 to 70 q/ha over improved varieties (25-40 q/ha) under irrigated ecosystem. With regard to hybrid rice adoption Rewa, Satna and Sidhi districts covered maximum area (approximate 15 to 20 %) by the progressive and medium farmers under irrigated ecosystem whereas, Shahdol, Panna, Katni and Anooppur districts have less adoption of hybrid rice ranging from 10 to 15 %. The predominant cropping system in the state was rice-wheat, rice-gram and rice-pea, rice-lentil, rice-berseem, rice-fallow and rice-barley is commonly practiced in Anooppur Shahdol and Umaria districts where light poor soil is predominant and very poor irrigation facilities are available The major source of irrigation is bore-well followed by open well and canal irrigation. The rice productivity in the state was very low (1.7 to 2.3 t/ha) due to dominance of local extra early and medium poor yielder varieties, low fertilizer application, poor irrigation resources, poor plant protection measures and poor socio-economic status of the farmers. However, it was noted that the progressive, medium and marginal farmers having irrigation facilities have adopted the cultivation of hybrids and obtaining the grain yield ranging from 60 to
75 q/ha. The farmers are demanding the extra early high yielding varieties (90 to 100 days duration) and early hybrids looking to the poor rainfall scenario for last five years. The farmers are not satisfied with the efforts of the department of agriculture for un timely seed supply, fertilizers and poor quality pesticides in the region. The availability of improved seeds, irrigation sources and equipments were inadequate where as fertilizer, and pesticides are satisfactory. The storage and drying facilities were either inadequate or not available The specific needs of the farmers were seeds of improved variety in time, paddy thresher, sprayers, duster, cono weeder and rotavator and paddy transplanter. It was observed that weed infestation was very high in rain fed ecosystem and causing heavy economic yield losses as compared to transplanting system. It was estimated that approximate 35 to 40% yield losses was occurred due to weed infestation and farmers are facing a lot of problem to combat the losses due to heavy investment in manual weeding and labour crisis. Very few progressive farmers are using weedicide like butachlor, Web super and Almix. It was noted that application of laundrex power weedicide @10kg/ha at the time of transplanting in Shahdol district effectively managed the post emergence weeds. Zinc deficiency was commonly noticed in Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Shahdol and Panna as compared to Katni Umaria and Anoop pur districts. In regard to incidence of pest and diseases, it was noted to be low due to poor rainfall and un favorable microclimate. However, leaf blast, brown spot, khaira, false smut, sheath blight, seed discoloration, WBPH, case worm, leaf folder, army worm, gundhi bug and termite infestation were noticed in the surveyed area in low moderate intensities. WBPH, neck blast and army worm were appeared this year in moderate severity and caused considerable yield losses. WBPH attack was reported in all the surveyed area and secretion of honey dew caused damage in panicle initiation and developed chaffy grains. Rat infestation was observed in paddy fields, threshing floor and storage in all the surveyed area in traces. Maharashtra: Production oriented survey was conducted in four districts viz., Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg of the Konkan region during Kharif 2010, when the rice crop was in dough to maturity stage. Ninety per cent of the farmers of Sindhudurg district grew Hybrid varieties of rice. The regular monsoon rains were commenced on 5th June 2010. In general the weather conditions were ideal for the rice crop growth up to dough stage. There were heavy rains in the month of November causing heavy losses in grain yield up to 30% in the region. In some areas the grains were germinated on panicles in the fields before harvest. In some places harvested rice crop was fully dipped in water for two to three days resulting in germination of grain in the fields. The late rains also reduced the quality of grains, germinability of grains and the quality of straw. In the Konkan region kharif rice is grown as rain fed crop. Most of the formers of this region have grown high yielding varieties viz., Karjat-3, Karjat-2, Karjat-184, Karjat-4, Karjat-5, Karjat-6, Karjat 7, Ratna, Jaya,Ratnagiri-2, Ratnagiri-24, Ratnagiri-1, Ratnagiri-711, Palghar-1, Gujarat-4, Gujarat 11, Gujarat-17, Phondaghat-1, Sonam, Shriram, Swarna, Sweta, Trupti, Mahsuri, HMT Sona and hybrids like Pusa RH-10, Sahyadri, Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3, PA-6444 and PA6201. The varieties such as Jaya and Sahyadri are mostly grown for puffed rice. The varieties viz Panvel-1, Panvel- 2, Panvel -3, Jaya, Kalarata and Bhurarata were grown in saline soil. Local varieties like Kolamb, Zinni, Bhadas, Patni, Bela, Valai, EK- 70 etc. were also grown by some farmers for their home consumption. The seed replacement ratio in the region was satisfactory and more than 90 percent farmers replaced their seeds of improved varieties after every three years.
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Prevailing crop rotation in the region were rice-fallow, rice-pulses, rice-groundnut, ricerice and rice-vegetables. Farmers use maximum seed rate for local varieties @ 80 to 90 kg/ha, 50 to 60 kg/ha for high yielding varieties and 20 kg /ha for hybrids. Farmers were aware of importance of FYM or organic manure but it was not available in adequate quantity. Urea was most commonly used by the farmers and very few used Suphala (15:15:15) & fertilizer mixture. About 80 per cent farmers adapted random transplanting while 20 per cent farmers followed either line transplanting or rahu (sowing of germinated seed) sowing. Average plant population was 25 to 33 hills/sq m with 3 to 7 seedling/hill and 1 to 2 seedlings/hill in case of hybrids and locally called as Ek Kadi Bhat. In the month of April and May, farmers practiced the burning of respective area before nursery preparation and application of organic matter (Kaul dry grass, and thin layer of dung cakes) known as Rab most widely adapted in the region for weed management in nursery. Hand weeding was a common practice adopted in the region for removal of weed in rice nursery as well as in main fields. Only few progressive farmers use selective weedicide for weed management in drilled rice. Commonly observed weeds in the region viz. Echinochloa crusgallis,E. colonum, Cynadon dactilon,Cyperus rotundus, C. irria, Iseilema globusa, Daunea pinnatifolia,Digitearea arvensis, Alternathra triandra, Cylosia argentina,Ericaulon hexagularis,Physalis minima,Commelena bengalensis, Hydrocotyle spp. There was epidemic of bacterial blight of rice in the villages Karjat, Khalapur, Pen, Uran talukas of Raigad district. The incidence of BLB caused reduction in total number of effective tillers/hill with less number of filled grains /panicle. Approximately up to 30 % losses in yields were recorded. The diseases like leaf blast, bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight false smut, neck blast, and sheath rot were noticed during survey. There were combined infection of BLB and neck blast observed in some villages of Bhiwandi, and vikramgad talukas of Thane district. Heavy infection of leaf blast, node blast, neck blast, & grain blast were observed on wild rice locally called as Deo bhat grown around the ponds in Thane District. This may serve as primary source of inoculum of blast. Incidence of sheath rot and false smut were observed in Sindhudurg district only on hybrids. Stem borer, Brown plant hopper, Case warm, leaf folder and ear head bug were observed at low to moderate intensities. Rat damage was observed during milky to dough stage. There were up to 5% losses during transportation after harvest during transportation of rice crop and 1 to 2% losses during storage. Farmers were in need of hybrid seeds at subsidy rates, power transplanters, harvesters, threshers (due to shortage of laborers), sprayers, dusters, drum seeder and cono weeder on low cost basis. They were also in need of fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides at proper time at subsidy rates, crop loans at low interest rate and training on the use of weedicides. Orissa: In Orissa, production oriented survey was conducted in 2 districts viz, Barogarh and Sambalpur. The weather condition during the crop growth period was normal. The survey was conducted during maturity stages of the crop. Prevalent rice varieties grown by the farmers were MTU-1010, MTU-1001, Swarna, Pooja, Rajlaxmi, and Pratikshya. The crop rotations practiced by the farmers were rice-mustard-rice, rice- rice-fallow and rice-vegetable-rice. The use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were followed by the farmers though they have not followed the recommendations. Major biotic stresses like blast, sheath blight, sheath rot and BLB were recorded in low to moderate intensities. Common insect pest problems observed in low intensity were stem borer, leaf folder, brown plant hopper (BPH) and WBPH. Some of the common needs of the farmers were availability of labor, timely availability of fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation water, marketing, good storage facility and quality seeds.
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Puducherry-1: Production Oriented Survey was conducted in two regions of the Union Territory of Puducherry viz., Puducherry and Yanam. Puducherry region is situated about 160 km south of Chennai. Yanam region is situated on the East Coast of Andhra Pradesh bounded on all sides by the East Godavari District at a distance of 870 kms from Puducherry. The popular varieties in Puducherry region are CR 1009, I.White Ponni, ADT 39 and ADT 43 and that of Yanam region are Swarna (MTU 7029), Cottondora Sannalu (MTU 1010), Samba Mahsuri (BPT 5204) and Bondalu (MTU 3626). The main cropping sequences in these regions were rice-rice-rice and rice-rice-pulses. Canals, wells, tanks and filter points were the main sources of irrigation. Among the inputs, seeds, pesticides and fertilisers were adequate. Machineries like combine harvester and transplanter were in use in Puducherry region while the same were not in use in Yanam region. But, the same shall be put into use if awareness is created among the farmers by means of demonstrations. Drying and storage facilities were also inadequate. The use of phosphatic and potassic fertilizers was satisfactory but some farmers applied excess nitrogenous fertilizers. Straight fertilizers, DAP, 17:17:17, 20:20 and 28:28 were used by majority of farmers. Among diseases, sheath rot, sheath blight and BLB were low to moderate and other diseases were found in low intensities. Among insect pests, leaf folder and stem borer were observed in low to moderate intensities in Puducherry region and severe intensities in Yanam region. Puducherry-2: During the Production Oriented Survey 2010 about 61farmers (Karaikal-47+ Yanam -14) of different categories (small, marginal and big farmers) hailing from 42 (38+4) villages of Karaikal and Yanam region were personally interviewed by the POS team members. The predominant varieties cultivated were Savitri, ADT 39, White Ponni, BPT 5204, ADT 46, ADT 38, ADT45, ADT49, CO 43,CO 46, KKL 1, ADT 37, ADT 43, MTU 7029, MTU-2067, MTU-1001 and MTU 1010. Heavy incidence of Bacterial leaf blight (30-40%) and False smut (30%) was noticed on cultivars like BPT 5204, CR 1009, ADT 38 and ADT 39 in most of the villages due to excess application of N and the conducive environmental condition noticed during the Samba season. Use of bio-control agents like Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application and as foliar spray (0.5%) is getting importance in some of the villages surveyed. Heavy occurrence of BPH (25 -30%) was noticed on varieties like BPT 5204 and CR 1009 due to prevalence of intermittent rain with cloudy weather prevailed during the month of November-December 2009. Use of mechanised transplanter is gaining momentum in most of the villages surveyed due to acute labour shortage. Use of harvester-cumthresher is gaining momentum among the various categories of farmers since the above facility was extended by the Department of Agriculture on hire basis. The use of various natural products like fresh cowdung extract (20%) and Neem products like Neem oil (3%), NSKE@ 5% and Neem cake are being adopted by most of the farmers who are interested in organic farming. A new variety KKL 1 of PAJANCOA & RI, ( a medium slender grain) is gaining momentum among the farmers as an effective substitute for CR1009. The practice of applying DAP along with Neem cake as basal dose was adopted by the farmers in all the villages of the district surveyed. Punjab: The production oriented survey was conducted in 16 districts in the state during the kharif, 2010. The districts surveyed were Amritsar, Bathinda, Fatehgarh sahib, Faridkot, Ferozpur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jallandar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Mansa, Mukatsar, Moga, Patiala, Sangrur and Tarntaran. Survey was conducted mostly during heading stage and dough
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stages of the crop growth. The prevalent varieties grown in this region were Pusa 1121, PR 116, PR 113, HKR 127, Punjab Bas 2 and HKR 47, PR 118, PAU 209, Pusa 44, PR 111, Hybrid 6444, PR 114, HKR 121, Devegowda, HKR 127, Hybrid 6129, PAU 201 and P.Bas-2. The level of weed infestation was medium. The common weed was swank. Herbicides like butachlor and pretilachlor were used in addition to hand weeding for control of these weeds. There was no proper drying facilities. The diseases like sheath blight, false smut and blast were recorded in low to moderate level intensities. Among pests, leaf folder and BPH were recorded. Tamil Nadu: Production oriented survey was conducted in seven districts of Cauvery delta zone. Excess annual rainfall of 400-640mm was received in three major Cauvery delta districts Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam. Rabi crop yield was affected to the extent of 25-50% due to excess rainfall and poor drainage. Rice varieties ADT 36, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 43, ADT 46, CR 1009, CO 43 and BPT 5204 were predominantly grown in this region. Area under BPT 5204 was reduced due to its high susceptibility to various diseases. SRI method of cultivation is gaining momentum among the farmers. Combine harvesters were used by more than 80% of the farmers. Wide spread occurrence of false smut at low to medium level was noticed in all the districts surveyed. Moderate incidence of bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak diseases was recorded in all the ruling varieties. Leaf blast incidence was found in Tiruchirappalli and Pudukkottai districts. In general pest incidence was low in this region. Low to medium incidence of stem borer and leaf folder was noticed in all the districts surveyed. Tripura: Production Oriented Survey for the year 2010-11 was conducted in Melaghar Agri. Sub-Division of District, Tripura West. The general climatic condition of the area during the cropping period was normal. During the survey the crop was mostly at maturity stage. Maximum numbers of farmers are following System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method of paddy cultivation. As per survey the predominant high yielding variety for the 2nd kharif season was found to be MTU-7029 (Swarna). Varieties namely Pooja and Navin are also found to be popular among the farmers. Seed rate for S.R.I was found to be mostly 5 kg/ ha while 40 to 50 kg in case of conventional method of paddy cultivation. Availability of irrigation facility is the prime need of the farmers along with availability of inputs like fertilizer, bio-fertilizers, and bio-pesticides at proper time. The weed population was medium. Among weeds Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, Cyperus rotandus, C. irria, C. globosus, were found to be in majority. Farmers preferred manual weeding and use of weeder in case of S.R.I. None of the farmers were found to use chemical weedicides. Among insect pests infestation of stem borer and leaf folder was significant while among plant diseases incidence of sheath blight, brown spot and foot rot or Bakanae disease in the variety Pooja was observed. For the Ist time infestation of BPH was significantly recorded in an alarming manner in the concerned Agri. Sub Division. On an average 2 (two) times plant protection chemicals were sprayed in a cropping season. Knapsack sprayer was mostly used as equipment for spraying plant protection chemicals. Pesticide like monocrotophos, triazophos, chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin were more popular than fungicides like carbendazim, carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 %). No instance of mixing up of fungicides with insecticides / weedicides / fertilizers was recorded. Uttar Pradesh-1: Production Oriented Survey of rice was undertaken in 9 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh viz, Faizabad, Sultanpur, Ambedkar Nagar, Barabanki, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Maharajganj, Azamgarh and Gorakhpur from tillering to maturity stage of rice crop during WS
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2010. In U.P. targeted area of rice was 60.00 lac hectare while only 57.16 lac hectare could be planted. Due to delayed onset of the monsoon during kharif 2010 crop suffered with early drought. However after starting of the monsoon with uniform distribution of rainfall crop establish very well and recovered from the effect of early drought. In this year due to drought in stage of the crop disease and insect pest pressure was low. Although diseases like sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight and false smut, and insects including stem borer and leaf folder were observed from low to moderate intensity. In the district of Gorakhpur, Maharjganj, St. Kabir Nagar and Basti hoppers were also recorded. In water logged condition sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight was more prevalent while brown spot in upland situation and sheath blight, false smut and bacterial leaf blight was observed with low to moderate intensity in irrigated ecological conditions. The most popular varieties Sambha Mahsuri and Swarna were infected with sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight while Kalanamak and Basmati with Stem borer. In some areas zinc and sulphur deficiency was also observed. Most of the farmers showed interest in growing of hybrids. The varieties NDR 359, Sarjoo-52, NDR 359, NDR 97, Shushk Samrat, Shambha Mahsuri, Swarna and hybrids Arize 6444, NDRH2, PHB 71, Gorakhnath-509, Mahyco 5629 were found very popular among the farmers of eastern U.P. The supply of inputs like fertilizers, seeds and electricity was not adequate during crop season. Poor availability of the farm laborers were also noticed during survey. Only a small group of farmers were adopting plant protection measures. The main source of farmers finance is cooperative societies and kisan credit card. Majority of the farmers are small in holding size and adopting mainly rice-wheat cropping system followed by rice-sugarcane, rice-mustared, ricepulses and rice-vegetables. Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, Cyperus iria, C. rotundus, Cloeme viscosa, Eclipta alba and Fimbristylis dichotoma were common weed. Majority of the farmers adopted random transplanting while few practiced direct seeding. Harvesting is done mainly manual but in the few districts like Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, St. Kabir Nagar, Basti and Ambedkarnagar use of combine harvester has become a common practice. The main source of irrigation is tube well followed by canals. In the certain pockets, short grain aromatic rices including Kalajeera, Shakkarchin, and Lalmati in Barabanki, Bengal Juhi, Kalanamak in St. Kabir Nagar, Maharajganj and Gorakhpur were also grown in limited area due to the preference and liking of these varieties by the farmers. Short duration local varieties viz. Ari and Lohtan in Barabanki, Saraiya and Sonkhar in St. Kabir Nagar were also cultivated. Uttar Pradesh-2: Eight Districts of Eastern region of Uttar Pradesh viz., Varanasi, Chandauli, Sonebhadra, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Azamgarh, Mau, and Ballia covering more than ten villages and more than two blocks in each district were surveyed during Kharif season 2010-11 with the help of scientists working in the Banaras Hindu University and scientists working in the Krishi Vigyan Kendra of these districts for the biotic stresses like diseases and insects of the rice crop. Most of the survey was conducted during dough to maturity stages of the rice crop. This year monsoon was good in this region. In this region most of the rice crop was irrigated by tube well, pumping set or canal but high input cost of irrigation tended most of the farmers to depend upon the rainfall for rice crop. The specific needs of the farmers were irrigation facilities, timely availability of good quality seeds and fertilizers. Marginal and sub-marginal farmers grow rice crop mainly for its own consumption and preferred growing rice varieties like Sarjoo-52, NDR359, MTU 7029 for getting more yield rather than growing basmati or scented rice. Only few farmers used manures or organic compost and they preferred to use it in the rice nursery
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rather than using in the main field. Most of the farmers used inorganic fertilizers for growing rice crops and depend mainly on the Primary Agriculture Credit Society (PACS) for procurement but sometime delayed or non availability of fertilizers and seeds at the time of critical application in the rice field leads to drastic reduction in the rice yield. Fertilizers were applied in the form of Urea, DAP, SSP and MOP while some of the farmers were using micronutrients also. For the hybrid rice, comparatively higher doses of NPK were applied. Farmers purchased seeds from State seed supplying agencies but most of the marginal and sub-marginal farmers grew the seed harvested from last year crops. Farmers usually hire plant protection equipment from the market at per hour basis for spraying. The prevailing crop rotations in this region which farmers adopted were rice wheat/mustard, rice-sugarcane, rice-pulses, rice-vegetables. In most of the field surveyed weed infestation was found low to medium. The most predominant weeds were Echinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Eclipta alba, Cyperus rotundus C. iria, and Cynadon dactylon. For weed management two to three hand weeding were common in practice while some of the farmers were using weedicides like Butachlor and 2,4-D. Symptoms of brown spots and leaf blast disease were frequently observed at the stage of maturity. Sheath blight, sheath rot and bacterial leaf blight was predominantly observed in all the districts surveyed. False smut disease which was last year observed predominantly and in severe form in the canal irrigated Chaundauli District, this year it was commonly observed in all the areas surveyed and nearly all the varieties were severely affected from this disease. This year false smut was observed moderate to severe form in the surveyed areas of Varanasi, Chandauli and Sonebadhra districts. The chemicals like mancozeb (2-2.5 kg/ha), carbendazim (0.5- 1.0 kg/ha) or hexaconazole (1l/ha) were used by some farmers for disease control. The attack of stem borer and gundhi bug were rendered in most of the region. Some progressive and marginal farmers used phorate 10 G @ 5-6 kg/ha or carbofuran 3 G @ 10-15 kg /ha for the management of insects and pests. Post harvest losses were observed to be 10-15 %. The average grain yield of rice ranged from 35-40 q /ha for HYVs and 40-65 q /ha for hybrid. Rice root knot nematode problem is increasing day by day in the surveyed districts may be due to the most prevalent cropping system of rice and wheat. West Bengal: In West Bengal, production oriented survey was conducted in 7 districts viz., Purba Medinpur, South 24-Parganas, North 24-Parganas, Malda, Uttar Dinajpur, Mushirabad and Nadia. The weather condition during the crop growth period was normal, though drought was reported as major problem in some of the districts surveyed. The survey was conducted mainly during maturity stages of the crop in most of the districts. Prevalent rice varieties grown by the farmers were CR 1017, CR 1018, MTU 7029, MTU 1010, IET 5656, Swarna, Jaya, Satabdi, Pankaj, Anjana, G.S.-I, Mahsuri, Vijaya, Sabita, Swarna sub-I, Nilanjana, Narendra 97, Chinikamini, Sitabhog, Govindabhog, Dudeshawar, Dudasal, Ruspal, Maula, Xalomota, Talmugu, MTU 1047, NC 492, CR 1009, KRH-2, IET 4786, IET 1001, Bashmukhi, Sonamukhi, BR-II, Tulai Panji, PA 6444, Nagna, PHB-71, Kalo Changa, Janurui, Minikit, Nayanmoni, Ratna, IR-36 and Lalat. The crop rotations practiced by the farmers were ricegroundnut/vegetables, rice-groundnut-rice, rice-rice, rice-vegetables, ricesunflower/potato/vegetables, rice- chilli/mung/vegetables/sunflower, rice-rice-mung/chilli, ricemustard-rice, jute-rice-vegetable, rice-til-jute, rice-potato/wheat-jute and rice-maize/vegetables. The farmers used 25-100% of their land for rice cultivation. The use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were followed by the farmers though they have not followed the recommendations. Major biotic stresses like blast, neck blast, brown spot, sheath blight, sheath
15
rot, false smut and grain discoloration were recorded in low to high intensities. In some of the areas severe crop damage caused by sheath blight and brown spot was noticed. Common insect pest problems were stem borer, leaf folder, brown plant hopper, mite, green leaf hopper, whorl maggot, rice bug, cutworm and rats. Some of the common needs of the farmers were availability of labor, irrigation facility, quality seeds, storage and drying facility and minor equipments.
Table 1: Scientists who had taken lead in implementing and conducting the Production Oriented Survey, Kharif 2009. DRR HQrts, Hyderabad: Dr. G. S. Laha, Dr. D. Krishnaveni, Dr. M. Srinivas Prasad, Dr. D. Ladhalakshmi and Dr. Satendra K. Mangrauthia Sl. States Locations Scientists No 1 Andhra Pradesh Rajendranagar Dr. R. Jagadeeshwar Maruteru Dr. S. Krishnamraju Ragolu Dr. M. Rama Bhadra Raju Bihar Pusa Dr. (Mrs.) Bimla Rai 2 Patna Dr. Amarendra Kumar 3 Chhattishgarh Jagadalpur Mr. Rajaram Bhanwar 4 Gujarat Nawagam D. K. S. Prajapati 5 Haryana Kaul Dr. Ram Singh 6 Jammu & Kashmir Khudwani Dr. Z. A. Bhat Chatha Dr. Anil Gupta 7 Jharkhand Ranchi Dr. M. K. Barnwal 8 Karnataka Mandya Dr. M. K. Prasanna Kumar 9 Madhya Pradesh Rewa Dr. S. K. Tripathi 10 Maharashtra Karjat Dr. V. S. Pande 11 Orissa Chiplima Mrs. Rini Pal 12 Puducherry Kurumbapet Mr. J. Krishna Kumar/Dr. M. A. Savary Karaikal Dr. C. Rattinasababady 13 Punjab Ludhiana Dr. Jagjeet Singh Lore 14 Tamil Nadu Aduthurai Dr. A. Karthikeyan 15 Tripura Arundhatinagar Dr. D. P. Awasthi 16 Uttar Pradesh Faizabad Dr. Vindeswari Prasad Varanasi Dr. R. K. Singh 17 West Bengal Chinsurah Dr. D. K. Naik
16
Table 2: Production oriented survey, 2010-2011: Name of the state, district survey period and survey personnel.
State/Region AP-1 District surveyed Ranga Reddy, Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda, Karimnagar, Khammam and Warangal Survey period Aug-Dec 2010 Survey Personnel Agricultural Research Station, Rajandranagar Dr. P. Narasimha Reddy, Senior Scientist (G & PB) Dr. Ch. Surendar Raju, Senior Scientist (G & PB) Dr. R. Jagadeeshwar, Senior Scientist (Pl. Path) Dr. N. Rama Gopala Varma, Scientist (Ento) Dr. T. Srinivas Coordinator & Head Smt. Vijaya Lakshmi Scientist TOT Dr. S. Vanisri Sr. Scientist (G&PB) C.H. Ramchandra (AO) Medipally J. Tirupathi (AO) Golapally P.Rammohan (AO) Dharamapuri B. Gopal Reddy (AO) Jammikunta Dr. Rajnikanth Scienist Plant Protection G. Nagesh Kumar Reddy (MAO) Kodad Sri.S. Kiran Kumar Reddy (MAO)Nereducheral Dr. V. Gopala Krishna, Sr. Sci (Crop Prod.) DAATTC Dr. J. Hemanth Kumar, Sci (Crop Prot.), DAATTC, Khammam Sri. Hariprasad (AO) Nallabali Sri. Yadagiri (AO) Narsmapeet Smt. Krishnaveeni (AO) Chennaraopet Smt. Sailija (AO) Duggondi Smt. B. Vasudha (AO) Khanapur Sri. A. Sampath Reddy (AO) Parkal Smt. G. Nagamani, MAO, Miryalaguda Smt. M. Vaidehi (AO) Shayampet AP Rice Research Institute and RARS, Maruteru Dr. S. Krishnam Raju, Sr. Scientist, Pl. Pathology Dr. A. Upendra Rao, Sr. Scientist, Agronomy Sri. N. Mallikharjuna Rao, Scientist, Entomology Dr. D. Vijay, Scientist, Seed Science & Tech. Agricultural Research Station, Ragolu Dr. M. Rama Bhadra Raju, Scientist (Plant Pathology) Dr. K.V. Ramana Murthy Sr. Scientist(Agronomy), Dr. V. Visalakshmi Scientist (Entomology), Dr. J. Dayal Prasad Babu Scientist (Plant Breeding) Dr. N. Venugopal Rao Principal Scientist & Head, (Ento), Dr. D. Chinnam Naidu Coordinator, DAATTC, Dr. P. Guru Murthy Coordinator, DAATTC, Dr. N. Srinivasa Rao Scientist (Ento), Dr. M. Srinivasa Rao Scientist (Agronomy), Dr. P. Sujatha Scientist (Seed tech.) RAU, Pusa Dr Bimala Rai, Plant Pathologist Dr N K singh, Pl. Breeder Dr. Rajesh Breeder Dr A K Mishra, Entomologist Dr. S. K. Chaudhury, Agronomist ARI, Patna Dr. Amarendra Kumar Pathologist Dr. Ajay Kumar Agronomist SG College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur (IGAU) C.G
AP-2
East Godavari and West Godavari
Oct. and Nov., 2009
AP-3
Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam
Oct-Nov 2010
Bihar-1
Samastipur, &Vaishali
Bihar-2
Nalanda,Patna Buxer Bastar, Dantewada, Narayanpur Bijapur, and
Chhattishgarh
Nov 2010
17

State/Region District surveyed Kanker Gujarat Ahmedabad, Anand,Bharuch Dang,Kheda, Navsari, Panchmahals, Surat,Tapi, Vadodaraand Valsad Sep-Dec 2010 Survey period Survey Personnel Dr.Raja Ram Banwar, Scientist, Plant Pathology Dr.Avinash Gupta Scientist Entomology Main Rice Research Station, AAU, Nawagam Dr. K. S. Prajapati, Research Sci (Pathology) Dr. N. P. Chauhan, Asso. Res. Sci. (Agronomy) Dr. M. G. Makwana (Asso. Res. Sci. (Pl. Breeding) Prof. J. F. Dodia (Asstt. Res. Sci. (Entomology) Prof. R. C. Patel, Asst. Res. Sci. (Pl. Pathology) Dr. R. A. Patel (Asst. Res. Sci (Agronomy) Dr. V. J. Patel (Asso. Res. Sci (Entomology) Prof. S. G. Patel Asst Res. Sci (Pl. Breeding) CCS HAU, Rice Research Station, Kaul Dr. Ram Singh, Sr. Scientist, Plant Pathology Dr. Dalel Singh, Sr. Scientist and Head Dr. Lakhi Ram, Sr. Entomologist Dr. Mangat Ram, Sr. Agronomist Rice Research & Regional Station, Khudwani Dr. Z. A. Bhat, Jr. Scientist, Pl. Path Dr. M. Anwar Bhat, Sr. Scientist, Agro Dr. M. A. Bhat, Sr. Scientists, Ento SKUAST, Jammu, Chatha Dr.V.S.Verma Prof. (Plant Pathology) Dr. Anil Gupta, Asso. Prof. (Plant Pathology) Dr. Satish Sudan, Asso. Prof. (Plant Breeding) Dr. Ashok K. Gupta, Asso. Prof. (Agronomy) Dr. Gurdev Chand, Asst. Prof. (Pl. Physiology), Dr. M.K. Panday Asst. Prof. (Pl. Physiology), Dr. Rajan Selaia Asst. Prof. (Entomology) BAU, Ranchi Dr M. K. Barnwal, Jr Scientist-Asstt. Prof. (Pl. Pathology) Dr K. Prasad, Sr Scientist- Assoc. Prof. (Pl Breed & Genet) Dr A. K. Singh, Junior Scientist- Asstt. Prof. (Agronomy) Dr R. Prasad, Sr Scientist- Assoc. Prof. (Entomology) ZARS, VC farm, Mandya Dr. Prasanna Kumar, Rice Pathologist Dr. Sidde Gowda, Rice Entomologist Dr. P. Mahadevu, Rice Breeder Dr. P. Swamy Asst. Director of Agriclture KSDA Dr. C. Ramachandra, Rice Agronomist Dr.B.R. Jagdeesha, Sr. Scientist Dr. M. P. Rajanna, Rice Breeder Mr.Atil Ur. Rehoman SMS, KVK, Mandya Mr. Ramesh (AO) Dr. Shivamvothappa, JDA (KSDA) JNKVV College of Agriculture Rewa Dr S. K. Rao, Dean Dr. S. K. Tripathi, Principal Scientist, Plant Pathology Dr. M. R. Dhingra (Entomologist) Dr.I. M. Khan, Plant Physiologist Dr. M. A. Alam, Entomologist Dr S, K. Pandey, Professor Dr. Raghuraj Tiwari SMS KVK Rewa Dr. A.K. Pandey PC KVK Rewa Dr. S. N. Shrivastava, Professor (Economics) Shri B . K Mishra, SDO, Amarpatan Shri Subhash Shrivastava, ASCO, Maihar Shri R. R. Singh, TO JDA, Rewa Shri C. K. Mishra, SDO, Satna Shri. A. S. Chauhan, Professor Extension
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir-1
Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Jind, Ambala, Yamunanagar, Panchkula, Panipat, Sonepat, Fatehabad and Sirsa Pulwana, Anantnag andKulgam
AugustOctober, 2010
Aug 1,5, 20, Sept 15,17, 18; 2010 Oct-2010
Jammu & Kashmir-2
Rajouri,Jammu
Jharkhand
Ranchi, Ramgarh, Hazaribagh, Lohardaga, Gumla and East Singhbhum Mandya, Shimoga, Mysore, Dakshina, Kannada, Udupi, , Hassan Chickkamagalur,Dharwad, Tunkur and Chamrajnagar
Karnataka
April, September, November, December, 2010 Oct-Dec 2010
Madhya Pradesh
Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Shahdol, Panna, Katni, Anooppur and Umaria
18

State/Region District surveyed Survey period Survey Personnel Shri Rajeev Nigam, ASCO, Satna Shri B P Tiwari, DDA, Sidhi Shri Mahendra singh, PC KVK, Sidhi Dr. Namdev Hadau DDA Rewa Dr K s Baghel SMS KVK Panna Shri K P Pandey, ADA, Sidhi Shri D.P. Tripathi DDA Shahdol Dr, Ajay Khare PC KVK Panna Dr. M S. Raghuwanshi SMS KVK Panna ShriAkhilesh Patel, KVK, Sidhi Shri K K Pandey, ADA, Sidhi Shri. S.K. Singh Chauhan, SMS Satna Nitin Singha SMS KVK Shahdol Shri P D. Dwivedi, ADO, Ram Nagar Shri U. K. Bagri, ADA, Rewa Shri M. S.Baghel, PC KVK, Shahdol Dr.V.S.Pande, Plant Pathologist Dr.P.R. Chaudhari, Agronomist Dr.A.S.Patil, Entomologist Prof .M.P.Gawai, Jr.Rice beeder Shri.D.S.Gholap, Agril Officer Shri.P.A.Pachpute, Agril Officer ShriJ.r Kurute, Agril Officer Shri J.B.Save, Farm officer Shri. V.M. Jadhav, SMS, Agronomy RRTTTS, OUAT, Chiplima-768025 Mrs. Rini Pal Plant Pathologist Dr. Ramanath Mohapatra Entomology Dr. Md. A. Alim, Jr. Agronomist P. K. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kurmbapet, Puducherry Dr. Thiru A. Ramamourti, Principal Dr. Mohan A. Savery, Rice Breeder Mr. J. Krishna Kumar, Jr. Entomologist Mr. S. Baskaran, Jr. Agronomist Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karaikal 609 603 Dr.C.Rettinassababady,Plant Pathology Dr. S. Thirumeni, Pl. Breedi & Genet Dr AL. Narayanan, Agronomy Dr.M.Kandibane,Agrl.Entomology Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Dr. Jagjit Singh Lore, Asst Plant Pathologist Dr. G. S. Mangat, Sr. Rice Breeder Dr. P. S. Sarao, Entomologist Dr. Gulshan Mahajan, Agronomist Dr. Rupinder Kaur, Asst Plant Breeder
Maharashtra
Raigad, Thane, Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri
October 2010
Orissa
Barogarh and Sambalpur
Nov 2010
Puducherry-1
Puducherry and Yanam
Sept, 17 & 19 Nov and Dec, 2009
Puducherry-2
Karaikal and Yanam,
July 2010 January 2011
Punjab
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Amritsar, Bathinda, Fatehgarh sahib, Faridkot, Ferozpur,Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jallandar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Mesra, Mukatsar, Moga, Patiala, Sangrur and Tarntaran Thanjavur, Nagappattinam, Tiruvarur, Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai, Perambalur, and Cuddalore West Tripura
Jan 2011
Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai Dr. A. Karthikeyan, Professor (Plant Pathology) Dr.D. Sassi kumar,Asst. Professor (Plant Breeding) Dr. V. Ravi, Professor (Agronomy) Dr. S. Mohamed Jalaluddin, Professor(Entomology) State Agricultural Research Station, Arundhatinagar, Tripura Sri B. I. Majumder, Senior Agronomist, SARS Sri Santanu Debbama, DDA (Res), Pest Management Unit Sri Farukul Islam, Asst Director, Pest Management Unit Sri Sandipan Mitra, Asst Director, Pest Management Unit
19

State/Region District surveyed Survey period Survey Personnel Dr. D. P. Awasthi, Agri. Officer, Pest Management Unit Uttar Pradesh 1 Faizabad, Ambedkar Nagar, Sultanpur, Barabanki, Basti, St. Kabir Nagar, Gorakhpur , Maharjganj and Azamgarj Crop Research Station, Masodha (NDUAT), Faizabad (U.P.) Dr. J.L. Dwivedi, Prof/Sr. Rice Breeder and Officer I/C Dr. V. Prasad, Junior Pathologist Sri D.P. Singh, Asstt. Prof. Plant Pathology Sri A.W. Khan, Jr. Research Assoc. Dr. R.A. Singh, Entomologist Dr. R.B. Singh, Entomologist Dr. S.P. Giri, Assoc. Prof., Plant Breeding Dr. Saurabh Dixit, Jr. Rice Breeder Dr. R.M. Tripathi, SRA Sri Alok Pandey, Technical Asstt. Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, UP Dr. R. K. Singh, Plant Pathologist, BHU Dr. M. K. Singh, Agronomist, BHU Dr. Ram Keval, Entomologist, BHU Dr. R. K. Singh, Asst Prof, Agronomy, KVK, Azamgarh Dr. R. P. Singh, Asst. Prof., Pl. Prot, KVK, Azamgarh Dr. Dharmendra Singh, SMS, Soil Science,KVK, Ghazipur Dr. R. P. Singh, SMS, Pl. Protection, KVK, Ghazipur Dr. Satyavrat Dwivedi, Horticulture, KVK, Sonebhadra Dr.Ajeet Vaste SMS )Plant Protection) KVK, Sonebhadra Dr. N. K. Singh, Plant Protection, KVK, Mau Dr. S. K. Singh, Asst. Prof., Animal Husb, KVK, Ballia Dr. Shivkumar Singh SMS (agronomy) KVK Ghaipur Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, West Bengal Dr. Dipak K. Nayak, Plant Pathologist Dr. Tamal Kanti Jana, Soil Scientist Dr. Indrani Dana, Plant Breeder Dr. Indrani Dana, Asst. Botnaist Dr. Anitha Roy Asst. Botanist Dr. Dilip Patna Asst. Pl.patholgist Dr. Chirashree Gangopadhyay, Entomologist Dr. Suparana Guptha Asst. Botanist Dr. Rajil Das Asst. Bontanist Mr.AshimSarkarAsst. DA (Tech), Extenssiom Dr. Sitesh Chatterjee, Entomologist Dr. Shantanu S Aich, Plant Breeder Dr. Chand Kumar Santra, Asst Botanist, RRS, Chinsurah Mr. Sanjoy Saha Asst. DA Mr, Gopal Das Asst. ADA Mr. Srikanta Sinah Asst. DA Dr. Kinkar Saha, Entomologist Mr. Paresh Bera Asst. Directorate of Agri(ADM) Mr. Nalinikantha Das Asst. Directorate of Agri(ADM) Mr. Panchu Bhaja Asst. DA Mr. Ashis Barman Asst. DA Mr. Tuhin Barman Asst. DA Mr. Kollol Pal Asst. DA Mr. Uttam Roy Chowshury Asst. Plant pathologist Mr. Ragunath Mandal Asst. Plant pathologist Mr. Chintaharn Modi Asst. Dir. Agri. Extn Mr. Tarak Saha Asst. Dir. Agri. Extn Mr. Niloyr kar Asst. Dir. Agri. Extn Mr.DebabralaPal, Asst. Dir. Agri Mr. Sarbeswan Mandal Asst. Dir. Agri. Mr. Aupam Tarafder Adm. Extn
Uttar Pradesh 2
Ghazipur, Azamgarh, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Sonebhadra, Chandauli, Mau, Ballia,
Oct-Nov 2010
West Bengal -1 (Chinsurah)
Utter Dinajpur, Purba Medinipur, South 24Paraganas, North 24Paraganas, Murshidahad, Malda & Nadia,
Nov-Dec 2010
20

State/Region District surveyed Survey period Survey Personnel Sri Ranjit Das, ADA, Dinhata
Table 3 : Most prevalent rice varieties cultivated in the surveyed districts of India during 2010
State Andhra Pradesh-1 (RNR) Predominant rice varieties NLR-3041, Tellahamsa, MTU-1010, Harsha, HMT Sona, BPT-5204, IR-64, Kaveri 909, JGL3855, WGL32100, BPT 5204, Motigold, Loknath, RNR2458, NLR34449, RNR2354, JGL11118, JGL384, JGL11727, MTU1061 and RNR2465 Swarna (MTU-7029), Amara (MTU-1064), Indra (MTU-1061), Samba Mahsuri (BPT-5204), Badava mahsuri (PLA-1100), Cottondora, Sannalu (MTU-1010), Prabhat (MTU-3626), Vijetha (MTU-1001), IR-64 and MTU-2716 Swarna, Samba mashuri, Sona mashuri, Jaya, Super Jaya, Pooja, MTU- 1001, MTU- 1010, MTU 1061, RGL 2537, RGL 2538, RGL 11226, JGL-1798, KRH2 and NLR-34449 Dhanlakshmi, BPT 5204, Jaya, Kanak, Kasturi, Kishori, MTU 7029, Mahsuri, Pankaj, Prabhat Pusa Basmati, Rajshree Rajendra, Satyam, Santosh, Swetha, Rajendra Bhagawathi, Saroj, Sita, Subhashini, Sugandha, Swarna, Swarna Sub 1, Turanta and Vaidehi Rajendra Mahsuri 1, Sonam, BPT 5204, BPT 5205, Hybrid 6444, IR 64, Goraknath, Swarna (MTU 7029), Rajendra Kasturi, Rajendra Sweta, Nati Mahsuri, Sudha, Sita, Pusa Sugandha 4, Saket 4 and Hybrid 6444, MTU 1001 and Hybrid 6201 MTU 1010, MTU 1001, IR 64, Swarna, HMT Poornima, PA 6444, PA 6144, KRH-2, Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Asamchudi, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Laluha, Lalhra, Samabalpur, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Tendu mudi, Mehar dhan, Para, Chitari, Daver dhan, Loctimajhi, Badshabhog, Dubraj and Javaful 786(Hybrid), Arise-6444, GAR-13, Gorakhnath, GR-11, Gurjar, GR-12, GR4, GR-7, Gurjari, IR-28, Jaya, Kabir, Kaveri, Masuri, Moti, Moti-Gold, NAUR1, PA-6201, Pankhali, Radha, Sona Mahsuri, Sonam, Surekha , Suruchi, Gorakhnath, US-312 , US-315 and Versha Bishan, CSR 30, Govind, HKR 120, HKR 127, HKR 47, Hybrid 1316, Hybrid 2355, Hybrid 3325, Hybrid 401, Hybrid 404, Hybrid 5971, Hybrid 721, Hybrid 748, Hybrid 832, Hybrid 9235, Hybrid 927, Hybrid 9433, Hybrid Bajrang, Hybrid Nakul, Hybrid Nitya, Hybrid Sagar, Jaya, MR 220, PA 6111, PA 6129, PA 6444, PA6129, PAU 201, PHB 71, PHB 77 (Pioneer 77), PR 106, PR 111, PR 114, Pusa 44, Pusa Basmati 1, Pusa Basmati 4 (Pusa 1121), Pusa RH 10, Reshma, RH 257, Royal Bhog (Pepsi), Sabati, sabnam, Sahab 140, Sarbati, Sikanderi (Sikander 333, Hybrid Sugandh 999) and Taraori Basmati. China 1007, China 1039, China 988, Jehlum, K-332, K-39, K-448(Jehlum), Kamad, Kohsar, Pusa Sugandh-3, SK-105 (Shalmar-1) and SR-1.
Andhra Pradesh-2 (MTU) Andhra Pradesh-3 (RGL) Bihar-1
Bihar-2
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu Kashmir-1
21
State Jammu Kashmir-2 Jharkhand
Predominant rice varieties K 39, K 343, Giza-14, Basmati, China 1039, Ratna, Sharbati, Basmati 370, Pusa 1121 and Hybrid 6444 Abhisek , Arize Tej, Arize-6444, Bachha dhan, Birsa vikash, Birsamati, Brown gora, BVD-10, BVD-109, BVD-110, Champion (NPH-207), Charaka dhan, Dahia, Dhan-110, Dhania-2316, Dhusari, Doodh kandar, Front line RH-257, Gotia, IR-36, IR-64, Jonga, Kalamdani, Karhaini, Karibaki, KRH-2, Lal dhan, Lalat, Mahsuri, MTU1001, Naniha, Naveen, Neta dhan, PAC-801, PAC-832, PHB-71, Radha, Sagma, Sarju-52, Sathi, Sita, Sonam, UAS-312, UAS-401, Suraj, Suruchi 5445, Suruchi-5629, Swarna, TN-1, US-312 and Vandana Abhilash, Airze, Ankur Sonum, BPT-5204, BR-2655, Doddige, IET-7191, Intan, IR 3864, IR 64, Jaya, Jeerige sanna, JGL-1798, Jyothi, Kaje jaya, KCP-1, KHP-2, KMP-105, KRH-2, MO4, MTU-1001, MTU1010, phalguna, Puttabatha, Rajamudi , Rathna Choodi, Ratnachoodi, Tellahamsa, Thanu, Thrupti and Tunga, Amagaur, Annada, Azan, Badalphool, Badshah Phool, Baksha, Balbhog, Balkeshar, Saunthi, Banspore, Barahi, Basmati, Belari, Bhadali, Bhanta Phool, Bhejari, Biranj, Biranjphool, Bohita, Butanagar Koilari, Champion, Chandra Hasini, Chhatri, Chhinmauri, Dehula, Dhanteswari, Dhaur, Dilbaksha, Doodhi, Dubaraj, Excel, Ganga, Geeta, Goraknath, Govinda, Gulab Kali, Gurmatia, Haru, HMT, Indo American-1001, IR 36, IR 50, IR 64, Jagtial sanali, Jalkeshar, Jaya, Jiledar, JR201, JR-75, JRH 4, JRH 5, JRH8, Juari, Jwalaphool, Kajari, Kalisugandh, Kanak, Kanakjir, Kaniga, Kanji, Kapoorshah, Karaga, Karahani, Karanphool, Kari, Kaveri, Kerakhambh, Keshar, Khoonta, Kosam, Kranti, Kuturba, Laichi, Lal Dhan, Lalita, Laloo-14, Ledua, Loknath, Lonagi, Lonhadi, Lonhdi, Madhuri Lochai, Mahak, Mahamaya , Mahyco 117, Malti, Mansooriya, Menaka (Improved variety 35%), MR219, MTU1010 MTU1081, Mulayam 999, Nadawal, Nanhi, Newari Karadhana, Newari, Nisotawa, P1460, PA 6201, PA6444, PAC 801, Padmasar, Parasanwasa, Pardeshi , Patna, PHB71, Poornima, PRH 10, Pro-Agro 6201, Pro-Agro-6111, PS 4, PS5, Pusa Sugandha 3, Pusa Sugandha 5, Rabina, Raghuwar Prasad, Rambhog, Ramunwa, Ranikajal, Rasi 111, Ratna, Roopali, Sabnam Nadawal, Safari, Samasar, Sathia, Shabnam, Shukla Phool, Siyari, Sonachoor, Sonali, Sonam Loknath, Sonkarchi, Subeej Sugandha, Swarna, Tej, Tulsi, Vandana, Vishnu bhog, Vishnubhog, BD 1 and WGL 32100 Bela, Bhadas, Bhuranata, Botvel, Dandi, EK 70, G 11, G 4, G-1, G-11, G17, Ghausal, Gorakhnath, Gujart 17, Gujrat, Gujrat-11, HMT sona, Hybrid-1, Jaya, JK seed, Kalyani, Karjat, Karjat-3, KJT 104, KJT-184, KJT-2, KJT-3, KJT-4, KJT-5, KJT-7, Kolam, Kolamb, Komal, Loknath, Madan, Mangal, Masuri, Mhadi, MTU 1010, PA6201, PA6444, Palghar-1, Palghur, Panvel-1, Panvel-3, Patni, Pepali, PLG-1, ProAgro, Pusa RH-10, Pusa sugndha, RA6444, Ratna, Ratnagiri-1, RH-10, RTH 711, RTH-1, RTN-1, RTN-2, RTN-24, RTN-711, Ruchira, Rupali, Sahyadri, Sahyadri-1, Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3, Sahyadri-4, Sonam, Suruchi, Surya, Swarna, Sweta, Trupti, Valai, Zinia-63 and Zinni Swarna, MTU-1001, Rajlaxmi, Puja, MTU-1010 and Pratikshya
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
22
State Puducherry- 1
Puducherry-2
Predominant rice varieties ADT 43, ADT-39, ASD-18, Bondalua (MTU 3626), BPT 5204, Cotton dora Sannalu (MTU-1010), CR 1009, PY-4, PY-7 (Annalakshmi), Samba Mahsuri (BPT 5204), Swarna (MTU-7029), TRY-1, TRY-2, Vijetha (MTU 1001) and White Ponni TKM 9, ADT 43,ADT 37, Kullaponni, Savitri, ADT 39, White Ponni, BPT 5204, ADT 46,ADT 38, ADT45, ADT49, CO 43,CO 46 and KKL 1, MTU7029, MTU-2067, BPT-5204, MTU-1001 and MTU-1010 Devgoda, HKR 121, HKR 127, HKR 47, HRK 127, HRK 47, Hybrid 6129, Hybrid 6444, P.Bas-2, PAU 201, PAU 209, PR 111, PR 113, PR 114, PR 116, PR 118, Punjab Bas 2, Pusa 1121 and Pusa 44 ADT (R) 45, ADT (R) 46, ADT 36, ADT 37, ADT 39, ADT 43, ADT 44, BPT 5204, CO 43, CR 1009, IR 50, TKM 9, Trichy 1, Trichy 2 and White Ponni. MTU-7029 (Swarna), Pooja, Navin Abhimanyu, Ari (Local), Arize 6444, Arize 6201, Arize 6444, Arize Tej, Basmati, Bengal Juhi, BPT 5204, Dankal, Dhanya 775, Golden, Gorakhnath 509, Gorakhnath 510, Gorakhnath 555, Gorakhnath, Hybrid R 808, Jallahri, Jalpriya, JK 401, JK Hybrid, Kalajeera , Kalanamak, Kashi Vishwanath, Kaveri Sona, Komal, Lalmati, Lohtan, Mahyco 5629, Moti, Narendra Usar 3, Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra Usar Dhan-3, NDR -359, NDR-97, NDRH-2, Padmavati 5555, Pant 10, Pant Dhan 10, Pant Dhan 4, PHB-71, PR 114, Prithavi, Prithvi, Pusa Basmati, Pusa RH-10, Radha, RH 664, Rohini, Royal Bhog, Rupali, Sai 5629, SAI 6698, Sambha Mahsuri, Sambha, Sarjoo-52, Sarya, Shakkarchini, Shakti, Shiv Shakti, Sonam, Sonkhar, Suruchi, Swarna and Type-3 Arize 6444, Badshah bhog, Balidan, BPT-5204, Ganga Kauveri, Govindbhog, HUBR 2-1, Hybrid-312, Jaisurya, Jalnidhi, Jalpriya, Jaya, Kalanamak, Komal, Moti, MTU-7029, NDR-359, NDR-97, Pant Dhan 10, Pant Dhan 12, Pant-12, PHB-71, PRH-1, Pusa Basmati, Rupali, Sarjoo-52, Sonam and Type-3 Afgan, Anjana, Bashmukhi, Bhallxi, BR-II, Chinikamini, CR 1009, CR 1017, CR 1018, Dudasal, Dudeshawar, G.S.-I, Gobindbhog, Gontra Dhan-I (GS-I), IET 1001, IET 4786, IET 5656, IR-36, Janurui, Jasmine, jaya, Kalo Changa, KRH-2, Lal Swarna, Lalat, Mahsuri, Marichsail, Maula, Mini Swarna (B11),Minikit, MTU 1010, MTU 1047, MTU 7029, Nagna, Narendra 97, Nayanmoni, NC 492, Nilanjana, Niranjan, PA 6444, Panijat, Pankaj, PHB-71, Pratiksha, Ranjit, Ratna, Rolar, Ruspal, Sabita, Santosi, Satabdi, Sitabhog, Sonamukhi, Sundarisal, Swarna sub-I, Swarna, Talmugu, Tulai Panji, Vijaya and Xalomota
Punjab
Tamil Nadu I Tripura Uttar Pradesh -1
Uttar Pradesh -2
West Bengal
23
Table 4: Biotic constraints (Diseases) in different states in India during 2010
State Andhra Pradesh-1 Andhra Pradesh-2 Andhra Pradesh-3 Bihar-1 Bihar-2 Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana J & K-1 J & K-2 Jharkhand Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Puducherry-1 Puducherry-2 Punjab Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh-1 Uttar Pradesh-2 West Bengal
LBl L
NBl L L-S L L-M L L-M
BS L
L-M M L-M L-M M-S L-M L L-S L L L-M L-M L-M
M-S L-M L-M L-M L L-M M M
ShBl L-S M-S L-S L-M L-S L L-S L L-M L-M T L-M M L-M L-M M L-M M
ShR L-S L M-S L-M
L-M L
FS L-S L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M L L-S L-M M L-M L L
GD L-S L-S L-M
Diseases LS StR L L L-M
NBLS BK UDB L
KH
BLB BLS RTD L M L-M L-M
L-M L-S
L-M L L L L-M L-M L L-M
L-M L L-M L-M M-S M L-M L
L-S
M-S
L-M M
L-M L L M T L-S L L-M M-S M L-M L L-M M-S L
L M
L-M L L M M-S L-S
L-M L L-M L M-S L-M
L-M L
L L
L-M
M-S L
L-M L-S
LBl: Blast, NBl: Neck Blast, BS: Brown spot, ShBl: Sheath blight, ShR: Sheath rot, FS: False smut, LS: Leaf scald, StR: Stem rot, GD: Glume discoloration, NBLS: Narrow brown leaf spot, BK: Bakanae, UDB: Udbatta, KH: Khaira, BLB: Bacterial leaf blight, BLS: Bacterial leaf streak, RTD: Rice tungro disease; L: Low; M: Moderate; S: Severe. In Bihar-2, low to moderate incidence of leaf smut
24
Table 5: Biotic constraints (Insect pests) in different states in India during 2010 Insect pests WBPH WG GM CW AW MT MB GH PM RH GB LH
L L-M
RB
L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M L-S L L L-M Andhra Pradesh-1 M-S M L L L M-S Andhra Pradesh-2 L-M L-S L-M L L-S L Andhra Pradesh-3 L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M Bihar-1 L L L-M Bihar-2 L L-M L L Chhattisgarh L L L-M L L L Gujarat L L-S L-S M-S L S Haryana L L L L L L J & K-1 L L L J & K-2 L-S L-M L L-M M-S L-M L-M L-M Jharkhand T-L L-M T-L M L-M Karnataka T T-M T L T M T Madhya Pradesh L-M M L-M L-M M Maharashtra L L L L Orissa L-S L-M L-M L L Puducherry-1 M-S M-S M-S M S Puducherry-2 L L-M L-M L-M L Punjab L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M Tamil Nadu L M Tripura L-M L T-L Uttar Pradesh-1 M-S L-M M L-M L-M Uttar Pradesh-2 L-M L L-M L L L L-S West Bengal BPH: Brown Plant Hopper, WBPH: White Backed Plant Hopper, GLH: Green Leaf Hopper, LF: Leaf Folder, SB: Stem Borer, GM: Gall Midge, RH: Rice Hispa, WM: Whorl Maggot, GH: Grass Hopper, CW: Case Worm, GB: Gundhi Bug, PM: Panicle Mite, MT: Mite, RB: Rice Bug, AW: Army Worm, WTN: White Tip Nematode, Termi: Termites, RT: Rice Thrips, HCP: Horned Caterpillar, MB: Mealy Bug, LH: Leaf Hopper, WG: White Grub, ECC: Ear cutting cater pillar, T: Traces, L: Low, M: Moderate, S: Severe.
Minor incidence of horned caterpillar in AP-3; Minor incidence of white tip nematode in Gujarat
25
RT
LF
SB
States
Term
GLH
RKN
BPH
WM
Rats
Introduction
Production oriented survey (POS) provides information on various aspects of rice cultivation viz., general weather and crop conditions, predominant varieties and cropping sequences, manures and fertilizer applications, weeds and their management, different inputs and their availability, farmers needs and the constraints faced by them and the profile of pests and diseases and their management in different states in the country. It is an unique approach of survey which is a combination of eye ball method of survey and questionnaire based method of survey, where a qualified team of well trained scientists from various discipline along with the officials from state department of Agriculture visits the farmers fields and records the observations and also interacts with the farmers. The survey assesses the needs and problems of the farmers and determines their degree of knowledge and perceptions of crop management problems. The survey also provides information about various indigenous technical knowledge of the farmers regarding rice cultivation. These surveys can help to identify the gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed by research and extension. The main objectives of the survey are: To undertake extensive periodical survey in rice growing areas of the country, and to study the practices and constraints in rice cultivation. To suggest suitable remedial measures on the spot to solve the farmers problems, if any. To minimize input costs and suggest methods to avoid any wasteful practices. Survey team included scientists from co-ordinating centres of All India Co-ordinated Rice Improvement Programme of the Directorate of Rice Research, and the agricultural and extension officials of respective State Departments of Agriculture. The report contains the names of districts and subunits covered during survey and also the period of survey. Further, it describes the particulars of rice areas, popular varieties under cultivation, and crop production and management technologies adopted in respective regions. In addition, biotic and abiotic production constraints prevalent in the states and usage of plant protection chemicals in brief, are also given.
26
Andhra Pradesh- 1
Districts surveyed: Ranga Reddy, Mahboobnagar, Karmnagar, Nalgonda and Khammam Particulars of survey Districts Mandals/blocks Ranga Reddy Doma and Pargi
Mahboobnagar
Karimnagar
Nalgonda
Khammam
Kodangal, Kosgi, Maddur, Mahabubnagar, Shadnagar, Balanagar, Jadcherla, Nagarkurnool, Kalvakurthy, Kalvakurthy, Gadwal and Wanaparthy Sirsilla, Gollapalli, Manakondur, Shankara patnam, Huzurabad, Jammikunta and Peddapally Huzurnagar, Miryalguda, Chilkur, Neradicherla, Kodad, Vemulapally and Tipparthi Mudigonda, Nelakondapalli, Cherla, Sattupalli, Bayyaram and Khammam urban
Villages Tirumayapalem, Rakonda, Mallepally, Doma, Bhoompalli, Dirsampalli, Gudur, Tirumayapalem, Godegampalli, Motukur, Palepalli, Chigurpalli, Lakhnapuram, Laxmidevi palli Regadi Mylavur, Palisapur, Humnabad, Dudyala, Chandravarcha, Nacharam, Nacharam, Bijjaram, Bijjaram, Maddur, Peddadarpally, Shadnagar, Balanagar, Kavarampeta, Kothakota, Nagarkurnool, Kalvakurthy, Gadwal and Wanaparthy
Hanksapur, Mamidipalli, Narsimhala palli, Nerella, Shekella, Gattududena pally, Kothagattu, Rangapuram, Shayampet, Nagampeta and Chandapally Chilkur , Huzurnagar, Allagadapa, Janakinagar, Keethavarigudem, Chimryala, Vemulapally, Madugulapally, Mamidara and Chinna kodur
Tatakuru, Madhapuram, Rajeswarpuram, Chennaram, Ananthanagar, Nalakondpalli, Ammuguda, Nalakondpalli, Cherla, Thungur, Thungur, Pakalagudem , Bayyaram and Konijerla
Widely prevalent varieties

Districts Ranga Reddy Mahboobnagar Karimanagar Nalgonda Khammam Varieties NLR-3041, Tellahamsa, MTU-1010, Harsha Hybrid, HMT Sona and BPT-5204 MTU-1010, BPT-5204, Tellahamsa and IR-64 IR64, MTU1010, Kaveri909, JGL3855, BPT5204 and WGL32100 BPT5204 , MTU1010 and IR64 BPT 5204, Motigold, MTU1010, Loknath, RNR2458, NLR34449, RNR2354, JGL11118, JGL11118, JGL384, JGL11727, MTU1061 and RNR2465
Almost all the districts surveyed in this part of Andhra Pradesh received excess rainfall (25-48%). The occurrence of excess rains during kharif and rabi predisposed the rice crop to a number of pest and diseases. In addition, persistent high humidity with less Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 27
sunshine hours was the limitation to raise the productivity in wet season crop. But a significant impact of the monsoon was that a larger area has been brought under rice cultivation particularly in canal and tankfed areas. Most predominant varieties cultivated in this region were BPT 5204, HMT Sona, JGL 384, JGL 1798, MTU 1010, Kavya, Tellahamsa, MTU 7029, MTU 1001 and IR 64. The major cropping sequences were ricerice, dhaincha-rice-rice, greengram-rice-rice, rice-maize/jower, rice-groundnut, rice-ricevegetables and rice-fallows. Farmers are applying fertilizers @ 100-190 N, 40-60 P2O5 and 20-40 K2O per hectare. Many farmers are also applying FYM. Farmers are using complex fertilizers like complex fertilizers viz., 18-46-0, 28-28-0, 17-17-17, 19-19-19/ 20-20-0 and 1616-16. Some of the farmers also applied zinc sulphate. Most of the farmers adopted zig zag method of transplanting. In Khammam and Nalgonda some of the farmers (10-15 %) are making alleyways for every 2-3 meters as a part of BPH management. The intensity of common weeds was low to medium and about 80-85% of the farmers are using herbicides like Oxadiargyl (60%), Butachlor (50%), Anilophos (30%) and Pretilachlor (25%). Most of the insect pests like BPH, WBPH, stem borer, gall midge, leaf folder were found in low to moderate intensities. Rice hispa was severe in some parts of Ranga Reddy district. Panicle mite was noticed in low to moderate intensities in Khammam, Nalgonda, Karimnagar and Warangal. Among the diseases, false smut was severe (up to 50%) in some places in Khammam, Nalgonda, karimnagar and Ranga Reddy districts. Grain discolouration was severe in some of the parts of Nalgonda. The consolidated parameter wise data are presented below 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Seasonal Conditions This year monsoon set in time with a good start and continued for a longer period resulting in receipt of excess rainfall in most of the rice growing areas of Andhra Pradesh. During kharif, 2010 copious rains received from South West monsoon, June, 2010 onwards enabled coverage of more rice area than experienced ever before. Torrential rains and high humidity at the time of maturity and harvest of the crop caused damage in about 7-8 lakh acres in Andhra Pradesh. During South West monsoon period (June September 2009) 810.4 mm rainfall was received as against normal 624.1 mm with an excess of 30% rainfall. Similarly, during North East monsoon period (October December 2010) a total rainfall of 332.1 mm received as against normal 224.4 mm within excess of 48%. The rainfall data of the six surveyed districts is presented in the Table 1. In five out of six districts surveyed, 25 48 % of excess rainfall was received during South West Monsoon period, while normal rainfall (7%) was received in Nalgonda district. During North East monsoon also excess rainfall was received in Khammam (102%), Karimnagar (47%), Nalgonda (21%), Warangal (20%), while normal was received in Ranga Reddy (6%). In Mahabubnagar it was deficit by -32%.
28
Table 1: District wise rainfall (mm) during South West monsoon / North East monsoon period from 1.6.2010 to 31.12.2010
South West monsoon period from 1.6.2010 to 30.9.2010 Normal Actual % Dev. (+/- ) 587.7 870.1 48 446.6 639.0 43 794.6 995.3 25 561.7 599.2 7 890.3 1161.7 30 799.1 1067.7 34 624.1 810.4 30 North East monsoon from 1.10.2010 to 31.12.2010 Normal Actual % Dev. (+ / -) 132.0 121.0 114.0 140.0 130.0 120.0 224.4 139.6 81.9 166.2 168.7 262.8 143.1 332.1 6 -32 47 21 102 20 48
District
Status
Status
Ranga Reddy Mahabubnagar Karimnagar Nalgonda Khammam Warangal Andhra Pradesh
Excess Excess Excess Normal Excess Excess Excess
Normal Deficit Excess Excess Excess Excess Excess
Source: Commissioner, Disaster Management & Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of A.P, Hyderabad; Excess=+20% & above; Normal=+19 to -19%, Deficit=-20 to -59%, Scanty=-60 to 99%, No rain=-100%
The occurrence of excess rains during kharif and rabi predisposed the rice crop to a number of pest and diseases. In addition, persistent high humidity with less sunshine hours was the limitation to raise the productivity in wet season crop. But a significant impact of the monsoon was that a larger area has been brought under rice cultivation particularly in canal and tankfed areas. 1.2 Crop Coverage Area covered in the six districts has been furnished in the Table 2. The impact of the South West monsoon and North East monsoon resulted in a tremendous increase in percent coverage (99.76 131.23) during kharif 2010 as compared to normal area and also the area covered last year (57.96 358.20). Table 2: District wise normal and actual rice area (ha) covered during kharif 2010 District Normal Actual % coverage % excess Compared coverage 2009 2010 to normal Compared to previous year Ranga Reddy 20329 12839 20280 99.76 57.96 Mahabubnagar 86331 55650 113287 131.22 103.57 Nalgonda 133153 83089 174740 131.23 110.30 Khammam 133546 32882 150665 112.82 358.20 Karimnagar 137786 85575 163184 118.43 90.69 Warangal 142335 87350 169053 118.77 93.54 Total of 6 districts 653480 357385 791209 121.08 121.39 2522107 2062870 2663101 105.59 29.10 Total area of A.P. Source: Commissionorate of Agriculture, A.P
29
1.2 Varietal Composition The varietal composition (Table 3 and Fig 1) includes BPT 5204, HMT Sona, JGL 384, JGL 1798, MTU 1010, Kavya, Tellahamsa (preferred category) ; IR 64, MTU 1001, MTU 7029 and other public and private hybrids (non-preferred category). Among the preferred BPT-5204 is still a ruling variety in the surveyed districts occupying maximum area i.e. Nalgonda (63.61 %), Khammam and Warangal (40.0 % each), Mahabubnagar (28.0 %), Ranga Reddy (25.0 %), Karimnagar (21%) due to high premium price in the market, good cooking quality, suitability under late planting situations with over aged seedlings up to 60 days age. The variety Cotton Dora Sannalu (MTU-1010) has been identified as next leading variety accounting for about 35% coverage in Karimnagar followed by Mahabubnagar (32%), Ranga Reddy (28.0%), Nalgonda (19.5%) and Khammam/ Warangal (15.0% each) in the composition. Majority of the farmers were satisfied with this variety because of its duration advantage (125 days), tolerance to BPH, blast etc., and higher yields in both the seasons. Tellahamsa is another popular variety still occupying larger area especially in Ranga Reddy and Mahabubnagar districts, accounting for nearly 32 % and 15% respectively in view of its early duration (115-120 days), good cooking and keeping quality besides better palatability of straw. Among the non-preferred varieties, Vijetha (MTU-1001) recorded higher per cent coverage in different districts viz., Warangal (33.9%), Khammam (28.0%), Mahabubnagar (12.0%), Ranga Reddy/ Nalgonda/ Karimnagar (4.02-4.99%). Its performance was found to be good in BPH endemic areas, besides giving higher yields particularly in Warangal and Karimnagar districts. Table 3: District wise variety wise rice area (ha) covered during kharif 2010
Variety BPT 5204 HMT sona JGL varieties MTU1010 Tellahamsa Kavya R.R 5070 (25.00) 345 (1.70) 297 (1.46) 5678 (28.00) 6490 (32.00) MBNR NLG Preferred 31720 111150 (28.00) (63.61) 710 (0.63) 225 (0.20) 36251 34200 (32.00) (19.57) 16990 (15.00) Non-preferred 4625 2534 (4.08) (1.45) 13590 8500 (12.00) (4.86) 15349 (8.78) 9176 3007 (8.10) (1.72) 113287 174740 KMM 60266 (40.00) 2580 (1.71) 6027 (4.00) 22600 (15.00) KMNR 34269 (21.00) 6527 (4.00) 17950 (11.00) 57114 (35.00) 8168 (5.01) 14687 (9.00) 8150 (4.99) 6527 (4.00) 9792 (6.00) 163184 WGL 67621 (40.00) 2650 (1.57) 7850 (4.64) 25357 (15.00) 510 (0.30) 1050 (0.62) 57320 (33.91) 2425 (1.43) 4270 (2.53) 169053
IR64 MTU 1001 MTU 7029 Others Total
685 (3.38) 815 (4.02) 900 (4.44) 20280
42186 (28.00) 3586 (2.38) 13420 (8.91) 150665
Figures in parenthesis are percentages; Source: Commissionorate of Agriculture, A.P & concerned district JDAs
30
The team came across few locations wherein the farmers are growing public and private hybrids to a limited extent. Very few farmers are adopting SRI cultivation in the surveyed districts and it was restricted to small holdings (0.5 to 0.75 acres) under NFSM programme. At Pakalagudem village of Sattupalli mandal, Khammam Dt., a farmer practiced innovative method of rice cultivation through drip and reported an average yield of 25 bags/acre. Among the recently released varieties the aromatic short grain variety, Sugandha Samba (RNR 2465) is becoming very popular among the farmers because of its aroma and good cooking quality. Among the rice minikits of ANGRAU which are under testing in the surveyed districts viz., RNR 2458, RNR 2354, WGL 347, WGL 11727, JGL 13295 performed better, gaining much popularity in the districts of Khammam, Warangal and Nalgonda owing to procession of some specific features like aroma, and resistance to either gall midge or blast.
Fig 1. District wise percent area coverage of different rice varieties, kharif 2010
70
60
R.R MBNR NLG KMM KMNR WGL
50
% area coverage
40
30
20
10
0 BPT 5204 HMT sona JGL varieties MTU1010 Tellahamsa Kavya IR64 MTU 1001 MTU 7029 Others
Variety
1.4. Crop Condition This year, south west monsoon not only made a good beginning but was very active all through over Telangana districts and its influence resulted in wide spread rains in the six districts which enabled the farmers to take up the sowings of long duration varieties i.e., BPT 5204, HMT Sona, MTU 7029 in the month of June under wells, bore wells even without waiting for the release of canal water in the commands of SRSP, NSP left and Jurala project. The transplanting of medium duration varieties mainly MTU-1010, MTU-1001, Kavya, JGL varieties, IR-64 etc., were spread over from July to September depending on the availability of water and labour. Due to insufficient rainfall up to end of July (21-07-2010) there was some delay in Karimnagar(-38%), Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda in transplanting of popularly grown varieties (BPT 5204, MTU 1010, MTU 1001 etc.,), thereby predisposing the crop to gall midge attack in moderate to severe form. Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 31
During initial stages of crop growth i.e., tillering stage low intensity of yellow stem borer (YSB) was noticed from August 1st fortnight in the district of Nalgonda, Warangal, Khammam followed by medium intensity of leaf folder, whorl maggot from second fortnight of August in the all the surveyed districts. During first fortnight of September hispa damage was noticed particularly in Ranga Reddy, Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda wherein BPT-5204 was adversely affected under late planted situation. Severe cyclonic rains in the months of September/November created congenial atmosphere for bacterial leaf blight and BPH incidence. Further, BPH incidence was noticed in almost all the districts surveyed. Sheath rot and panicle mite incidence were also noticed at the fag end of the crop stage and the intensity was moderate to high in superfine grain varieties (BPT 5204, JGL and WGL cultures) while it was low in coarse grain varieties (MTU 1010, MTU 1001, Tellahamsa etc.,). The cyclonic rains at the ripening/ harvesting stage in the months of November / December damaged the crops in some areas of Nalgonda/ Ranga Reddy/ Khammam/ Warangal districts in the form of lodging. Prevalence of continuous rainy weather coupled with high humidity at flowering resulted in incidence of false smut in intense form in all the surveyed districts. Its intensity was severe (>50%) in fine grain types as compared to coarse grain varieties, which may become a major concern from grain quality point of view in future. 1.4 Cropping pattern Rice-Rice is the major prevailing cropping system followed by Dhaincha-Rice-Rice : Greengram-Rice-Rice : Rice-Maize/Jowar : Rice-Groundnut : Rice-Rice-Vegetable : RiceVegetables and Rice-Fallow in the surveyed districts. Due to continuous availability of water in tanks, wells and commands, the farmers are showing willingness for rice-rice cropping system. However, the percentage crop land under rice was restricted from 40 to 90 % depending up on the natural resources and availability of labour on the whole. Upon enquiry with the farmers it was known that most of the farmers adhere to recommended cut of dates for transplanting of rice varieties based on the duration group. However in few locations particularly Mahabubnagar, Karimnagar, Warangal under command areas the transplanting dates for medium/long duration were extended (15-30 days) due to non availability of the labour for transplanting and abnormal weather conditions. Normally, long duration varieties are sown first in June, followed by medium and short duration varieties as per the availability and source of water. 2.0 NURSERY MANAGAMENT 2.1 Seed Rate Of the six districts surveyed, majority of the farmers are adopting recommended seed rate of 75 kg/ha since they were purchasing through private agencies, Department of Agriculture & DCMS etc. in the definite packing size of 30 kg. Farmer to farmer spread is very common in case of varieties covered in huge areas like BPT 5204 and MTU 1010. 2.2 Nutrient Application About 80% of the farmers in the surveyed districts are applying FYM @ 250-500 kg / 5 cents along with 2-4kg N, 1-2 kg P for 5 cents in the form of DAP/Urea. Nursery protection with Carbofuran granules @ 1 kg/5 cents was adopted by majority of the farmers just one Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 32
week before pulling of the nursery. A lot of awareness about the better performance of the Carbofuran application enabled the farmers in the management of early stage pest complex in the main field. Compared to Phorate application and this has received good momentum among the farming community. 3.0 MAIN FIELD 3.1 Manures application Progressive and marginal farmers were applying FYM @ 2-10 t/ha or Poultry manure @ 2-5 t/ha depending up on the availability. Usage of poultry manure was higher in the districts of Warangal and Karimnagar as compared to other districts. The significant findings of the survey indicated that awareness has come on the importance of green manuring which is evident from the majority of the farmers (40%) growing green manure crops (greengram, dhaincha, Pongamia, Crotaleria etc.) with the onset of the monsoon. Non availability of green manure seed compelled the majority of the sub marginal farmers to depend only on the inorganic fertilizers. 3.2 Fertilizer dosage The survey revealed that due to moderate and high responsiveness of high yielding varieties to applied NPK, the farmers are going in for various dosages in the ratio of 100-190 N, 40-60 P, 20-40 K in the form of complex fertilizers viz., 18-46-0, 28-28-0, 17-17-17, 1919-19/ 20-20-0 and 16-16-16. The farmers were applying nitrogen in 2-4 splits coinciding with the tillering, maximum tillering/ booting, panicle initiation and 10-15 % at flowering stage. Majority of the farmers applied potash in the form of MOP either in single split @ 3550 kg/acre (black soils) or in two splits @ 15-20 kg/acre (light soils). However, potash availability was found to be a limiting factor at few locations of Mahabubnagar district. 3.3 Any other amendments Application of zinc was adopted by majority of the farmers (75-80%) as its availability was made easily though subsidy programme by Department of Agriculture/ DCMS. It was noticed that most of the farmers were applying zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha instead of recommended dosage of 50 kg/ha. Few farmers are correcting the zinc deficiency symptoms in the main field by spraying of chelated zinc formulations during the crop growth. But few farmers are mixing zinc with either fertilizers or pesticides due to lack of timely guidance. 3.4 Transplanting method Zig zag planting method is the only practice adopted by all the farmers even today, however, in Khammam and Nalgonda the farmers (10-15 %) are making alleyways for every 2-3 meters as a part of BPH management.
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3.5 Plant density A plant population of 22-25 hills/m2 is generally maintained in majority of the fields irrespective of the variety and planting time. 3.6 Weed infestation Weed infestation was in the range of low to medium and the predominant weed composition in the surveyed districts was in the descending order (Echinocloa colanum, E.crusgalli, Cyandon dactylon, Cyprus rotandus, Leersia hexandra, Panicum ripens, Brachiria mutica, Arudo donux, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Dinedra retrofolea, Isache elegans, Ergostris tenuifolea, Plantago spp., Paspalam dictuem, Glyceria acutifolia, Euphorbia spp. and Parthenium spp). 3.7 Herbicide usage Usage of herbicides in the rice cultivation gained much importance and popularity among the farmers which mainly attributed to its easy availability in the local market and shortage of labour for manual weeding. About 80-85% of the surveyed farmers were adopting the usage of herbicides. The popular herbicides used in the surveyed districts include Oxadiargyl (60%), Butachlor (50%), Anilophos (30%) and Pretilachlor (25%). Because of shortage of labour farmers are also willing to use post emergence herbicides also, but awareness on this aspect is lacking. 4 PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS
4.1 Biotic Constraints Among the various insect pests the incidence of BPH was noticed during the fag end of the crop season in all the districts accounting for 2-15% (Table 4). Besides incidence of WBPH damage noticed in Mahabubnagar (10%), Nalgonda (3-5%) and Karimnagar (2%). Similarly, YSB damage was also recorded in all the districts ranging from 2-20% but, its damage was maximum in Karimnagar (20%) and as low as in Warangal (5%). During this Kharif 2010 the incidence of gall midge was said to be a sudden outbreak in the districts of Nalgonda (3-10%), Warangal (8-15%), Ranga Reddy (5-10%), Khammam (3-8%) and Mahabubnagar (15%) due to growing of gall midge susceptible varieties viz., BPT-5204, MTU-1001 & MTU-1010 etc., over larger areas in the surveyed districts. Table 4: District wise insect pest damage recorded during kharif, 2010
District YSB (WE) 2-15 2-10 KMM 2-10 3-5 2-10 NLG 2-10 10 5-10 MBNR 5-15 2 5-20 KRMR 5-15 5 WGL 5-15 5-15 RR Source: Concerned district JDAs BPH WBPH Gall midge 3-8 3-10 5 2-15 5-10 Percent insect pest damage Hispa Leaf Whorl folder maggot 2-3 2-5 2-10 3 3-10 3 3-5 3-10 2 3-10 3 5-35 5-10 Panicle mite 2-20 2-10 10 3-5 Case worm 3 3 Horned caterpillar 3 3 -
During early stages of crop growth damage due to hispa (2-3%), leaf folder (2-10%) and whorl maggot (2-10%) was noticed particularly under planted conditions where the varieties viz., BPT 5204, MTU 7029, HMT Sona etc., were affected. In Hayatnagar mandal, Ranga Reddy District the damage due to hispa attack was very severe in BPT 5204 (35%) as compared to other Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 34
varieties. Panicle mite incidence was found to be severe in Khammam (2-20%) followed by Nalgonda (2-10%), Karimnagar (10%) and Warangal (3-5%).Particularly, the fine grain varieties viz., BPT-5204, HMT Sona, JGL varieties were badly affected compared to coarse grain types. The per cent damage due to case worm (3%) and horned caterpillar (3%) was considered to be negligible and restricted to Khammam and Mahabubnagar districts. Among the various diseases, incidence due to leaf blast was in the range of 2-5% in Khammam, Nalgonda and Mahabubnagar districts (Table 5). While, neck blast incidence was maximum in Khammam (2-35%) followed by Karimnagar (3-20%), Warangal (5-15%), Nalgonda (2-15%), Ranga Reddy (5-10%) and Mahabubnagar (2-10%). In fine grain varieties viz., BPT 5204, HMT Sona, JGL 1798, JGL 3844, JGL 384, WGL 14 and other private hybrids were damaged severely as compared to coarse grain type varieties. Grain discolouration was more in these varieties. Table 5: District wise per cent disease incidence recorded during kharif, 2010
District KMM NLG MBNR KRMR WGL RR LB 2-5 2-5 2-5 NBl 2-35 2-15 2-10 3-20 5-15 5-10 Shbl 3-10 2-40 5-10 3-5 5-10 Per cent disease incidence ShR SR FS BLB 5-50 2-40 5 5 3 5 5-20 5-50 3 3-40 5 5-30 BS 2 10 NBLS 5 GD 2-10 5-70 5-10 15
Source: Concerned district JDAs
Sheath blight incidence was severe in Nalgonda (2-40%) as compared to the remaining (5) districts (3-10%) surveyed during the post flowering stage of the crop. Similarly sheath rot incidence was found to be on higher side in Warangal (3-40%) followed by Karimnagar (5-20%) and Mahabubnagar (5%). False smut disease incidence is becoming a major threat in all the six surveyed districts. Its damage was found to be severe in Karimnagar / Khammam (5-50%) followed by Nalgonda (2-40%), Ranga Reddy (5-30%), Warangal (5-25%) and Mahabubnagar (515%) particularly fine grain types grown under late planted situations. Damage due to grain discolouration was said to be another threat in Nalgonda recording highest incidence (5-70%) followed by Ranga Reddy (15%), Mahabubnagar (5-10%) & Khammam (2-10%). Brown spot and narrow brown spot (NBS) incidence was recorded in Khammam (2-5%) and Mahabubnagar (10%) affecting the fine grain type varieties due to the receipt of cyclonic rains in the month of November / December. Among the bacterial diseases, bacterial leaf blight incidence was in the range of 3 5 % and it was noticed during maximum tillering to booting stage irrespective of the varieties grown due to cyclonic rains and congenial weather conditions in all the five districts except Khammam / Ranga Reddy. Control measures suggested for BLB were ineffective and farmers are greatly in need of BLB resistant varieties, like Improved Samba mahsuri. 4.2 Abiotic constrains Continuous cloudy weather and rains from booting to post flowering stage predisposed the crop to intermittent sterility to the extent of 3-8% in fine grain types as compared to coarse grain types (2-3%) which was mainly attributed to the loss of pollen due to heavy down pour during the flowering time particularly in BPT-5204, MTU-1010, MTU-7029, HMT Sona etc..
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FARM IMPLEMENTS & MACHINERY
Farmers were able to procure the land preparation, inter-cultivation equipment through the Department of Agriculture on subsidized rates. They have also expressed that the transplanters suitable to different soils made easily available at low cost under subsidy programmme due to shortage of man power in the villages. On interaction with farmers and departmental officials it was noticed that due to continuous rains during harvesting stage compelled the farmers to go for manual harvesting at majority of the places. Only 30-40% of the farmers have gone for usage of combined harvesters because of hike in the hiring charges from Rs.1800 to Rs. 2500 / hour. 6 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES
As far as the plant protection measures are concerned a lot of awareness has come among the farming community particularly with usage of granular formulations against control of early stage insect pests. Majority of the farmers (65%) were using Carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg / 5 cents in the nursery management in early stage pest complex instead of phorate 10G. The district wise usage of micro nutrients (Zinc) and adoption of plant protection measures was in the range of 13-80% and 10-95% respectively (Table 6). Most of the farmers are correcting zinc deficiency in the rice fields either by soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25-50 kg / ha or spraying of chelated zinc @ 250-500 gm / ha. Its usage was maximum in Nalgonda (80%) followed by Khammam (60%), Warangal (53%), Karimnagar (43%), Mahabubnagar (40%) and Ranga Reddy (13%). Table 6: District wise per cent of farmers correcting micronutrient deficiencies and adopting plant protection measures during kharif, 2010 District Per cent Correcting Micro Per cent Plant Protection Nutrient Deficiency Adoption Measures KMM 60.00 40-90 NLG 80.00 30-90 MBNR 40.00 30-80 KRMR 45.00 40-90 WGL 53.00 40-95 RR 13.00 10-90 Similarly, the awareness and adoption of plant protection measures by the rice farmers in the surveyed districts gaining momentum and its usage was maximum in Warangal (40-95%) followed by Karimnagar / Khammam (40-90%) , Nalgonda (30-90%), Mahabubnagar (30-80%) and Ranga Reddy (10-90%). Cartaphydrochloride (4G) / 50% SP) formulations and Buprofezin were being extensively used for the management of YSB and BPH respectively. The other insecticides viz., Acephate, Imidacloprid, Endosulfan, Lamdacyhalothrin and Profenophos are commonly used for the management of different insect pest in the rice ecosystem. Hand sprayers and power sprayers are being used for spraying purpose. Among the fungicides usage of Tricyclazole was maximum (80%) followed by Isoprothiolane (15%) and Carbendazim (5%) for the management of leaf blast / neck blast. However, the farmers could not able to manage the false smut and grain discolouration because lack of awareness on the timely spraying of recommended chemicals twice at panicle emergence and flowering time. The farmers have expressed that the
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combination products like Saaf, Companion, Master (Carbendazim + Mancozeb) performed better in reducing the false smut and grain discolouration when sprayed during flowering stage. Hexaconazole and Propiconazole were being used to a greater extent for the control of sheath blight / stem rot / sheath rot etc.. 7 POST HARVEST LOSSES
Due to unprecedented rains at the fag end of the crop growth the farmers could not harvest the fields on time. Draining of the water from the fields was the main hurdle. As such crop lodging and shattering was noticed due to over drying especially in varieties like MTU 1010, BPT 5204 & HMT Sona. Shattering losses up to 2-5%, losses due to cleaning and handling estimated to the tune of 2-3% was noticed but, majority of the farmers sold their produce without storing, hence the storage losses were considered to be negligible. However, in some cases the storage losses were expected to be around 2-5 per cent. 8 MARKETING
Farmers expressed their unhappiness for not procuring the super fine grain type varieties by the Government agencies and private traders thereby the farmers were compelled to sell their produce of BPT-5204, HMT Sona, JGL & WGL varieties to the local traders in the village itself at a lower price Rs.750-950 / quintal as against minimum support price of Rs.1030-1080 / quintal. During this Kharif, there was a demand in the market for the fine and coarse type varieties (MTU 1010, MTU 1001 & Swarna) and procured at Rs.950-1030 / quintal as compared to super fine grain varieties. Under Indira Kanthi Pathakam wherein the Government has opened procurement centres in major paddy growing areas with the assistance of DWACRA Mahila groups helped the farming community in getting the expected minimum support price of Rs.1030 / quintal. 9 YIELD District wise provisional yields recorded are presented in (Table 7). Sampled farmer wise yield data is furnished as Annexures (1-6). Table 7. District wise rice yield during kharif 2010 Yield (kg/ha) District Minimum Maximum Ranga Reddy 1400 8750 Mahabubnagar 2800 6125 Karimnagar 2625 7875 Nalgonda 3850 6650 Khammam 4200 8750 Warangal 2100 7000
Average 4040 4636 5053 5098 5595 5153
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10 FEED BACK The following were the major issues posed by the farmers and are presented in the table 8. Table 8: Per cent opinion of the farmers towards requirements S.No. Requirements of the farmers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Requirement of medium duration (130-135 days) varieties having fine grain type along with resistance to BPH/ blast Adequate supply of complex fertilizers / straight fertilizers Supply of rice transplanters at low cost under subsidy programme Adequate supply of green manure seed well in advance of season New fungicidal molecules for the management of multiple diseases Requirement of varieties resistant to false smut Requirement of varieties alternate to MTU-1010 / MTU-1001
% Farmers opinion 80 80 70 70 60 50 30
IMPORTANT ISSUES WHICH NEED IMMEDIATE ATTENTION Development of hybrids which give 5-10 bags extra yield and match present popular high yielding varieties in quality and their popularization Providing levelers and awareness on leveling and maintenance of optimum plant population especially for direct seeding Development of multiple pest and disease resistant varieties Research on emerging minor diseases like false smut intensified Timely supply of quality seed and inputs. Supply of sufficient green manure seed on subsidy Supply of transplanters and training on their usage Designing of power operated weeders to control weeds and for intercultivation, which has lot of impact on productivity Awareness on ill effects of misuse of latest pesticide molecules There is a need to educate the farmers on time of spraying, dosage and number of sprays in plant protection Designing harvesters capable of harvesting under ill drained conditions Facilities for drying, cleaning and storage have to be provided to enable quality produce reaching the markets as per FAQ Stringent measures to avoid exploitation by traders.
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Andhra Pradesh-2
Districts surveyed: East Godavari and West Godavari Districts Particulars of survey District Mandals East Godavari Ravulapalem, Alamuru, Kapileswarapuram, Draksharamam, Pedapudi, Ramchandrapuram, Rayavaram, Inavilli, Mummadivaram, Gannavaram, and P.Gannavaram. West Godavari Achanta, Poduru, Palakollu, Veeravasaram, Bhimavaram, Attili, Iragavaram, Tanuku and Penumantra Widely prevalent varieties District Varieties East Godavari Swarna (MTU-7029), Amara (MTU-1064), Indra (MTU-1061), Samba Mahsuri (BPT-5204), Badava mahsuri (PLA-1100), Cottondora Sannalu (MTU-1010), Prabhat (MTU-3626), Vijetha (MTU-1001), IR-64, MTU2716 and varieties from Nuziveedu Seeds West Godavari Swarna (MTU-7029), Amara (MTU-1064), Indra (MTU-1061), Samba Mahsuri (BPT-5204), Badava mahsuri (PLA-1100), Cottondora Sannalu (MTU-1010), Prabhat (MTU-3626), Vijetha (MTU-1001), IR-64, MTU2716 and Nuziveedu Seeds Particulars of rice area (District wise) District Normal area (ha) East Godavari 2,25,846 West Godavari 2, 44,126
Area planted (ha) 2,32, 943 2,51,739
Irrigated area (ha) 2,28, 925 2, 48, 774
Weather information during crop season of 2010 in East Godavari: Month Rainfall No.of rainy Temperature (mm) days Maximum(oC) Minimum(oC) June 2010 July 2010 August 2010 September 2010 October 2010 November 2010 December 2010 162.7 352.0 282.9 205.7 251.4 320.9 151.1 8 10 8 10 8 10 4 34.80 34.80 32.48 33.00 32.94 34.30 27.60 28.00 30.00 28.10 27.40 29.30 31.74 20.30
Relative Humidity (Morning) 80.00 80.00 87.00 91.00 76.80 86.38 87.00
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Weather information during crop season of 2010 in East Godavari: Month Rainfall No.of rainy Temperature days Maximum(oC) Minimum(oC) June 2010 July 2010 August 2010 September 2010 October 2010 November 2010 December 2010 108.6 354.4 306.6 390.8 337.0 234.6 107.0 7 18 13 16 11 12 3 34.10 29.27 30.41 29.96 29.59 28.88 27.20 26.20 24.14 24.88 23.73 23.82 22.43 18.40
Relative Humidity (Morning) 85.10 88.20 88.29 88.60 87.22 87.17 87.40
Major constraints faced by the farmers in this region Biotic constraints Sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight, false smut, stem borer, leaf folder and rodents are the major biotic constraints. Rodent out break occurred during rabi 2009 and kharif 2010. Continuous and heavy rains from June to December resulted in submergence at vegetative phase and crop lodging at maturity resulting in crop damage, grain discolouration and reduced yields.
Abiotic constraints
Production Oriented Survey (POS) was conducted in East Godavari and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. Canals, bore wells, tanks and filter points were the main sources of irrigation. Canal water comes from Godavari River. The popular varieties in these districts are Swarna (MTU-7029), Amara (MTU-1064), Indra (MTU-1061), Samba mahsuri (BPT-5204), Badava mahsuri (PLA-1100), Cottondora Sannalu (MTU-1010), Prabhat (MTU-3626), Vijetha (MTU-1001), MTU-2716 and IR 64 and of which Swarna (MTU-7029) occupied nearly 80 per cent of the paddy area in these two districts. The newly released varieties like MTU- 1061 and MTU- 1064 were predominant in low lying areas like Achanta, poduru and palakollu mandals of West Godavari where submergence is a problem. Short duration rice varieties like MTU-1010, MTU-3626 and IR-64 were sown for seed purpose to be sown in rabi season. The common crop rotations were paddy-paddy; paddy-paddy-pulse; paddy-pulse; paddy-sugarcane; paddy-paddy-maize; paddy-maize and paddy-fodder. The inputs like seeds, pesticides and fertilizers were adequate. Seed is obtained from APSSDC, farmer to farmer, Co-operative societies and Research Stations. Pesticides and fertilizers were purchased from the local pesticide dealers. Machinery like combined harvester, transplanter and drum seeder used for direct sowing were used wherever their feasibility was there. Puddling operation was taken up by using tractor mounted cage wheels and power tillers. Nearly 10 per cent of the farmers used different types of paddy transplanters (manually operated, Kubota, Yanji sakthi and Yanmar type). Private companies introduced the transplanters as well as combine harvesters during peak season where as drum seeder was supplied by the Department of Agriculture. Drying and storage facilities were inadequate. Almost all the farmers took threshing of paddy on the roads.
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Majority of farmers sold the produce immediately after threshing as the produce was discolored due to crop lodging and soaking in rain water. Very few farmers applied farmyard manure. Most of the farmers applied complex fertilizers as top dressing. The use of phosphatic and potassium fertilizers was satisfactory but some farmers applied excess nitrogenous fertilizers. The fertilizers like DAP, 20-20, 10-26-26 and 14-35-14 were used by majority of farmers. Among diseases, bacterial leaf blight and sheath blight were moderate to severe and other diseases like false smut were found in low to moderate level. Among insect pests, stem borer, leaf folder, panicle mite and brown plant hopper were observed in low to moderate level. Rat damage was severe in almost all the areas and on all the varieties sown. Farmers took protective measures like bromadiolone baiting, traditional butta trap, burrow fumigation and passing electricity around the field for control of rodent pest. Post harvest losses occurred due to heavy rains received after crop harvest and when the crop was spread as heaps for drying. Even the big heaps were soaked before threshing resulting in grain discolouration and even germination in some cases.
District wise observations:

East Godavari: The survey was conducted on 25th and 26th October 2010 covering 11mandals of the district. The predominant varieties grown in this district were Swarna (MTU-7029), Samba Mahsuri (BPT-5204), Indra (MTU-1061), Amara (MTU-1064), Vijetha (MTU-1001) and Cottondora sannalu (MTU-1010). Samba Mahsuri was grown mainly in upland mandals like U. Kothapalli, Pitapuram and Peddapuram. The weather conditions were abnormal and the crop suffered due to continuous rains throughout the crop growth period. Heavy rains in the month of November coinciding with crop harvest resulted in crop lodging and subsequent soaking in rain water. Hence yields were reduced (1.9-2.5 tonnes/ha) when compared to previous seasons (3.5-4.5 tonnes/ha). Grain discoloration was observed in almost all the villages surveyed. Farmers could not take out the harvested paddy from rain water stagnated in the fields. At some locations, heaps kept on the roads prior to threshing were soaked in rain water resulting in grain discolouration. Private agencies played major role in supply of inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Canal irrigation was the main source of water to the crop. The main crop rotation in the district was rice-rice, rice-rice-pulse and rice-rice-maize. Fertilizer application consisted of 80 kg N/ha, 40kg P2O5 /ha and 40 kg K2O/ha. Very few farmers applied straight fertilizers and majority of them applied complex fertilizers as top dressing. The commonly used fertilizers were 28-28-0; 20-20-0 and 10-2626. The main method of planting was random excepting in fields where machine transplanting was taken up. The level of weed infestation was low to moderate. The common weeds were Echinocloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Cyprus rotundus, C.iria, Fimbristilis sp., Monochoria vaginalis, Marsilia quadrifolia, Eclipta alba, E. prostrata, Eichhornia crassipes and alternanthra sessalis, commelina bengalensis, Ammamia baccifera, Bergia maanioides, Phyla nodulosa and Mullugo distich. The major weeds in irrigation channels was Eichhornia crassipes and Ipomia aquatica. Farmers used herbicides like rifit (pretilachlor), butachlor, topstar (oxadiargyl) and Sathi (pyrazosulfuran) for weed control. Weedicide, Sathi was mostly used under direct sown condition. Inputs like seed , fertilizers, pesticides were adequate. However, drying and storage facilities were inadequate. Threshing and drying of the produce was done on the roads. Among diseases, bacterial leaf blight and sheath blight were observed in modeate to severe form. Bacterial leaf blight was severe on BPT-5204, MTU-3626 and MTU-2077 whereas it is low in MTU-7029 (Swarna) and early sown crop affected more rather than late sown. Stem borer and leaf folder incidence was low to
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moderate while brown plant hopper incidence was low. Most of the farmers used hexaconazole for control of sheath blight and Applaud (buprofezin) for control of brown plant hopper. Hand sprayers as well as Thaiwan sprayers were used for application of insecticides. Indiscriminate mixing of fungicide and insecticides was the most common practice adopted by the farmers. The rate of adoption of plant protection measures was almost 100%. Farmers applied pesticides like hexaconazole (2ml/lit), validamycin (2ml/lit.) for sheath blight; profenophos (2ml/lit.) acephate, cartap hydrochloride (4G and 50 SP) and monocrotophos (1.6ml/lit.) for stem borer control while acephate (1.5g/lit.), monocrotophos (2.2ml/lit.), fenvalrate and buprofezin for brown plant hopper. Though the machinery like drum seeder, combined harvester cum threshers and transplanters are available in this area they were used by only 5% of farmers because they are unsuitable in some area where soil is heavy and will not dry for longer period. There was acute shortage of farm labour during harvesting and heaping period. Farmers were not having any drying and storage facilities. Threshing was done on the roads with tractors since the fields did not dry by the time of crop harvest. West Godavari: The survey was conducted during November 2010 covering 9 mandals of the district. The predominant varieties grown in this district were Swarna (MTU-7029), Amara (MTU-1064), Indra (MTU-1061), Samba mahsuri (BPT-5204), Vijetha (MTU-1001), Prabhat (MTU-3626) and Cottondora sannalu (MTU-1010).The weather conditions were abnormal and the crop was subjected to submergence at vegetative phase and lodging at maturity stage because of heavy rains throughout the crop growth period. The yields recorded were below average (1.5-2.0t/ha) and grain discoloration was observed wherever the crop was subjected lodging. Farmer to farmer, APSSDC and co-operative societies supplied seed, whereas private agencies played major role in supply of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. The main crop rotation in the district was rice-rice, rice-rice-pulse, rice-maize and rice sugarcane. Canal irrigation was the main source of irrigation. Borewell irrigation was common in upland mandals where direct sowing is practiced. Fertilizer application consisted of 80-100 kg N/ha, 60kg P2O5 /ha and 40kg K2O/ha. Phosphatic fertilizer was applied in the form of complex fertilizers as basal and top dressing while, potassium was applied only once after transplanting (7-10 DAT). The level of weed infestation was moderate. The common weeds were Echinocloa colonum, Cyprus rotundus, Fimbristilis sp., Monochoria vaginalis, Marsilia quadrifolia, Eclipta alba, E. prostrata, Eichhornia crassipes and alternanthra sessalis, commelina bengalensis, Phyla nodulosa and Mullugo disticha. Usage of herbicides has been increased when compared to previous years. Farmers used herbicides like topstar, pretilachlor and butachlor for weed control. Plant protection equipment, seeds, water, power, fertilizers and pesticides were sufficiently available to the farmers. However drying and storage facilities were not adequate. Threshings were taken on the roads as the fields were wet and did not permit threshing operation. Among diseases, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight were observed in low to moderate level. Incidence of bacterial leaf blight was high on MTU-3626, PLA-1100 and BPT-5204. Stem borer and leaf folder occurred in moderate level and brown plant hopper incidence was low in the district. Incidence of other pests like rice hispa, galmidge and green leaf hopper was also observed in the district. Galmidge problem has been observed since last three years. The number of pesticide sprayings was reduced when compared to previous year. Most farmers used thaiwan sprayers for application of insecticides and fungicides. Mixing of fungicide and insecticide was the most common practice adopted by the farmers. There were instances where farmers used more than three pesticides in the same tank mix. The rate of adoption of plant protection measures was almost 100%. Farmers applied pesticides like hexaconazole (2ml/lit), for sheath blight; profenophos (2.0ml/lit.), cartap hydrochloride (50% SP and 4G granules), acephate (1.5g/lit.), Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 42
monocrotophos (1.6 ml/lit.) and chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) for stem borer control. Chemicals like buprofezin (1.6ml/lit.) and acephate (1.5g/lit.) were used against brown plant hopper. Losses occurred before and after crop harvest due to crop lodging and soaking of heaps after harvest. Grain discoloration occurred in all the fields surveyed and farmers did not get market price. Prevalence of diseases and pests in coastal Andhra Pradesh District Diseases SHBL NBL BLB STR East Godavari M-S -M-S L West Godavari M -L-M -District East Godavari West Godavari LF M M SB M-S M RH L L Insect pests GM BPH L L L L
Sh.R L --
FS L-M L-M
GLH L L
Rats M-S M-S
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Andhra Pradesh - 3
Districts surveyed: Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam Details of survey District Mandal Srikakulam Patapatnam, Boorji, Palakonda, Kottur, Bamini, Srikakulam, Amadalavalasa Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
Villages Kabuwada, Temera, Singupuram, Kondapeta, Ragidiamadalavalasa, Tuniwada, Vangara, Singannapalem, Chinalankam, Kottur, Baleru, Liviri, Bamini, Ragolu, Bavajipeta, Doosi, Doosipeta Jami, L.kota, Petalapalem, Jami, Ettedevalasa, Telari, Bondapalli, Kasapeta, L.kota, Pothalavanipalem, Kasapeta, Gajapatinagaram, Nelliwada, Puritipenta, Gangacholipeta, Pentada Pentada Bhimili, Pedmanabham, Tatiturru, Singanabandu, Majjivalasa, Anandapuram, Pendurti, Reddipali, Chennapuram, Maddi, Chirlapalem, Sabbavaram, Mukundapuram, Peddipalem, Podugupalem, Anakapalli, Chodavaram Chintalaagraharam, Ramapuram, Pinagada, Mogalipuram, Gullepalli, Sankaram, Marturu, Bagulawada, Gandavaram
Widely prevalent varieties /Hybrids in the North Coastal zone of Andhra Pradesh District Varieties/ Hybrids Srikakulam Swarna, Samba mashuri, MTU- 1001, MTU 1010, Sona mashuri, RGL 2537, RGL 2538, JGL-1798, Jaya, Super Jaya, MTU-1061, Pooja, KRH2, NLR-34449 Vizianagaram Sona mashuri, MTU 1001, Swarna, Samba mashuri, MTU 10101, RGL2537, Jaya, MTU 1061, JGL 1798 Visakhapatnam RGL 2537, RGL 2538, Swarna, Samba mashuri, Sona mashuri, RGL 11226, Jaya, Super Jaya, MTU 1001, JGL 1798
Weather conditions at ARS, Ragolu during kharif 2010-11 Weather data Months June July Augu Septemb Octob st er er Rainy days (No.) 11 17 18 13 16 Total rainfall (mm) 202.3 278.2 240.6 281.7 289.7 Temperature (0c) Max. 33.43 30.54 31.12 31.88 30.22 Min. 27.43 26.54 26.87 26.23 24.98 Relative humidity (%) Morning 85.70 88.87 89.25 90.43 91.90 Evening 78.20 81.74 81.03 81.17 84.67 Source: ARS, Ragolu Meteorological unit.
Novemb er 7 262.8 29.93 22.90 91.40 76.20
Decemb er 6 167.4 26.70 17.38 89.61 72.90
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District wise area covered (Paddy) in hectares during kharif 2010 Total Area under paddy cultivation % of total cropped area under Current Last Year % Increase area paddy Year or decrease Srikakulam 2,53,921 2,03,308 1,85,779 9.44 80.06 Vizianagaram 3,23,000 1,22,901 78,500 56.56 38.04 Visakhapatnam 2,16,546 1,07,565 87,788 22.53 49.67 Source: DAATTC (ANGRAU) of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts Variety-wise rice area covered (% of total rice area) in three districts of North coastal zone during kharif 2010-11
Variety MTU 1010 MTU 7029 BPT 5204 JGL 1798 Sona mashuri RGL 2537 RGL 2538 MTU 1001 Hybrids and others Srikakulam 5.14 30.10 24.98 3.00 5.05 5.05 4.94 15.05 6.69 Vizianagaram 8.00 18.00 12.00 2.00 26.00 2.00 1.00 22.00 9.00 Visakhapatnam 1.20 12.00 16.50 6.60 21.80 31.50 4.00 2.40 4.00
District
The predominant varieties grown in the zone include Swarna (MTU 7029), Samba mashuri (BPT 5204), Sona mashuri (BPT 3291), Srikakulam sannalu (RGL 2537), Vijeta (MTU 1001), Cotton dora sannalu (MTU 1010) and Jagityala sannalu (JGL 1798). Varieties like Jaya, Super Jaya, Pooja, KRH-2, NLR 34449 and MTU 1061 were grown in some pockets. Among these, Pooja is particularly preferred by some farmers in Patapatnam mandal of Srikakulam district and Jaya was grown at specified locatons in all the three districts surveyed. The weather condition in the north coastal zone during kharif 2010-11, was erratic with 4 cyclones during crop growth period. Impact of cyclones was observed both during the tillering stage, flowering and grain maturation stage of crop growth. Majority of farmers felt that there was a min. of 4-5 bags to a max. of 10-15 bags loss in yield due to the erratic monsoon and cyclonic rains (Table 3). Lodging was observed during grain maturation stage in addition, germination of non dormant varieties was observed leading to yield loss. In general, a 40% excess rainfall is recorded during kharif 2010-11. Rice is the predominant crop in the zone with 80.06 % cropped area under paddy in Srikakulam district (Table 4). Paddy cultivation in Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram constitute 49.67 and 38.04% of the total cropped area. Due to excess rainfall both from south west monsoon and cyclonic rains during kharif 2010-11, increase in paddy area over the previous year was recorded in all the three districts surveyed. Although, farmers went for delayed sowing and transplantings, an increase of 56.56, 22.53 and 9.44 per cent area was recorded in Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts (Table 4). The farmers preference for varieties varied with the district. Swarna (MTU 7029) is the most popular variety in Srikakulam district occupying 30.10% of the paddy area (Table 5), followed by BPT 5204 (24.98%) and MTU 1001 (15.05%). Whereas, in Vizianagaram, Sona mashuri (26.0%) is the leading
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variety followed by MTU 1001, Swarna and BPT 5204. However, in Visakhapatnam Srikakulam Sannulu is preferred by majority of famers (31.5%) over Sona mashuri, Samba mashuri and Swarna. Cumulatively, Swarna and Samba mashuri are the most popular varieties occupying a major area in the north coastal zone.
District-wise information: Srikakulam: Most of the farmers surveyed were submarginal farmers. The general climatic
condition during kharif 2010-11 was abnormal with excess rainfall (>50%) through repeated cyclones both during early stages and maturity stages of crop growth. Surveys were undertaken in various mandals of the district on 29/10/10, 3/11/10, 8/11/10, 10/11/10 and 22/11/10. Paddy is the predominant crop in the district accounting for 80% of the cropped area, the area under paddy cultivation increased by 9.44% during kharif 2010-11 reaching 203308 ha. Paddy is grown as a pure crop followed by rice fallow pulses, maize, sunflower and sesame. However, under assured irrigated conditions, rice-rice, rice-vegetables was also practiced. Among the varieties grown in the district, Swarna was the most popular (30.1%) followed by BPT 5204 (24.9%) and MTU 1001 (15.1%) varieties. Preference for Sona mashuri, MTU 1010, RGL 2537, RGL 2538, JGL 1798, Pooja, NLR 34449 and KRH-2 was shown by farmers of the district. Yields in the range of 15-30 bags/ acre were expected by farmers surveyed. Late sown and late transplanted conditions general prevail in the Srikakulam district. During kharif 2010-11, farmers at many locations were forced to sow twice due to damage of nurseries on account of heavy cyclonic rains received during nursery stage. Direct sowing is practiced by farmers to save time, wherever, nursery loss occurred. Most of the farmers surveyed applied 1-2 cartloads of FYM to the nursery. Only 25% of farmers surveyed applied organic amendments as Farm yard manure @ 5-15 cartloads/acre to the main field as basal application. The practice of sheep penning is practiced by less than 10% of the farmers surveyed. Most of the farmers deviated from the recommended fertilizer schedule, average fertilizer use in the district recorded was N (40.66) : P (23.22): K(15.00) kg per acre. However, variations in fertilizer use in respect to nitrogen (7.2 62.5 kg/acre), phosphorus (0-46) and potassium (0-30) was observed. Potassium fertilizers were not applied by more than 20% of the farmers surveyed. Direct sown and random transplanting was practiced by farmers in the district. Plant density varied from 17-45 hills/m2 in the various locations surveyed. Weed infestation was moderate. The predominant weed species included Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotendus, Echinocloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Trianthema portulocastrum, Panicum spp., Heteropoga spp., Eclipta alba and Mullugo spp. Majority of farmers practiced 1-2 hand weedings during the crop growth period. Knowledge and use of weedicides was less than 30% of the farmers surveyed. Unavailability of critical inputs like fertilizers in time was complained by majority of farmers, they felt that urea was not properly supplied. They also expressed the unavailability of desired seed variety, which forced the farmer to grow alternate varieties out of their choice. Farmers also felt the need for proper storage godown facilities in time of calamities to store their produce. Among the biotic constraints, mean neck blast incidence of 15.12 per cent was recorded among the surveyed locations. Susceptibility of the popular varieties like Swarna and Samba mashuri grown in the district can be attributed for scoring such high neck blast incidence. Sheath blight, stem borer, panicle mite, leaf folder, sheath rot, false smut and BPH are also predominant biotic constraints in the district. Cut worm damage was observed at moderate levels in majority of area during tillering stage of crop growth. Lack of knowledge of plant protection chemicals and wrong recommendation by local dealers sometimes aggravated the disease/pest problem. Farmers in the district have undertaken 2-4 sprayings during the crop season.
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Vizianagaram:The district recorded a 56.56% increase in area under paddy cultivation due
to high rainfall received during kharif 2010-11. Paddy is grown in 1,22,901 ha which is 38.04% of the total cropped area. Survey was undertaken during 20/11/10 and 24/11/10, the crop is at grain filling stage at the time of survey. Prevailing crop rotations include rice-rice, rice-pulses, rice-vegetables depending on irrigation facilities. Farmers preferred Sona mashuri (26%) and MTU 1001 (22%) over Swarna (18%) and BPT 5204 (12%). The increase in MTU 1001 area can be attributed to the unavailability of Sona mashuri seed in the market. Some of the farmers showed less priority to growing samba owing to high pest and disease problems. Farmers are ready to accept new varieties with high yielding capacity and better tolerance to pests. Farm yard manure (1- 6 cartloads/acre) was applied by majority of farmers surveyed in the district. The practice of Sheep penning (30%) was practiced at a few locations surveyed. The average fertilizer use was 48.42: 24.12: 9.71 kg N:P:K among the surveyed farmers. 40% of the farmers surveyed did not apply any potassium fertilizer to the crop, nitrogen use was also highly variable (9-73.4 kg N per acre). Phosphorus utilization ranged between 11.5-60 kg P per acre. Among the different locations surveyed, farmers opined that timely supply of seed and fertilizers by the government would solve most of their problems. Poor knowledge on the use of weedicides was noticed in all the locations. The predominant weed species included Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotendus, Echinocloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Trianthema portulocastrum, Panicum spp. and Eclipta alba. Two hand weedings were practiced by farmers. Among the weedicides, most of the farmers are using Oxidiagrl/ butachlor/ pretilachlor wherever, weedicides is used. Post emergence weedicides were not at all used. Majority of farmers are not adopting any plant protection measures during nursery stage. Among the disease problems, sheath blight (15.2%), neck blast (12.7%), sheath rot (5.6%), sheath rot (5.6%), false smut (1.7%), leaf spots (2%) and grain discoloration (1.4%). Pest problems included stem borer as white ears (7%), BPH (5.6%), Panicle mite (5.4%), leaf folder (3.5%), gallmidge and rodent problems. Farmers used Endosulfan for the all the crop problems based on the recommendation of local dealers. Although endosulfan is not recommended for the specified pests. Poor knowledge of farmers in the district resulted in poor pest and disease management and resulting losses. All the farmers surveyed reported increased labour costs and unavailability of labour in time as critical factors limiting paddy production. They were also of the opinion that government schemes (national rural employment guarantee programme) during crop season is severely effecting labour availability during peak cropping season. Majority of farmers felt that lack of rural storage godowns was limiting their chances of earning more. Some farmers from Peetalapalem and Kasapeta indicated that impure seed is available in the local markets and government need to take steps to supply quality seed.
Visakhapatnam: Majority of farmers in Visakhapatnam are marginal farmers with holding

less than 1 acre. Although good crop growth is recorded during early stages, severe rains, cyclones in addition to severe incidence of sheath blight and lodging during later stages of crop growth resulted in yield reduction. Paddy-pulses, Paddy-maize and paddy-vegetables was the major crop rotation pattern in irrigated wet lands of Visakhapatnam district. RGL 2537 (Srikakulam sannalu) is the popular variety in Visakhapatnam district occupying a major area (31.5%) followed by Sona mashuri (21.8%), preference was attributed due to its better cooking quality. BPT 5204 (16.5%) and Swarna (12%) are the other popular varieties grown in the area. Prefence of some farmers to Jaya, Super Jaya, RGL 2538, JGL 1798, MTU 1001, MTU 1010 and other hybrids was also noticed. Jaya and Sona mashuri are grown by some farmers due to some attributes like better cooking quality and drought tolerance.
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Farmers expressed that they are willing to accept and grow improved varieties with better drought tolerance, cooking quality and resistance to sheath blight and false smut. Higher than recommended doses of nitrogen fertilizers (mean 45 kg N/acre) were applied by farmers. Although mean phosphorus and Potassium fertilizers are at par with recommended doses, large variations in phosphorus (0-46 kg P/acre) and potassium (0-62 kg K/acre) application was recorded at field level, among the farmers surveyed 20% of farmers did not apply phosphoric fertilizers and 40% did not apply potassium fertilizers. Random transplanting and direct sown is practiced by farmers, plant density varied from 18-44 hills/m2. Weed infestation was medium, with 50% of the farmers lacking awareness on weedicide use. The predominant weed species included Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotendus, Echinocloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Trianthema portulocastrum, Panicum spp., Heteropoga spp., Eclipta alba and Sida spp. Hand weeding was practiced twice during crop season by all the farmers. Majority of farmers procured seeds through local Agricultural fficers and local dealers. Some farmers opined that demand for some varieties like sona mashuri could not be meet by the agricultural department forcing them to procure seeds from neighbouring districts. Farmers indicated that urea was not available to them in time during crop growth period. Among the biotic constraints, sheath blight (9.4% incidence), false smut (6.6%), grain discoloration (8%), neck blast (4.8%), sheath rot and leaf spots are major diseases affecting yields in paddy. Most of the farmers expressed that false smut with such high intensity was observed for the first time. Grain discoloration is another unusual problem noticed in submerged fields (cyclone). In some locations, grain discoloration to an extent of 40% was recorded. Pest problems in the district include, stem borer (6.9%), panicle mite (7.9%), leaf folder (3.3%) and BPH in some pockets. Erratic and continuous rains during crop growth period prevented farmers from taking plant protection measures in time resulting in increased incidence of pests and diseases limiting yields. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests in the North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh during Kharif 2010-11
District Surveyed Srikakulam *Mean Disease Incidence (%) at various locations surveyed during 2010-11 NBL Shbl ShR FS GD L Spots 15.12 2.33 0.95 7.25 1.68 1.10 (1.49(1.05(2.00(1.00-33.68) (2.10-6.00) (2.00-15.00) 61.11) 16.67) 5.00) 12.67 5.62 1.65 1.35 15.19 2.00 (0.65(1.50(1.00(2.00(3.81-40.00) (1.00-10.00) 34.17) 31.31) 15.00) 5.00) 4.84 3.14 6.60 8.00 9.40 1.90 (1.29(1.90(1.00(2.00(0.88-41.27) (1.00-20.00) 31.86) 22.12) 25.00) 40.00) *Mean Pest Incidence (%) at various locations surveyed during 2010-11 WE 5.00 (2.5016.67) 6.98 (1.0028.17) 6.90 (1.7220.35) LF 2.20 (2.78-14.00) 3.46 (0.95-15.49) 3.34 (1.7235.24) PM 3.33 (2.1130.53) 5.36 (3.4220.83) 7.91 (0.8541.75) GM 0.00 0.22 (0.00-3.57) 0.00 BPH 1.10 (4.00-10.00) 5.59 (10.0025.00) 0.50 (0.00-10.00) Rat 1.00 (0.0010.00) 0.59 (0.00-10.00) 0.00
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
District Surveyed Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Visakhapatnam
* Mean of 57 locations
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Bihar-1
Districts surveyed: Vaishali, Samastipur and Muzaffarpur District Vaishali Samastipur Muzaffarpur Villages Sarai, Mahuwa, Patepur, Malpur and Bhagwanpur Pusa, Devpur, Daidpur, Malinagar and Mahmadpur Dholi, Sakara, Kaji-inda, Markan and Kali Chok
Widely grown varieties: District Vaishali Varieties HYV:Swarna, Sugandha, Prabhat, Subhashini, Vaidehi, Sita, Kasturi, Jaya and Pusa Basmati Local: Kanak, Rajendra Swetha Rajendra Bhagavathi, Swarna Sub 1, Mahsuri, Saroj, Santosh, , Prabhat, Satyam, Dhanlakshmi, Jaya, BPT 5204, Sita, hybrid Kishori, MTU 7029, Rajashree, Pusa Basmati, Pankaj and Turanta. Prabhat, Kishori, Rajendra Bhagawathi, Satyam, Saroj, Rajshree, Santhosh, Sita and Jaya
Samastipur
Muzaffarpur
Production oriented survey was conducted in three districts of Bihar viz., Vaishali, Samastipur and Muzaffarpur during Kharif 2010. During the survey period crop was in dough stage in all the three districts. The varieties grown in the state were Swarna, Sugandha, Prabhat, Subhashini, Vaidehi, Sita, Kasturi, Jaya and Pusa Basmati, Satyam, Dhanlakshmi, BPT 5204, MTU 7029, Kanak, and Rajendra Swetha. The prevailing cropping practices were rice-wheat; Farmers mainly used their own resources and depended on private institutions for different inputs and equipments. The common needs of farmers of various districts were good quality seeds, fertilizers, equipments, storage, drying facilities, marketing facilities and subsidy by state government on diesel, fertilizers and other inputs. Among biotic constraints brown spot, sheath rot, bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight and false smut were observed in the fields. Among the insect-pests, leaf folder, stem borer, BPH, mites, termites, rats and rice case worm were common. Farmers applied fungicides like Bavistin, Dithane M-45 and Hexaconazole and insecticides like Folidol and imidachloprid. The fertilizer application consisted of 80-120 Kg N, 60 Kg P2O5 and 30 Kg K2O/ha and if available, farmers used vermivompost. Many farmers followed random method of transplanting. The weed population was in general low to medium. Rain fall was in general low to medium. The main source of water was canal and underground water. The farmers were mainly sub-marginal to marginal.
Vaishali: Survey was conducted in five villages in this district when the crops were at dough stage. There were reports of drought from most of the places surveyed in this district. In spite of drought, the crop was in good condition. Because of the delayed sowings, the crops observed were in different growth stages during the survey period. The main crop rotation practices in the district were rice-rice; rice-wheat/maize/potato. The common varieties were MTU 7029, Swarna, Sugandha, Prabhat, Subhashini, Vaidehi, Sita, Kasturi, Jaya and Pusa
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Basmati, Kanak, Rajendra Swetha The average yield in the district was 4000-5000 Kg/ha in high yielding varieties and 5000 Kg/ha in case hybrids. The optimum time of sowing was June to july for sowing and from mid July to August for transplanting. Most of the farmers applied FYM and compost in the nursery. However, application of chemical fertlizers in the nursery was common practice. In the main field, farmers applied chemical fertlizers @ 100120 Kg N/ha, 30-60 Kg P2O5/ha and 20-30 Kg K2O /ha as basal and 100-120 Kg urea/ha as split. Transplanting was mainly done by random method. The weed population was low. The common weeds were Echinochloa sp. and Cyperus rotundus, and Echinochloa sp. Most of the farmers practiced hand weeding as method of weed control. Only few farmers applied weedicide like Butachlor and 2-4D. Most of the agricultural inputs like equipments, seeds, water, power, fertilizers, pesticides, drying and storage facilities were either inadequate or not available. The common needs of the farmers were latest technologies, knowledge about the plant protection measures and, quality seeds and varieties that are suitable to their area. Among the diseases, brown spot was observed in moderate to severe form. Other biotic constraints like sheath blight, false smut, grain discolouration, sheath rot, stem borer, leaf folder, mites, rats and BPH were in low to moderate intensities. There were reports of zinc and iron deficiencies from some places. Farmers did not practice any corrective measures. Farmers applied pesticides like Bavistin (1 g/l), Indofil M-45 (2.5 g/l), saaf (2 g/l), hexaconazole and propiconazole (2 g/l) and multiplex (1ml/l) for different diseases and imidachloprid, folodol, metasystox for different insect pests. In general, around 15 % post harvest loss was reported. Samastipur: Production oriented survey was conducted in five villages/sub units in this district. The crops were in dough stage during the survey period. The climatic conditions were abnormal due to drought from most of the places surveyed in the district. Farmers used 60-70 % of their land for cultivation of rice. The common crop rotation practices in the district were rice-maize, rice-potato, rice-wheat, rice-pulses and rice-mustard. The predominant varieties in the district were Rajendra Bagavathi, Swarna Sub 1, Mahsuri, Saroj, Santosh, Hybrid Kasturi, BPT 5204, Turanta, Rajashree, Sugandha, Prabhat, Pusa Basmati, Pankaj, Dhanlakshmi, Jaya, Sita, Satyam, Rajendra Sweta, Rajendra Basmati and Radha. The average yield in the district during the previous season was 4500-5000 Kg/ha in high yielding varieties and 5000-6000 Kg/ha in hybrids. Ninety percent of the crop land was under rice crop. The farmers grown one crop per year. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting were June and July, respectively. Most of the farmers applied FYM and compost in the nursery. Some of the farmers also applied urea (80-120 Kg/ha), SSP (20-60 Kg/ha) and MOP (15-20 Kg/ha) in the nursery. In the main field, the fertlizers were applied @ 100-120 Kg urea/ha, 50-70 Kg SSP/ha and 15-25 Kg MOP/ha as basal and 100-120 Kg urea/ha as split. Few farmers also applied Zn SO4 @ 25kg/ha as a basal dose. Farmers followed direct sowing and random method of transplanting. The intensity of weeds was low. The common weeds were Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa sp., and Cynodon dactylon. Hand weeding was main approach for weed control and only few farmers applied weedicides like Butachlor (2.5 lit/ha) or 2-4 D. The common needs of the farmers in the district were seeds of HYVs, new technologies, fertlizers, water and timely availability of the inputs. Among the diseases, brown spot was moderate to severe in most of the varieties. Other diseases like sheath rot, sheath blight, false smut and bacterial leaf blight were observed at low to medium intensities. Leaf scald disease was observed for the first time in the district. Insect pests like leaf folder, stem borer, leaf hoppers, grass hoppers, termites and rats were in low to moderate intensities. There were reports of zinc and iron deficiencies from most of the places surveyed. Most of the farmers took corrective measures by applying zinc sulphate. The pesticides like Hexaconazole, propiconzole, Indofil M-45, Dithane M-45, Saaf(2g/l), Bavistin (1 g/l), BlitoxDepartment of Plant Pathology, DRR 50
50 (3 Kg/ha) + Streptocycline (30 g/ha) for different diseases, and Metacystox, Folidol, and Imidachloprid were applied for the management of insect pests. At least 10-12 % post harvest losses were observed at the time of harvesting, threshing, handling and cleaning and storage. Muzaffarpur: The survey was conducted in five villages in this district when the crops were in dough and maturity stages. The general climatic conditions were abnormal in the form of drought in most of the places in the district. Farmers used 90 % of their land for cultivation. The common crop rotation practices in the district were rice-maize, rice-potato, rice-wheat, rice-mustard and rice-pulses. The common varieties grown in the district were Sugandha, Rajshree, Basmati, Satyam, Santosh, Saroj, Kisori, Radha, Jaya, Sita, Pankaj, Punjabi, Swarna, Prabhat and Jaya. The average rice yield in the district was 2500 Kg/ha in case of local varieties and 4000-5000 Kg/ha in case of high yielding varieties. Most of the farmers applied urea and compost in the nursery. Some of the farmers applied chemical fertilizers like urea (80 Kg/ha), SSP (20-50 Kg/ha) and MOP (10-25 Kg/ha). In the main field, farmers applied urea (80-100 Kg/ha), SSP (20-60 Kg/ha) and MOP (20-30 Kg/ha) as basal and 100120 Kg urea/ha as split. Some of the farmers also applied vermicompost if available. The population of weeds was low to medium. The common weeds were Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon. In addition to hand weeding, some of the farmers also applied weedicides like Butachlor and 2, 4-D. Most of the agricultural inputs were either inadequate or not available. The common needs of the farmers were seeds of HYVs, diesel, power and timely availability of inputs. Among the biotic constraints, brown spot, sheath blight, sheath rot, false smut and bacterial leaf streak were observed at low to moderate intensities in this district. Other pest constraints were in low to moderate intensities included leaf folder, stem borer and rats. Zinc and iron deficiency were common in most of the places. Many of the farmers adopted corrective measures by applying zinc sulphate and Multiplex. The pesticides like Dithane M-45 (2 g/l), Kavach, Saaf, Bavistin (1 g/l) and Blitox-50 (2 g/l) for different diseases, and Folidol, Thimet and monochrotophos for different insect pests were applied. There was 5-10 % loss during harvesting, threshing, cleaning and storage.
Prevalence of diseases and pests in Bihar-1 Districts Vaishali Samastipur Muzaffarpur Districts Vaishali Samastipur Muzaffarpur SB L-M L-M L-M LF L-M L-M L-M BPH L-M ShBl L-M L-M L-M BS M-S M-S L-M ShR L-M L-M L-M Diseases FS L-M L-M L-M Insect pests TERM L-M L-M -
BLB L-M L-M L-M
BLS L-M L-M L-M
GD L-M L-M -
GH L-M -
GLH L-M -
Rats L-M L-M L-M
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Bihar-2
Districts surveyed: Patna, Nalanda and Buxar Particulars of survey Dsitricts Blocks Patna Nalanda Harnaut and Bind Buxar Simri and Nawanagar
Villages Punadih, Alampur and Paliganj Hasanpur, Kichni, Mahmadabad, Lohra, Gonawan and Brah Naya Bhojpur, Rampur Mathia, Simri and Dapadehri
Widely prevalent rice varieties Districts Varieties Patna Rajendra Mahsuri 1, Sonam, Hybrid 6444, IR 64, Hybrid Goraknath, BPT 5204, Swarna (MTU 7029), Rajendra Kasturi, Nati Mahsuri, Rajendra Sweta and Sudha Nalanda BPT 5204, Rajendra Sweta, Swarna (MTU 7029), Sita, Pusa Sugandha 4, Rajendra Mahsuri 1, Saket 4 and Hybrid 6444 Buxar MTU 1001, Hybrid 6201, Sonam, BPT 5205, Swarna (MTU 7029), Rajendra Mahsuri 1 and Rajendra Sweta Production oriented survey was conducted in three districts in this part of Bihar when most of the rice crops were in milk to grain filling stage. The weather conditions were not favourable for rice cultivation and there were reports of drought or drought like situations in many of the places visited. The commonly grown varieties were Rajendra Mahsuri 1, Sonam, Hybrid 6444, IR 64, Hybrid Goraknath, BPT 5204, Swarna (MTU 7029), Rajendra Kasturi, Nati Mahsuri, Rajendra Sweta, Sita, Saket 4, MTU 1001, hybrid 6201 and Sudha. The common crop rotations were rice followed by pulses like gram or lentil, oilseeds like linseed and vegetables like potato. The intensity of common weeds was in general low to moderate and most of the farmers practiced only manual weeding and herbicide application was very less. There was scarcity of most of the inputs in most of the places visited. The incidences of biotic constrains like brown spot, sheath blight, neck blast and false smut among the diseases and insect pests like BPH, mealy bugs and stem borer were recorded in low to moderate intensities. Many farmers applied various pesticides to control different pests and diseases. District wise observations Patna: Production oriented survey was conducted in three villages in this district when most of the crops were in grain filling stage. About 50% of the farmers contacted were progressive. The climatic conditions were not favourable for rice cultivation and there were incidences of drought or drought like situations in most places of the district surveyed. The widely cultivated varieties in the district were Rajendra Mahsuri 1, Sonam, Hybrid 6444, IR 64, Hybrid Goraknath, BPT 5204, Swarna (MTU 7029), Rajendra Kasturi, Nati Mahsuri, Rajendra Sweta and Sudha. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 3800-4200 kg/ha. All the farmers contacted applied fertilizers in the main fields and the rate of fertilizers varied from 100-210 kg urea/ha, 50-150 kg SSP/ha and about 20 kg MOP/ha. The split application of nitrogen fertilizer ranged from 70-200 kg urea/ha. Some of the farmers applied FYM (7 t/ha), compost (3 q/ha) and green manure (10 q/ha). All the farmers contacted adopted random method of transplanting. In most of the rice fields visited, the plant
52
population was inadequate (300-350 panicles/m2). The intensity of common weeds like Echinochloa colona, E. crusgalli, Phyllanthus niruri, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and C. iria was low. In addition to hand weeding, some of the farmers applied weedicides like Machete (2-3 l/ha) and pendimethylene (3 l/ha). Few farmers mixed the 2 litres of weedicide Machete with 30 kg of sands and then broadcasted 5 days after transplanting. In most of the places, equipments were inadequate. Many farmers reported shortage of inputs like fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, drying and storage facilites. Most of the biotic constraints were in low to moderate intensities. There were reports of zinc deficiency in some of the places and the farmers applied zinc sulphate. About 70-80 % of the farmers adopted plant protection measures. Different pesticides like Companion (2 kg/ha) for different diseases, Rogor (1 l/ha) against insect pests, carbendazim (0.5 kg/ha) for fungal diseases, endosulfan (1.5 l/ha) for different pests, kasugamycin (1 l/ha) and hexaconazole for different fungal diseases were applied by the farmers. Farmers used knapsack and power sprays for applying the pesticides. Some of the common needs of the farmers were good quality seeds and irrigation water, tractor or power tillers, uninterrupted supply of electricity and timely availability of fertilizers and pesticides. Nalanda: Survey was conducted in 6 villages in 2 blocks in this district when most of the crops were in milk stage. Some of the rice fields were in dough stage also. The weather conditions were not favourable and there was incidence of drought in all the places surveyed. Most of the farmers used 67-75% of their land for rice cultivation. Most predominant rice varieties were BPT 5204, Rajendra Sweta, Swarna (MTU 7029), Sita, Pusa Sugandha 4, Rajendra Mahsuri 1, Saket 4 and Hybrid 6444. The major crop rotation practices followed by the farmers were rice-wheat, rice-pulses (gram, lentil), rice-oilseeds (linseed), rice-vegetables and rice-potato. The optimum time of sowing was 1st week of June to 1st week of July and optimum time of transplanting was 1st week of July to 1st week of August. The average seed rate was 50 kg/ha. Some of the farmers applied littler quantity of compost and manure in the nursery and fertilizers like urea (1-4 kg/1000 m2) and littler quantity of SSP and MOP. In the main fields, fertilizers were applied @ 100 kg urea/ha, 120-240 kg SSP/ha and 10-20 kg MOP/ha as basal and 100-160 kg urea/ha as top dressing. Some of the farmers applied compost (10-200 q/ha) and FYM (10 q/ha)+vermicompost one month before land preparation. All the farmers contacted adopted random method of transplanting. The average plant density was 300-425 panicles/m2. The intensity of common weeds like Echiniochloa colona, E. crusgalli, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and Euphorbia spp. was low to moderate. Most of the farmers adopted hand weeding (1-2 manual weeding) and only few farmers applied herbicides like butachlor (3 l/ha as sand mix). Most of the inputs like equipments, seeds, water, pesticides, fertilizers, drying and storage facilities were inadequate in most of the places. Some of the common needs of the farmers were zero tillage machine, high quality paddy seeds, timely availability of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides, winnower, paddy transplanter, pump set, better irrigation facilities, storage and threshing facilities. Most of the biotic constraints like brown spot, sheath blight and neck blast among the diseases and insect pests BPH, stem borer and mealy bugs were recorded in low to moderate intensities. There was incidences of zinc deficiency in few places and the farmers applied zinc sulphate (25 kg/ha). The farmers applied pesticides like Companion (2 kg/ha) against diseases, imidacloprid (300-350 ml/ha) for pests, carbendazim (0.5 kg/ha) for brown spot and sheath blight, endoslfan (1.5 l/ha) for BPH, Sheathmar (2 l/ha) for sheath blight, monocrotophos (1 l/ha) for stem borer, karnaja cake, neem cake and other neem based pesticides like Achook for different pests and diseases. There was overall 8-9% post harvest loss in the district.
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Buxar: Production oriented survey was conducted in 4 villages in 2 blocks in this district when most of the crops were in milk to dough stage. The weather conditions were not very favourable for rice cultivation and there were reports of drought or drought like situations in most of the places surveyed. Most of the farmers cultivated one rice crop in a year and they used 75-87% of their land for rice cultivation. The most predominant rice varieties cultivated by the farmers were MTU 1001, Hybrid 6201, Sonam, BPT 5205, Swarna (MTU 7029), Rajendra Mahsuri 1 and Rajendra Sweta. The major crop rotations followed by the farmers were rice-pulses, rice-oilseeds, rice-wheat, rice-vegetables and rice-lentil. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 3600-4700 kg/ha in different varieties. The optimum time of sowing was last week of May to middle of June and optimum time of transplanting was 3 rd week of June to 1st week of July. Most of the farmers used a seed rate of 50 kg/ha. Most of the inputs like equipments, seeds, water, power, fertilizers, pesticides, drying and storage facilities were inadequate in most of the places. Some of the common requirements of the farmers were good quality seeds, modern equipments, timely availability of fertilizers and pesticides and zero till drill machine. Most of the biotic constraints like brown spot, false smut among the diseases and insect pests like mealy bugs, BPH and stem borer were in low to moderate intensities. Only sheath blight was in severe form (up to 30%) in some places. In one or two places there were reports of zinc deficiency and the farmers adopted corrective measures by applying zinc sulphate (25 kg/ha). Different pesticides like Contaf (hexaconazole) (1 l/ha) for sheath blight, carbendazim (0.5 kg/ha) and Companion (2 kg/ha) for brown spot and other fungal diseases and monocrotophos (1 l/ha) and Rogor (1 l/ha) for mealy bugs were applied by the farmers. There was overall 7-8% post harvest loss in the district. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests in Bihar -2
Districts NBl Patna BS Diseases Shbl L (5%) FS LSM BPH T (2%) L-M (5-10%) L (2%) Insect pests SB L (5%) L (3-5%) L-M (10-13%) MB L-M (5-10%) L-M (5-10%) L (3-7%)
L (3%) L-M (10-15%)
L-M(5-10%) L-M (10-12%)
Nalanda L (5%) L-M (5-10%) L-M (3-13%) L-M (8-10%) Buxar L-M (7-10%) L-S (2-30%)
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Chhattisgarh
Districts surveyed: Bastar , Dantewada, Bijiapur, Bijiapur and Narayanpur Particulars of survey District Taluk Bastar Bastanar, Bastar, Dharbha, Jagadalpur, Bakawand, Kondagaon, Makari, Keshkal, Lohandigura, Pharbha and Pharasgaon Dantewada Bijapur Narayanpur Kanker Chindgarh, Dantewada, Sukma and Kunakonda Bharamgarh, Bijapur, Bhopalpattanam and Usur Narayanpur, Bennur Bharapratappur, Kanker,
Village Bedgaon, Bade Takragura, Palli, Bade Kanera, Royghari para, Kondagaon, Devfargaon, Kiwai Balenga, Manakot, Godampara, Sirisguda, Pendrowan,
Gohda, Nelwad,Devgaon, Bakharu para, Behbeda, Bennur, Dongripara, Sambalpur, Kondagaon, Podgaon
Widely prevalent varieties: District Varieties Bastar Improved: MTU 1010, MTU 1001, IR 64, Swarna, HMT Poornima; Hybrid: PA 6444, PA 6144, KRH-2; Local: Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Asamchudi, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Laluha, Lalhra, Samabalpur, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Tendu mudi, Mehar dhan, Para, Chitari, Daver dhan, Loctimajhi; Sented: Badshabhog, Dubraj, Javaful Dantewada Improved: MTU 1001, MTU 1010, IR 64, Swarna, HMT Hybrid: PA6444, PA 6144, KRH-2; Local: Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Mehar dhan, Chitari, Loctimajhi; Sented: Badshabhog, Dubra Bijiapur Improved: MTU 1010, MTU 1001, IR 64, Swarna, HMT Poornima; Hybrid: PA 6444, PA 6144, KRH-2; Local: Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Asamchudi, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Tendu mudi, Chitari, Sented: Badshabhog, Dubraj Bijiapur Improved: MTU 1010, MTU 1001, IR 64, Swarna, HMT Poornima; Hybrid: PA 6444, PA 6144, KRH-2; Local: Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Asamchudi, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Tendu mudi, Chitari, Sented: Badshabhog, Dubraj Improved: MTU 1010, MTU 1001, IR 64,Swarna, HMT, Poornima; Hybrid: PA 6444, PA 6144, KRH-2; Local: Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Huldigutti, Grumutia, Tendu mudi, Mehar dhan, Chitari, Loctimajhi; Sented: Badshabhog, Dubraj
Narayanpur
55
Particulars of Rice area and production in Chhattisgarh District Total Total Total Total rice grain planted rice area irrigated production area (ha) (ha) area (ha) (000MT) Bastar Dantewada Narayanpur Bijapur Kanker total 340.860 204.199 53.138 58.752 231.336 888.285 202.930 151.900 29.325 52.948 169.919 606.915 39.534 16.935 4.703 5.497 30.863 97.53 240.510 220.255 337.237 39.789 217.520 1055.311
Total rice grain production (Kg./ha.) 1225 870 1150 753 1368 (Mean)1073
Rainfall of different district of Chhattisgarh during Kharif-2010 District Rainfall(mm) in different month June July August 201.5 603.9 626.8 Bastar 116.1 523.1 1168.5 Narayanpur 191.7 439.8 325.5 Dantewada 158.9 669.6 629.6 Bijapur 115.2 540.9 1046.8 Kanker
September 515.9 1549.0 374.6 322.3 1449.3
Most common weeds in Chhattisgarh state: S.no. District Weeds 1 Bastar Cyperus sp., Echinochloa sp., Chuhka (local name) Convovulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Commelina bengalensis, Digitaria sangullatus, Dicanthium annulatum, Celocia argentia, Aegeratum conezoids., Wild millets (Elusin sp.), Wild rice 2 Dantewada Cyperus sp., Echinochloa sp., Convovulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Commelina bengalensis, Digitaria sangullatus, Dicanthium annulatum, Celocia argentia., Aegeratum conezoids., Wild millets (Elusin sp.), Wild rice 3 Bijiapur Cyperus sp., Echinochloa sp., Convovulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Commelina bengalensis, Digitaria sangullatus, Dicanthium annulatum, Celocia argentia., Wild millets (Elusin sp.), Wild rice 4 Narayanpur Cyperus sp., Echinochloa sp., Chuhka (local name) Convovulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Commelina bengalensis, Digitaria sangullatus, Dicanthium, Celocia argentia, Aegeratum conezoids., Wild millets (Elusin sp.), Wild rice Production oriented survey was conducted in the five districts of Chhattisgarh viz. Bastar, Dantewada, Bijapur, Narayanpur and Kanker during kharif 2010 when the rice crop was in dough to maturity stage in the month of October and November 2010. The major cropping system in the region was rice-vegetables. The most popular varieties grown in the region were HYVs like: MTU 1001, MTU 1010, IR 64, Swarna, HMT and Hybrids like PA6444, PA 6144, KRH-2. Most of the farmers growing the local varieties like Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Mehar dhan, Chitari, Loctimajhi and some of the scented varieties like Badshabhog and Dubraj. Farmers were adopted both direct sowing and ransom method of
56
transplanting. Weed infestation was medium to high and almost all the farmers were followed one or two hand weeding and none of the farmers used weedicides. Most of the farmers did not practice the application of FYM or fertilizers in the nursery seed beds. In the main fields also only urea, DAP and IFFCO fertilizers used as basal dose and some farmers applied 2550 kg/ha of urea as top dressing (2 splits). However, many farmers did not apply P2O and K2O. Only few farmers practiced the application of FYM based on the availability. Among the biotic constraints, low to moderate level of blast, neck blast, brown spot and false smut and few incidences of sheath blight were reported. Pests like stem borer, leaf folders, brown plant hopper and gall midge were recorded in low intensities and only few farmers adopted plant protection measures. Farmers expressed their need on availability of inadequate, fertilizers, pesticides, implements, drying facilities and power for different agricultural operations. Bastar: Eleven villages of ten taluks were surveyed for production oriented survey in this district. Survey was conducted when most of rice crop were in dough to mature stage. Majority of the farmers were marginal or sub-marginal while only few of the farmers were progressive. In general, climatic conditions were normal. Farmers generally took one rice crop in a year and the common cropping sequence was rice-vegetables. The predominant varieties in the district were MTU 1010, MTU 1001, IR 64, Swarna, HMT, Poornima, PA 6444, PA 6144, KRH-2, local varieties like Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Asamchudi, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Laluha, Lalhra, Samabalpur, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Tendu mudi, Mehar dhan, Para, Chitari, Daver dhan, Loctimajhi and scented varieties like Badshabhog, Dubraj, Javaful. The average rice yields in the district ranged from 2000-3000 kg/ha in varieties PA 6444, MTU and KRH2, 1150 to 1500 kg/ha in varieties like IR 36, IR 64, Dubraj and safari. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting were 3rd to 4th week of June and 1st to 4th week of July. The average seed rate was 20 kg/ha in hybrids and about 50-60 kg/ha in case of local varieties. Most of the farmers not practiced the application of FYM of fertilizers in the nursery seed beds. In the main fields farmers applied urea, DAP and IFFCO fertilizers as basal and some the farmers applied 25-50 kg/ha of urea as top dressing (2 splits). However, many farmers did not apply P2O and K2O and some of them practiced the application of FYM based on the availability. Most of the farmers adopted direct sowing and random method of transplanting. The intensity of the weeds was low to high. Most of the farmers practiced one or two hand weeding and did not apply any weedicides. Majority of essential inputs like agricultural implements, water, power for different agricultural operations, fertilizers, pesticides, drying and storage facilities were inadequate in most of the places. Among the biotic constraints, low to moderate level of blast, neck blast, brown spot and false smut and few incidences of sheath blight were reported. Pests like stem borer, leaf folders, brown plant hopper and gall midge were recorded in low intensities. Regarding the plant protection measures some of the farmers applied pesticides like Imidachloprid, carbofuran, chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, cypermethrin and fungicides like tricyclazole, sivic (1g/l), bavistin and kitazin. Dantewada: Survey was conducted in four taluks of this district when the crops were either in dough stage or in maturity stage. The climatic condition was normal. The major rice varieties grown were MTU 1001, MTU 1010, IR 64, Swarna, HMT, PA6444, PA 6144, KRH-2, Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Mehar dhan, Chitari, Loctimajhi; and scented varieties like Badshabhog, Dubra. The average rice yield was 4000 Kg/ha in PA 6144, 1800 kg in IR 64 and 800 kg /ha in satka varieties. In general, sowing and transplanting was done between 1st to 2nd week of June and 1st to 3rd week of July. The average seed rate was 60 kg/ha in case of Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 57
local varieties. Most of the farmers did not practice the application of manures in the nursery. In case of main field they applied DAP and Urea as a basal application and some the farmers applied urea as top dressing. In the main field they applied FYM based on the availability. Most of the farmers practiced direct sowing and the weed population was medium to high and one or two hand weeding was practiced. Moderate to severe incidence of blast was recorded and the diseases like neck blast, brown spot and insect pests like stem borer, and leaf folder were in low to moderate level. Among the inputs, there was inadequacy of power, drying and storage facilities. Bijapur Narayanpur and Kanker: Six farmers from 4 taluks of Bijapur, 7 farmers from 7 villages of Narayanpur district and 3 farmers from 3 village of kanker district were contacted for production oriented survey in this district. The survey was undertaken during dough to maturity stages of the rice crop. The weather conditions were normal in all the districts. Farmers used on an average 80-100 % of their land for rice cultivation. The most predominant varieties in the district werehigh yielding varieties like MTU 1010, MTU 1001, IR 64, Swarna, HMT Poornima, hybrids like PA 6444, PA 6144, KRH-2 and local varieties such as Limchudi, Gadaguta, Satka, Asamchudi, Safari, Masuri, Bhatammokodo, Bhatacotia, Huldigutti, Grumutia, Sindur shrinagar, Tendu mudi, Chitari and some of the scented varieties like Badshabhog and Dubraj. The average rice yield during the last season ranged from 2700-3200 Kg/ha in Safari, MTU varieties and in hybrid PA6444. Direct sowing of the rice crop was followed by most of the farmers during second week of june and some of the farmers followed random method of transplanting in the month of july second week. In the main field, the farmers applied DAP and urea as a basal application and 30 kg of the urea in split doses. Few farmers applied FYM according to the availability. Weed infestation was medium to high and they followed one or two hand weeding. Among the inputs power, water were scarce. The drying and storage facilities were either inadequate or not available. In all the three districts low to moderate level of neck blast, brown spot, false smut were recorded where as the intensity of stem borer, leaf folder, brown plant hopper and gall midge were low. Some farmers used fungicides like bavisitn, kitazin, profenofos and insecticides like cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos for the management of diseases and insect pests. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests in Chhattisgarh District Diseases BL NBL BS FS SHB Bastar L-M L-M L-M L-M L Dantewada M-S L-M L-M L Bijapur L L L-M L L Narayanpur L L-M L-M L-M L Kanker L-M L-M L-M L -
SB L L-M L L
Insect pests LF GM L L M-S L L -
BPH L L L L
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Gujarat
Districts Surveyed: Ahmedabad, Anand, Bharuch, Dang, Kheda, Navsari, Panchmahals, Surat, Tapi, Vadodara and Valsad. Particulars of survey District Taluqs
Villages
Ahmedabad Anand Sanand & Dholka, Sojitra, Khambhat. Tarapur, Petlad, Borsad & Anand. Valia Ahwa Thasara, Matar Navsari,Vansada,& Chikhli. Godhra, Lunavada, Kadana, & Santrampur. Bardoli, Mahuva, & Mandvi. Vyara and Valod. Dabhoi Valsad & Dharampur, Modasar, Khanpur & Kharati Laat. Ishnav, Jinaj, Sainth, Pandoli, Borsad & Chikhodra.
Bharuch Dang Kheda Navsari Panchmahals
Surat Tapi Vadodara Valsad
Navi Jamuni. Waghai, Pimpri, Rambhas & Deipada. Kalsar, Palla & Punaj, Herang, Nawagam, Alindra, Dabhov. Charanwada, Charvi, Gauri, Jamanpada, Navsari, Soldhara, Chikhli, Dantej. Velvad/Kankanpur,Karsana, Viraniya, Nawa Kalwa, Kantha, Shenadariagorada, Sanjari, Natthunimuwadi, Samantwada, Padharia & Motirell (West). Bardoli, Fulwadi, Anghad, Kachhalgam, Butwada & Mulad. Vyara, Vedchhi, Sikaj, Geriavav, Jesingpura, & Kasvav. Timbi. Chhapra, Karanjvelly & Mindabari.
Widely grown varieties: District Varieties Ahmedabad Gurjari, GR-11, Krishna Kamod & Narmada. Anand GR-11, Sona Mahsuri, Moti, Arise-6444 & GAR-13. Bharuch Hybrid. Dang PA -6201, Gorakhnath, GR-12, GR-11, Pankhali,US-312 & US-315, etc. Kheda Gurjari, Moti-Gold, Masuri & GR-11. Navsari Gurjari, Kabir, PA-6201, 786, Suruchi, Jaya & Masuri, NAUR-1. Panchmahals Gurjari, Radha, Jaya, GR-7, GR-11 Surekha & Versha. Surat NAUR-1, Jaya, Gurjari, IR-28, PA-6201 & Gorakhnath. Tapi Jaya, GR-4, GR-7, Gurjari, 786(Hybrid), & Gorakhnath. Vadodara GR-11, Gurjari, Kaveri, Sonam & PA-6201. Valsad Suruchi, Gorakhnath, PA-6201 & Masuri.
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Particulars of rice area: District Total(ha) Ahmedabad 108400 Anand 90100 Bharuch 11400 Dang 18000 Kheda Navsari Panchmahals Surat Tapi Vadodara Valsad 102200 62100 67100 55800 40000 69500 67900
Irrigated(ha) 108400 90100 6500 15800 ( Rainfed TP ) 102200 40200 21800 45200 15000 30000 21000
Area planted(ha.) 108400 90100 11400 18000 102200 62100 67100 55800 40000 69500 67900
Production Oriented Survey in rice growing areas of eleven districts viz, Ahmedabad, Anand, Bharuch, Dang, Kheda, Navsari, Panchmahals, Surat, Tapi, Vadodara and Valsad was conducted. Twenty seven taluqus and fifty six villages were covered under survey. The Kharif 2010 witnessed little late ( last week of July) but well distributed normal monsoon (61days)with the total rain 957.7 mm i.e. more than the average of last 30 years. Predominant varieties cultivated were Gurjari, GR-11, GR-4, Masuri, Jaya, GR-7, GR-12, GR-101, GR-103, GAR-13, Narmada, Moti-gold, Sonam, Surekha, Radha, Arize-6444, Gorakhnath, PA-6201, Varsha, Kabir, Kaveri, Sonam and Suruchi. Prevailing crop rotations were rice-wheat-rice, ricesugarcane, rice-gram, rice-banana, rice-vegetables, rice-rice, rice-tobacco, rice-pearl millet, rice-wheat-Summer Green gram, rice-Indian bean, etc. In general the rice crop condition was good all over the state. The productivity trend is maintained but off seasonal rain during maturity and harvesting stage spoiled the crop. Among the biotic constraints the infestation of insect pest like leaf folder, stem borer, WBPH, BPH and army worm was recorded in negligible to low intensity. During early stage of crop growth, infestation of army worm was noticed. Among diseases bacterial blight appeared negligible in few fields. Blast, grain discoloration, sheath rot were low to moderate and severe in few fields, false smut and white tip nematodes were also negligible to low incidence. Other common diseases did not appear during the cropping season. District wise observation: Ahmedabad: Production oriented survey was conducted in two taluks and in three villages. The team surveyed the district during the Maturity stage. The climatic conditions of the district were abnormal with the late receipt of rainfall. It was observed that though the rainfall was late but, well distribution of rain fall was noticed. Off seasonal rains at harvest stage damaged the crop. Crop rotations like rice-wheat, rice-vegetable, and rice-summer rice were common. Availability of inputs like seeds, water, fertilizers and pesticides was adequate. Some of the equipments, power and drying and storage facilities were inadequate. Yield potentiality of rice observed was 3.6 to 5.2 t/ha. Farmers maintained the seed rate for sowing at 2530 Kg/ha. Random transplanting method was followed with 18-20 to 30 pl/m2 density. The rate of fertilizer application was N100-150 kg/ha. in three splits through urea or A.S., P2O5 50-60 kg/ha from DAP or SSP & ZnSO4@ 25 kg/ha . The weed infestation was negligible and the common weeds were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colona, Cynodon dactylon, Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 60
& Cyperus rotundus & Cyperus irria. Mostly hand weeding once or twice is general practice. The source of irrigation was from rain water, canal, well or tube wells. The insect pest infestation observed was stem borer and leaf folder at negligible to low intensity. Pesticide like cartap hydrochloride 4 G@ 14 16 kg/ha was used for control of pests. Low to medium incidence of grain discoloration, and low incidence of false smut was observed in few pockets. Farmers are facing acute labor shortage in all the cultivation practices, hence mechanization in transplanting and harvesting is essential needs of the farmers in this region. Anand and Kheda: The production oriented survey was conducted in six taluks with 12 villages in Anand district, and in two taluques consisting of seven villages in Kheda district. Rainfall was late but well distributed for rice crop, more than average. The team visited during dough to maturity stage of the crop. The main crop rotations were Rice-wheat, ricevegetable, rice- tobacco etc. The inputs like equipment, Seeds, fertilizers and pesticides were adequate, while the storage and drying facility were inadequate. The average yield obtained during the previous kharif season was 3.9 to 7.5 t/ha. The seed rate was 25-30 Kg/ha. Transplanting method followed was generally random method and a few farmers have adopted line transplanting keeping 20-22 to 26-30 plants/m2 density. The fertilizers applied was N @ 70 to 140 kg/ha in three to four split in the from of urea, AS sor NPK spray, while P2O5 @ 25-75 kg/ha in the from of DAP or SSP. Some farmers applied FYM @ 5-15 t /ha or castor cake @ 400 kg/ha and ZnSO4@ 20 kg/ha. Few also applied CaSO4@ 5 t/ha. The source of irrigation in the districts was rain water, canal, well or tube wells. The population of weeds was negligible to low. Common weeds noticed were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colona, Cyperus irria, C. rotundus and E. alba etc and hand weeding twice was the general practice. Weedicide used was Butachlor @ 2 l/ha as pre emergence spray. The primary needs of the farmers in the district were high yielding fine grain variety. Among the diseases grain discoloration and false smut were observed in low to moderate intensities in certain pockets. The insect pests like leaf folder, white tip nematode and stem borer were also recorded in low intensities while WBPH at low to moderate intensity. Farmers did not spray any fungicide for control of diseases, but sprayed Cartap hydrochloride-4G@20kg/ha, Endocel-35EC, chlorpyriphos-20EC, prophenophos, prophenophos + cypermethrin-44EC for control of insect pests. Bharuch: The survey was conducted during kharif 2010 covering Navi Jamuni village in Valia taluk. Farmers cultivate predominantly hybrids. Regarding weather conditions, the rainfall was sufficient, well distributed and Normal for rice crop. The survey was conducted during dough stage. The crop rotations followed were rice-wheat and rice-sugarcane. The inputs like seeds, water, fertilizers and pesticides are adequately available, where as the other facilities like equipments, power while, drying and storage facilities are not available. The yields recorded during the previous season was 4.8 t/ha. The seed rate applied was 25 kg/ha. Farmers generally followed random method of transplanting with 27 to 28 pl/m2 density. Farmers applied fertilizers like N @ 100 kg/ha in 1 or 2 splits in form of urea or AS and P2O5 @ 60 kg/ha in the form of DAP. Rain water was the main source of irrigation. Farmers followed mostly rainfed cultivation. The weed flora observed was negligible and the common weeds found was Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colona, Cyperus rotundus and Eclipta alba. To control the weeds, hand weeding twice was general practice. Among the biotic constraints, only leaf folder damage was at negligible to low intensities. Low to moderate intensity of grain discolouration and sheath rot was observed. The specific needs of the farmers were timely availability of canal irrigation water to grow healthy nursery.
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Dang: Production oriented survey was survey was conducted in four villages viz., Waghai, Pimpri, Rambhas and Deipada of Ahwa taluk. The cropping season was normal with well distributed rain fall. The survey team visited the area during milk to dough stage of the crop. The main crop rotations were rice-wheat, rice-vegetable andrice-sugarcane. Yield potentiality of rice was 4.6 to 5.6 t/ha (mostly private bred hybrids). Farmers followed seed rate at 15 to 30 kg/ha. Random method of transplanting was followed with 28 to 33 plants/m2 density. Fertilizers applied were N @ 100-110 kg/ha in 1 or 2 split in form of urea or AS and P2O5 @ 30-50 kg/ha. in the form of DAP. Some applied FYM @ 10 to 12 t/ha. Weed infestation was negligible. Common weeds found were Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colona and E.crusgalli. Hand weeding once or twice was the general practice. Some farmers used butachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha. Among the insects, stem borer intensity was negligible to low intensity. Farmers used carbofuran-3G @ 25kg/ha and chlorpyriphos @ 0.05% for control of stem borer and leaf folder which were at low intensity. False smut incidence found was negligible while blast was at severe form. Farmers are in need of technical guidance for cultivation of hybrid and good market prices for their produce. Navsari and Valsad: The survey team visited the area during booting to dough stage. The climatic conditions were normal with well distributed rainfall in both the districts. The common crop rotation followed was: rice-sugarcane, rice-rice, rice-okra and rice-vegetables. The inputs like seeds, water, fertilizers, power and pesticides were adequate, but farmers were facing inadequate availably of storage and drying facilities. Yield potentiality of rice observed was 4.2 to 5.8 t/ha. Seed rate followed was @ 15 to 30 kg/ha and transplanting was random with 25 to 30 pl/m2 plant population. The fertilizer schedule applied was N @ 75 to 120 kg/ha in three splits in the form of urea or AS or NPK mixture, P 2O5 @ 30 to 50 kg/ha as basal dose in the form of DAP, SSP or NPK mixture, K2O@ 40kg/ha and FYM @ 3-5 t /ha as well as green manuring of Sesbania. Common weeds were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colona and Cyperus rotundus. To control weeds, hand weeding once or twice was the general practice. Insect pest infestation observed was brown plant hopper and leaf folder at low to moderate intensity. Incidence of sheath rot and blast was low to moderate. The low incidence of white tip nematode was also observed at low intensities. For the control of insects, farmers used phorate-10G@25 kg/ha, monocrotofos@ 25ml/ and Confidor @ 3ml/10 lit. Panchmahals: The production oriented survey was conducted in twelve taluks and five villages in this district. The general climatic conditions were normal with well distributed rain fall. The team visited the district at different crop growth stages viz., heading, milk, dough and mature stages. The prevailing varieties grown in this area are Gurjari, Radha, Jaya, GR-7, GR-11 Surekha and Versha. Farmers followed the cropping pattern like rice-wheat/ gram, rice-wheat- green gram, rice-rabi maize/summer peanut. Yield potentiality of rice ranged from 4.2 to 8.1 t/ha. The general seed rate used for sowing was 15 to 30 kg/ha. Transplanting method followed was random method with 28 to 32 pl/m2 plant density. Farmers used fertilizers N @ 100 to 120 kg/ha in 2-3 splits in from of urea or AS while P2O5 @ 20 to 50 kg/ha from DAP or SSP as basal dose. FYM @ 5-10t /ha or green manuring. Few applied ZnSO4@ 25-27 kg/ha. + FeSO4 @ 27 kg/ha. The main source of irrigation was rain water, canal, well or tube well. Though weed infestation was negligible in this area, people practiced two hand weedings as a general practice. The weed species observed were Echinochloa crusgalli and Cyperus rotundus. The occurrence of leaf folder, GLH, grass hoppers, stem borer and white tip nematodes were found in negligible to low intensity. Among the diseases, low to moderate incidence of GD and sheath rot was observed. Farmers used phorate-10G 10kg/ha, endosulphan-35EC @ 20-21ml/l0 l of water, chlorpyriphos + Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 62
cypermethrin etc. for control of pests. Specific needs of the farmers seeds of high yielding varieties, good pest/disease resistant varieties, mechanization for transplanting & harvesting. Surat and Tapi : In Surat, 3 villages and from Tapi two taluks were surveyed by the team during the cropping season. The survey was done at milk to dough stage. Normal climatic conditions were prevailed with well distributed rain fall. The cropping pattern prevailed was rice-sugarcane/wheat/gram/, rice- rice, and Rice-Summer Okra/ Vegetables etc. The prevailing varieties were NAUR-1, Jaya, Gurjari, IR-28, PA 6201 and Gorakhnath. The facilities like equipments, seeds, water, fertilizers, and pesticides were available, where as non availability of power, storage and drying facilities in tribal areas were noticed. The yield obtained during the last cropping season was 4.8 to 7.4 t/ha. The seed rate applied in this area was 15 to 30 kg/ha. Farmers mostly practiced random and line transplanting with 25 to 33 pl/m2 density. Farmers applied FYM during nursery raising as well as in some fields @ 515t/ha. In addition to that farmers also applied fertilizers like N @ 100-120 kg/ha in 3-4 splits from urea or AS and P2O5 30-60 kg/ha from DAP or NPK mixture & In organic cultivation FYM@ 10 t/ha.+ Neem cake 0.4t/ha. The irrigation source was mostly by canal or rain water. The weed population found was negligible to low. The common weeds found in this area was Echinochloa colona, E. crusgalli, Eclipta alba and Cyperus rotundus. In general, two hand weedings were practiced and only some farmers used butachlor @ 1.5kg/ha + one hand weeding. Negligible to low level of incidence of pests like leaf folder, stem borer, white tip nematodes and mites were observed in this area. For control of pests farmers used Endosulphan-35EC, Properguide @ 20 ml/ha. Etc. The diseases like bacterial leaf blight was observed at moderate level, where as sheath rot and grain discoloration was observed at moderate to high intensity in few fields. Vadodara: The production oriented survey was done at maturity stage in two villages in this district. The predominant cropping practices in this region were rice-wheat-green gram and rice hybrid sorghum. The general climatic conditions in this district were normal with ample rain fall through out the season. The common varieties in this district were GR-11, Gurjari, Kaveri, Sonam and PA-6201. Storage and transport facilities are inadequate in this region where as the other inputs like electricity, water, fertilizers and pesticides are available adequately. The average rice yield in this district varied from 4.2 to 6.4 t/ha. The seed rate followed was 20 to 25 kg/ha. The average plant population ranged between 26 to 30 pl/m2 density and few farmers adopted direct sowing of sprouted seed. Fertilizers applied by most of the farmers were nitrogen @ N @ 100-130 kg/ha in three splits from urea or AS and P2O5 @ 25-50 kg/ha mostly from DAP as basal dose. Some of the farmers applied FYM 10 t/ha, castor cake 1 t/ha at 2-4 years intervals. The irrigation sources were mostly from canal or rain water and occasionally tube well. Negligible incidence of weed population was observed and the common weeds were E. crusgalli, E. colona , Cyperus rotundus and Barmuda grass. Weedicides used were butachlor @ 2.5 l/ha as preemergence. But hand weeding is the normal practice. Insect pest infestation found was WBPH, and leaf folder at low intensity. Insecticides used for the control of pests were endosulphan and imidacloprid. The farmers expressed their specific needs as proper marketing systems and good prices for their produce.
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Prevalence of diseases and insect pests in Gujarat Districts Diseases BL BS BB SHR Ahmedabad L Anand L Bharuch L Dang L-S Kheda Navsari L-M L Panchmahals L Surat L-M L-M Tapi L-M Vadodara Valsad L L Districts Ahmedabad Anand Bharuch Dang Kheda Navsari Panchmahals Surat Tapi Vadodara Valsad WBPH L-M L N L LF L L L L L L N L N-L SB L L L L L L L L L N-L
FS L N L L L L
GD L-M L L L L L-M L-M L-M L -
WTN N L L L -
Insect pests GLH Mite L L N -
GH L N L N -
LH L -
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Haryana
Districts surveyed: Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Jind, Ambala, Yamunanagar, Panchkula, Panipat, Sonepat, Fatehabad and Sirsa Details of survey Districts Kaithal
Taluqs/Blocks Pundri, Kaithal and Gulha
Kurukshetra
Pehowa, Shahbad Thanesar
and
Karnal
Jind
Assandh, Nissing, Nilokheri, Garonda and Indri Narwana, Uchana and Safidon Shajadpur, and Ambala Naraingarh
Ambala
Yamunanagar
Radaur, Sadhora, Mustafabad and Bilaspur Raipur Rani and Barwala
Panchkula
Panipat
Samalkha, Matloda
Panipat
and
Sonepat
Ganaur, Murlana, Gohana and Sonepat Ratia and Fatehabad
Fatehabad
Sirsa
Sirsa, Rania Allanabad
and
Villages Jajanpur, Bhana, Karsa, Pundri, Khanoda, Keorak, Nauch, Gulha, Ratta Kehra and Geong Themal Boda, Malikpur, Rohti, Bir Pipli, Chamokalan, Basanpur, Nandedhi, Chiba, Dakala and Mamumajra Jai Singh Pura, Hathlana, Sagga, Bukhapara, Khajamadpur, Kalron, Khanda Kheri, Bada Gaon, Sitamai and Makhali Baglata, Danori, Datta Singh Wala, Ujjana, Harigarh, Kurad, Gaso Khurd, Jind, Khemawati and Bighana Ballana, Shyamdee, Gajipur, Danora, Ambala, Khaspura, Khurchanpur, Chodmasatpur, Dahar and Garnala Nachraon Dera, Nagal, Nashehra, Namdarpur, Pinjora, Koolpu, Godoli, Lahar, Pando and Chehar Wala Dera Pyarewala, Garikotah, Batwal, Sarkpur, Mauli, Jaspur, Kheri, Badona Kalan, Garhi Kota and Bhurewala Karkauli, Dikadala, Khera, Baburpur, Kachrauli, Kabdi, Patti Kalyana, Rejapur, Dharamgarh and Nara Daturi, Badi, Pipli Khera, Gadi Kalam, Ghasoli, Jagsi, Bidhal, Hasanpur, Papnera and Malikpur Chanan Wali Dani, Patli Dabur Dhani, Dhid, Barota, Chimpo, Miond Kalam, Bajekan, Dharsul Kalam, Akanwali and Tohana Bawdin, Sirsa, Ram Nagaria, Bambhoor, Chakraiyam, Rania, Nakoda, Mithi Sureran, Poharka and Madho Singhana
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Widely cultivated rice varieties Districts Varieties Kaithal HYVs: PR 114, Pusa 44, HKR 47; Basmati: CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 4 (Pusa 1121), Pusa Basmati 1; Local/Unreleased strains: Sarbati Kurukshetra HYVs: PR 114, HKR 47, HKR 127, Sahab 140, PAU 201, MR 220, PR 113, Bishan; Hybrids: Hybrid 832, PA 6129, PA 6111, Hybrid Sagar, Hybrid Nakul, Hybrid 3325; Basmati: CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 4, Pusa Basmati 1, Taraori Basmati; Local/Unreleased Strains: Sarbati, Reshma Karnal HYVs: PR 114, HKR 127, Govind, HKR 120, PR 111; Hybrids: Hybrid 9235, PHB 77 (Pioneer 77); Basmati: CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 4, Pusa Basmati 1; Local/Unreleased Strains:Sarbati Jind HYVs: Pusa 44, PR 114, HKR 127; Hybrids: Royal Bhog (Pepsi); Basmati: Pusa Basmati 4, Pusa Basmati 1, CSR 30; Local/Unreleased Strains: Sarbati and sabnam Ambala HYVs: HKR 47, HKR 127, PR 113; Hybrids: PA 6444, PA6129, Hybrid 401, RH 257, Royal Bhog (Pepsi), Hybrid 832, Hybrid 927, Hybrid Bajrang; Basmati: CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 4; Local/Unreleased Strains: Sarbati Yamunanagar HYVs: PR 113, HKR 127, Jaya; Hybrids: PA 6444, Hybrid 9235, Hybrid 748, Hybrid 401, Hybrid Nitya, Hybrid 5971, Hybrid 404, PA 6129, Hybrid 721, RH 257, Hybrid 9433, PHB 71; Basmati: Pusa Basmati 1, CSR 30, Pusa Basmti 4 Panchkula HYVs: PR 113, HKR 47; Hybrids: PA 6444, RH 257, PHB 71, PA 6129, Hybrid 3325, Hybrid 1316, Hybrid 401, Hybrid 2355; Basmati: Pusa Basmati 4, CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 1; Local/Unreleased Strains: Sabati Panipat Hybrids: PR 114, PR 113; Hybrids: PA 6129; Basmati: Pusa Basmati 4, CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 1, Taraori Basmati, Pusa RH 10; Local/Unreleased Strains: Sabnam Sonepat Hybrids: Royal Bhog (Pepsi); Basmati: Pusa Basmati 4, CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 1; Local/Unreleased Strains: Sabnam Fatehabad HYVs: PR 114, Pusa 44, HKR 127; Basmati: Pusa Basmati 1, Pusa Basmati 4 Sirsa HYVs: PR 114, PAU 201, PR 106; Basmati: Pusa Basmati 1, Pusa Basmati 4, CSR 30; Local/Unreleased Strains: Sikanderi (Sikander 333, Hybrid Sugandh 999)
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Particulars of rice area in different districts of Haryana during Kharif, 2010

Districts Total Geographical area 2,26,725 1,67,757 2,45,983 2,79,000 1,53,730 1,72,130 57,000 1,30,437 2,13,893 2,52,318 4,27,177 Total Cultivable area (ha) 2,00,156 1,47,163 2,16,998 2,49,000 1,35,050 1,27,042 34,000 1,03,442 1,80,485 2,29,966 3,91,849 Total cultivated area (ha) 1,94,257 1,45,368 2,09,972 2,22,000 1,33,414 1,19,873 24,000 98,175 1,70,651 2,20,122 3,80,723 Net irrigated area(ha) 1,94,000 1,44,768 2,08,127 2,20,675 1,08,578 1,07,278 24,000 98,175 1,65,442 2,03,190 2,87,111 Area under rice (ha) 1,62,000 1,17,000 1,65,000 95,000 82,000 65,000 8,000 75,000 83,600 8,06,000 61,000 %age area under different rice Basmati HYVs Hybrids Local 58-65 48-50 60-65 50-55 15-20 20-25 10-15 75-80 75-80 65-70 75-80 25-30 30-32 30-35 25-30 30-35 30-35 20-25 15-20 15-20 25-30 15-20 8-10 18-20 5 15-20 45-50 45-50 60-70 5 5 5 4-5 2 2-3 1
Kaithal Kurukshetra Karnal Jind Ambala Yamunanagar Panchkula Panipat Sonepat Fatehabad Sirsa
Weather data pertaining to different districts of Haryana covered under POS during Kharif 2010
District Weather June July August September October November Total Parameter Kaithal Rainy days 3 5 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. Rainfall (mm) 43.3 57.0 N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. Kurushetra Rainy days 5 15 12 9 1 Rainfall (mm) 57.0 417.0 116.0 2529.0 1 849 Mean Max. 44.0 36.0 36.0 32.0 32.0 29.0 Temp.(0C) Mean Min. 21.0 22.0 26.0 21.0 16.0 13.0 Temp.(0C) Karnal Rainy days 5 24 19 20 1 Rainfall (mm) 58.46 229.43 230.52 278.45 0.86 797.72 Jind Rainy days 3 178 193 15 1 Rainfall (mm) 39 207.5 110 157.5 1 515.0 Abala Rainy days 8 17 20 14 1 1 Rainfall (mm) 61.7 373.0 180.3 275.7 7.3 2.3 900.3 Yamunangar Rainy days 5 24 22 16 2 Rainfall (mm) 32.5 497.3 349.0 405.0 19.0 1.02.8 Panchkula Rainy days N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. Rainfall (mm) N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. Panipat Rainy days 2 17 17 18 Rainfall (mm) 25 182.75 154.37 199.25 561.37 Sonepat Rainy days 4 13 17 17 Rainfall (mm) 17 227 226 234 704 Fatehabad Rainy days 3 11 12 10 Rainfall (mm) 27.0 128.31 60.98 106.29 322.58 Sirsa Rainy days Rainfall (mm) Rainfall at RRS, Kaul :June: 39.5 mm (4days); July: 362.0 mm (13 days); August: 81.0 mm (4 days); September: 20.5 mm (3 days); October: 0 mm (0 days); November 0 mm (0 days) Total rainfall June to Nov. 10: 503.0 mm
Roving surveys in paddy growing areas of Haryana were conducted during August 18, 19, 27, 30 September 10,11 and October ,5 and 27, 2010. A total of 110 villages (10 in each district) were surveyed in the district of Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Jind, Ambala, Yamunanagar, Panchkula, Panipat, Sonepat, Fatehabad and Sirsa. The information regarding geographical area, cultivable area, cultivated area, area under paddy and weather parameters during crop season in the district surveyed is presented in Table 1 and 2 respectively. The
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commonly grown varieties were Pusa Basmati-4 (Pusa 1121), CSR-30, Pusa Basmati-1, PR 114, PA 6444, Pusa 44, HKR 47, HKR 127, Sarbati, RH 257, PA 6129 and PR 113. In addition, Royal Bhog (Pepsi), hybrid 9235, PHB 71, Sabnam, hybrid 748, Hybrid Nitya, PHB 77, hybrid 721, hybrid 404, Reshma, hybrid 3325 and Taraori Basmati etc. Were also grown at few locations (Tavle 3). Application of weedicide, random planting inadequate plant population rising of nursery in unpuddled fields and rice-wheat sequence were common in all the district. Mixed application of fungicides with insecticides for foliar application and that of granular insecticides with urea as broadcast application was commonly followed in all the district surveyed except panchkula. Weedicides like Sofit, Nominee gold and insecticides viz. endosulfan and chlorpyrifos were also applied by some farmers in nursery. Paddy seed used for raising the nursery of one acre of high yielding and Basmati barities was quite low (4-5 kg) as against the recommended seed rate of 10-12 kg/acre. The seed treatment was followed by 50,70,60,40,60,80,40,50,20,50,& 50% farmers in Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Jind, Panipat, Sonepat, Yamunanagar, Ambala Panchkula, Panipat, Fatehabad and Sirsa district, respectively. In general, the rainfall was above normal in most of the surveyed districts particularly Yamunanagar, Ambala Kurukshetra and Karnal (Table 2). An exceptional heavy rainfall during July 5-7, 2010 coupled with movement of water from adjoining areas resulted in flood at Rice Research Station, Kaul, which caused a severe setback to the nursery and transplanted crop. However, it helped in raising the water table by 8-10 feet in the flood-affected areas. The main constraints identified in increasing rice production in Haryana were depletion of water table, limited water resources, inadequate and intermittent power supply, erratic monsoon in the form of excessive rains leading to flood and damage o nursery, direct sown and transplanted paddy in certain parts of the state particularly district Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Yamunangar, Ambala and Sirsa, poor quality of underground water, deterioration in soil health, sub-optimal plant population, salinity & alkalinity and continous follow up of rice-wheat cropping system in addition to biotic constraints particularly WBPH, BPH, sheath blight and bacterial blight. Bacterial leaf blight was recorded in serve form at one location each in the district of Kurukshetra, Karnal and Jind in hybrid PA 6129, CSR 30 and Sabnam, respectively. False smut was recorded in low to moderate intensity in 10,10 40 and 30% sites in Kurukshetra, Jind, Ambala and Panchkula district. However at one location each in the districts of panipat and Yamunangar, the smutted panicles ranged between 8590% and 55-60% in Pa 6129 and Pa 6444, respectively. Leaf & Neck blast appeared in low to moderate intensity in variety CSR 30 Pus Basmati-4 and Pusa Basmati-1. The neck blast incidence remained below 12% at all the location except one in district karnal were the disease incidence ranged from 15-20% in variety CSR 30. Foot rot & bakanfe ranged from trace to 6% at 30,40,50,90,10,10,10,40,80,20 and 410% location in the districts of Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Jind, Ambala, Yamunangar, Panchkula, panipat, Sonepat, Fatehabad and Sirsa, respectively. Maximum diseases incidence of 6% was recorded in variety Pusa Basmati-4 and CSR 30 in district Karnal, Panipat, Sonepat and Yamunangar, respectively. Sheath blight was observe in low to moderate intensity at 20,30,20,20,40 and 30% in the district of Jind, Ambala, Panchkula, Sonepat, fatehabad and Sirsa, respectively. The disease intensity was moderate to serve in Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnl and Panipat at 30, 60, 30 and 60% locations particularly in cultivars PR 114 CSR 30 and Govind. Sheath rot was observed at 10, 20 10 and 40% location each in the district of Kurukshetra, Panckhula, Panipat and Fatehabad with a diseases incidence ranging from trace-3% in hybrid PA 6444, PA 6129, hybrid Nakul, hybrid Sugandh 999, Sikander 333, Pusa 44, PR 114, and Pusa Basmati-4 Stem rot incidence was observed in ,moderate to severe form at one location each in the district of in Kaithal and Panchkula where its incidence ranged from 10-15% and 30-35% , Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 68
respectively in Pusa Basmati-1 and hybrid 1316, respectively. Other diseases namely, grain discolouration, brown spot, and narrow brown leaf spot, leaf smut, kernel smut/bunt and chlorsis were recorded in low to moderate intensity at few locations. However Khaira (Zinc deficiency) was recorded in moderate to serve from at 10, 10, 30 and 10% locations in district Karnal, Panipat, Sonepat and Sirsa in Pusa Basmati-1, Pusa Basmati -4and Pusa Basmati CSR 30. District wise observations Kaithal: Production oriented survey was conducted in 10 villages in this district when rice crop was in tillering to booting stage. Farmers used 90-100% of their land for rice cultivation. Farmers grew one rice crop in a year and the only crop rotation followed by the farmers in this district was rice-wheat. The most popular varieties cultivated by the farmers were PR 114, Pusa 44 and HKR 47 among HYVs; CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 4 (Pusa 1121) and Pusa Basmati 1 among the basmati and local varities like Sarbati. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 6500-80000 kg/ha in HKR 47 and PR-106, 9000-10000 kg/ha in Pusa 44 and PR 114, 3000-5000 kg/ha in Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Basmati 4, 3000-4000 kg/ha in case of CSR 30 and 4000-4200 kg/ha in case of Sarbati. Transplanting was completed between second week of June to last week of July. The average seed rate was 3-6 kg/acre (of main crop). About 70% of the farmers adopted seed treatment by soaking the seeds for 24 h either in the solution of either Emisan or mixture of Emisan and Streptocycline. However, none of the farmers did apply any organic manure in the nursery beds. Some of the farmers applied pesticides like chlorpyriphos, Caldan and endosulfan (500 ml/ 1 kanal i.e. 750 m 2 nursery area) against different insect pests, Nominee Gold and Sofit for controlling the weeds. In the nursery, most of the farmers applied inorganic fertilizers which ranged from 510 kg urea/kanal or 3-10 kg urea + 8-10 kg DAP per kanal (500 m2) of nursery area. Few farmers also applied zinc sulphate (2 kg/kanal) and magnesium (250 g/kanal) and some farmers also applied murate of potash in addition to urea and DAP. In the main fields, the farmers applied 11.25-43.12 kg N/ha, 28.75-57.5 kg P2O5/ha and 35.7-75 kg K2O/ha as basal and 28.75-172.5 kg N/ha as split (2-3 splits). However, only few farmers applied K2O. Many farmers applied zinc sulphate (25 kg/ha) or Maha Zinc (12.5 kg/ha). One farmer applied sulphur (7.5 kg/ha) and 1.25 kg zinc liberal. About 50% farmers applied FYM which ranged from 1.6-20 t/acre. One farmer applied biofertilizer @ 5 kg/acre for better growth of rice crop. Almost all the farmers followed random method of transplanting and the plant population was 17-24 hills/m2. The population of common weeds likes Echinochloa crusgalli, Echinochloa spp., Saggitaria spp. Scrapees spp. was negligible. Weedicides like butachlor ( 1l/acre), Rifit (pretilachlor) (500 ml/acre) and Topstar (22 g/acre) were applied by the farmers for the management of the weeds. The important inputs like seeds, water, power for different agricultural operations, fertilizers and pesticides was adequate. However, most of the farmers hired tractor and other major implements. For irrigations many farmers are using submersible tube wells. Drying and storage facilities were inadequate in most of the places. The diseases like leaf blast, neck blast, brown spot and bakanae were in low to moderate intensities. Bakanae disease was observed mainly on the basmati varieties. Sheath blight was moderate to severe in some of the fields especially near the bunds. Stem rot was also moderate in the range of 10-15 %. Both BPH and WBPH were in low to moderate intensities and 1-25 adults and nymphs per hill was recorded in different fields. Leaf folder incidence was wide spread in the range of 2-25% (damaged leaves). Farmers applied different pesticides like chlorpyriphos (500 ml-1000 ml/acre) and endosulfan (1 l/acre) for termites and other soil pests, cartap hydrochloride (Padan) (7.5 kg/acre), Caldan + monocrotophos, Regent (5 kg/acre) and Sanvex (5 kg/acre) for leaf folder and stem borer, imidacloprid (100 Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 69
ml/acre)+lamda cyhalothrin (200 ml/acre) for leaf folder, stem borer and WBPH; Tribune (buprofezin) (350 ml/acre)+ Beam (120 g/acre) for BPH, WBPH and blast; hexaconazole (350 ml/acre)+streptocycline (12 g/acre) for sheath blight and BLB; hexaconazole Plus 5% EC (350 ml/acre) and Saaf for sheath blight; Sivic (120 g/acre)+Nuvan (350 ml/acre)+buprofezin (350 ml/acre)+lamda cyhalothrin (350 ml/acre) for blast, stem borer, leaf folder and blast and Sivic (140 g/acre)+imidacloprid (110 ml/acre) + lamda cyhalothrin (290 ml/acre) for blast, BPH, WBPH and leaf folder. Application of mixture of pesticides was very common among the farmers. Farmers applied 1-4 sprays and they applied the pesticides as sand or urea mixed broadcasting and also by making holes in the containers. Kurukshetra: Production orients survey was conducted in 10 villages in this district when the rice crops were in mild to dough stage. Farmers used 80-100% of their land for rice cultivation. Farmers cultivated one rice crop in a year and rice-wheat was the only crop rotation practiced by the farmers. The most predominant rice varieties cultivated by the farmers were PR 114, HKR 47, HKR 127, Sahab 140, PAU 201, MR 220, PR 113 and Bishan among HYVs; Hybrid 832, PA 6129, PA 6111, Hybrid Sagar, Hybrid Nakul and Hybrid 3325 among hybrids; CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 4, Pusa Basmati 1 and Taraori Basmati among the basmati and local cultures like Sarbati and Reshma. The average rice yields during the previous kharif season ranged from 3000-6000 kg/ha in Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Basmati 4; 7500-8750 kg/ha in PR 114; 6750-7000 kg/ha in HKR-47, PA 6111 and PA 6129; and 3000-4000 kg/ha in CSR-30. The optimum time of transplanting was second week of June to last week of July. The average seed rate was 3 kg for hybrids and 4-5 kg for HYVs for transplanting one acre (4000 m2) of main fields. About 50% of the farmers adopted seed treatment by soaking the seeds for 24 hours in the solution of Emisan or mixture of mixture of Emisan and streptocycline or mixture of Bavistin and streptocycline. The application of organic manure in the nursery was almost nil. Pesticides like Sofit for control of weeds and Padan for insect pests were applied by the farmers. In the nursery, farmers applied 4-12 kg urea + 5-10 kg DAP per kanal (500 m2) or only urea (8-12 kg per kanal. In the main fields, the farmers applied 11.25-30 kg N/ha, 28.75-77.5 kg P2O5/ha and 37.5-115 kg K2O/ha and 12.5-25 kg zinc sulphate/ha as basal and 57.5-172.5 kg N/ha as top dressing. In basmati varieties, the amount of N for top dressing was comparatively less. Many farmers did not apply N as basal and only few farmers applied K. About 20% farmers practices dhaincha green manuring. The method of transplanting was random. The plant population varied from 15-22 hills/m2. The intensities of common rice weeds like Echinochloa crusgalli and E. colona were negligible. In addition to manual weeding, farmers applied herbicides like Aniloguard, butachlor (1 l/acre), Rifit (500 ml/acre), Nominee Gold 980 g/acre) and Fastmix (1 l/acre). Among the inputs, there was scarcity of power and agricultural equipments in many places and inputs like drying and storage facilities were either inadequate or not available. Among the diseases, sheath blight was moderate to severe in some of the fields especially near the bunds and false smut was moderate in some fields of hybrids like Sagar and Hybrid 832 (7-8 balls/panicles). Among the insect pests, leaf folder was severe (30-35% damaged leaves) in varieties like PR 114 and Pusa Basmati 1 in Mamu Majra village. Similarly, there was heavy incidence of WBPH (200-250 insects/hill; 8-10 hopper burn per acre) in PA 6111 in Chamokalan village. Farmers applied different pesticides like chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) for termites and as preventive measures; Regent (5kg/acre), Padan (5-7.5 kg/acre) and Caldan (5 kg/acre) for stem borer and leaf folder; imidacloprid (70-100 ml/acre), dichlorovos (100 ml/acre)+fenbucarb (200 ml/acre),buprofezin (300 ml/acre)+ Nuvan (125 ml/acre) for BPH and WBPH; lamda cyhalothrin (300 ml/acre)+Nuvan (125 ml/acre)+ Sivic (125 g/acre) for BPH, WBPH and blast; lamda cyhalothrin (400 l/acre)+Beam (100 g//acre) for stem borer, leaf folder and blast; hexaconazole (200-500 Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 70
ml/acre)+ DDVP (200-250 ml/acre)+lamda cyhalothrin (250-350 ml/acre) for leaf folder, stem borer, sheath blight and WBPH; Karate (350 ml/acre)+Nuvan (250 g//acre)+Sivic (120 g/acre) for WBPH, blast, leaf folder and stem borer; imidacloprid (100 ml//acre)+hexaconazole (350 ml/acre) for WBPH and sheath blight; imidacloprid (100 ml/acre)+lamda cyhalothrin (300 ml/acre) for leaf folder, stem borer and WBPH; imidacloprid (80- ml/acre)+lamda cyhalothrin (300 ml/acre)+ Sivic (120 g/acre) for blast, WBPH, leaf folder and stem borer; DDVP (125 ml/acre)+imidacloprid (100 ml/acre)+lamda cyhalothrin (300 ml/acre)) for WBPH, stem borer and leaf folder; thiomethoxam (70-80 ml/acre)+lamda cyhalothrin (250 ml/acre)+hexaconazole (333 ml/acre) for WBPH, stem borer, leaf folder and sheath blight; Fuji-one (333 ml/acre)+Matador (200 ml/acre) for blast, stem borer and leaf folder andTakat (350 ml/acre))+ streptocycline (12 g/acre) for sheath blight and BLB. Farmers applied 2-4 sprayings of different pesticides. In addition, there was problem of weedy rice (50 plants/acre) in some of the fields. Karnal: Survey on various aspects of rice cultivation was conducted in 10 villages in this district when the crop was in stem elongation to tillering stage or in milk to dough stage. Most of the farmers used 90-100% of their land for rice cultivation. Farmers cultivated one rice crop in a year and rice-wheat was the main crop rotation. Most popular varieties cultivated by the farmers were PR 114, HKR 127, Govind, HKR 120, PR 111 among HYVs; Hybrid 9235, PHB 77 (Pioneer 77) among the hybrids, CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 4 and Pusa Basmati 1 among basmati and local varieties like Sarbati. The average rice yield ranged from 7000-7500 kg/ha in HKR 47 and PR 114, 6250-6500 kg/ha in PR 109, 8000-8500 kg/ha in Govind, 4500-5000 kg/ha in Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Basmati 1121, 7000 kg/ha in hybrid 9235, 9250 kg/ha in Pioneer-77, 3000-4000 kg/ha in CSR 30, 3000-5500 kg/ha in Sarbati and 1500 kg/ha in Taraori Basmati. The optimum time of transplanting was second week of June to 4th week of July. The average seed rate for transplanting one acre main field was 3-6 kg. Some farmers purchased nursery from neighbours. About 60% of the farmers adopted seed treatment and they treated the seeds by soaking for 24 hours in the solution of Emisan+streptocycline or Bavistin or only Emisan. None of the farmers applied any organic manure in the nursery. Weedcides like Sofit and Nominee Gold were applied for controlling weeds in the nursery. Most of the farmers applied 8-10 kg urea/kanal or 4-7 kg urea + 8-12 kg DAP /kanal nursery area. In the main fields, farmers applied 9-11.25 kg N/ha, 23-57.5 kg P2O5/ha as basal and 57.5-172.5 kg N/ha as top dressing. Many farmers did not apply any nitrogen as basal. About 50% of the farmers applied zinc sulphate (25 kg/ha). K application was almost nil. The amount of N fertilizer was comparatively less in case of basmati varieties. Some of the farmers practices dhaincha and moong green manuring, applied FYM (4-9 t/acre). Few farmers applied biofertilizer Grovita @ 5 kg/acre. The method of transplanting was random and the plant population varied from 16-23 hills/m2. The intensity of common weeds like Echinochloa spp. and Cyperus spp. was negligible. Farmers applied herbicides like aniloguard (500 ml/acre), pretilachlor (Rifit) (500 ml/acre) and butachlor (1 l/acre) for management of weeds. Among the inputs, there was scarcity of equipments, drying and storage facilities. Many farmers hired tractor for cultivation. Among the diseases, sheath blight and BLB was moderate to severe but in patches. Bakanae was observed in the range of 1-6% mainly on the basmati varieties like CSR 30 and Pusa Basmati 4. Among the insect pests, WBPH was very severe in some plots of CSR 30 in Khajamadpur village where a yield loss of 60-70% is feared. Farmers applied different pesticides like chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) for termites; cypermethrin+chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) and cartap hydrochloride (5-7.5 kg/acre) for stem borer and leaf folder; hexaconazole (500 ml/acre)+lamda cyhalothrin (170 ml/acre)+streptocycline (12 g/acre) for sheath blight, leaf folder, stem borer and bacterial blight; buprofezin (350 ml/acre)+hexaconazole (350 ml/acre)+lamda cyhalothrin (200 Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 71
ml/acre) for WBPH and sheath blight; thiomethoxam (40 ml/acre)+Marshal (200 ml/acre)+tricyclazole (120 g/acre)+Nutrimycin (20 ml/acre) for WBPH, blast, leaf folder and stem borer; Beam (120 g/acre)+buprofezin (350 ml/acre)+monocrotophos (500 ml/acre) for WBPH, blast. Leaf folder and stem borer; buprofezin (400 ml/acre)+ hexaconazole (400 ml/acre) for sheath blight and WBPH; Sivic (120 g/acre) + monocrotophos 9500 ml/acre) for stem borer, leaf folder and blast. Few farmers also applied calbahar (botanicals) @ 5 kg/acre for better tillering. Farmers used knapsack sprayers or practiced urea mixed broadcast. Farmers applied 1-4 sprays and overall, there was 2-5% post harvest loss. Jind: Ten villages were covered for production oriented survey in this district when most of the rice crops were in stem elongation to booting stage. Some of the rice fields were in milk to dough stage. Most of the farmers used 90-100% of their land for rice cultivation. Few farmers used 50-60% of their land for rice. Farmers cultivated one rice crop and rice-wheat was the only crop rotation. Predominant varieties were Pusa 44, PR 114, HKR 127 among HYVs, hybirdslike Royal Bhog (Pepsi), basmati varities like Pusa Basmati 4, Pusa Basmati 1 and CSR 30 and local strains like Sarbati and sabnam. The average rice yield during the last kharif season was 7500-8000 kg/ha in PR 114, 7500-9000 kg/ha in Pusa 44, 4000-5000 kg/ha in Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Basmati 4 and 2500-3000 kg/ha in CSR 30. The optimum time of transplanting was 2nd week of June to last week of July. The average seed rate was 4-5 kg/acre of main field. About 50% of the farmers adopted seed treatment by soaking the seeds for 12-24 hours in solution of Bavistin, emisan or streptocycline. Very few farmers applied organic manure in the nursery. Pesticides like Sofit for weed control and Padan for insect pest control were applied by some of the farmers. Most of the farmers applied 8-12 kg urea/kanal or urea (8-10 kg)+DAP (5-6 kg) per kanal. Few farmers also applied MOP in addition to urea and DAP. In the main fields, fertilizers were applied @ 11.25-22.5 kg N/ha, 28.75-57.5 kg P2O5/ha as basal and 57.5-172-5 kg N/ha as split application (2-3 splits). About 40-50% farmers practiced dhaincha or moong green manuring and in the green manured fields, the amount of N was comparatively less. About 30% farmers applied FYM @ 8-12 t/acre. One farmer also applied growth regulator Biozyme (5 kg/acre) and mineral mixture (5 kg/acre) and few farmers applied sulphur (12.5 kg/acre). Almost all the farmers adopted random method of transplanting and the average plant population was 18-24 hills/m2. The population of common weeds like Echinochloa spp. and Cyperus spp. was negligible. Farmers applied herbicides like butachlor (1 l/acre),Eraze (500 ml/acre), aniloguard (500 ml/acre) and Rifit (500 ml/acre). Among the inputs, there was shortage of agricultural equipments and power in some places. Drying and storage facilities were either inadequate or not available in most of the places. Among the diseases, BLB was in moderate to severe form but only in some patches. Among the insect pests, BPH was very severe in some plots of Pusa Basmati 4 in Bighana village where 12-13 hopper burn symptoms were observed in one acre and an approximate 60-70% yield loss was expected. The pesticides like chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) for termite, root weevil and other soil pests; Padan (5 kg/acre), Caldan (5-7.5 kg/acre) and endosulfan (350 ml/acre) for stem borer and leaf folder; imidacloprid (110 ml/acre)+ lamda cyhalothrin (500 ml/acre) for WBPH, leaf folder and stem borer; Sivic (120 g/acre)+propiconazole (200 ml/acre) + imidacloprid (40 ml/acre) for blast, grain discolouration, WBPH and BPH and Tribune (buprofezin)(350 ml/acre) + blasticidin (200 ml/acre) +DDVP (500 ml/acre) for WBPH and blast were applied by the farmers. Farmers used knapsack sprayers or practiced urea mixed broadcasting. Farmers usually gave 1-3 sprayings and there was on an average 2-4% post harvest loss. Ambala: Production oriented survey was conducted in 10 villages in this district when the rice crops were either in milk to dough stage or stem elongation to booting stage. Majority of Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 72
the farmers used 80-100% of their land for rice cultivation though some farmers used only 30-60% of their land. Farmers usually cultivated one rice crop and the main crop rotation was rice-wheat. The most predominant rice varieties were HKR 47, HKR 127 and PR 113 among HYVs, hybrids like PA 6444, PA6129, Hybrid 401, RH 257, Royal Bhog (Pepsi), Hybrid 832, Hybrid 927 and Hybrid Bajrang; basmati varieties like CSR 30 and Pusa Basmati 4 and local strains like Sarbati. The average rice yield in the district during the last kharif season was 6000-7250 kg/ha in HKR 47 and HKR 127, 6000-7500 kg/ha in PA 6129 and PA 6444, 4000-4200 kg/ha in Pusa Basmati 4, 4500 kg/ha in Sabnam and 1500-3800 kg/ha in CSR 30. Transplanting was completed between 3rd week of June to 3rd week of July. The average seed rate was 3-4 kg for hybrids and 3-6 kg/ha in case of HYVs for transplanting one acre of main land. About 50% of the farmers adopted seed treatment by soaking the seeds for 12-24 hours in the solution of Bavistin (1 g/1 l of watewr/1 kg of seeds) or Emisan. None of the farmers applied organic manure in the nursery. Insecticides like Padan and Phorate were applied by some of the farmers. Most of the farmers applied inorganic fertilizers (either urea @10-12 kg/kanal or urea @4-10 kg + DAP 5-10 kg per kanal). Few farmers applied zinc sulphate and sulphur. In the main fields, fertilizers were applied @ 11.25-22.5 kg N/ha, 28.75-57.5 kg P2O5/ha and 75 kg K2O/ha as basal and 76.25-230 kg N/ha. About 40% farmers applied zinc sulphate (12.5-25 kg/ha) and one farmer applied 6.25 kg sulphur/ha. However, only few farmers applied K. Farmers also applied FYM (3-12 t/acre), poultry manure (2 t/acre), Vipul (biofertilizer) @ 5 kg/acre, Biozyme (5 kg/acre) and Kalvar (5 kg/acre) for better tillering. Transplanting was random and the average plant population was 1623 hills/m2. The intensity of common weeds like Cyperus spp., Echinochloa crusgalli and E. colona was negligible. Farmers applied herbicides like Eraze (1 l/acre), butachlor (1 l/acre), aniloguard (500 ml/acre), Fastmix (1 l/acre), Rifit (500 ml/acre) and Round-up (on bunds). Among the inputs, there was scarcity of agricultural equipments and power for agricultural operations in some of the surveyed areas. Drying and storage facilities were either inadequate or not available in most of the places. Among the diseases, sheath blight was moderate and false smut incidence ranged from low to very severe. There was 60-65% incidence (infected tillers) in Gajipur village on variety PA 6444 where 6-7 smut balls were observed. Among the insect pests, BPH was very severe on varieties like HKR 127, PA 6444, hybrid 401 etc. and the number of insects ranged from 100-125 /hill. Different pesticides like chlorpyriphos (200 ml/acre), cartap hydrochloride (3-7.5 kg/acre) and Regent (5 kg/acre) for stem borer and leaf folder; chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) for termites; thiomethoxam (Ektara) (40 g/acre) and Foratox (5 kg/acre) for WBPH, tricyclazole (100 g/acre)+streptocycline (12 g/acre) for blast and BLB were applied. Farmers used different means for applying pesticides like knapsack sprayers, urea mixed broadcasting, mixing with irrigation water and making holes in the containers. In general, farmers gave 1-3 application of pesticides and there was about 2-4% post harvest loss. Yamunanagar: Production oriented survey was conducted in 10 villages in 4 taluqs/blocks in this district. The rice crops were mostly in stem elongation to booting stage. Some of the rice fields were in dough to maturity stage. Majority of the farmers used 80-100% of their land for rice cultivation though few farmers used only 40-50%. There was only one rice crop in a year and rice-wheat was the only crop rotation in the district. Most predominant rice varieties cultivated in the district were PR 113, HKR 127 and Jaya among HYVs; hybrids like PA 6444, Hybrid 9235, Hybrid 748, Hybrid 401, Hybrid Nitya, Hybrid 5971, Hybrid 404, PA 6129, Hybrid 721, RH 257, Hybrid 9433 and PHB 71 and basmati varieties like Pusa Basmati 1, CSR 30 and Pusa Basmati 4. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 5000-8000 kg/ha in hybrids like PA 6129, PA 6444, PHB 71, RH 257 and Hybrid 401, about 7500 kg/ha in PR 113, 5000-5200 kg/ha in Pusa Basmati 1 and 1750-5000 kg/ha in Pusa Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 73
Basmati 4. Transplanting was completed in between middle of June to 3rd week of July. The seed rate was comparatively less in case of hybrid (3-4 kg for one acre of main field) compared to HYVs (5 kg for one acre of main field). About 40% of the farmers adopted seed treatment by soaking the seeds for 24h in solution of Emisan or mixture of Emisan and Streptocycline. Pesticides like Sofit (75 ml/kanal) and endosulfan were applied in the nursery. Most of the farmers applied inorganic fertilizers like DAP (5-12 kg/kanal)+urea (5-8 kg/kanal) or only urea (10-12 kg/kanal of nursery). In the main fields, farmers applied fertilizers @ 11.25-45 kg N/ha, 28.75-115 kg P2O5/ha as basal and 28.75-172.5 kg N/ha and 20-71.9 kg P2O5/ha as top dressing. However, only few farmers used P2O5 for top dressing. None of the contacted farmers applied potash fertilizers in the main fields. In general, the dose of N for top dressing was less in basmati varieties. about 90% farmers applied 12.5-25 kg zinc sulphate or Mahazinc per ha. About 50% of the farmers applied FYM (2-9 t/acre) or poultry manure (2 t/acre). Forty percent of the farmers applied bio-fertilizer (5 kg/acre). All the farmers contacted adopted random method of transplanting and the average plant population was 17-24 hills/m2. The population of common rice weeds like Echinochloa crusgalli and E. colona was negligible. In addition to manual weeding, many farmers applied herbicides like butachlor (1 l/acre), Rifit (pretilachlor) (500 ml/acre) and Eraze (500 ml/acre) for the management of weeds. Among the inputs, there was shortage of power in some of the places and drying and storage facilities were either inadequate or not available in most of the places. Some of the farmers hired tractor land preparation. Some of the farmers expressed that inputs like pesticides and fertilizers should be available in time. Among the diseases, blast, brown spot and sheath blight was observed in moderate intensities and false smut was very severe in some of the places. The incidence of false smut was 55-60% on varieties like PA 6444 in Pando village while its intensity was 15-20% (8-10 smut balls/panicle) on varieties like PA 6444 and RH257 in Koolpur village. The intensity of WBPH was moderate to severe on varieties like PA 6444 and CSR 30 where the insect population was 40-50 insects/hill. Farmers applied pesticides like endosulfan (1 l/acre) and chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) for termite, root weevil and also as preventive measure; Regent (2 kg/acre) and cartap hydrochloride (5 kg/acre) for leaf folder and stem borer; Sivic (120 g/acre) for blast; Sheathmar (500 ml/acre) for sheath blight; imidacloprid (75 ml/acre)+copper oxychloride (500 g/acre) for WBPH and false smut; imidacloprid (75 ml/acre)+ hexaconazole (250 ml/acre) for WBPH and sheath blight. In general, farmers applied 1-3 sprayings and there was about 2-5% post harvest loss. Panchkula: Production oriented survey was conducted in 10 villages in this district when the rice crops were in stem elongation to booting stage. Some rice fields were in dough to maturity stage. Farmers used 50-100% of their land for rice cultivation. In general, farmers cultivated one rice crop in a year and rice-wheat was the main crop rotation followed by the farmers. The most predominant varieties cultivated by the farmers were PR 113 and HKR 47 among HYVs; hybrids like PA 6444, RH 257, PHB 71, PA 6129, Hybrid 3325, Hybrid 1316, Hybrid 401 and Hybrid 2355; basmati varieties like Pusa Basmati 4, CSR 30 and Pusa Basmati 1 and local varieties like Sabati. The average rice yields in the district during previous kharif was 5500-7500 kg/ha in hybrids like PA 6444, RH 257, PA 6129 and PHB 71; 5500-6500 kg/ha in PR 113 and HKR 6500, about 5000 kg/ha in Pusa Basmati 1, 3000 kg/ha in CSR 30 and about 3500 kg/ha in Sarbati. Transplanting was completed in between 3rd week of June to middle of July. One of the contacted farmers did very late planting in the 1st week of August. The seed rate was similar as in other district i.e. 3-5 kg for one acre of main field. Very less number of farmers (20%) adopted seed treatment with Emisan + Streptocycline or with Bavistin. None of the farmers contacted applied manures in the nursery beds. Few farmers applied herbicide Sofit for control of weeds in the nursery. Most Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 74
of the farmers applied chemical fertilizers in the nursery beds. Farmers applied urea (8-12 kg/kanal of nursery) or DAP (8-12 kg/kanal)+urea (5-7 kg/kanal). In the main fields, fertilizers were applied @ 22.5-28.75 kg N/ha and 57.5 kg P2O5/ha as basal and 57.5-230 kg N/ha. Some of the farmers applied excessive dosages of N fertilizer. In general, the amount of N fertilizers for top dressing was less in case of basmati varieties. About 80% of the farmers applied 12.5-25 kg zinc sulphate per ha. Some of the farmers applied poultry manure (2-4 t/acre) and FYM (1 t/acre). Few farmers applied bio-fertilizer (5 kg/acre). Transplanting was mainly random and the average plant population was 15-24 hills/m2. The population of common rice weeds like Echinochloa spp. and Cyperus spp. was negligible. Some of the farmers applied herbicides like butachlor (1 l/acre) and Nominee Gold (100 ml/acre) for the management of weeds. There was shortage of inputs like power, drying and storage facilities. Among the different biotic constraints, sheath blight was moderate and stem rot was severe (30-35%) on hybrid 1316 in Garhi Kota village where severe lodging was noticed. Some of the farmers applied chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) for termite and cartap hydrochloride (5-7.5 kg/acre) for stem borer and leaf folder. Farmers applied these pesticides as sand or urea mixed broadcast. Number of sprays was 1-2 and there was 2-5% post harvest loss. Panipat: Ten villages in three blocks were covered for production oriented survey during the crop season of 2010. Most of the rice crops were either in stem elongation or milk to mature stage. Farmers used 70-100% of their land for rice cultivation. Rice-wheat was the only crop rotation followed by the farmers. Most predominant varieties cultivated by the farmers were PR 114 and PR 113 among the HYVs; hybrids like PA 6129; basmati varieties like Pusa Basmati 4, CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 1, Taraori Basmati and Pusa RH 10 and local varieties like Sabnam. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 4000-5500 kg/ha in Pusa Basmati 4, PRH 10 and Pusa Basmati 1, about 8000 kg/ha in PR 114 and about 5000 kg/ha in case of PA 6129. Most of the transplanting was completed in between 3rd week of June to 2nd week of July. Farmers used 3-6 kg seeds for raising nursery required for 1 acre of main field. About 60% of the farmers adopted seed treatment by soaking the seeds for 12-24 h in the solution of Emisan or Emisan + Streptocycline or Bavistin. Most of the farmers applied either urea (8-10 kg/kanal of nursery) or DAP (8-13 kg/kanal) + urea (3-10 kg/kanal). However, none of the farmers applied organic manure in the nursery beds. In the main fields, fertilizers were applied @ 11.25-22.5 kg N/ha and 28.75-57.5 kg P2O5/ha as basal and 28.75-201.25 kg N as top dressing. Farmers applied N in 2-3 splits. About 40% of the farmers applied zinc sulphate 912.5-25 kg/ha). Very few (20%) farmers applied 12.5 kg S/ha. Few farmers applied poultry manure (2 t/acre) and practiced dhaincha green manuring. All the farmers contacted adopted random method of transplanting and the average plant population was 15-24 hills/m2. The intensity of common rice weeds like Echinochloa spp and Cyperus spp was negligible. In addition to manual weeding some of the farmers applied herbicides like Fastmix (1 l/acre), butachlor (1 l/acre) and Rifit (500 ml/acre). Among the inputs, there was shortage of equipments and power in some places. Farmers mostly hired tractor and other heavy instrumnents. Drying and storage facilities were inadequate in most of the places. Among the diseases, rice sheath blight was recorded in moderate to severe intensity in many places and the disease mostly was aggregated near the bunds. False smut was recorded in few places only but was very severe. Its intensity was up to 85-90% (infected tillers with 7-8 smut balls/panicle) on the varieties like PA 6129 in Kabdi village. Among the insect pests, WBPH was severe (120-130 insects/hill; 2-3 big hopper burn/acre) especially on varieties like CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 4 and Pusa Basmati 1 and it was expected that there would be an yield loss of 60-70%. Different pesticides like chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) and endosulfan (1 l/acre) for termites and other soil pests; cartap hydrochloride 95-7.5 kg/acre), korogen 9150 ml/acre), chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin (1 l/acre), Regent (7.5 kg/acre) and endosulfan (1 l/acre) for Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 75
stem borer and leaf folder; hexaconazole (400 ml/acre) + lamda cyhalothrin (250 ml/acre) + propiconazole (200 ml/acre) for sheath blight, leaf folder and stem borer; Victor (200 ml/acre) + streptocycline (20 g/acre) for sheath blight and bacterial blight; validamycin 9250 ml/acre) + Sivic 9100 g/acre) + lamda cyhalothrin (250 ml/acre) for sheath blight, blast, leaf folder and stem borer; validamycin (350 ml/acre) + imidacloprid (100 ml/acre) + Korogen (150 ml/acre) for sheath blight, leaf folder, stem borer and WBPH; Korogen (100 ml/acre) + streptocycline (12 g/acre) for BLB, leaf folder and stem borer; Beam (120 g/acre) + buprofezin 9350 ml/acre) + propiconazole (200 ml/acre) for grain discolouration, blast and WBPH; Sivic (120 g/acre) + buprofezin 9350 ml/acre) + chlorpyriphos (250 ml/acre) for blast, WBPH, leaf folder and stem borer; buprofezin 9350 ml/acre) + lamda cyhalothrin (250 ml/acre) for WBPH, leaf folder and stem borer; Beam (120 g/acre) + hexaconazole (150 ml/acre) + Sakdor (30 ml/acre) for leaf folder, stem borer, WBPH and blast; imidacloprid (100 ml/acre) + Tribune (buprofezin) (350 ml/acre) + Sivic (120 g/acre) + Nuvan (250 ml/acre) for WBPH, blast and BP and imidacloprid (100 ml/acre) + Ektara (thiomethoxam) (40 ml/acre) for WBPH and BPH were applied by the farmers. Farmers applied pesticides using knapsack sprayers or sand and urea mixed application or making holes in the container. Farmers applied 1-4 sprays and there was an average 2-5% post harvest loss.s Sonepat: Survey was conducted in 10 villages in 4 blocks in this district. The rice crops were in stem elongation to booting stage or in milk to dough stage. Farmers used 80-100% of their land for rice cultivation and rice-wheat was the only crop rotation followed by the farmers. Predominant varieties cultivated by the farmers were hybrids like Royal Bhog (Pepsi); basmati varieties like Pusa Basmati 4, CSR 30 and Pusa Basmati 1 and local varieties like Sabnam. The average rice yield ranged from 4000-5000 kg/ha in Pusa Basmati 4 and Pusa Basmati 1; 4500-5500 kg/ha in Pepsi and hybrid 5500; about 6500 kg/ha in hybrid 999 and 2500-4000 kg/ha in CSR 30. Transplanting was completed in between end of June to end of July. Farmers used 3-7 kg seeds for transplanting one acre of main field. About 90% of the farmers adopted seed treatment by soaking the seeds for 6-24 h in the solution of Emisan or Emisan +streptocycline or Bavistin. Pesticides like Nominee Gold and Sofit for weed control and Caldan for managing pest problems were used in the nursery. Most of the farmers applied urea (7-12 kg/kanal of nursery) or DAP (8-10 kg/kanal) + urea 95-10 kg/kanal). Some of the farmers also applied zinc sulphate (2 kg/kanal) and MOP (1.5 kg/kanal). In the main fields, farmers applied fertilizers @ 22.5-45 kg N/ha and 57.5-115 kg P2O5/ha as basal and 28.75172.5 kg N/ha as top dressing (2-3 splits). About 60% of the farmers applied zinc sulphate (12.5-25 kg/ha) and few farmers (20%) applied sulphur (12.5 kg/ha). Some of the farmers applied FYM (7 t/acre), poultry manure (3.5 t/acre), biofertilizer (5-12.5 kg/acre) and few farmers practiced dhaincha green manuring. Some of the farmers did not apply any basal dose of fertilizer but applied N and P2O5 at 7 DAT, 15-20 DAT and at 40 DAT. The method of transplanting was random and average plant population was 15-25 hills/m2. The population of common rice weeds like Echinochloas crusgalli, E. colona and Cyperus spp was negligible. Farmers applied herbicides like Rifit (500 ml/acre), butachlor 91 l/acre) and Fastmix (800 g/acre) for managing the weeds. There was problem of weedy rice (70-80 per acre) in some of the rice fields. There was scarcity of water and power in some of the places surveyed and drying and storage facilities were inadequate in most of the places. Among the diseases, there moderate to severe problems of Khaira (zinc deficiency) in some places especially on varieties like Pusa Basmati 4 and CSR 30. Among the insect pests, BPH was moderate to severe (many hopper burn areas) especially on varieties like Pusa Basmati 4 and CSR 30. There was problem of iron deficiency in some places. Pesticides like chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) and endosulfan (1 l/acre) for termites; cartap hydrochloride (3-5 kg/acre), phorate (5 kg/acre) and endosulfan (250 ml/acre) for stem borer and leaf folder; Beam (120 g/acre) + Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 76
lamda cyhalothrin (350 ml/acre) + buprofezin (300 ml/acre) for blast, leaf folder, stem borer and WBPH; buprofezin (350 ml/acre) + Beam (100-120 g/acre) for WBPH and blast; Nuvan (500-750 ml/acre) and BPMC (fenbucarb) (750 ml/acre) for WBPH and hexaconazole (300 ml/acre) + buprofezin (350 ml/acre) + Beam (120 g/acre) for blast, sheath blight and WBPH and Cosavet (Suphur) (3 kg/acre) for bakanae disease were applied by the farmers. Farmers applied pesticides using knapsack sprayers or sand and urea mixed application. The number of pesticide application varied from 1-3 and there was 2-5% post harvest loss. Fatehabad: Ten villages in two blocks were covered for production oriented survey in this district. Most of the rice crops were in stem elongation to heading stage at the time of survey. Farmers used 90-100% of their land for rice production and rice-wheat was the only crop rotation followed by the farmers. The predominant varieties cultivated by the farmers were PR 114, Pusa 44, HKR 127 among HYVs and basmati varieties like Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Basmati 4. The average rice yields in the district ranged from 4500-700 kg in Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Basmati 4 (Pusa 1121); 7500-9000 kg/ha in PR 114 and Pusa 44, 7750 in Sikenderi/Sugandha and about 10,500 kg/ha in PAU 201. Transplanting was done in between middle of June and middle of July. The average seed rate was 4-5 kg for transplanting one acre of main field. Some of the farmers purchased seedlings. Fifty per cent of the farmers adopted seed treatment by soaking the seeds for 24 h in Emisan (1 g/l of water/kg of seeds) or carbendazim (10 g/l0 of water/10 kg of seeds) or Bavistin (1 g/l of water/kg of seeds) + streptocycline (0.1 g/l of water/kg of seeds). Very few farmers applied organic manure in the nursery. Some farmers applied Sofit for weed control in the nursery. Most of the farmers applied DAP (10 kg/kanal) or urea (10 kg/kanal) or DAP (5-10 kg/kana) + urea (5-10 kg/kanal) in the nursery beds. In the main fields, fertilizers were applied @ 11.25-22.5 kg N/ha and 28.75-46 kg P2O5/ha and 75 kg K2O/ha as basal and 57.5-172.5 kg N/ha as top dressing (2-3 splits). However, only few farmers only applied K. About 50% of the farmers applied zinc sulphate (12.5-25 kg/ha). Few farmers applied sulphur (2.5-3 kg/acre) and practiced dhaincha green manuring. Transplanting was random and the average plant population was 18-24 hills/m2. The population of common weeds like Echinochloa spp. was negligible. Farmers applied herbicides like butachlor (1 l/acre), aniloguard (500 ml/acre), pretilachlor (500-1000 ml/acre) and anilophos (500 ml/acre). Among the inputs, there was shortage of power and water in some of the places and drying and storage facilities were inadequate in most of the places. Many farmers hired tractor and other heavy instruments. Some farmers expressed the need for rotavator and laser leveler. Most of the diseases were in low to moderate intensities. Among the insect pests, leaf folder was very severe (55-60% DL) in some of the fields of Pusa Basmati 4 in Chandawali village. Different pesticides like chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) and endosulfan (1 l/acre) for termites and root weevil; Padan (7.5 kg/acre), Hero (250 ml/acre) + Confidor (100 ml/acre), Agri cartap 50% SP (200 g/acre), Karate (250 ml/acre), monocrotophos (200 ml/acre) + cypermethrin (125 ml/acre), Caldan (77.5 kg/acre), chlorpyriphos + Cypermethrin (350 ml/acre), Regent (5 kg/acre) and Thimet (5 kg/acre) for stem borer and leaf folder; Beam (120 g/acre) for blast; Karate (250 ml/acre) + DDVP (150 ml/acre) + Confidor (100 ml/acre) for stem borer, leaf folder and WBPH; lamda cyhalothrin (400 ml/acre) for grasshoppers, leaf folder and stem borer; Confidor (100 ml/acre) + Bavistin (250 g/acre) for WBPH, blast and sheath blight; carbendazim-mancozeb (200 g/acre) + imidacloprid (70 ml/acre) for WBPH and grain discolouration and Confidor (80 ml/acre) + lamda cyhalothrin (350 ml/acre) for WBPH, stem borer and leaf folder were applied by the farmers. There was problem of weedy rice (200-250 plants/acre) in some of the fields of Dhid village and in traces in most other places. The number of sprays varied from 2-3 and overall there was 2-5% post harvest loss.
77
Sirsa: Production oriented survey was conducted in 10 villages in 3 blocks in this district when the rice crops were in stem elongation to booting stage. Majority of the farmers used 80-100% of their land for rice cultivation. Rice-wheat was the only crop rotation followed by the farmers. Predominant varieties cultivated by the farmers were PR 114, PAU 201 and PR 106 among the HYVs; basmati varieties like Pusa Basmati 1, Pusa Basmati 4 and CSR 30 and local varieties like Sikanderi (Sikander 333, Hybrid Sugandh 999). The average rice yield in the district ranged from 2500-6250 kg/ha in varieties like Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa basmati 4. Time of planting ranged from 3rd week of June to 3rd week of July. The average seed rate was 4-5 kg for transplanting one acre of main field. Many farmers adopted seed treatment with Bavistin or Emisan. Some of the farmers (30%) applied a layer of FYM on the nursery beds. Some of the farmers treated the seeds with endosulfan to check bird damage. Many farmers applied organic manure in the nursery fields. Most of the farmers applied urea (5-15 kg/kanal) + DAP (5-12 kg/kanal) in the nursery. Some farmers also applied sulphur (1-2 kg/kanal) and zinc sulphate (1.25 kg/kanal of nursery). In the main fields, fertilizers were applied @ 11.25-22.5 kg N/ha and 28.75-57.5 kg P2O5/ha as basal and 103.5-172.5 kg N/ha as top dressing (2-3 splits). About 40% of the farmers applied zinc sulphate (12.5-25 kg/ha) and 20% farmers applied sulphur (2.5-5 kg/ha). About 30% of the farmers applied FYM (3-9 t/acre) and few farmers applied biofertilizers and practiced dhaincha green manuring. Method of transplanting was random and the average plant population was 18-22 hills/m2. The intensity of common weeds like Echinochloa spp and Dactyloctenium spp. was negligible and in addition to manual weeding, many farmers applied herbicides like butachlor (0.5-1 l/acre) and Rifit (500-650 ml/acre) for the management of weeds. Among the inputs, there were scarcity of power, drying and storage facilities in most of the places surveyed. Farmers, in general hired tractor and other heavy implements. Some of the farmers expressed the need of laser leveler. The incidence of different biotic stress was less except that blast and khaira was in moderate intensities in some of the places surveyed. Pesticides like Thimet (2.5 kg/acre), Padan (7.5 kg/acre), Caldan (7.5 kg/acre), lamda cyhalothrin (400 ml/acre), Phorate (5 kg/acre), monocrotophos (250 ml/acre) for leaf folder and stem borer; endosulfan ( 1 l/acre) and chlorpyriphos (1 l/acre) for termites; acephate (120-400 g/acre) + Confidor (100 ml/acre) for WBPH, leaf folder and stem borer, chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin (500 ml/acre) + Bavistin (250 g /acre) for leaf folder, stem borer, WBPH and blast; COnfidor (120 ml /acre) + Karate (160 ml l/acre), Confidor (80 ml/acre) + hexaconazole (300 ml/acre) for WBPH and sheath blight and carbendazim (400 g/acre) + validamycin (400 ml/acre) for bakanae and sheath blight were applied by the farmers. There was problem of weedy rice which are characterized by very long panicles (about 1 ft) with pinkish husk having 185-190 grains/panicle. In some of the plots, the population of weedy rice was 100-300 plants/acre). In some plots, its intensity was less about 15-20%. Overall, there was 2-5% post harvest loss in the district.
78
Incidence of different diseases in different districts of Haryana during 2010, Kharif season
Districts Kaithal Kurukshetra LBL L-M (3-5 score) L (3 score) NBL L (1-3%) L (1-4%) BS L-M (3 score) L-M (3-5 score) L (5-6%) L (3 score) L-M (212%) Diseases SHBL SHR GD STR FS M-S L-M (7 score) (10-5%) M-S L L (3L-M (3(5-9 score) (3 score) 4%) 10%) S (9 score) L-M (3-5 score) M (5 score) L-M (3-5 score) M (5 score) L (23%) M-S (5-7 T score) L-M (3-5 score) L-M (3-5 score) L (3 score) Bak BLB L (0.2-2%) L(1-3%) Khaira
Karnal Jind Ambala Yamunanagar M (5 score) Panchkula Panipat Sonepat Fatehabad Sirsa
L (1-6%) M (score 7-9; pathches) L (4-5%) L (1-5%) M (score 7) L (13%) L-S (2- T 65%) L-S (160%) L (2-3%) S (8090%) L (2-6%) L (13%) T (0.50.6%) T (0.41.5%)
L (4-8%) M (5 score)
L (34%)
S (3035%)
L (1-5%) L-M (3-5 score) L (3 score) T L-M (3-5 score) L-M (3-5 score)
M-S
There was minor incidence of leaf smut in Kurukshetra district
Incidence of different insect pests in Haryana during Kharif, 2010

Districts Kaithal BPH L-M (1-25 insects/hill) L-M (3-20 insects/hill) L-M (1-25 insects/hill) L-S S (100-125 insects/hill) WBPH L-M (2-25 insects/hill) S (200-250 insects/hill) L-S SB L Insect pests LF L-M (2-25% DL) S (30-35% DL) L-S (4-30% DL) L-M (4-25%DL) L (5-6% DL) L-M (2-12% DL) L (2-6%) L (5-7% DL) L (1-6% DL) L-S (4-60% DL) L-S (2-40%) L (2-3%) S WM Termite
Kurukshetra Karnal Jind Ambala Yamunanagar Panchkula Panipat Sonepat Fatehabad Sirsa
T L (103%)
M-S (7-8 hopper burn/acre) M-S (40-50 insects/hill) S (120-130 insects/hill) L-M (4-20 insects/hill) L (1-3 insects/hill)
T T L (2-3%)
L (5-6% DL) L-M (10-12% DL)
L (1-3/Hill) T M-S
L (2-3%) L (1.5-2%) T
79
Jammu Kashmir-1
Districts surveyed Pulwama, Anantnag and Kulgam Particulars of survey
District Pulwama Anantnag Block Pulwama and Tral Dachnipora, Khovirpora, Breng, Shahabad, Achabal, Shangus and Qazigund Kulgam, Qoimoh, Pahloo, Devsar, D. H. Pora Villages Tahab, Nair, Raugmullah, Zasaw and Haripurigam Marhama, Khiram, Sallar, Sirhama, Silgam, Sakras, Mattan, Imoh, Shelipora, Isoowagan, Shangus, Dharana, Khrechi, Mohirpora, Hillar, Tangpowa, Botapora and Chandian Modergam, Kanipora, Khudwani, Hossanpora, Arwani, Shirpora, Vatalhama, Raidwani, Yamrach, Yaripora, Homeshalibug, Sachan, Pahloo, Kelam, Berigam, Mauzgam and D. H. Pora
Kulgam
Widely Grown Varieties District Varieties Pulwama K-39, Jehlum, China 1007, China 1039, SR-1 and SK-105 (Shalmar-1) Anantnag China 1039, K-39,K-448( Jehlum), China 988, China 1007, SR-1, Kohsar, K332 and Kamad Kulgam Jehlum, SR-1, China 988, K-448 (Jehlum), China 1007, China 1039, K-39, Pusa Sugandh-3 and K-332 Particulars of Rice Area District Total Cultivable area (ha) Pulwama 16734 Anantnag 25086 Kulgam 17961
Area Under Rice (ha) 16734 25086 17961
Irrigated Area (ha) 16734 25086 17961
A survey on rice scenario was conducted in two three districts, namely Pulwama, Anantnag and Kulgam of J&K State during Kharif 2010. The crop was at heading to maturity stage during the time of survey. Maize and rice were the only two crops grown widely in Kharif season, the non-availability of high yielding cultivars of rice, weedicides, fertilizers and pesticides particularly at higher reaches played an important role for overall less productivity in these districts. Zinc deficiency occurred at few places of Marhama, Sirhama, Mattan, Shelipora and Isoowagan regions in Anantnag district. Farmers grow seed from their previous crop that consists of a number of local and improved varieties. The impact of pests and diseases remained at low during the current season. District wise observations: Pulwama: Production oriented survey was conducted during August September, 2010 in five villages in the district. The general weather conditions remained normal during the crop season, however low temperatures were recorded during nursery stage of the crops which resulted in drying of the nursery. The survey was conducted during heading and mature stages of the crop as well. Most of the farmers were marginal. The prevailing varieties were K-39, Jehlum, China 1007, China 1039, SR-1 and SK-105 (Shalmar-1). The plant density followed was 60-65 plants/m2. The sowings and transplanting were done during May and Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 80
June respectively. Farmers followed random transplanting. Crop rotation followed were Riceoilseeds, ricemustard-rice oats. Farmers normally applied FYM @ 0.5-1.0kg/m2 and urea at the time of raising the paddy nursery but provided Nitrogen 80kgs/ha in 3 split doses of urea and DAP in the main field. Potash application was almost negligible. The commonly observed weeds were Echinoclova, Cyprus spp, P, Cyprus iria, Marselia quadriflis etc. Weedicide Butachlor @ 1.5kg/a.i/ha was in practice by most of the farmers that resulted into very low or negligent infestation of the weeds. Most of the fields surveyed in the district were found infected with leaf blast, Neck blast, sheath blight and Grain discolouration in low to moderate intensities on Jehlum, China 1007, China 1039 varieties. Insect and pest infestation was also found below the threshold level. Farmers applied Tricyclazole 75WP @ 0.6g/l and Hexaconazole 5EC @ 0.5ml/l for controlling Blast, brown spot and glume discolouration. Anantnag: Production oriented survey was conducted during August September, 2010 in eighteen villages in the district. The general weather conditions remained normal during the crop season, however low temperatures were recorded during nursery stage. Most of the farmers were marginal. The survey was conducted during heading to maturity stage of the crop. The prevailing varieties were China 1039, K-39, K-448 (Jehlum), China 988, China 1007, SR-1, Kohsar, K-332 and Kamad. The sowings and transplanting were done during May and June respectively. Farmers followed random transplanting. The plant density followed was 55-70 plants/ m2. Crop rotation followed was Ricemustard-rice oats, Rice-Oat and Rice-Fallow was observed in the surveyed areas. Farmers normally applied FYM @ 0.51.0kg/m2 and urea at the time of raising the paddy nursery but provided Nitrogen 90kgs/ha in 3 split doses of urea and DAP in the main field. Potash application was almost negligible. The commonly observed weeds were Echinoclova, Cyprus spp, Potamageton distinctus, Cyprus iria, Marselia quadriflis etc. Weedicide Butachlor @ 1.5kg/a.i/ha was in practice by most of the farmers that resulted into very low or negligent infestation of the weeds. Farmer adopts for its corrective measures. Most of the fields surveyed in the district were found infected with leaf blast, Neck blast and Grain discolouration on Jehlum, China 1007, China 1039 varieties. Insect and pest like BPH, WBPH, GLH, leaf folder, stem borer and rats were found below the threshold level. Farmers applied Hexaconazole 5EC @ 0.3ml/l, Mancozeb 75WP @ 3g/l and Tricyclazole 75WP @ 0.6g/l for controlling Blast and other fungal diseases. Kulgam: Production oriented survey was conducted during August September, 2010 in seventeen villages in the district. The general weather conditions remained normal during the crop season, however low temperatures were recorded during nursery stage of the crops which resulted in drying of the nursery. Most of the farmers were marginal. The survey was conducted during heading and mature stages of the crop. The prevailing varieties were Jehlum, SR-1, China 988, K-448 (Jehlum), China 1007, China 1039, K-39, Pusa Sugandh-3 and K-332 The sowings and transplanting were done during May and June respectively. Farmers followed random transplanting. The plant density followed was 60-65 plants/ m2. Crop rotation of Ricemustard-rice oats, Rice-Oat and Rice-Fallow was observed in the surveyed areas. Farmers normally applied FYM @ 0.5-1.0kg/m2 and urea at the time of raising the paddy nursery but provided Nitrogen 80kgs/ha in 3 split doses of urea and DAP in the main field. Potash application was almost negligible. Weed infestation was medium; the commonly observed weeds were Echinoclova, Crusgali, Cyprus spp, Potamageton distinctus, Cyprus iria, Marselia quadriflis etc. weedicide butachlor @ 1.5kg/a.i/ha. Farmer adopts for its corrective measures. Most of the fields surveyed in the district were found infected with leaf blast, Neck blast and Grain discolouration on Jehlum, China 1007, China 1039 varieties. Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 81
Insect and pest infestation was also found below the threshold level. Farmers applied tricyclazole 75WP @ 0.6g/l, mancozeb 75WP @ 3g/l and hexaconazole 5EC @ 1.0ml/l for controlling Blast and other fungal diseases. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests Districts Diseases BL NBL BS SHBL GD L-M L L L L-M L L L L-M L Insects FS BPH WBPH GLH SB LF RAT L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
Pulwama
Anantnag L-M L Kulgam L-M L-M
82
Jammu and Kashmir-2 Districts Surveyed:

Rajouri and Jammu District Rajouri Block Rajouri, Thanna Mandi, Doongi, Manjakote and Nowshera Marh, Bhalwal, Bishnah and R.S. Pura Villages Pyne, Dandesar, Thanna Mandi, Bairoot, Kote, Plangarh, Kalari, Aitti, Muradpur, Chatiyar, Chak Jalala, Dalogra and Thandi Kayari Akalpur, Sarora, Lower Muthi, Tanda, Kukrian, Badyal Brahmana, Sai Molla, Chakroi, Trewa, Gho-Manasa, Satrayian, Mokhyan and Sandhwan
Jammu
Widely Grown Varieties: District Prevalent Varities Rajouri K 39, K 343, Giza-14 and Basmati local Jammu China 1039, Ratna, Sharbati, Basmati 370, Pusa 1121 and Hybrids 6444
Particulars of Rice Area: District Total Cultivable area (ha) Rajouri 140580 Jammu 169225
Area Under Rice (ha) 8020 45000
Irrigated Area (ha) 7779 49754
A production oriented survey in rice crop was conducted in a hilly district Rajouri and in some plains of Jammu district of J&K State during kharif-2010. The varieties like K39, K343 and Giza-14 were still found to be the preferred varieties in Rajouri while a revolutionary change was pragmatic in Jammu district whereby every farmer was keen to replace their age-old customary varieties of rice to the new high yielding hybrids. But with the unusual onslaught of false smut disease devastating many rice fields growing hybrid varieties in Marh and Bhalwal blocks, there remains a big challenging task before its adoption in full spirits. A few progressive farmers had even left growing hybrids of paddy in view of the alarming rise in the incidence of false smut. Weather for the year in both the districts remained most favourable to escape with the many diseases and pests and made the crop flourish till a heavy downpour of rain and hailstorm wrecked the basmati crop in particular and thereby losing yield even to the maximum extent of 80 per cent. Many farmers in Jammu were constantly getting the improvised seed from nearby Punjab state, but without testing their reliability in local agro-climatic conditions. Even farmers in Rajouri district were demanding the high yielding rice varieties that could thrive well in their subtropical and high altitude temperate areas. Use of fertilizers in many surveyed areas was not encouraging. The vanishing supply of potash and the late and erratic supply of DAP has become the routine that may inflict a serious dent in the soil health in near future. Many rivulets (irrigation channels) feeding almost the entire fields in Rajouri district, required to be repaired and reconstructed because of the constant rains this season that washed away these temporary channels. The district-wise detail of the individual district is given below:
83
Rajouri: An extensive 3-day survey on rice production was conducted in district Rajouri when the crop was at dough or at maturity stage. At some places the farmers had even harvested their crop earlier by 15-20 days for fear of hailstorm and kept the produce in heaps for subsequent drying and threshing. District Rajouri is spreaded in 2630 square kilometre area and has a net cultivable area of around 56,400 hectares. The cropping intensity of the district is 185.4 per cent. In the current season, the rice crop occupied about 8020 hectare area with its productivity at 17.06q/hectare. Weather during the entire season remained quite conducive for the remarkable vigour and yield of rice crop. Uniform widespread rains made even the un-irrigated fields bloom unprecedentedly till their harvest. Most of the rice fields are located on the riverside flowing across the district. Each field in turn is connected with the small concrete or temporary kacha water channels (rivulets) leading through the main river water. Land holding in the district was very less. The majority of farmers come under sub-marginal group where they possess less than one acre of cultivable area. Rice and wheat forms the sequence of crop rotation, though maize remains predominant kharif crop in the district. Maize, being staple food, was seen growing in rainfed as well as irrigated areas. Some of the land remains fallow in Rabi after rice harvest. Rice crop was sown widely in the first week of May and transplantation completed by 1st week of June. The age-old traditional varieties of Giza and China (K-39) grown predominantly in the entire district were still found favourite for the natives for their cooking quality and taste, besides their resistance to the major diseases and pests. Basmati local was found grown by few farmers in small pockets for domestic consumption only. The demand for more Basmati acreage could not be promoted because of its low productivity of 18-22q/ha, in contrast to the high productivity of 35-45q/ha for the high yielding varieties. Due to heavy seed mixture (20-30%), especially in some farms in Nowshera Block of the district, an intense yield loss was imminent. Because of the high fertile land, farmers mostly applied only the basal dose of urea along with small quantity (23kg/kanal) of DAP. No potash and zinc was added in fields for the last many years due to its non-availability and unawareness that ultimately had lead to its deficiency in the soil. In some areas like Kote, Dalogra, Kalari, Bairoot, farmers either do not add any fertilizer or apply in small quantity alongwith the farmyard manure. The farmers did not follow any plant protection measures. Though, application of machete and hand-weeding was commonly used to control the weeds, infestation of Echinochloa species stand insignificant in some fields. The occurrence of weedy rice was almost absent in the entire district. Rice planting by the random method was followed in all the fields with 30-35 plant density for each square meter area. Farmers, in general, use their own paddy seed produced from the previous crop except a few who change their seed, especially of basmati, after every 2-3 years. Since most of the paddy crop falls near the river-side, irrigation was largely made through small rivulets derived from rivers or through small canals in Nowshera block. The facility of other inputs like fertilizers and pesticides were found inadequate. Post-harvest losses at the time of harvesting were negligible for this season as the produce was harvested well before its complete drying. But with the practise of storing the harvested crop in heaps, 2-3 per cent yield was liable to get damaged. The drying of the harvested crop was accomplished by bundling them in high heaps in the fields itself and exposed to sunlight till they become ready for threshing. In this drying process, only an upper layer of the heap gets damaged due to the weatherly changes. No disease and insect pest pressure was found in the current season except for an insignificant and sporadic incidence of brown spot, grain discoloration, stem borer, grass hopper and leaf folder in some fields. Lodging was also found in few areas, but without any perceptible damage. Rice hybrid seeds were highly demanded by some farmers, provided it is supplied only after confirming their adaptation to this high altitude subtemperate conditions of the district. A few farmers had demanded the storage bins and small paddy thresher at subsidized rates. In many fields, the temporary kacha water channels had Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 84
washed away due to heavy rains and consequently farmers demand for their reconstruction by the government agencies. Jammu: In Jammu, a sporadic survey was conducted in three blocks only wherein farmers were growing basmati as a major rice crop variety followed by Sharbati and Ratna. Hybrid rice was found rapidly replacing other varieties in recent years, especially in Marh and Bhalwal blocks. Besides its procurement from agriculture department, many farmers brought hybrids from the adjoining Punjab state. In previous kharif, hybrid rice gave yield ranging from 55-80q/hectare in comparison to Basmati, Sharbati and Ratna that yielded 26-35, 38-50 and 36-42q/hectare, respectively. Good weather conditions accompanied by well distributed rains prevailed throughout the season except a heavy downpour of rain and hailstorm at some places on the intervening night of 21st and 22nd of October 2010. In all the three blocks, farmers grow wheat and barseem just after the harvest of rice. Most of them have good land holdings, sow seed in the last week of May and then transplanting before the end of July. Since all the three blocks have very rich and fertile soil, farmers usually avoid adding fertilizers at nursery stage. Only a few farmers applied FYM in their farms. In main fields, basmati growing farmers either do not put urea or apply with a very less quantity for fear of crop attaining more height that become prone to lodging. In other varieties, urea at 5kg/kanal in two splits was applied in field as a basal dose and after one month of transplantation. Phosphorus in the form of DAP was applied at 5kg/kanal in most of the farms as single dose. Potash remained elusive as in the past so many years. Machete was used consistently to contain weeds of different sorts. However, Echinochloa and Cyperus species were the two weeds found invariably in all the fields with low to negligible infestation. Intensity of weedy rice, too, was found negligible in most of the fields surveyed, but at a very few places, it was progressing alarmingly to the tune of 100-150 plants per kanal (500 sq. meter). Irrigation in all the regions of the district surveyed was met either through the Ranbir canal network or through their own tube wells. Only a few farmers take on plant protection measures like seed treatment and zinc application in their fields. Damage of crop through false smut even to the extent of 50 per cent was observed conspicuously in areas adopting the hybrids. Sharbati growing near the hybrids was also found infected with false smut, but with low strength. Other disease and pest pressure was found to be in the low intensity in all the blocks surveyed. However, hailstorm on the intervening night of 21st and 22nd of October 2010 caused a major setback in the large belt of basmati where it incurred a heavy yield loss extending upto 80 per cent in some villages like Satraiana, Mokhyan, Chakroi, Sai Molla and Trewa. Sharbati and other varieties also suffered yield loss, but with less extent. Stem rot was found prominent in Sandhwan area of Marh block, while rat menace was alarmingly high in a few villages of R.S. Pura block. Post-harvest losses found in most of the farms during harvesting and threshing stage was to the extent of 2-3 per cent. Kukrian and nearby villages located near the Indo-Pak border had a heavy load-shedding of electric power supply that usually made their tube wells run improperly for irrigation purpose. Farmers thereby asked for the maintenance of government tube wells and distribution of canal water at proper time. Availability of fertilizers at proper time and seed of tested varieties for the region were also required to replace them with the old varieties. Demand for hybrids was getting bigger with many farmers but at subsidized rates. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests
District Rajouri Jammu BS L L-M ShBl L L Diseases FS L-S GD L L-M SB L L Pests GH L L LF L L
85
Jharkhand
District Surveyed: Ranchi, Ramgarh, Hazaribagh, Gumla, Lohardaga and East Singhbhum Particulars of survey Districts Blocks Ranchi Ranchi (Sadar) Angarha Khijri Kanke Chanho Ramgarh Dulmi Gola Chitrapur Mandu Hazaribagh Hazaribagh (Sadar) Churchu Gumla Bharno Lohardaga Bhandra Senha Lohardaga Kuru Bahragora Chakulia Ghatsila
Villages Khijurtola, Booti Basti, Baksidih, Lalgar, Salan Senjusoren, Ladna piri, Latardih Boriya, Cheri Pandri, Balsokra, Pokario Pukridih, Kulhi, Bariatu, Marang marcha Chhotki pauna, Lari pansala Mandu, Pandre mile, Morangi, Hupad, Demotanr Bahera, Fusri Bharno Masutoli, Bharno headtoli, Kumrho, Jura Palmi, Bhandra, Udrangi, Barhi Gamhartoli, Sethio, Sengatu Lohardaga, Hirni Haratoli, Kendtoli Karak, Jima Chandu, Tali Khamhar, Barasati, Khanti Kushmi, Dhrampura, Lodhasuli, Kutrapara, Titiha Kendadanga, Kalchiti, Purnapani, Pairguri
East Singhbhum
Widely prevalent rice varieties/ hybrids in Jharkhand

Districts Ranchi Varieties/Hybrids Hybrids- Arize-6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71, PAC-801, PAC-832, Front line RH-257, Suruchi-5629, 5445 and US-312 etc. HYVs - TN-1, IR-64, IR-36, BVD-109, BVD-110, Lalat, Naveen, Mahsuri, Birsamati and Swarna etc. Local/unreleased- Kalamdani, Neta dhan, Dhusari, Lal dhan, Charaka dhan and Karhaini etc Hybrids- Arize-6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71, Suraj (Manisha seeds co.), Radha (Shakun seeds Co.), Sonam,UAS-312, UAS-401, Champion (NPH-207), Dhania-2316, PAC-801 and PAC-832 etc.; HYVs -IR-64, IR-36, MTU-1001, Lalat, Sarju-52, BVD-10, Mahsuri and Sita etc; Local/unreleased- Karibaki, Dhusari, Jonga, Doodh kandar and Sathi etc. Hybrids- Arize-6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71, PAC-801, PAC-832, Sonam and KRH-2 HYVs - IR-36, IR-64, Lalat, MTU 1010, Birsa vikash Dhan-110, Sarju-52, Mahsuri, Vandana and Abhisek etc. Local/unreleased - Dhusari, Sagma, Doodh kandar and Sathi etc. Hybrids- Arize-6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71, PAC-801, PAC-832 and KRH-2; HYVs- IR-64, IR-36, Lalat, MTU1010 and MTU1001 etc. ocal/unreleased Kalamdani, Bachha dhan, Dahia, Naniha, Gotia and Brown gora etc. 86
Ramgarh
Hazaribagh
Gumla
Lahardaga
East Singhbhum
Hybrids- PAC-801, 807, 832, Dhania-2316, 755, 777, Champion, Suraj, Arize-6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71 and PA-6129 etc. HYVs - IR-64, Lalat, Sita, and MTU 1010 etc. Local/unreleased - Naniha, Kalamdani, Tilasar, Dahia, Bhojni, Bhojni, Dudhsar and Agnisar etc. Hybrids- Arize-6444, PA-6129 PHB-71 and KRH-2etc. ; HYVs MTU7029, IR-64, Lalat,GS-1, GS-2, Gadro, Khandgiri, Bakura-1, Annada MTU 1001 and MTU 1010, Parijat, Naveen, Rajshree, BVD-110 etc.; Local/unreleased Lakhansal, Diptisal, Balibhojna, Kalamdani, Malti, Burha swarna, Tilasar etc.
District wise rainfall data of Jharkhand during Kharif, 2010

Districts Ranchi Gumla Lohardaga East Singhbhum Hazaribagh Ramgarh
June Normal Actual 187.7 84.4 352.4 84.8 137.3 137.4 247.9 92.6 194.0 116.8 194.0 44.2 July Normal Actual 362.4 188.1 357.0 254.8 305.0 168.1 316.8 135.4 301.0 133.1 339.3 163.1 August Normal Actual 310.4 158.2 333.1 218.8 294.1 142.2 281.0 97.6 299.1 189.3 316.5 150.9 September Normal Actual 300.3 225.8 201.5 194.1 212.8 149.5 191.9 174.4 220.3 130.8 218.3 160.0
District wise paddy crop coverage of Jharkhand during Kharif, 2010

Rice Districts Ranchi Gumla Lohardaga East Singhbhum Hazaribagh Ramgarh
Target 163.00 176.00 44.00 127.00 78.00 29.00
(Acerage in 000 ha)

% coverage area 11.3 53.3 25.0 30.3 33.5 34.6
Coverage 18.35 93.79 10.99 38.53 26.12 10.05
Production Oriented Survey (POS) in paddy growing areas of Jharkhand was conducted during summer-2009-10 and Kharif, 2010. Six districts (Ranchi, Ramgarh, Hazaribagh, Gumla, Lohardaga, and East Singhbhum) covering 53 villages from 19 blocks were surveyed. The survey was conducted during tillering / milking/ dough/ mature stages of the crop. General climatic conditions and rainfall in all surveyed district was erratic or below actual rainfall (Drought) with reference to paddy cultivation. Due to late monsoon rain transplanting could not be done timely. Most of the farmers reported that the rainfall was very erratic and low during the crop season and therefore, only about 30-35 % rice cropped area where transplanting done and rest area became fallow. Most of the area (about 90-95%) of the districts is monocropped (rice). Rice is mainly grown as rain fed crop with extremely limited life saving irrigation facilities through wells, ponds, etc. Most of the farmers were marginal to small holdings. The main source of finance was own savings or borrowing from relatives or bank or money lenders for purchase of inputs like seeds, fertilizers etc. In general, fertilizers and pesticides were mainly procured from private dealers. In case of local traditional variety own seeds were used for the raising rice crop. In case of open pollinated HYVs like IR-64, Swarna, MTU 1010, IR-36, Naveen, BVD-109, 110,
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Vandana, Birsamati etc. also part of previous years seeds was kept for seed purpose. Some progressive and marginal farmers procured seed from private dealers, Birsa Agricultural University (BAU), Ranchi. and Zonal Research Station (BAU) and KVK. The main source of irrigation was pond, well, and rivers etc. Only 8-10 per cent area of surveyed districts of Jharkhand where irrigation facility takes place. Electricity and diesel were the main source of power. Most of farmers in the state were either small or marginal. Very few progressive and marginal farmers were ready to adopt new technologies and recommendations were also there especially in Ranchi, Hazaribagh and East Singhbhum. The common needs of the farmers in the surveyed district included creation of irrigation facility like ponds, canal and bore well, loan from bank, electricity supply, short duration good quality of seeds, fertilizers and pesticides at reasonable price, availability of tractor, power tiller, diesel pump, spraying machine etc especially on hired basis and easily available of kerosene oil. The prevailing crop rotation followed rice-fallow, rice-wheat, rice-mustard, rice-chickpea, rice-pea, rice-vegetable (tomato/ brinjal/ pea/ cauliflower), ricerice etc. in the state. FYM or cow dung was used in limited quantities in nursery as well as main field of rice crop. Fertilizers were applied @ 3080 kg N ha-1, 10-30 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 0-30 kg K2O ha-1. Some farmers (about 5-6%) in the surveyed districts used potassic fertilizer in rice crop. Most of the farmers reported that they do not apply chemical fertilizers in traditional varieties of rice in almost all the above surveyed districts of Jharkhand. The method of transplanting was random and average plant population was 25-33 hills/m2.The average grain yield of traditional variety, HYVs and Hybrid ranged from 8-1.2 q/ha, 15- 20 q/ha and 30-40 q/ha, respectively. The low grain yield of paddy in this year was due to scanty and erratic rainfall during the crop season. The predominant weeds were Cyperus Spp., Echinochloa Spp., Panicum Spp., Euphorbia hirta, Celosia, Spp., Phyllanthus Spp., Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta alba, Amaranthus Spp. Commelina Spp., Eclipta alba and Agiratum conizoides etc. in kharif season and Xanthium stumarium, Oxalis spp. etc. in summer rice. Some farmers (About 1%) applied weedicides like pretilachlor or top star (2,4 D) or butachlor @ 1.5 to 2.0 kg a.i./ha as a post emergence for management of weeds. Two hand weeding was common practice of the farmers in most of the surveyed area of the state. Rate of adoption of plant protection measures against insect pests/diseases/weeds among farmers was limited i.e., 4 to 5% only in survey districts of Jharkhand. Among biotic constraints, diseases like brown spot was most serious disease particularly local tradition varieties or upland rice whereas, blast and grain discolouration were also recorded in medium to severe intensities in HYVs and Hybrids, False smut was in low to medium intensities in HYVs and Hybrids. IR 64 was susceptible to blast (medium to severe intensity) in some places of Ranchi. Some farmers used fungicides like Indofil M-45 (25%) or carbendazim (0.1%) or Saaf (0.2%) or hexaconazole (0.1%) etc. for management of above diseases, when disease become severe. The most common insect pests were stem borer, case worm, Gundhi bug, BPH, gall midge and leaf folder etc. were recorded in low/medium/severe intensity in surveyed districts of Jharkhand. Some farmers used insecticides like choloropyriphos (2 ml/lit of water), monocrotophos (1 ml/lit.), Rogor (1 ml/lit.), cypermethrin (2 ml/lit.), trizophos (2 ml/lit) phorate 10G (5-6 kg/ha) or carbofuran 3G (10-15 kg/ha) for management of above pests. Some farmers reported that putting of Sindwar (Vitex negundo) leaves/twig or Karma or Velwa twig in the main field of rice at panicle initiation stage helps to check the attack of insect pests. They also reported that putting of maize cob near the main field of rice crop also helps to check the attack of insect pests in paddy. The farmers also reported damage by rats in rice both in the filed as well as in the store houses to the extent of up to 2- 3 per cent in the surveyed districts of Jharkhand.
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Ranchi: Thirteen villages of five blocks viz. Ranchi (Sadar), Angarha, Khijri, Kanke and
Chanho covered for production oriented survey (POS) during summer and kharif, 2010-11 when the rice crop was either tillering/ milking/dough/mature stages. The general climatic condition is not favourable (drought) with reference to rice cultivation. As the farmers reported that the monsoon rain came late in this year and due to this rice is grown in about 20-25% of the rice cutivated area only in the district. Transplanting was done up to first week of September. The predominant hybrids like Arize-6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71, PAC-801, PAC-832, Front line RH-257, Suruchi-5629, 5445 and US-312 etc. HYVs like IR-64, IR-36, BVD-109, BVD-110, Lalat, Naveen, Birsamati and Swarna etc. and Local traditional variety like Kalamdani, Neta dhan, Dhusari, Lal dhan, Charaka dhan and Karhaini etc were grown during kharif whereas, in summer season the predominant varieties like TN-1, IR-64, IR-36, BVD-110 in the district were in the region. The prevailing crop rotation in the region was rice-fallow, rice-gram, rice-vegetable (potato/pea/ tomato/brinjal) rice-mustard, rice-rice, rice-wheat. Most of the area (about 90%) were monocropped (rice). Rice is mainly grown as rain fed crop with extremely limited life saving irrigation facilities through wells, ponds, etc. Most of the farmers were marginal to small. However, some progressive farmers, concentrated on vegetable cultivation for supply to the city markets in the state or adjoining states. The source of finance were own savings, borrowing from relatives or money lenders or bank etc. In general, farmers procured seeds from Birsa Agricultural University or private dealers. Some farmers used own seeds for raising the crop. Fertilizers, pesticides and farm implements were obtained from local traders. Due to erratic and scanty rainfall transplanting was done up to first week of September in the region. The method of transplanting was random and average plant population was 25-30 hills/m2. The low grain yield of paddy in this year was due to scanty and erratic rainfall during the crop season. The farmers applied FYM in the nursery as well as in the main field at the time of land preparation. The farmer applied fertilizers ranged from 50-80 kg N, 10-30 kg P2O5 and 0-10 kg K2O per hectare. Most of the farmers do not apply potassic fertilizers at all in their rice field. The grain yield of rice ranged from 15-20 q/ha, 35-45 q/ha and 8-10 q/ha for HYV, hybrids and local varieties, respectively. The common needs of the farmers in the district included creation of irrigation facility like ponds, canals and bore wells and short duration good quality of paddy seeds etc. The predominant weed species were Cyperus Spp., Echinochloa Spp., Panicum Spp., Euphorbia hirta, Celosia, Spp., Phyllanthus Spp., Cynolan dactylonand, Eclipta alba Amaranthus Spp. etc. Only few progressive farmers applied weedicide like pretilachlor or butachlor 1.5 to 2.0 kg a.i./ha within five days of transplanting. Two hand weeding is common practice for management of weeds in the district. Most of the biotic constraints like blast, and grain discolouration were recorded in medium to high or severe intensities. brown spot, BLB, false smut, sheath blight and sheath rot in low-medium intensity. IR 64 was susceptible to blast (medium to severe intensity) in some places of the region. Some progressive or marginal farmers sprayed Indofil M-45 (0.25%) or Sitara (0.1%) or carbendazim (0.1%) for management of above diseases. The most common insect pests (stem borer, Gundhi bug, case worm, gall midge, leaf folder, and termite) were recorded. The attack of case worm, Gundhi bug and termite was recorded in medium incidence and rest pests like stem borer, gall midge and leaf folder, were in low to medium incidence were recorded. Spraying of monocrotophos (1ml/liter of water) or chloropyriphos (2ml/liter of water) or Kung Fu (2 ml/lit of water) was also undertaken especially for the management of cash worm stem borer and Gundhi bug. Root knot nematode was also recorded in medium incidence in nursery as well as main field of rice. Some marginal farmers applied Phorate 10G or carbofuran 3G for the management of root knot nematode. However, the rate of adoption of plant protection measures against diseases/pests/weeds among farmers was limited to 3 to 5 per cent only. The respondent
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farmers reported 5-8 % post harvest losses during different stages. The farmers also reported damage by rats both in the filed as well as in the store houses to the extent of up to 2-3 per cent.
Ramgarh: POS was conducted in ten villages of Dulmi, Gola, Chitrapur and Mandu blocks
of Ramgarh district when the crop was in dough or mature stage. Most of the farmers were marginal to small. Rice was mainly taken as rainfed crop under limited irrigation facility. In general climatic conditions were not favourable for the crop during the year (Drought). The predominant hybrids were Arize-6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71, Suraj (Manisha seeds co.), Radha (Shakun seeds Co.), Sonam (Ankur seeds Co.), UAS-312, UAS-401, Champion (NPH-207), Dhania-2316, PAC-801 and PAC-832 etc, HYVs like IR-64, IR-36, MTU-1001, Lalat, Sarju52, BVD-10, Mahsuri and Sita etc. There was a rapid increase in the percentage of area under hybrids and shrinkage of area under open pollinated HYV as compared to the previous crop season. High yield potential and better performance under water limited situation was the reasons given for adoption of rice hybrids by the farmers. Especially the poor farmers cultivated local varieties like Karibaki, Dhusari, Jonga, Doodh kandar and Sathi etc (2 to 3% of the paddy area). The prevailing crop rotation in the district was rice-fallow, rice-gram, rice-wheat, rice-vegetable. The source of irrigation was well and local river. Only 5-6 % of kharif cropped area in the district where irrigation takes place in rabi crops. The source of finance were own savings, borrowing from money lenders/bank etc. Farm machineries including tractor, water pumps etc. were available on hire. Transplanting of paddy in this year was very late due to late coming of monsoon rain. The method of transplanting was random and average plant population was 25-33 hllls/m-1. The common needs of the farmers in the district included creation of irrigation facility like ponds, canal and well etc. and short duration good quality of paddy seeds. Most of the farmers reported that the rainfall was very erratic and low in this year and therefore, only about 35 % rice cropped area where transplanting done and rest area become fallow. They also reported that the average grain yield ranged from 15-20 q/ha for HYV, 30-45 q/ha for hybrids and 8-10 q/ha for local varieties of rice. The low grain yield of paddy was due to scanty and erratic rainfall during the crop season. FYM was applied by the farmers in the nursery as well as in the main field at the time of land preparation in limited amount. The farmers applied fertilizers 40-80 kg N, 10-30 kg P2O5 and 0-20 kg K2O per ha. The common weeds were Cyperus spp., Echinochloa Spp. Celosia spp. Euphorbia hirta, Eclipta alba, Amaranthus Spp. Commelina Spp., and Cynodon dactylon etc. only few farmers (about1%) applied weedicide like Top star (2,4-D) or Butachlor 1.5 lit/ha as a post emergence weedicide. Majority of farmers followed two hand weeding for management of weeds. Farmers also used their bullocks for threshing of paddy is common practice in the region. In general, small and marginal farmers used the tar road/ high way for drying their harvest of grains. Non availability of kerosene oil was complained by majority of farmers. Among biotic constraints, diseases like blast and grain discolouration were recorded in medium to high intensities, low to medium of brown spot and low intensities of BLB. Most of the farmers also reported that false smut comes during dough stage in medium intensity, particular in hybrid rice. Some farmers sprayed Indofil M45 (0.25%) or Streptomycin sulphate + Tetracycline hydrochloride (Krosin G) for management of above diseases. Among the insect pests, stem borer, Gundhi bug, and termite were general insect pest having low to medium incidence and low incidence of gall midge and leaf folder. Some farmers applied endosulphan (2 ml/liter of water) or phorate 10G (4-5 kg ha-1) carbofuran- 3G (15-20 kg ha-1) or alpha methrin (Gem) @ 2 ml/lit of water for management of above insect pest. Some farmers reported that putting of maize cob near the main field of rice crop also helps to check the attack of insect pests. Putting of Sindwar (Vitex
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niesgundu) leaves/twig or Karma twig in the main field of rice at panicle initiation stage also helps to check the attack of insect pests. The farmers reported damage by rats both in the filed as well as in the store houses to the extent of up to 2- 3 per cent.
Hazaribagh: POS was conducted in five villages (Morangi, Hupad, Demotanr, Bahera and
Fusri) villages of Hazaribagh sadar and Churchu blocks of Hazaribagh district when the crop was either in dough or mature stage. Most of the farmers were marginal to small. In general climatic conditions were not favorable for the crop during the year. The hybrids were Arize6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71, PAC-801, PAC-832, Sonam and KRH-2, HYVs - IR-36, IR-64, Lalat, MTU 1010, Birsa Vikash Dhan-110, Sarju-52, Mahsuri, Vandana and Abhisek etc. Some poor farmers cultivated local varieties like Dhusari, Sagma, Doodh kandar and Sathi etc (1-to 2% of the rice cropped area). Rice was mainly grown as rainfed crop under limited irrigation facility. The prevailing crop rotation in the district was rice fallow, rice-wheat, ricevegetable. Well, pond and local river were the common source of irrigation. Only 8-9 % of kharif cropped area in the district where irrigation takes place in rabi crops. The source of finance were own savings, borrowing from money lenders/bank etc. The method of transplanting was random and average plant population was 28-35 hllls/m-1. The common needs of the farmers in the district included creation of irrigation facility like ponds, canal and well etc., loan from bank and electricity supply. The average grain yield ranged from 1520 q/ha for HYV, 35-40 q/ha for hybrids and 8-12 q/ha for local varieties of rice. Due to scanty and erratic rainfall during the crop season was the main reason for getting poor grain yield of paddy. Most of the farmers also reported that the rainfall was very erratic and low in this year and therefore, only 40 % rice cropped area where transplanting done and rest area became fallow. FYM was applied by the farmers in the nursery as well as in the main field at the time of land preparation. The farmers applied fertilizers 40-80 kg N, 1030 kg P2O5 and 10-20 kg K2O per ha. The common weeds were Cyperus spp., Echinochloa Spp. Celosia spp. Euphorbia hirta Cynodon dactylon, Commelina Spp. and Eclipta alba etc. only few farmers (about-0.5%) applied weedicide like Butachlor 1.5 lit/ha as a post emergence weedicide. Majority of farmers followed two hand weeding for management of weeds. Among biotic constraints, diseases like blast was recorded in medium to high intensities, low to medium of brown spot and low intensities of BLB and grain discolouration. Some farmers also reported that false smut comes during dough stage in medium intensity, particular in hybrid rice. Some farmers sprayed Indofil M-45 (0.25%) or Streptomycin sulphate + Tetracycline hydrochloride (Krosin G) for management of above diseases. Among the insect pests, stem borer, Gundhi bug, gall midge, leaf folder and termite were general insect pest having low to medium incidence and medium incidence of case worm. Some farmers applied endosulphan (2 ml/liter of water) or Phorate 10G (4-5 kg ha-1) carbofuran- 3G (15-20 kg ha-1), Alpha methrin (Gem) @ 2 ml/lit of water or Ekalux @ 1 ml/lit of water for management of above insect pests. The farmers reported damage by rats both in the field as well as in the store houses to the extent of up to 2- 3 per cent.
Gumla: The survey was conducted in four villages (Bharno Masutoli, Bharno headtoli,
Kumrho, Jura) of Bharno block of Gumla district when the crop was either in dough or mature stage. Most of the farmers were marginal to small. The Hybrids (Arize-6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71, PAC-801, PAC-832 and KRH-2) were widely cultivated by farmers (about 4550%) in above area. The HYV (IR-64, IR-36, Lalat, MTU 1010 and MTU 1001 etc.) were also popular among the farmers (about 50%) in the region. Some poor farmers cultivated local varieties like Kalamdani, Bachha dhan, Dahia, Naniha, Gotia and Brown gora etc. (2 to
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3% of the area). The prevailing crop rotation in the district was rice fallow, rice-wheat, ricemustard, rice-pea, rice-vegetable. The average grain yield ranged from 15-20 q/ha for HYV, 30-35 q/ha. for hybrids and 6-8 q/ha for local varieties of rice. Majority of the farmers reported that poor rainfall during the milking stage of the crop was the main reason for poor setting of paddy grain in this year. They also reported that the rainfall was erratic and scanty and therefore, about 50-60% rice cropped area where transplanting/direct seeding done and rest area become fallow. The transplanting was random and the average plat population was 28-32 hills/m2. FYM was applied by the farmers in the nursery as well as in the main field at the time of land preparation in limited amount. The farmers applied fertilizers 30-80 kg N, 10-30 kg P2O5 and 0-20 kg K2O per ha. The common weeds were Cyperus spp., Echinochloa Spp. Panicum spp., Euphobia hirta, Parthenium Spp., Dactyloctenium aegypticum, Cynodon dactylon etc. None of the farmers applied weedicide in paddy fields. All farmers followed two hand weeding for management of weeds in the region. Farmers used their bullocks for threshing of paddy is common practice in the region. In general, farmers used the tar road/ high way for drying their harvested grains. Among diseases, brown spot, grain discolouration and blast were recorded in medium intensities and low intensities of BLB. Some farmers applied Indofil M-45 (0.25%) or carbendazim (0.1%) for management of above diseases. Some farmers also reported that false smut comes during dough stage in medium intensity, particular in hybrid rice which could not be controlled by any fungicide. Among the insect pests, stem borer, Gundhi bug were common pests in the region were observed in high incidence. Gall midge, case worm, leaf folder termite and rat in low to medium incidence.Some farmers applied Rogor (1 ml/liter of water) or Phorate 10G (4-5 kg ha-1) or carbofuran- 3G (15-20 kg ha-1) or Ekalux @ 1 ml/lit of water for management of above insect pests. The farmers reported 5-8 % post harvest losses during different stages.
Lohardaga: The survey was conducted in twelve villages of Bhandra, Senha, Lohardaga
and Kuru blocks of the Lohardaga district when the crop was dough o mature stages. Rice was mainly grown as a rainfed crop under water limited condition. However, the monsoon came in the district very late. Due to this only about 50-60 area were transplanted with paddy and rest land became fallow. Most of the farmers were marginal to small holdings. The predominant hybrids were PAC-801, 807, 832, Dhania-2316, 755, 777, Champion, Suraj, Arize-6444, Arize Tej, PHB-71 and PA-6129 etc. HYVs - IR-64, Lalat, Sita, and MTU 1010 etc., Local variety- Naniha, Kalamdani, Tilasar, Dahia, Bhojni, Bhojni, Dudhsar and Agnisar etc. in the region. The prevailing crop rotation in the district was rice-fallow, rice-wheat, ricemustard, rice-pea, rice-potato, rice-vegetable. The farmers made use of either own income or borrowed from money lenders/relatives/bank for purchase of procurement of inputs. Seeds were obtained from local traders/ Birsa Agricultural University. Fertilizers, pesticides and farm equipments etc were obtained from local traders. The common needs of farmers in the district included creation of irrigation facilities like bore wells, pond, canal etc., diesel pump set, and other farm implements on hire, quality hybrid/HYV seeds at reasonable prices. Majority of farmers reported that drying and storage facilities are not available. In general, small and marginal farmers used their bullocks for threshing of paddy is common practice in the region. They used the tar road/ high way for drying their harvest of grains. Non availability of kerosene oil was complained by majority of farmers. The average rice yield ranged from 8-10 q/ha for local varieties, 12-20 q/ha for HYV and 30-45 q/ha for hybrid rice. Some farmers reported that due to poor rainfall at milking and booting stage of the crop was the main reason for poor setting of paddy grains. The application of manure (FYM) given by the farmers as per his availability at the time of land preparation, whereas, the fertilizers
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NPK:: 50-70: 20-30: 0-20 kg/ha for HYV and 100:40:20 kg/ha for rice hybrids and 30:10:0 kg/ha for local varieties. The common weeds were Cyperus spp., Echinochloa Spp. Panicum spp., Euphobia hirta and Parthenium Spp., Cynodon dactylon etc. Some progressive farmers used weedicides like Butachlor/ Top star @ 1.5 a.i. kg/ha to control weeds like Cyperus spp., Echinochloa spp. Ageratum conyzoides etc. In general, two hand weeding is common practice of farmers in the region for management of weeds. Among the diseases, brown spot and blast were recorded in Low to medium intensities. Some farmers also reported that grain discolouration and false smut disease also come in field in medium to high or severe incidence. Some progressive farmers used fungicides like mancozeb (2.5 kg/ha), hexaconazole (0.1%) etc. for management of above disease. The insecticides like moncroptophos, cypermethrin, Trizophos (2 ml/lit) phorate 10G (5-6 kg/ha) were applied to reduce the damage by leaf folder (low incidence), stem borer (medium incidence), case worm (medium to severe incidence), etc. Some farmers used Sindwar leaves or Velwa or karma twig in paddy to reduce the damage by Gundhi bug (medium incidence) and insect pests.
East Singhbhum: The survey was conducted in eleven villages of Baharagora, Chakulia
and Ghatsila blocks of the district when the crop was in either milking or mature stage. It is grown mainly as a rain fed crop with extremely limited life saving irrigation through canal, bore wells and ponds etc. The climatic conditions with reference to the rice crop were not favourable because the rainfall was erratic and monsoon rain came very late and therefore, only about 30-40 per cent area where transplanting of rice was done. The predominant Hybrids viz., Arize-6444, PA-6129 PHB-71 and KRH-2 etc. were grown in about 5-8% of the area. Only 70-85 per cent area of rice was devoted to different rice HYVs (MTU-7029, IR64, Lalat, MTU 1001 and MTU 1010, Naveen, Rajshree, BVD-110 etc.in kharif and Parijat, Lalat, Naveen, IR 64, GS-1, GS-2, Gadro, Khandgiri, Bakura-1, Annada in summer paddy). About 10-15% area under local rice varieties Viz; Lakhansal, Diptisal, Balibhojna, Kalamdani, Nura, Burha swarna, Tilasar etc. The prevailing crop rotation in the district was rice-fallow, rice-rice, rice-rice-rice, rice-vegetable, (tomato/brinjal/ potato/pea), rice-gram, and rice-rice etc. Most of the farmers were either small or marginal. However, there were some progressive or marginal farmers also who mainly concentrated on vegetable cultivation for supply to the town/city. The farmers procured seeds from local private dealers, Zonal Research Station, Krishi Vigyan Kendra and blocks. Some farmers used own seeds for raising the crop. The average grain yield ranged from 35-40 q/ha for hybrid rice, 15 to 20 q/ha for HYV and 8 to 10 q/ha for local varieties of rice. The farmers applied FYM in the nursery as well as in the main field at the time of land preparation as per his availability. Most of the farmers reported that poor rainfall during the kharif season was the main reason for poor setting of paddy grain. They also reported that the rainfall was erratic and scanty and therefore, about 30-40% rice cropped area where transplanting done and rest area became fallow.. Some farmers also reported that poor rainfall in kharif in this area will also be hampered summer rice cultivation. The transplanting was random and the average plant population was 26- 35 hills/m2. The farmers applied fertilizers ranged from 30-80 kg N, 1030 kg P2O5 and 0-20 kg K2O per hectare. The common needs of the farmers in the region were creation of irrigation facility like bore wells, canals, dam, available of good quality of short duration variety of paddy seeds and supply electricity particularly in summer rice cultivation. The common weeds were Echinochloa spp, Eleucine indica, Cyperus spp, Commelina Spp., Eclipta alba, Cynodon dactylon etc., kharif and Xanthium stumarium, Oxalis spp.etc. in summer season. None of the farmers applied weedicide for management of weeds in the region. Two hand weeding is common practice i.e., 20-25 an 45-50 DAT for management of weeds. Among biotic constraints, diseases like brown spot, blast and grain Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 93
discolouration were recorded medium to severe intensities, Low intensities of false smut, BLB, Sheath blight, sheath rot were also recorded. Brown spot was the major disease in local and some improved variety of rice and blast and grain discolouration was the major disease in HYV and hybrid rice. Some progressive and marginal farmers sprayed Kasu-B (2 ml/lit.), Saaf (0.2%) or Indofil M-45 (0.25%) for management of above iseases. Some farmers also used neem cake plus FYM (25% N source instead of required nitrogenous fertilizers) for management if rice diseases. Among the insect pests, stem borer, case worm, Gundhi bug, leaf folders and BPH were recorded. The attack of stem borer, case worm was recorded from medium to severe intensities. whereas, Gundhi bug,Termite and leaf folder were recorded in low to medium intensities and gall midge BPH and rat in low intensities. Some farmers applied Thimet or Furadon(12-15 kg/ha) or Rogor (1.5 ml./lit)or Metacid (1.0 to 1.5 ml./lit) for management of above insect pests. Some farmers put Velwa twig or Podhasi leaf in main field of rice before flowering stage for management of above insect pests. Some farmers also reported damage by rats both in the fields as well as in the store houses to the extent of 1-2 per cent. No control measures regarding rat management is common practice is the region in the region However, the rate of adoption of plant protection measures against diseases/pests/weeds among farmers was limited to 2-5 per cent only. The respondent farmers also reported 5-10 per cent post harvest losses during different stages. The farmers reported about 5 per cent post harvest losses during different stages of the crop.
Prevalence of diseases and pests of rice in Jharkhand (2010) Districts Diseases

BS BL GD FS BLB ShB ShR Ranchi L-M M-S M-S L L-M L-M L-M Ramgarh M M-S M-S M Hazaribagh M M-S L L Gumla M M M M L Lohardaga L-M L-M M-S M-S East M-S M-S M-S L L L L Singhbhum L- Low incidence (0-5%); M- Medium incidence (6-20%); S-Severe /High incidence (>20 %)
Districts
Insect pests
SB CW LF GB GM Term BPH Rat Ranchi L-M L L-M M L-M M L Ramgarh L-M L L-M L L-M L Hazaribagh L-M M L-M L-M L-M L-M Gumla S L-M L-M S L-M L-M L-M Lohardaga M M-S L M East M-S M-S M M L M L L Singhbhum L-Low incidence (0-5%); M-Medium incidence(6-20%); S-Severe /High incidence (>20 %)
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Karnataka
Districts surveyed: Mandya, Hassan, Shimoga, Mysore, Chickkamagalur, Dharwad, Tumkur, Hassan, Chamrajnagar, Dakshina Kannada and Udupi Particulars of survey Districts Taluks Mandya Mandya, K.R.Pet, Malavalli, Maddur, Srirangapatna Hassan Channarayapatna, Hassan, Sakaleshwar, Arkalgud, Halebeedu Holenarsipura Shimoga Mysore Chickkamagalur Dharwad Tumkur Hassan Chamrajnagar Dakshina Kannada Udupi Shimoga, Shikaripura and Bhadravathi Nanjangud, T.Narsipura and Mysore Mudigere, Chickkamagalur and Tarikere Mundgod and Dharwad Kunigal, Turverekere and Tumkur Channarayapatna, Hassan, Sakaleshwar, Arkalgud, Halebeedu Holenarsipura Chamrajnagar, Kollegala, Arkalgud Mangalore, Udupi, Kundapura
Widely prevalent varieties Mandya BR-2655, Thanu, Jaya, MTU-1001, MTU1010, IR-30864, KRH-2, Airze, IR-64 Hassan IR-64, Thanu, IR 3864, IET-7191, Intan Cross, JGL 1798, Jyothi, BR-2655, Tunga, Rajamudi and Ratnachoodi Shimoga MTU 1001, IR 64, JGL-1798, Tunga, Intan, BR-2655, Jyothi and Thanu. Local varieties: Jeerige sanna and Rathna Choodi Mysore Chickkamagalur Dharwad Tumkur Chamrajnagar Dakshina Kannada Udupi Jyothi, BR 2655, Thrupti, JGL-1798, IR 64, Ankur Sonum, BPT5204, KMP-105, MTU-1001, MTU1010 and KCP-1 KHP-2, Thunga, Intan, BR 2655 and local varieties like puttabatha Jaya, MTU-1001, IET-7191, Abhilash, Intan, Doddige IR 64, Jaya, BR-2655, Thanu, MTU 1001, Tellahamsa and Arize Jyothi, IR 64, Jaya, JGL 1798, Ankur Sonum, MTU-1001, MTU1010 MO4, Jyothi, Jaya, phalguna, Kaje jaya MO4
95
Particulars of rice area during Kharif season of 2010-11 District Irrigated (ha) Rainfed (ha) Mandya 61033 145 Hassan 42075 4450 Shimoga 66985 39680 Mysore 107125 0 Chickkamagalur 8850 31197 Dharwad 7905 19048 Tumkur 19970 560 Chamrajnagar 16655 0 Dakshina Kannada 0 32437 Udupi 0 48492 Source: weekly/monthly area coverage reports from district JDAs
Total (ha) 61178 46525 106665 63995 40047 26953 20530 16655 32437 48492
Plate 1: Spatial distribution of rice production problems studied during Production oriented survey
96
Geo-reference of Production oriented survey

Way Lat-Long Point No. 20 N13 00 39.7 E74 50 35.5 21 N13 00 40.5 E74 50 35.1 22 N13 00 34.0 E74 50 41.6 23 N13 01 37.8 E74 50 28.7 24 N13 01 40.4 E74 50 27.6 25 N13 33 06.7 E74 42 31.0 26 N13 33 04.3 E74 42 26.0 27 N13 33 04.1 E74 42 24.1 28 N13 51 56.8 E74 37 21.6 29 N14 02 34.8 E74 31 08.3 30 N14 50 55.9 E75 02 13.9 31 N15 00 22.9 E75 03 23.7 32 N15 26 05.0 E74 54 43.9 33 N15 25 45.0 E74 53 55.1 34 N12 33 21.9 E76 51 13.1 35 N12 32 48.9 E76 58 23.0 36 N12 29 43.4 E76 59 06.6 37 N12 29 05.6 E77 00 19.1 38 N12 27 01.3 E77 02 09.1 39 N12 21 58.5 E76 59 51.6 40 N12 21 47.1 E76 59 39.3 41 N12 21 48.5 E76 59 30.7 42 N12 28 26.5 E77 04 56.6 43 N13 06 22.2 E75 39 01.5 44 N13 09 47.8 E75 40 39.4 45 N13 54 24.5 E75 37 27.6 46 N14 21 10.8 E75 12 38.7 47 N14 20 10.8 E75 15 39.8 48 N14 20 15.0 E75 22 25.8 Altitu Place de 3 m Suratkal 3m Suratkal Problem Blast (2-3% incidence), False smut 1 (1% incidence) Loss due to Heavy rainfall and labour shortage Loss due to Heavy rainfall and labour shortage Loss due to Heavy rainfall and labour shortage Crop damage due to Weed (Salvia molesta) Crop damage due to Weed (Salvia molesta) Crop damage due to Weed (Salvia molesta)
23 m Suratkal 16 m Suratkal 9m 4m -3 m -3 m Tekkota, Brahamavar Tekkota, Brahamavar Tekkota, Brahamavar
Bengremavanahalli (V), False smut in Palguna variety (35 % incidence) Honnavar -14 m Honnavar -2 m Honnavar Sheath blight (10%), BPH (5-7 BPH/hill) & Narrow brown spot Yellowing Nitrogen and Potash deficiency Weedy rice (< 1%) False smut (5-8%), Blast (5%) & sheath rot (10%), weedy rice (1-2%) Mechanical transplanting Mechanical transplanting
552 m Mundagod 564 m Bachanak (V), Mundagod (Tq) 645 m Mugad station 662 m Mugad village 663 m Hollalu (V), Mandya (Tq) 659 m Kattedoddi 623 m Maderahalli, Madur 637 m Maderahalli, Madur 647 m Manigere, Mallavahalli 651 m ChinapilleKoppallu, Mallavahalli 658 m ChinapilleKoppallu, Mallavahalli 669 m Mallavahalli 632 m Madenahalli, Madur 914 m Mudigere 955 m Kademadkal, Mudigere
Blast (5%), Leaf folder (5%), Narrow brown spot (2%) Blast (25 -35%) Blast (6-8%), Sheath blight (10%) var. Akursonam Blast (40%) in IR 64 and MTU-1001, Sheath Blight (15%) var. IR 64 Weedy rice- Pink owns (1%) Udbatta in BR-2655 (15 - 20 % incidence), Leaf scald & weedy rice (1%) Leaf scald (10%)
565 m Malavagoppa, Shimoga Blast (2-5%), Udbatta (5%) & Sheath Blight (5%) 610 m Arekoppa, Shikaripura, Shimoga 612 m Arekoppa, Shikaripura, Shimoga 572 m Nimmegundi, Shimoga Red Wire worm (50/hill), Sheath Blight (10%) & Weedy rice (1%) Sheath blight (5-10%) Sheath blight (5%)
97
In Karnataka Production Oriented survey was conducted during kharif 2010 by multidisciplinary team consisting of Pathologist, Breeder, Agronomist and Soil Scientist in nine districts viz., Mandya, Hassan, Shimoga, Mysore, Chikkamagalur, Dharwad, Tumkur, Dakshina Kannada and Udupi. The spatial distribution and geo-reference is presented in Plate-1 and Table-4. The crops were at heading to maturity stage at the time of survey. The rainfall was normal and the climatic conditions were favourable for rice cultivation. In general, the rice in these districts were grown under irrigated condition. Canals were the main source of irrigation. The major cropping practices in the region were rice-rice, rice-pulses, rice-vegetables, rice-ragi, rice-sugarcane, rice-maize etc., The main varieties grown in these regions were BR-2655, Jaya, Thanu, MTU-1001, MTU-1010, IR-64, IR-30864, Jyothi etc., . The weed infestation was medium to low and the common weeds were Echinochloa colona, E. crusgalli, Cyprus sp., Marsilia quadrifolia etc.,. Zinc difficiency was commonly observed in all the districts. Among biotic constraints blast, neck blast, sheath blight, sheath rot, udbatta (first time observed in BR-2655), false smut incidence in hybrids and improved varieties like Palguna, stem borer, leaf folder and hispa were observed in moderate intensity. The Seed replacement rate achieved during 2010-11 is around 40 % in the state which is comparably with other crops. More emphasis is given for mechanization to overcome the agriculture labour crisis. Mechanical transplanter is gaining popularity and attained an area upto 1 lakh ha. and combined harvesters are being used in larger area. Mandya: During kharif 2010 the area under paddy cultivation in Mandya was 61178 ha. The climatic conditions were normal with reference to rice crop. The survey was conducted during tillering to dough stage of the crop. Rice followed by rice or sugarcane/pulses are the crop rotation practices followed in this district. BR-2655, Thanu, Jaya, MTU-1001, MTU1010, IR-30864, KRH-2, Airze, IR-64 were the commonly grown varieties. Sowings started from June 1st week and extended upto August 1st week due to delay in release of canal water. Normal seed rate @ 25 kg/ac was used by majority farmers. Fertilizer like 20:20:0:13, 10:26:26, 17:17:17, Urea, MoP, DAP etc., are the commonly used which ranged from ranging from 110 to 200 kg N/ha, 52.5 to 72.5 kg P2O5/ha and 50 to 137.5 Kg of K/ha. Random transplanting method was practiced in all the fields with planting density ranging from 20- 40/m2. Weed management was poorly practiced. Echinochloa sp., Cyprus sp., Marsilia sp., Eclipta sp., Ludwigia sp., were the predominant weeds with low to moderate intensity. Availability of inputs like equipment, seeds, water, power, fertilizers, pesticides and storage facility were adequate, except for drying facility which was major constraint in all the places. Zinc deficiency was observed in most of the places and corrective measures were followed by applying ZnSo4. Among diseases blast, sheath blight and sheath rot was observed with moderate intensity. However, blast was serious in few villages of Mallavahalli Tq. with severity upto 35% which was attributed to delay planting, mono-cropping, growing susceptible variety (IR 64) in larger area and excess use of Nitrogen fertilizer. Hispa was major problem in Srirangapatna Tq. where incidence was > 30% in 200 acre area. Thrips damage was noticed in Mandya taluq with damage upto 25% in all the varieties when the temperature during September was high. Other pests like stem borer and leaf folder was common in all the rice fields at low intensity. Plant protection activities adopted by the farmers were not enough to control weeds, pests and diseases where only 1 to 2 rounds of pesticide applications is being followed. Chloropyriphos and monocrotophos was used for control of leaf folder, hispa, stem borer and thrips, while carbendazim was used for control of diseases. Some farmers also used kitazin and tricyclazole for controlling blast with little control All the farmers expressed the
98
threshing losses were high as they didnt had proper machinery and the combined harvester is helping to reduce the losses. Hassan: The survey was conducted in Channarayapatna, Hassan, Sakaleshwar, Arkalgud, Halebeedu Holenarsipura and Belur taluks. The total area under paddy was 46525 ha. of which 5-10 % comes under rainfed area under direct seeding in parts of Belur and Halebeedu. The major varieties grown this district are IR-64, Thanu, IR 3864, IET-7191, KHP-2 (Intan Cross), JGL 1798, Jyothi, BR-2655, and Tunga. In Holenarsipura taluk, local varieities like Rajamudi and Ratnachudi were predominant. Complex fertilizers were the major source of nutrients applied by farmers. Fertilizer application ranged from 80-120 kg N/ha., 50-60 kg P /ha., and 40-50 kg K /ha.. Planting density in this district ranged from 30 to 35 hill m2. Commonly observed weeds were Echinochloa (5%), Cyprus sp, .Commelina sp., Monochoria sp., Ludwigia sp. Among pest and diseases blast was observed with high intensity in Sakaleshwar taluk and case worm was observed in Belur taluk. Sheath blight was observed in few places of Hassan and Alur. Pesticides viz., carbendazim, tricyclazole, Kitazin were used to control blast disease and chlorphyriphos and monocrotophos were used to manage leaf folder and other insect pests. Shimoga: Shimoga district was visited on 28th and 29th October 2010, by multidisciplinary team consisting of Breeder, Agronomist and Pathologist. Shimoga district is one of the important rice growing districts in the state. It is distributed in two major agroclimatic zones of the state Viz., Zone-7, Southern transitional zone (Shimoga, Shikaripura and Bhadravathi taluks) and Zone-9, Hilly Zone (Sagara, Soraba, Hosanagara and Thirthahalli taluks). Annually rice is cultivated in 1.00 lakh ha. Nursery establishment and transplanting is the main practice in Zone -7 while, direct seeding is major system of rice production in Zone-9. During Kharif 2010, Paddy was grown in an area of 1, 07,763 ha, of which more than 80% (86,210 ha) was under irrigation. Bhadra command was the source of irrigation. High yielding varieties cover more 90% the varieties grown in the district of which MTU 1001, IR 64, JGL-1798, Tunga, Intan, BR-2655, Jyothi and Thanu are the leading varieties. Among the local Jeerige sanna and Rathna Choodi were seen in hilly tracts of the zone. The crop establishment and stand was good till the panicle emergence stage. However, the rainfall during October coinciding with flowering and grain filling has affected the seed setting resulting in grain discoloration and increased chaffyness. This was mainly noticed in MTU 1001 and Tunga. Sheath blight and neck blast incidences were also noticed in Jyothi and JGL-1798. Non-availability of labourers at the time of planting and harvesting was the main limiting factor in this region. Farmers demand varieties still better than the existing varieties and good agro-techniques to harvest more yield. Mechanization is also highly demanded especially for transplanting. Mysore: Survey was conducted in three taluks during the heading to dough stage of the crop. The popular varieties grown in this districts were Jyothi, BR 2655, Thrupti, JGL-1798, IR 64, Ankur sonum, BPT-5204, KMP-105, MTU-1001, MTU-1010 and KCP-1. The sowings were taken from June 1st week to end of July. Most of the farmers used normal seed rate upto 25kg/ac sown with germinated seeds. Few farmers applied organic manure like FYM in nursery and main field. Fertilizer application in nursery was not uniform (5-20kg of complex fertilizer). Most of the farmers in this district used complex fertilizers viz., 20:20:0:13, 17:17:17, 10:26:26, 19:19:19 with this urea was used for top dressing. Fertilizer application ranged from 70-120 kg N/ha, 45-60 kg P2O5 and 40-80 kg K/ha. Random method of transplanting was followed by all the farmers with planting density ranging from 30 to 45/m2. Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 99
The weed infestation like Echinochloa sp., Cyprus sp., Marsilia sp., Comelina sp. were medium to low in all the places survey. Butachlor and sathi were commonly used herbicides applied with sand and few farmers were using new herbicide Nominee Gold as pre emergence herbicide. Many farmers did not have any drying facilities and they were using roads for drying the seeds. Major post harvest losses were during threshing which contributed upto 5% followed by at the time of harvest and handling/cleaning (2%). Among the diseases leaf blast (9.5 %), neck blast (3.7%), sheath blight (6.0%), narrow brown spot (1.5%), leaf scald (1.0%) and sheath rot (5%) were wide spread with low intensity. Among the insect pest stem borer and leaf folder were widespread but at low intensity (around 5%). For the control of pest and diseases carbendazim for blast and sheath blight, chlorophyrphos for leaf folder and stem borer, monocrotophos for stem borer, hexaconazole for sheath blight, kitazin and tricyclazole for neck blast and carbofuran for stem borer were commonly used. Chikkamagalur: The production-oriented survey was conducted in Mudigere, Chickkamagalur and Tarikere taluks of Chikkamagalur District on 28.10.2010 during at milky and dough stages of the crop growth period. The popular varieties grown in this district were mainly KHP-2, Thunga, Intan, Banglarice (BR) and local varieties like puttabatha etc.,. The sowing was taken from 2nd fortnight of June to end of July. Most of the farmers are using the seed-rate of 60-70kg/ha in place of 62.5 kg/ha. Nutrient supplied to the nursery and main plots through fertilizer were not uniform in surveyed area. The nutrient supplied to the main plots, i.e. nitrogen ranged from 60-100 kg/ha, 40-60kg P2O5 and 4050kg K2O) in place of 75-75-90kg N PK /ha. The source of fertilizers used by the farmers are urea, rock phosphate, MOP, 10-26-26, 20-20-0-15, DAP etc. Nitrogenous fertiliser were top-dressed with urea at 30 and 60 days after transplanting. Random method of planting was followed by the farmers of the district with plant density of 32-35 hills/m2. The weed infestation was medium to low in all the places of survey. The major weed flora observed were, Marsilia sps, Ludwigia sps, Commelina bengalansis, Echinochloa sps and also we could observed weedy rice (< 1%)in Mudigere taluk. The common herbicide like butachlor 5% (25-30 kg/ha) was used for management of weeds. There was no scarcity for seed and water but they do not have adequate facilities like power, fertilizer and drying and storage facilities in order to avoid post harvest losses. BR-2655 was infected by udbatta (15-18%) followed by leaf scald (2%) and sheath rot (3%) diseases. Among the insect pest, stem borer and leaf folder were noticed but not at damaging level. Most of the farmers were taking plant protection measures with carbendazim (Blast and sheath blight) and chloropyriiphos for leaf folder and stem borer. In order to overcome the scarcity of labour and escalating labour wages during peak period, particularly transplanting operation, nearly 250 acres of paddy planting was done through machine (Paddy transplanter) in Mudigere taluk. The response of the farmers was good towards Machine transplanting, which will ensure timely planting maintain required plant population, reduced lost of cultivation and higher yield. Dharwad: The production oriented survey was conducted on 15.10.2010 in Mundgod and Dharwad taluks of Dharwad district during heading to milky stage of the crop growth period. The district coming under Northern transition zone of Karnataka. The popular rice varieties were Jaya, MTU-1001, IET-7991, Abhilash, Intan, Doddige etc., Direct or drill sown method of rice being practiced. The optimum time of sowing was end of May to 2nd week of June with pre-germinated seeds of 85-90 kg/ha. Most of the farmers applied 3-4 tons of FYM/ha 3 weeks before sowing and applied nutrients in the form of complex fertilizer like, 20:20:0-15, 10:26:26, 17:17:17 etc., The fertilizer application to main field ranged from 60-100kg Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 100
nitrogen, 40-70kg P2O5 and 20-70kg K20 in place of 100-50-50 NPK /ha. The weed infestation was ranged from high to medium. The major weed flora observed were Echnochloa colanum, Cyperus sp. Cyndon sp, and weedy rice (<1) was also observed in upland rice. The method of removal of weedy rice was adopted by the farmers was hand plucking during panicle initiation stage. Butachlor weedicide @ 50 EC @ 2.0 l/ha mixed with sand for management of weeds in the drill /direct sown rice. Major post harvest losses were during threshing, (4%), harvest (2%) and handling and cleanings (2%). False smut, Blast, Sheath rot, Sheath blight and narrow brown spot and BPH were noticed at low intensity during different crop growth stages. Farmers adopted plant protection measures against pest and disease mainly using carbendazin for sheath blight and sheath rot and chloropyriphos for insect pests. Tumkur: The survey was conducted in Kunigal, Turverekere and Tumkur taluks of Tumkur district where paddy is being grown under canal and tank fed areas of which the major area comes under Hemavathi river linked tank-fed area. Non availability of quality seeds, high yielding varieties with drought, pest and diseases tolerance are the major constraints expressed by the farmers during the survey. Shortage of water and high cost of inputs are the other two major constraints expressed by them. In Tumkur district paddy is grown in an area of 39,970 ha. (kharif and rabi) majority in kharif season and in some parts it is taken during rabi-summer in the month of November-December. In general the area under paddy has come down drastically over the decades due to above factors. The major varieties grown in the district are IR 64, Jaya, BR-2655, Thanu, MTU 1001 and Telahamsa. The fertilizer usage in this district is below recommended dose in general. In Turverekere and Tumkur taluks we noticed occurrence of weedy rice (upto 2%) and in general Echinocloa was commonly observed. Sporadic occurrence of false smut was observed in Arize Hybrid. Low incidence of blast was noticed in IR-64 and Thanu varieties. Leaf folder was observed in all the places surveyed with low incidence. Chamrajnagar: Production oriented survey was conducted in Chamrajnagar at two stages, first at due to staggered planting two in command areas. Paddy is grown in an area of 16655 ha under irrigated conditions except very few isolated packets of direct sowing under rainfed conditions. Major varieties grown in this district are Jyothi, IR 64, Jaya, JGL 1798, Ankur Sonum, MTU-1001, 1010. Low to moderate incidence of pest and disease was noticed in entire district in general. Incidence o neck blast, BPH and false smut was observed in Yelandur and Chamrajnagar taluks. Grain discoloration was observed upto 2-3 % in some plot of delayed planting due to excess rainfall coincided with flowering in the month of November. Important constraints expressed by farmers are non availability of quality seeds on time, crop based fertilizer mixtures for balanced application. Fertilizer usage was above recommended dose in heavy soils upto 120% high. Crop rotation with rice-rice, rice pulses and rice-vegetables is commonly followed. Overall weed infestation was low mainly dominated by grasses and sedges. Few farmers used herbicides like Butachlor and Londax power. Blast, sheath blight, udbatta and leaf folder were observed in places surveyed. Majority farmers adopted plant protection measures with carbendazim (blast and sheath blight), tricyclazole and Kitazin for blast and chlorphyriphos, quinolphos for leaf floder and stem borer control Dakshina kannada and Udupi: The production oriented survey team including breeder, agronomist, pathologist and soil scientist conducted survey related to pest, diseases and Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 101
nutritional disorders in paddy crop during 11/10/2010 to 13/10/2010 in and around the districts of Mangalore. More than 20,000 ha area in Mangalore and 48,000 ha area in Udupi districts planted with paddy. The sowing during second week of July and transplanting during first or second week of August. The crop was at grain filling stage during our visit. The important pests are stem borer and leaf folders. However, the damage was below the threshold level. The diseases found are blast, false smut near Murudeshwara in Palguna variety was severe and sheath blight was at low intensity. Gundhi bug incidence was noticed in few patches. The chemicals /fungicides were used appropriately as pest control measures. Zinc and potash were the common nutrient deficiencies in the area surveyed. Most of the farmers were using organic manures and green manure to maintain the soil fertility status and adequate chemical fertilizers were used as basal dose as well as for top dressing. The land preparation operations were carried out mostly with tractors/cultivators for timely planting because of well prepared lands. The weed infestation was very less. However, common weeds found were Cyperus, Cynodon, etc.. Near Bramhavara in Basrur and Tekkatte villages severe infestation of water weed locally called Antaragange (Salvia molesta) damaged nearly more than 5 acres of paddy land. The weed samples collected and sent for identification to AICRP (weed control) Hebbal Bangalore. Near village Tekkatte weedy rice, important weed in paddy was observed in all the fields with 2 % incidence. Farmers demanded for new molecules of herbicide/weedicide to control the weed infestation and new varieties suitable for coastal regions were expressed during the survey time. Prevalence of pest and diseases in Karnataka Diseases Districts Shimoga Mandya Mysore Hassan Chikkamagalur Dharwad Tumkur Dakshina Kannada and Udupi
LB NBL NBS Shbl ShR FS UDB SB
Insect pests
BPH LF Hispa Case worm
L M-S L-M L-M L L L L
L-M L-M M L L L L L
L T due -
LM LM L L L L L
L L L L L L L -
L L M M
T L L L M -
L L L L T T T L
L T T L -
LM LM LM LM T T L L
M -
T L-M -
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Madhya Pradesh
Districts surveyed:
Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Shahdol, Panna, Katni, Anooppur and Umaria
Particulars of rice survey District

Rewa
Block Rewa, Raipur Karchulian, Hanumana, Mauganj, Teonthar, Jawa, Naigarhi, Sirmour,
Satna
Ram Nagar, Amarpatan, Maihar, Nagod, Uchehara, Sohawal, Rampur and Baghelan
Sidhi
Maghauli, Sidhi, Rampur, Naikin, Churahat and Deosar
Shahdol
Beohari, Jaisingh Nagar, Gohaparu, Sohagpur , Burhar
Panna
Devendra nagar Ajaygarh, Pawai ,
Village Surveyed Maghigama, Patehara, Ram bag, Itaura, Konia, Persia Jawa, Chilla, Bhitonha, Dhughari, Gudhawa, Raipur, Karchulian, Teonthar, Mahsua, Khuj, Amiliki, Hanumana, Godhar, Raghunathpur, Deotalab, Naigarhi, Deori, Ramnai, Badwar, Raghunathpur, Karahiya, Badwar, Tamara, Gudh, Palia, Baikunthpur, Sirmour, Mauganj, Maghiar and Tilkhan Sonwari, Badera, Bhadanpur, Dharampura, Etaura, Bartona, Sajjanpur, Teonthari, Mauhari, Katara, Piparikala, Kudaraikala, Khaira, Biruhuli, Nagod, Bahelia Bhat, Karahi, Bhanghada, Krishnagarh, Sonaudi, Gorhai, Govindpur Tala, Teonthari, Bahaliabhat, Bela, DeorajNagar, Hinauti, Jigana Pataura, Jiganhat, Lagaragama, Karahi, Dinapur, Mauhari, Ram Nagar, Choragadi, Deoraj Nagar, Uchehara and Maihar Mamadar, Jhalwar, Janakpur, Hardua, Barkheda, Motawa, Devaraha, Kotar, Kherahani, Madwas, Khairahi, Bharatpur, Raiduria, Semaria, Patpara Jhagh, Shivpur, Duara, Bairiha, Bagadara, Pasagadi, Maghauli, Baghwar, Churahat, Dadhiya, Sonvarsha, Amaha, Bada Tikat, Lakoda, Barigama, Bahari, Padania, Panwar, Kuchawahi, Rampur, Naikin, Jhagh, Kandawar, Chauphal, Barahat, Kaithaha, Kherawa, Chanmaradol, Bodaritola, Semaria, Parsili, Chilari, Bhitari, Padkhuri, Pand, Misirgama Balbehra, Dhurwar, Dhangama, Deori, Chachai, Beohari, Chamaradol, Khadda, Ghorasa, Barakach, Deoganva, Aswari, Karkati, Jaisingh Nagar, Silpari, Khannaudhi, Karaki, Tihiki, Tetaka, Silpari, Chuhari and Koni Barkheda, Janakpur, Pawai, Saleha, Devendranagar, Barwaha, Rajapur, Fulwari, Papakhara, Dadar, Hardua, Madha, Birahauli, Naunia, Navganv, Bhulani and Gangewaria,
103
District
Village Surveyed Barahitola, Khitoli, Karaundhi, Khurd, Kuna, Katni Karela Rupandh, Badawara, Jhukehi, Sabhaganj, Ghunwara, Patharahata, Pakara, Piparia, Bahoriband, Dhimarkheda, Mudwara, Vilayatkala, Jhalawara, Badawara, Rupandh, Khirahani, Kaudia, Dhanadi, Amaraia, Banjari, Barahi, Mohantola and Salaiya Karkati, Pathara, Rorapani, Singhpur, Koni, Anooppur Rajendragram, Keshawahi and Anooppur Birahuli, Dhurawar, Narabaspur and Dhogargama Umaria Bandhavgarh, Manpur, Chandia and Karkeli Pali Lodha, Kudari, Kareli, Chandia, Pali, Umari, Virsinghpur, Bharaula and Baderi
Block Barahi, Katni, Mudwara and Vijayraghavgarh
District wise widely prevalent Rice Varieties : District Rewa Varieties Dehula, Newari, Govinda, IR-36, IR-50, Sonam, Basmati, Vandana, ProAgro 6201, PA 6444, Champion, Subeej Sugandha, Dhanteswari, Azan, Badalphool, Dilbaksha, Kapoorshah, Rambhog, Sonachoor, Lonagi, Geeta, Jagtial sannalu, MR219, Shabnam, MTU 1010, Biranj, Lohandih, Bhejari, Ganga Kaveri, Jiledar, Mansooriya, Nanhi, Samasar, JR-75, Pusa Sugandha 5, JR201, Jalkeshar, Baksha, Bhadaili, Bohita, Badalphool, Goraknath, Dubraj, IR 64, Madhuri Lochai, Bhantaphool, Sonkharchi, JRH 4, JRH 5, PAC 801, Pusa sugandha, Tej, Excel, Loknath, Karanphool, Jiledar, Pardeshi ( Dominance of Improved varieties 65% ) Rambhog, Laloo-14, Biranjphool, IR-36, IR-64, IR-50, Sonam, Basmati, JR-75, Loknath, Sonam, Jaya, Sonali, Dehula, Newari, Kaniga, Lonhadi, Jalkeshar, Dilbaksha, Bhadaili, Vandana, JRH 4, JRH 5, Pusa Sugandha 3, Pusa Sugandha 5, Excel, Bhantaphool, Biranj, Azan, Bhadaili, Karaga, Balbhog, Laichi, Lochai, Mahak, Balkeshar, Rabina, Roopali, Lal Dhan, Pro-Agro-6201, ProAgro-6111, PA6444, Indo American-1001 and PAC-801, PHB71, Champion and Tej ( Improved variety 55% ) MTU1081, JRH8, Loknath, Pro-Agro-6201, PA6444, Ranikajal, Butanagar, PRH 10, Lonagi, Lonhadi, Kerakhambh, Kosam, IR 36, IR 64, IR 50, MTU1010, Kranti, Balkeshar, Saunthi, Karahani, Padmasar, Lochai, Basmati, Vishnubhog, Kalisugandh, Kanakjir, Bohita, Kosam, Kanji, Karanphool, Khoonta, Gurmatia, Gulab Kali, Belari, Biranj, Kanak, Karahani, Bhejari, Samsar, Siyari, Menaka, Kajari, Rambhog, Badshah Phool, Chhinmauri, Amagaur, Kanji, JRH 4, JRH 5, Sonam, Shabnam, Rupali and Menaka ( Improved variety 35%)
Satna
Umaria
104
District Sidhi
Varieties JRH4, JRH5, Sabnam, Nadawal, Kanakjir, Annada, Bhanta Phool Jwalaphool, Ranikajal, Vishnubhog, Butanagar Koilari, Shukla Phool, Goraknath, Sonkarchi, Doodhi, Samasar, Poornima, Basmati, Sonam, Govinda, IR-36, IR-64, IR 50, Newari, Pro-Agro-6201, .Dehula, Lonagi, Biranj, Ledua, Banspore, Bohita, Bhantaphool, Karaga, Raghuwar Prasad, Nanhi, Mulayam 999, Shabnam, Champion, Banspore, Ganga Kaveri, PRH10, PS5, PS 4, Malti, Lalita, Patna and Vandana ( Improved variety 35 % ) Rasi 111, Barahi, Chandra Hasini, Pusa Sugandha 3, Pusa Sugandha 5, Mahamaya, Swarna, Safari, Keshar, Vishnubhog, BD 1, MTU1010, Gulab Kali, Belari, Gurmatia, Biranj, Karahani, Bhejari, Amagaur, Kanji, JRH 4, JRH 5, Loknath, Pro-Agro-6201, PA6444, Ranikajal, Butanagar, Kanak, Samsar, Siyari, Menaka, Kajari, Rambhog, Badshah Phool, Chhinmauri, Balkeshar, Saunthi, Karahani, Padmasar, Lonhadi, Lochai, Basmati, Vishnubhog, Kalisugandh, Kanakjir, Bohita, Kosam, Kanji, Karanphool, Khoonta, Gurmatia, Ramunwa, Kerakhambh, IR-36, IR-64, IR 50, Lok Nath, PAC 801, Mahyco 117, Nisotawa, Nadawal and P1460 (Improved variety 35 % ) Dhaur, IR36, IR 50, IR 64, Kranti, Lochai, Jalkeshar, Vishnubhog Basmati, Chhatri, Tulsi, PA 6201, Loknath, Sonam, Shabnam, Menaka, Juari, Dubaraj, Keshar, Bhanta Phool, JRh 4, JRH 5, MR219 and WGL 32100 ( Improved variety 45 % ) Parasanwasa, IR36, IR64, IR50, Lonhadi, Goraknath, Kari, Newari, Karadhana, Basamti, Bhadali, PHB 71, Kari, Ratna, Laichi, Kuturba, Kanji, Doodhi, Haru, Sathia, Sonam, Loknath, Menaka and MTU1010 (Improved variety 30 % ) Vishnubhog, Kalisugandh, Kanakjir, Bohita, Kosam, Kanji, JRH4, JRH5, IR36, IR64, Kranti, Pusa Sugandha 3, Pusa Sugandha 5, HMT, Mahamaya, Dhanteswari, Samasar, Siyari, Menaka, Kajari, Rambhog, Badshah Phool, Chhinmauri, Balkeshar, Saunthi, Karahani, Padmasar, Badshah Phool, Chhinmauri, Balkeshar, Saunthi, Karahani, Padmasar, Lonhadi, Lochai and Basmati ( Improved variety 45 % )
Shahdol
Katni
Panna Anooppur
Particulars of Rice Surveyed area

District Total Rainfall (mm) 790 805 792 829 850 865 790 945 Total Rice Area (000 ha) 55 32 38 55 30 44 34 105 Direct seeded (000 ha) 20. 6 8 20 10 30 25 76 Transplanted Rice Area (000ha) 35 26 30 35 20. 14 9 29
Rewa Satna Sidhi Shahdol Katni Umaria Panna Anoop pur
Production Oriented Survey of rice was conducted in eight districts viz. Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Shahdol, Umaria, Anoopur, Katni and Panna districts situated in Kymore and Satpura hills under Rice-wheat crop zone in Madhya Pradesh. The weather conditions during crop growth
105
period was extremely abnormal because there was no good rains in the month of June. The rainfall was restricted in the state ranging from 10 to 70 mm in the month of June. Therefore, sowing of direct seeded rice either un-sprouted broadcasting or lehi (Sprouted seeds) sowing was delayed in rain fed ecosystem in the state. There was long dry spell in the month of July. The farmers have sown the seeds in the nursery in the month of June but due to late rains in the month of August the transplanting was very much delayed. It was observed that due to late rains in the month of august the direct sowing area of rice was unsown or replaced by sowing of Urad, moong or sesame. The crop condition of sesame was found to be excellent in the surveyed area. Over all the rainfall was very low and there distribution was erratic therefore sowing, transplanting and crop growth was badly affected. The transplanting of hybrid rice or improved varieties were undertaken by the farmers having assured irrigation in Rewa, Katni, Panna and Satna district but the farmers have sown direct seeding of rice under rain fed or partial irrigated area of Shahdol, Umaria and Anooppur district. The transplanting was delayed in the rain fed area of Shahdol and Anooppur district due to late rains in the month of August. It was estimated that 45 to 50% rice area was replaced by black gram, moong and sesamum in Rewa, Satna, Panna, Sidhi and Katni district whereas, 80 to 90% rice area was covered under rice in Shahdol, Umaria and Anooppur district under rain fed and irrigated conditions. It was observed that approximately 55 to 60% yield losses occurred in the surveyed area due to poor rains and severe drought. There was heavy rainfall (1500 mm) in Jabalpur, Balaghat, Damoh and western part of Madhya Pradesh and central district therefore, direct seeding and transplanting both were performed well in rain fed and irrigated ecosystem. The rain fed area of rice was affected much as compared to irrigated area. It was observed that even 35 to 45 days old seedlings were planted in the irrigated area but under rain fed it was unsown and serious losses occurred. This year rice area was diverted into pulse crop viz Soybean, Urad, Moong, Jowar, Bajra and Til in Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Panna and Katni districts due to delayed and poor rains. The predominant varieties in the state were PA6201, PA 6444, PHB71, PAC 801, PRH 10, IR-36, IR-64, IR 50, Govinda, Vandana, Pusa Sugandha 3, Kranti, HMT, Pusa Sugandha 5, Basmati, Lochai, Sonam, JR-75, JR 201, Sabnam, Loknath, Winner and Champion. It was noted that rice hybrids are being popularized by the private sectors and government agencies in the state and therefore, the farmers are taking keen interest to grow hybrid rice and benefited by obtaining the grain yield ranging from 50 to 70 q/ha over improved varieties (25-40q/ha) under irrigated ecosystem. In regard to hybrid rice adoption Rewa, Satna and Sidhi districts covered maximum area (approximate 15 to 20 %) by the progressive and medium farmers under irrigated ecosystem where as, Shahdol ,Panna, Katni and Anooppur districts have less adoption of hybrid rice ranging from 10 to 15 %. It was also noted that farmers are taking keen interest to replace the local varieties with hybrid rice and improved high yielding varieties and strengthening the economic status. The replacement of local rice varieties was maximum in ,Rewa , Satna ,Sidhi and Katni districts whereas. it was comparatively low in Shahdol and Panna districts. The cropping systems like rice-wheat, rice-gram and rice-pea, ricelentil, rice-berseem, rice-fallow and rice-barley were commonly practiced in Anooppur, Shahdol, and Umaria districts where light poor soil is predominant and very poor irrigation facilities are available The major source of irrigation is bore-well followed by open well and canal irrigation. The main source of power for agricultural operations was electricity in Rewa, Satna, Sidhi and Katni where as diesel source was commonly practiced in Umaria, Shahdol, Anooppur and Panna districts. The electric power supply is becoming the major limiting factor for irrigation therefore, farmers are facing acute problem and demanding at least 14 hour assured power supply for raising the crop successfully. The rice productivity in the state was very low (1.7 to 2.3 t/ha) due to Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 106
dominance of local extra early and medium poor yielder varieties, low fertilizer application, poor irrigation resources, poor plant protection measures and poor socio-economics status of the farmers. However, it was noted that the progressive, medium and marginal farmers having irrigation facilities have adopted the cultivation of hybrids and obtaining the grain yield ranging from 60 to 75 q/ha. The farmers are demanding the extra early high yielding varieties (90 to 100 days duration) and early hybrids looking to the poor rainfall scenario for last five years. The farmers are not satisfied with the efforts of the department of agriculture for un-timely seed supply, fertilizers and poor quality pesticides in the region. The availability of improved seeds, irrigation sources and equipments were inadequate where as fertilizer, and pesticides are satisfactory. The storage and drying facilities were either inadequate or not available The specific needs of the farmers were noted viz., improved variety seeds in time paddy thresher, sprayers, duster, cono weeder and rotavator and paddy transplanter. It was observed that weed infestation was very high in rain fed ecosystem and causing heavy economic yield losses as compared to transplanting system. It was estimated that approximate 35 to 40% yield losses was occurred due to weed infestation and farmers are facing a lot of problem to combat the losses due to heavy investment in manual weeding and labour crisis. Weed infestation was very high in Rewa, Satna, Katni, Panna and Sidhi districts in rain fed upland rice ecosystem as compared to irrigated rice where as, it was minimum in Shahdol and Jabalpur districts due to wide adoption of transplanting. Very few progressive farmers are using weedicide like Butachlor, Web super and Almix in rice whereas, Laso, Pursuit weedicides were commonly adopted in Soybean for effective management of weeds. It was noted that application of laundrex power weedicide @10kg/ha at the time of transplanting in Shahdol district effectively managed the post emergence weeds. In regard to Zinc deficiency, it was commonly noticed in Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Shahdol and Panna as compared to Katni Umaria and Anoop pur districts. In regard to incidence of pest and diseases, it was noted to be low due to poor rainfall and un favorable microclimate. However, leaf blast, brown spot, Khaira, false smut, sheath blight, seed discoloration, WBPH, case worm, leaf folder, army worm, gundhi bug and termite infestation were noticed in the surveyed area in moderate or in traces. WBPH, Neck blast and army worm were appeared this year in moderate severity and causing considerable yield losses. WBPH attack was reported in all the surveyed area and secretion of honey dew causes damage in panicle initiation and developed chaffy grains. Rat infestation was observed in paddy fields, threshing floor and storage in all the surveyed area in traces . Rewa: In Rewa district eight blocks were surveyed when the crop was at tillering, dough stage and maturity stage. The weather condition during the crop growth period was extremely abnormal. There was severe drought in the month of July and mid August therefore, direct seeding was adversely affected and most of the farmers diversified the crop by taking urad, moong, and sesamum. However, due to good rains in mid August transplanting was carried out especially in irrigated area and farmers have planted hybrids or improved varieties. Local varieties were recorded in Mauganj, Teonthar and Hanumana blocks. It was also noted that more than 30 to 40 days old seedlings were planted by the farmers due to delayed rains. It was estimated that about 45 to 55 % yield losses occurred in extra early, medium maturing verities in rain fed farming system because the rice was unsown due to delayed rains in the district. There were adequate rains in the month of October therefore the late maturing varieties and hybrids performed well. Therefore, the farmers have prepared their fallow and rice fields and rabi crop sowing was carried out. The prominent cropping systems were ricewheat, soybean- gram, Rice-gram and rice-lentil. The most popular varieties grown in the district were IR-36, IR-64, IR-50, Govinda , Lochai, JR201, Vandana, PRH10, Lohandi, Newari, PS 3, PS 5, Sonam, Basmati, JRH 4, JRH 5, Pro-Agro-6201, Champion, Subeej, Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 107
Sugandha, MTU1010 and other available Pvt hybrids. The Public hybrids seeds demand was very high in the district but due to unavailability of seeds farmers were purchased from private hybrids in higher price from market. The farmers are mostly using their own local seeds or improved seeds from private and government agencies but it was commonly noticed that public sector seeds were not sufficiently provided to the farmers in time therefore, farmers were purchasing the seeds from private shops in heavy rates. Electricity supply has become a major constraint for irrigation. Bore well, canals and well are the main source of irrigation. It was noted that due to Bansagar canal the irrigation was tremendously increased in Rewa and Raipur Karchulian blocks. The primary source of finance was public sector followed by cooperative societies and self-finance. Kisan Credit Card facilities and short term loan from nationalized bank are playing a vital role for assisting to the agricultural resources. The farmers are demanding to the State Governmentt to declare the drought affected districts. The source of fertilizers was from public, cooperative and private institutions. Most of the farmers in the district were marginal and sub marginal. The land holding capacity is being declined in the district. The averaged yield during the previous seasons ranged between 2.5 to 4 t/ha in IR-36, IR 64, Govinda, Sonam , PS3, PS5 and PS 3 whereas it ranged from 50 to 65q/ha in hybrids even under severe drought situation in irrigated ecosystem. In regard to weed infestation Echinochloa spp., Cyprus rotundus, Paspalum spp., etc were most predominant in rain fed farming system. Whereas, it was minimum in transplanted rice. The availability of labours are also becoming as a major constraint due to cement industries in the region. The management of weeds through herbicidal application was in traces because of uncertain rains and unavailability of moisture in the field. Therefore, hand weeding was commonly practiced for effective weed management in rice where as, in Soybean farmers are applying Alachlor, Turga Super, imazathpyr and other effective herbicides. The average fertilizer consumption of the district was 40 kg/ha. The basal fertilizer application consisted of 20-30 kg/ha Single super phosphate and 10-20kg/ha muriate of potash with zinc sulphate (20 kg/ha) adopted by the progressive farmers followed by top dressing of urea 30-35 kg/ha. Whereas, marginal and sub marginal farmers were applied top dressing of urea only (15-30 kg/ha) during tillering and grain filling stage. Adoption of Organic fertilizers viz. use of FYM , green manuring , vermin compost and Blue green algae culture were also introduced in the district and farmers are taking keen interest to improve the soil health through organic farming system. Zinc deficiency symptoms which is commonly known as khaira were also commonly noticed in the district and hot spot pockets were identified particularly in Rewa, Naigarhi, Hanumana, Teonthar, Raipur Karchulian and Jawa block of Rewa district. Therefore, recommendation of Zinc sulphate @ 20kg/ha was given to combat the losses in the district and progressive farmers have adopted the technology . In regard to pest and disease scenario, it was noted that the severity were low to very low this year due to occurrence of drought. However, Neck blast ,leaf blast, brown spot, leaf folder, WBPH, Caseworm, Armyworm Gundhi bug, Seed discoloration, termite and rat infestation were recorded in the district. WBPH incidence was noted in the district in moderate severity and chaffy grains, sticky panicles appeared and caused economic losses. The application of monocrotophos, chloropyriphos, trizophos, imidacloprid were practiced by the progressive farmers for controlling and combating the economic losses in the district. Satna: Seven blocks of Satna district were surveyed at tillering, grain filling stage and maturity stage. This year, the distribution of rainfall was very erratic and low in the month of June and July. Therefore, direct seeding was negligible. However, transplanting was carried Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 108
out in the month of August under irrigated situations. Rice hybrids and improved varieties were transplanted under irrigated ecosystem. Overall due to severe drought 40-50% rice area was unsown and most of the rice area was replaced by urad, moong and sesamum. Farmers wanted extra early maturing varieties, fertilizers, weeds control devices, paddy transplanters, plant protection equipments in time and adequate supply of electricity for assured irrigation. The major crop rotations were soybean-gram, rice-wheat, rice-gram, rice-lentil and ricebarley. Tank, nala, canal and bore wells are the main source of irrigation. It was noted the farmers were deprived from the improved rice varieties in time however, the inputs like fertilizers and bio-cultures were adequate in the surveyed area. In regard to fertilizer application, it was observed that in rice, farmers used to apply only urea in low doses in splits rather than balanced application of nutrients P, K and micronutrients. Weed population was noted to be very high in direct seeded rice as compared to transplanted rice. Hand weeding was commonly practiced and few farmers applied herbicides viz., butachlor @ 1.5 l/ha for effective weed control. The labor crisis was also noted in the district because of huge number of Cement industries and becoming constraints in the district. Local varieties were also noted in the Rama Nagr, Maihar and Nagod blocks, whereas, IR-36, Sonam IR 64, IR 50 and hybrid rice were cultivated in irrigated conditions with good productivity. It was observed that hybrid rice cultivation is becoming popular and widely adopted by the farmers because of good productivity and monetary returns under irrigated conditions. SRI Method is becoming very popular and farmers are taking keen interest to adopt the technology under limited water resources. Khaira disease was commonly noticed in Uchehara ,Sohawal Ramnagar, Amarpatan, Rampur baghelan and Maihar blocks. In regard to biotic stresses, neck blast, leaf blast, brown spot, leaf folder, case worm, WBPH, Stem borer and Gundhibug were recorded in very low severity. It was recorded that due to erratic rains and long dry spell in the month of September the rice pests and diseases were occurred in traces due to non congenial microclimate in the region. It was noticed that application of monocrotophos or chloropyriphos were commonly practiced by the farmers for controlling the pest. The productivity of rice was much below (1.5 to 2 t/ha) in rain fed areas whereas, it was satisfactory (3.5-4.5 t/ha) in irrigated ecosystem. Good quality of fertilizers, improved seeds of early varieties drying facilities, equipment, irrigation, proper supply of electricity, trainings on improved package of practices are the main demand of farmers in the district. Sidhi: In this district five blocks were surveyed at dough and maturity stage. Rainfall was very erratic and low in the month of June and July therefore, direct seeding was badly affected. In the district due to long dry spell in the month of July approximately 55-60% rice area was unsown and rice area was replaced by Moong ,Jowar, urid, Arhar and sesamum crops. However, transplanting was carried out in irrigated situations and low line fields. Progressive farmers replaced the local rice varieties and grown the hybrids and improved cultivars under irrigated ecosystem. Direct seeding (Jhuria) method was commonly practiced in rain fed farming system for local traditional varieties whereas, lehi (Sprouted seeds broadcasting) and transplanting were adopted for improved high yielding varieties in irrigated conditions. Hybrid rice is being adopted by the farmers and SRI method is becoming very popular in the district. Rice-wheat, rice-gram, rice-fallow, jowar-kodo-arhar, rice-fallow and fallow-linseed were the predominant cropping system. Kodo, Kutaki, and Arhar as sole crop and mix cropping of arhar with kodo, kutki, urid and til are being commonly practiced in the district under rain fed condition in the tribal dominating areas viz Deosar, Chitarangi and Maghauli blocks in the district. The predominant varieties were Sonkharchi, Laichi, Samasar, Karahani, IR-36, PA 6201, PA6444, Loknath, Prasanna, PRH 10, PS 3, PS 5, Dehula and Bhataphool. Fertilizer application in kharif crops was noted to be poor whereas, in Rabi basal dose of fertilizer and line sowing were practiced in the district. The average fertilizer Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 109
consumption of the district was 17.32 kg/ha. Due to light soil and low irrigation facilities farmers are not applying chemical fertilizers. However, farmers are applying urea at tillering stage at very low doses (15-20kg/ha). It was noted that top dressing of urea only was commonly practiced in rice without basal application whereas, in Rabi, farmers adopted line sowing followed by basal application of super phosphate and potash in the district. Very few progressive farmers applied basal fertilizer as single super phosphate followed by muriate of potash and zinc sulphate in low land/ bunded rice fields where improved varieties like Poornima, PS 3, PS 5, JRH 4, JRH 5, Basmati, IR-36, IR64, JR201, Sonam and hybrids were grown under irrigated conditions. The productivity was low ranging from 1.5 to 2 t/ha due to very low dose of fertilizer application, less irrigation and dominance of local varieties, undulated topography and marginal lands with low nutritional status of soil in the Maghauli and Deosar blocks whereas, the productivity in Churahat and Rampur Naikin blocks it was comparatively good ranging from 2-3t/ha.This area had maximum bore well facilities therefore, adoption of hybrid rice is becoming more popular as compared to other blocks. Bore wells, wells and canal irrigation were the main source of irrigation. Zinc deficiency was noted in Churahat, Maghauli, Rampur Naikin and Deosar blocks. Weed infestation was observed very high in direct seeded fields where as, it was less in transplanted ecosystem. Hand weeding was commonly practiced and labour crisis was also noted in Churahat and Rampur Naikin Blocks in the district. Electricity shortage in the surveyed area was noticed and becoming a limiting factor for irrigation. Drying and storage facilities were not available. In regard to pest and disease scenario it was noted to be very low this year. Incidence of brown spot, neck blast, false smut, grain discoloration, WBPH, leaf folder and army worm were recorded in moderate severity in the surveyed area. False smut infection in hybrid rice was also noted to be in traces. Over all pest incidence was noted to be very low in the district. Plant protection measures were adopted very low (10%). Very few progressive farmers were applied chloropyriphos and monocrotophos for combating the pest losses . Shahdol: Five blocks of Shahdol district were surveyed at grain filling, dough stage and transplanting stage. The rainfall was very erratic and distribution was also not proper therefore, transplanting was delayed in rain fed and irrigated ecosystem. The district is known for monocropping because of dominance of sandy soil and low irrigation facilities. Rice is the main crop and transplanting is commonly practiced in rain fed areas due to low line fields. Due to poor rainfall in the month of June and July the transplanting was delayed. However, the crop growth was found to be satisfactory even in late planting. It was noted that due to late rains in the month of August 30-40 days old seedlings were transplanted. As regard the crop rotation Rice-fallow is predominant however, Rice-wheat, Rice-barley and Kodo, Kutaki as sole crop and, mix cropping with Arhar, are being practiced due to variation in soil types in the district. The district has very low irrigation facilities and wells and tank are the main source of irrigation. The socio-economic status of the farmers are very poor due to dominance of tribes. However, farmers are obtaining rice yield ranging from 25-35q/ha due to mono cropping. Application of FYM and other forest products were commonly adopted by the farmers. The farmers are demanding early duration varieties less than 90 days maturity in Beohari, Sohagpur, Jaisingh Nagar blocks and mid duration 90 to 120 days maturity in Gohaparu and Burhar blocks with good productivity. The major varieties of rice were IR64, IR50, Sonam, PS3, PS5, JRH4, JRH5, Kera Khambh, Dubaraj, Vishnubhog, Kanak, Bhejari, Bohita and IR-36. Very few farmers had grown hybrid rice Pro-Agro-6201, Loknath, Raja, Champion, Winner, Mulayam-999, PAC 801 in Beohari, Burhar and Jaisingh nagar area where assured irrigation was available In regard to fertilizer application it was noted to be very poor (10-12kg/ha ) because of less irrigation, light soil and existence of forest rich soil. However, only nitrogenous fertilizer was applied in rice at tillering stage. FYM was Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 110
commonly practiced due to large number of domestic animals and rich forest area Farmers used their own traditional varieties in the tribal dominated district. However, progressive farmers have grown hybrids and improved varieties. SRI cultivation was very much popularized and adopted by the farmers in Burhar and Gohaparu blocks. It was noted that SRI was practiced in 20000 ha area in the district. Very good efforts were made by the department of Agriculture and KVK scientists for promotion and adoption of SRI in the district. Weed infestation was noted to be very low in transplanting ecosystem. Herbicide application was not adopted however, hand weeding was commonly practiced in the district In Sohagpur block, application of Laundrex power herbicide as post emergence @ 4kg/acre followed by Mycorhiza was demonstrated by KVK Scientists for the management of weeds and promoting the crop growth. The farmers were very happy and appreciated the efforts for effective management of weeds. The average yield of the district was moderate 20-35q/ha. Equipment, irrigation, electricity, improved seeds, storage facility, financial support from government organizations and transfer of technology were the main requirements of farmers. Use of conoweeder demonstration was given in the district in the transplanted field and farmers are highly appreciated and demanded the equipment. In regard to biotic stresses low severity of pest incidence was noted this year due to poor rainfall and long dry spell. However, leaf blast, neck blast, bacterial blight, brown spot, false smut, seed discoloration case worm, leaf folders, WBPH and rice bug were reported in moderate severity. WBPH incidence was reported in severe form in the district in late planted area and sticky panicles reported and causes economic losses. Khaira was commonly recorded in Gohaparu Jaisingh Nagar and Beohari blocks. Pant protection measures adoption was noted to be very poor. Very few farmers were applied chloropyriphos and monocrotophos for the management of pest, ITKs viz., application of cow urine, neem leaf, Bhelama, Salaiya were commonly practiced for the management of pest and diseases. Lac cultivation is adopted by the tribals in the district in collaboration with the department of forest and KVK in Burhar and Gohaparu blocks. Special trainings on Lac cultivation were organized by the KVK and major emphasis was given on self help group movement for agricultural development. RAWE students were actively participated and demonstrated the effective low cost technology in the adopted villages. Umaria: The district has cropping intensity 128.5% and rice occupied major area in the district. .Survey was conducted during flowering stage and grain filling stage. The onset of monsoon was on Ist week of June but due to prolong dry spell in the month of July the direct sowing was delayed and old seedlings 30.-35 days were transplanted in the month of August. The major cropping systems were Rice-wheat, Rice-barley and Rice- fallow in the district due to variation in soil types. The sandy soil is dominated in the district therefore rice fallow cropping system is predominant. It was estimated that considerable yield losses occurred in rain fed upland fields where extra early varieties were not sown due to prolong dry spell in the month of June and July. Late maturing varieties performed well due to good rains in the month of September and October under irrigated ecosystem.The major varieties of rice were Dubaraj, Vishnubhog, IR-36, Kanak, Bhejari, Bohita, Kera khambh Kosam and Laldhan. The farmers are taking keen interest to grow hybrid rice but due to poor socio economic status and less irrigation it was not much popularized as it was adopted in Rewa and Satna district. Very few progressive farmers have grown Pro-Agro-6201, PA6444, Sonam Shabnam, Loknath Tej, Excel, MTU 1010, Pusa Sugandha 5, JRH 4, JRH 5, Mulayam-999, PAC801 in Karkeli, Chandia and Manpur blocks where assured irrigation was available. Farmers used their own seeds in the tribal dominated district. However, progressive farmers were grown hybrids and improved varieties. Equipment, irrigation, Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 111
electricity, improved seeds and transfer of technology were the main requirements of farmers. However, the average yield of the district was moderate 20-30q/ha .The fertilizer consumption was very poor 18.23 kg/ha. However, nitrogenous fertilizers were applied in rice at tillering stage. FYM was commonly practiced and nutritional status of the field is good due to rich forest area. Weed infestation was noted to be low to moderate. Normally weeding was not practiced but very few farmers adopted hand weeding for weed management. The economic status of the farmers was found to be very poor due to dominance of tribal in the district, poor soil texture and less agricultural input resources etc. SRI cultivation was also adopted by the farmers and obtaining the grain yield 55-65q/ha in Manpur and Chandia blocks .In regard to biotic stresses, Neck blast, leaf blast, brown spot, case worm, leaf folders, armyworm and rice bug were reported in traces. False smut was reported in hybrid rice in traces. Case worm infestation was high in low lands under late sown crop in Chandia and Karkeli block. Khaira was also noted in the surveyed area. Adoption of plant protection measures was noted to be very poor Anooppur: The district is having total rice cultivated area105 m ha with total irrigated area 6.095 m ha with cropping intensity of 129.0%. Survey was conducted during grain filling stage and grain maturity. Direct seeding was carried out in time but transplanting was delayed due to poor rains in the month of July therefore some of the rice area was unsown. There was dry spell in the month of September hence early varieties were affected more than late maturing varieties. The average fertilizer application was 15kg/ha which is much below than other districts. Transplanting method is very common in the district therefore weed infestation was found to be very low. Hand weeding and weedicides application were not practiced in the district therefore, weed flora population was observed moderate to high in rain fed direct seeded fields as well as transplanted rice The major varieties of rice were IR36, IR64, Kanaka, Gurmatia, Bohita and Vishnu bhog, Kera khambh Lochai etc. Very few farmers had grown hybrid rice Pro-Agro-6201 and Mulayam-999, PAC 801, Manisha, Tara, Chadini in Keshawahi and Anooppur area where assured irrigation was available. Dubaraj Local scented popular rice was grown in the district in low line fields and farmers are obtaining grain yield 35-45 q/ha. The major cropping systems were Rice-wheat, Rice- gram, Rice-barley and Rice- fallow due to vast variation in soil types in the district .Niger crop is also grown in the hilly fields and due to late sowing farmers are not able to harvest good yields. The sandy soil and black cotton sandy soils are dominated in the district therefore rice fallow, rice-gram, rice wheat cropping system are predominant. Farmers used their own seeds in the tribal dominated district. However, progressive farmers were grown hybrids and improved varieties. Equipment, irrigation, electricity, improved seeds and transfer of technology were the main requirements of farmers. However, the average yield of the district was moderate 20-35q/ha. Only Nitrogenous fertilizer were applied in rice at tillering stage very few farmers are applying super phosphate, potash and Zinc. FYM was commonly practiced in the district due to rich forest area and lage no of domestic animals. The economic status of the farmers was found to be very poor due to dominance of tribal in the district, poor soil texture and less agricultural input resources etc. In regard to biotic stresses ,neck blast , leaf blast, brown spot, false smut, bacterial blight, case worm, WBPH, leaf folders, armyworm and rice bug were reported in moderate to traces. Case worm infestation and leaf folder were high in low lands under late sown crop in Kotama, Funga and Keshawahi area. Adoption of plant protection measures was noted to be very poor
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Panna: Three blocks were surveyed in Panna district at Panicle initiation, grain filling stage and maturity stage. The rainfall was satisfactory but the distribution was not proper therefore, the crop was adversely affected in the district. The upland rice area 40-45% was unsown due to uneven and late rainfall in the month of August and September. Therefore the transplanting was carried out late in the month of August in irrigated area. IR-36, IR 64, Parsanwasa, Chinnaur, IR 50 and hybrid rice were cultivated in irrigated conditions with good productivity. It was observed that hybrid rice cultivation is becoming very popular and farmers are applying sufficient dose of fertilizer ranging from 35-45 kg/ha and obtaining grain yield 60-70 q/ha under irrigated ecosystem.The productivity was much below (2 to2.5 t/ha) in rain fed area whereas, it was good (3 to 4 t/ha) in irrigated ecosystem .Major crop rotations were rice-wheat, rice-lentil Rice -gram, and rice-barley. Bore wells, canal and tank are the main source of irrigation. Poor power supply was reported in the surveyed area which may cause limiting factor for irrigation. The fertilizer application was found to be very poor in rice but moderate in rabi crops. The average fertilizer application in the district is 30 kg/ha which is very poor as compared to other parts of the state. It was observed that top dressing of urea only (20-25 kg/ha) was commonly practiced by the farmers in rice rather than basal application of phosphorus and potash. Khaira disease was also noticed in Devendra Nagar and Ajaygarh The inputs viz .improved early maturing varieties seeds and plant protection devices were inadequate in the surveyed area. It was noticed that weed population was high in direct seeded rice and hand weeding was commonly practiced. A few farmers applied herbicides viz., Butachlor for weed control. In regard to biotic stresses, brown spot, leaf folder, case worm, and Gundhi bug were recorded in low severity. It was also noted that the rice pests were not occurred in severe form this year due to prolong drought in the month of September and October which was not conducive for the occurrence of pest and diseases. The farmers are demanding timely supply of seeds, equipment, proper power supply of electricity, good quality of fertilizers, and special trainings on improved package of practices for increasing the rice production in the district. Katni: Four blocks were surveyed under this programme. The survey was conducted during grain filling, dough and maturity stage. The onset of monsoon was on third week of June but there was a long dry spell in the month of June and July therefore, the sowing of direct seeding was not carried out in rain fed upland ecosystem. Very poor rainfall in the month of June and July was recorded which may adversely affected the sowing of rice under rain fed area and the farmers have diversified and replaced by Sesamum, urid and moong in the paddy fields. Farmers usually adopted direct seeding in the district in rain fed and irrigated ecosystem. Thus, approximate 40 to 55 % rice area was unsown. However, progressive farmers have translated rice under irrigated ecosystem. Hybrids and scented rice like Basmati , Kalmoonch and Vishnubhog are becoming popular. SRI cultivation in the district was found very low. It was also noticed that the area under hybrids are very low as compared to other surveyed area. The major cropping system were Rice-wheat, Rice-gram and Rice- pea. It was noted that there was heavy yield losses occurred in the district due to long dry spell and late rainfall .The major varieties of rice were IR-36, Karadhana, Dhaur, IR 64, Kranti, JR353, Pusa Sugandha, Basmati, Dubaraj, Chhatri, Dubaraj and Vishnubhog. Very few farmers had grown hybrid rice Pro-Agro-6201, PA6444, PS3, PS5, Kranti, Sonam, JRH 4, JRH 5, Loknath, Mulayam-999, PAC801 in the district where assured irrigation was available. The fertilizer consumption was moderate 40-45 kg/ha. However huge nitrogenous fertilizer was applied in rice at tillering stage. FYM was commonly practiced and nutritional status of the field is good due to adoption of organic resources. Weed infestation was noted to be moderate and hand weeding was only practiced for weed management. Equipment, irrigation, power supply, improved seeds and transfer of technology were the main Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 113
requirements of farmers. However, the average yield of the district was moderate 30-35q/ha. The economic status of the farmers was found to be good in the district. In regard to biotic stresses, leaf blast, brown spot, false smut, leaf folders and rice bug were reported in traces. Khaira disease was recorded in few pockets in the surveyed area. .Adoption of plant protection measures was noted to be very poor less than 15 % for the management of pest.
Incidence of diseases and pests in Madhya Pradesh during kharif, 2010 Districts LB T T T T T T M BS M M S M M M M Shbl T T T T T T T Diseases BB Khaira M M M M L M M FS T T T M T T T GD M M T M T M M
Rewa Satna Sidhi Shahdol Panna Katni Umaria
Anooppur
Districts
Insect pests
WBPH Rewa Satna Sidhi Shahdol Panna Katni Umaria M M M M T T T
GLH T T T T T
AW M M S T M M T
CW T T T T T T M
LF M M M T T T M
SB T T T T T T T
RB T T T T T T T
Rat T T M T T T T -
Anooppur
114
Maharashtra
District surveyed : Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg Particulars of survey District Taluqs Villages Murbad, Shahapur, Bhivandi, Saralgaon, Shivle, dhasai, Navdichapada, Thane Wada, Jawahar, Mokhada, Sakhare, Kadampada, Dhile, Shedharun, Palghar, Talasari, Dahanu, Khutghar, Lenad-budruk, Ayyani, lavele, Vikramgad, Kalayan, Lapkhurd, Kashiwali, Zidke, Kaman, Ambarnath Shrvali, Nichole, Palsai, Konsai, dakhiwali, sangenane, saravali, Mahim, Katipada, Kelveroad, dundalwadi, Jamseth, Jambugaon, Bordi,Vangaon, Kengawa, Vilsen, Malwada, Doharje Nayahale, Nandgaon, Randegadi, Ankharpada, Shiroshi, Morchondi, Padsule, Sutarpada, Mohoda, Pardichimet, vadavali, Kurze,Yeve, Malgaon, Titawla. Karjat, Panvel, Pen, Khalapur, Jambhiwali, Vadap, Posari, Kundalaj, Raigad Sudhagad pali, Uran, Sapele, Mharkewad, Takve Tambati, Mangaon, Alibag, Tala, Naringi, Mahd Kharpada, Kalamsure, Mhasala, Shrivardhan, Mahad, Vadkhal, Gadab, Uran, Chirner, Koproli, Poladpur, Murud Khopte, Punade Pargaon, Apta, Gulsundhe, Shahabaj, Vagholi, Sutarpada, Borli Mandala, Athimghar, Rabgaon, Pali, Chille, Khamb Gove, Nilaj, Indapur, Kashele, Umroli, Talashet, Mangaon, Nijampur, Repoli, Tlenaon, Nigadi, Mhasala, Ranwade, Nagroli, Shrivardhan, Vadavali, Hareshwar Mahad, Panchad, Tmghar, Poladpur, Kashedi Ratnagiri, Lanja, Chiplun, Karanjani, Talsure, Wakawali Tetawali, Ratnagiri Guhaghar, Khed, Dapoli, Natunagar, Khavti, Bharne, Vetalwadi, Mandangad, Rajapur, Lavel, Shirgaon, Awashi, Alore, Pethmap, Sangameshwar. Kurdunda, Nevare, Ganeshgad, Hatkhamba, Shirgaon, Kasarveli, Kotawade, Asbhe, lanja, Bhavane. Kondye, Kumbharwadi, Panhale, Rajapur, Kondhetal, Nivali, Yadavwadi, Ozarkhol, Dhamni, Golawale, Surlepat, Shenale, Budhawadi Kumbhale Sindhudurg Kudal,Vengurla, Sawantwadi, Vengurla, Vetore, Hodawade, Tulas, Kankawali, Vaibhavwadi, Hodawade, Talege, Babarwadi, Barvade, Dodamarg,Deogad Gawadewadi, Guravwadi, Hirlock Zarap, humarmal, Salgaon, Hinguli, Bibwane, KunkeriBanda, Naveli, Zorbabar, Bedsi, Palye, Umbarde, Nandawade, Vaibhavwadi Mahalunge, Burbawade and Deogad
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Widely prevalent varieties Districts Varieties HYV: Ratna, Karjat-3, KJT-7, Jaya, Gujart 17, Ratna, G4, KJT 184, KJT Raigad 104, Panvel-1, Panvel-3, MTU 1010, Jayi, Suwarna , HMT sona, G-1, Zinia-63, G-11, Palghur; Hybrid: Sahyadri, Rupali, Komal, Loknath, RH-10, Hybrid-1, Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3, Karjat; Local : Botvel, Mhadi, Dandi. Sindhudurg HYV : Jaya, Sonam, Ratna, Swarna, Madan, Masuri, RTN-711, RTN-24, RTN-1, Surya, KJT-3, HMT sona, Ruchira, Pusa sugndha; Hybrid: Sahyadri, PA6444, Sahyadri-3, Suruchi, ProAgro, Komal, PA6201, Gorakhnath, Sahyadri-2, RTN-2, JK seed; Local: Valai, Bela, Patni, Bhadas, Ghausal. HYV: Jaya, G 11, G17, Palghar-1, KJT-3, Kolam, Rupali, G 4, Ratna, Thane KJT-5, Pepali, G 17, Sweta, PLG-1, Sonam, MTU1010, Swarna, Mangal, KJT-184, PA-6201, HMST-sona; Hybrid: Sahyadri, Sahyadri-4, Sahyadri-3, Kalyani; Local: Kolam, Kolamb, EK 70 HYV: Palghar-1, Ratna, Swarna, RTH 711, Karjat-3, Ratnagiri-1, Jaya, Rantnagiri Suruchi, RTN-24, RTN-2, KJT-5, Gujrat-11, Sahyadri-2, KJT-2, Karjat, Masuri, HMT-soana, G-4, KJT-4, KJT-7, RTH-1, Gujrat, Trupti; Hybrid: Sahyadri, Sahyadri-3, Sahyadri-1, Sahyadri-2, PA6444, Sahyadri-4, PA6201, Pusa RH-10, Komal; Local : EK 70, Kolamb, Bela, Patni, Bhadus, Zinni, Bhuranata. Particulars of rice area Districts Total Rice area (ha) Raigad 120800 Thane 135460 Sindhudurg 77150 Ratnagiri 74771
Irrigated area (ha) 8500 2620 110 4155
Area Planted (ha) 120800 135460 74150 74771
Production oriented survey for Maharashtra was conducted in all four districts viz., Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg of the Konkan region during Kharif 2010, when the rice crop was in dough to maturity stage. The survey was carried out during October 2010. Officers from the State Department of Agriculture, subject matter specialist from Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kosbad Hill, Thane were also participated in survey in their respective tahsils. Ninety per cent of the farmers of Sindhudurg District grow Hybrid varieties of rice. The regular monsoon rains were commenced on 5th June 2010. In general the weather conditions were ideal for the rice crop growth up to dough stage of grain / maturity. There were heavy rains in the month of November caused heavy losses in grain yield up to 30% in the region. In some areas the grains were germinated on panicles in the fields before harvest. In some places harvested rice crop were fully dipped in water for two to three days resulted in germination of grain in the fields. The late rains also reduce the quality of grains, germinability of Grains and the quality of straw. This may result in scarcity of seed in the region during Kharif 2011. Due to heavy and delay rains in the month of November resulted delay in harvesting of rice crop. In the Konkan region Kharif rice is grown as rain fed crop. Most of the formers of this region grown high yielding varieties viz., Karjat-3, Karjat-2, Karjat-184, Karjat-4, Karjat-5, Karjat-6, Karjat 7, Ratna, Jaya,Ratnagiri-2, Ratnagiri-24, Ratnagiri-1, Ratnagiri-711, Palghar-1, Gujarat-4, Gujarat 11, Gujarat-17, Phondaghat-1,
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Sonam, Shriram, Swarna, Sweta, Trupti, Pusa RG-10,Mahsuri, HMT Sona and hybrids like Sahyadri, Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3, PA-6444 & PA6201. The varieties such as Jaya and Sahyadri are mostly grown for puff rice. The varieties viz Panvel-1, Panvel- 2, Panvel 3,Jaya,Kalarata and Bhurarata were grown in saline soil. Local varieties like Kolamb, Zinni, Bhadas, Patni, Bela, Valai EK- 70 etc. were also grown by some farmers for their home consumption. Total yield level of this district was higher than the other districts of Konkan. Most of the farmers of this region were sub marginal & marginal. They depend mainly on their own seed stock, while progressive farmers depend on government agencies including Z.P. Argil. Department and Research Station of Argil. Universities for seed requirement. The seed replacement ratio in the region was satisfactory and more than 90 percent farmers replaced their seeds of improved varieties after every three years. The seed replacement ratio was maximum up to 90 % in Sindhudurg district for hybrids. Prevailing crop rotation in the region were Rice-fallow, Rice-Pulses, Rice-groundnut, Rice-Rice, Rice-Vegetables were the mostly adapted cropping patterns by the farmers. Farmers use maximum seed rate for local varieties @ 80 to 90 kg/ha, 50 to 60 kg/ha for high yielding varieties and 20 kg /ha for hybrids. Farmers were aware of importance of FYM or organic manure but it was not available inadequate quantity. Farmers knew the importance of chemical fertilizers and applied in nursery as well as in main crop. Urea was most commonly used by the farmers and very few were used Suphala (15:15:15) & fertilizer mixture. None of the farmer using soil amendment materials. There were no community nursery activities in the region. Farmers raised seedlings in their individual nursery depending on the well or river irrigation. About 90 per cent farmers adapted random transplanting while 20 per cent farmers followed either line transplanting or rahu (sowing of germinated seed) sowing. Average plant population was 25 to 33 hills/sq.m. with 3 to 7 seedlings / hill and 1 to 2 seedlings / hill in case of hybrids and locally called as Ek Kadi Bhat. In the month of April and May, farmers practiced the burning of respective area before nursery preparation and application of organic matter (Kaul dry grass, and thin layer of dung cakes) known as Rab most widely adapted in the region for weed management in nursery. Hand weeding was a common practice adopted in the region for removal of weed in rice nursery as well as in main fields. Only few progressive farmers use selective weedicide for weed management in drilled rice. Commonly observed weeds in the region viz. Echinochloa crusgallis,E. colonum, Cynadon dactilon,Cyperus rotundus, C. irria, Iseilema globusa, Daunea pinnatifolia,Digitearea arvensis, Alternathra triandra, Cylosia argentina,Ericaulon hexagularis,Physalis minima,Commelena bengalensis.Hydrocotyle spp. The initial incidence of bacterial leaf blight started on 3/9/2010 and disease spread rapidly on large area within a week by 10/9/2010. There was epidemic in the villages of Karjat, Khalapur, Pen, Uran talukas of Raigad district. The incidence of BLB caused reduction in total number of effective tillers/hill with less number of filled grains /panicle. Approximately up to 30 % losses in yields were recorded. The diseases like leaf blast, bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight false smut, neck blast, and sheath rot were noticed during survey. There were combined infection of BLB and neck blast observed in some villages of Bhiwandi, and vikramgad talukas of Thane District. Heavy infection of Leaf blast, Node blast, Neck blast, & Grain blast were observed on Wild rice locally called as Deo bhat grown around the ponds in Thane District. This may serve as primary source of inoculum of blast. Incidence of sheath rot and false smut were observed in Sindhudurg district only on hybrids. Most of the farmers had their own plant protection equipments and only few number of farmers adopted control measures to manage these diseases. Stem borer, Brown plant hopper, Case warm, leaf folder and ear head bug were observed at low to moderate intensities. Stem borer (8 to 10%) infection were observed in Thane and Raigad district. In general, the damage due to crabs was low to moderate level in Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 117
nursery and in transplanted rice. Rat damage was observed during milky to dough stage. There were up to 5% losses during transportation after harvest during transportation of rice crop and 1 to 2% losses during storage. Farmers were in need of hybrid seeds at subsidy rates, power transplanters, harvesters, threshers (due to shortage of laborers), sprayers, dusters, drum seeder and cono weeder on low cost basis. They were also in need of fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides at proper time at subsidy rates, crop loans at low interest rate and training on the use of weedicides. Raigad: Production oriented survey for Kharif 2010 was conducted in fifty three villages of fifteen taluks when the most of the rice fields were in milky, dough to maturity stage. Altogether 32 farmers were contacted for collecting information of different aspects of rice cultivation in this region. Most of the farmers contacted were marginal. The climatic conditions were not very favourable for rice cultivation during kharif season of 2010. Excess rain during harvest hit the rice crop badly in many parts of this region. Most of the farmers took one rice crop in year and farmers used 85-95% of their land for rice cultivation. The main crop rotations were rice- filed bean, rice cowpea, rice radish and rice-fallow. The most popular varieties in the region were Ratna, Karjat-3, KJT-7, Jaya, Gujart 17, Ratna, G4, KJT 184, KJT 104, Panvel-1, Panvel-3, MTU 1010, Jaya, Swarna, HMT sona, G-1, Zinia-63, G-11, Palghur, Sahyadri, Rupali, Komal, Loknath, RH-10, Hybrid-1, Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3, Karjat and local varieties like Botvel, Mhadi and Dandi. During kharif season, the average rice yield was varied from 3200 to 4800 kg/ha in varieties like KJT 3, G 17, KJT 184, Ratna and Jaya, 3900 to 5300 kg/ha in Karjat. In the rabi season, 4500 to 5000 kg/ha in Karjat, KJT 3, 3500 to 4200 kg/ha in KJT 183 and Ratna and 800 kg/ha in local varieties. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was first week of June10 and middle of July10 respectively. The average seed rates followed by the farmers was 50-60 kg/ha in case of HYVs and about 20 kg/ha in case of hybrids and 70 - 80 kg in case of local varieties. In the nursery, many farmers applied 3 to 5 kg of urea and 130 - 200 kg/ha of FYM. In the main fields, fertilizers were applied @ 30 kg N/ha, 15-30 kg P2O5/ha and 15-30 kg K2O/ha as basal and 25-60 kg N/ha as top dressing (2 splits). Some of the farmers applied fertilizer mixture like Suphala (15: 15: 15). Many of the farmers did not apply P2O5 and K2O. Most of the farmers adopted line transplanting and the average plant population was 27-33 hills/m2. The intensity of weeds was low to medium and the common weeds were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colona, Iseilema rugosum, Cyperus rotundus, C. iria, Cynodon dactylon, Ischaemum sp and dhur (local weed). Among the surveyed farmers only one farmer applied a weedicide (sathi) @ 0.5 kg/ha. Even though low and medium infestation of weeds were observed, none of the farmers practiced hand weeding. The inputs like pesticides, fertilizers, drying and storage facilities, power for different agricultural operations, water were inadequate in most of the places. Only seeds were available to the farmers. The main sources of seeds were Private shops, Mahabij, Agricultural Research Station while the main sources of fertilizers were Agro Service Centres and Krishi Utpanna Bazar Samitee. The common needs of the farmers were supply of pesticides, weedicides and fertilizers at low cost, crop loan at low interest, seed driller, bullock pair and plough, oil engine, hybrid seeds at proper time and at subsidized rate. Farmers also wanted implements like paddy threshers and harvester, power tiller, cono weeders, sickles and sprayers on hire basis. Farmers were emphasized on the need of training on weedicide application. Heavy incidence of bacterial leaf blight was observed (50 %). Among the insect pests, low to moderate level of stem borer infection was observed and low incidence of leaf folder. Some of the farmers sprayed chemicals like phorate 10G (10 kg/ha), monocrotophos @ 750 ml/ha against leaf folder infection and endosulfan 35 EC @ 700 ml/ha for the control of case worm. Regarding the losses in the post harvest 15 to 20 %
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of the losses were reported during harvest and 1- 2 % occurred during threshing, handling/ cleaning and storage. Thane: Production oriented survey was conducted in 41 villages belongs to 12 taluks. At the time of survey most of the rice fields were dough to maturity stage. Regarding climatic conditions, excess rainfall was received during harvest stage. Farmers practiced one rice crop in a year and the crop rotation was rice- vegetables (okra, bringal, field bean, chickpea, chilli and cabbage). The predominant varieties cultivated by the farmers were high yielding varieties like Jaya, G 11, G17, Palghar-1, KJT-3, Kolam, Rupali, G 4, Ratna, KJT-5, Pepali, G 17, Sweta, PLG-1, Sonam, MTU1010, Swarna, Mangal, KJT-184, PA-6201, HMST-sona, hybrids like Sahyadri, Sahyadri-4, Sahyadri-3, Kalyani and local varieties like Kolam, Kolamb and EK 70. The average rice yield in the district during Kharif season was 22502560 kg/ha in Ratna, 2460 to 2600 Kg/ha sahayadri in Jaya; 2200 to 2700 kg/ha in G-11, 3000 to 3700 in KJT-3, 2300-2700 in Rupali, PLG, Valai and Swarna. During Rabi season the yield was 2700-9000 kg/ha in shayadri, mahyco and 600 to 850 kg/ha in local varieties like methi and konkansadabha. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was middle June to middle of July. The average seed rate was 50 60 kg/ha for high yielding varieties, 20 kg/ha for hybrids and 90 kg/ha for local varieties. Most of the farmers applied FYM 50 to 200 kg/ha in the nursery area along with 2 to 4 kg of urea. The farmers applied fertilizers @ 25-40 kg N/ha 15 kg P2O5 /ha and 15 kg K2O as basal and 15 to 20 kg of N in 1st split; 10 to 30 kg of N in 2nd split and urea in 1st split; 10 to 30 kg of N in 2nd split and urea fertilizer mixture or suphala 15:15:15 in 3rd split. Among the surveyed farmers only 10% of the farmers applied P & K. Line or random method of transplanting was followed with the plant density of 25-31 No/m2. Weed infestation was low to medium and the commonly prevalent weeds are Echhinochloa crusgalli, Cyperns rotundus, Digitaria arvensis, Cylosia, argentinr, Alternanthera triandra, Dannea sp, Iseilema sp Commelena bengalensis and Jungle rice. None of the farmers used weedecides and they are in need of training on usage of weedicides. Most of the inputs were either inadequate or not available. Seeds were purchased from Agricultural research station, Agroservice centre, Panchayat Samittee, NGO group and Aspee farm. Fertilizers were met from private shop and Agroservice centre. The common needs of the farmers in this district included availability of fertilizers, pesticides and hybrid seeds in the specified time and availability of storage bin paddy harvester thresher on hired basis. Some farmers showed interest to get trained in improved cultivation. Blast, neck blast, grain discolouation and bacterial leaf blight were recorded wherein blast and neck blast incidence was low to severe (2 to 30%), bacterial blight and grain discolouration was low to medium intensity. COC @ 2.5g/lt was used to manage blast and neck blast. Among the pests, stem borer, leaf folder and caseworm infection was observed as low to medium intensities and low intensity of mite and rice ear head bug. In addition rat damage was observed between low to medium level. Insecticides like endosulfan 35EC @ 250 ml/ha and monocrotopohos 36 EC @ 700-100 ml/1.5lt was used against caseworm and earhead bug and phorate 10G @ 10 kg/ha was used against stem borer. Post harvest losses to the extent of 12 to 20% was reported the time of harvest itself and 1 to 3% was reported in threshing, cleaning and storage process. Sindhudurg: Twenty eight villages in seven taluks were covered for production oriented survey during the crop season of 2010. The rice crops were at dough to maturity stage at the time of survey. The climatic conditions were not favourable for rice cultivation and there were reports of excessive rainfall at the time of harvest. The main cropping sequences in the district were rice-rice, rice horse gram, rice-mung bean, rice-ground nut, rice-vegetables Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 119
(leafy vegetables), rice-cowpea, rice-field bean and rice-fallow. The main varieties cultivated in this district were Jaya, Sonam, Ratna, Swarna, Madan, Masuri, RTN-711, RTN-24, RTN1, Surya, KJT-3, HMT sona, Ruchira, Pusa sugndha, Sahyadri, PA6444, Sahyadri-3, Suruchi, Proagro, Komal, PA6201, Gorakhnath, Sahyadri-2, RTN-2, JK seed, Valai, Bela, Patni, Bhadas, Ghansal. The average rice yield in the region was ranged from 3000- 4500 kg/ha in varieties like Sahyadri, Masuri, Proagro, HMT- sona, Suruchi, Komal, 2100 to 2500 kg/ha in varieties like Jaya, Bhadas and Valai. Farmers sowed rice varieties in the 1st week June and transplanted in the 1st week of July, 2009. Farmers used un-germinated seeds for sowing. The average seed rate was 50-60 kg/ha in case of HYVs, 20 kg/ha in case of hybrids and about 80 kg/ha in case of local varieties. Most of the farmers applied urea and FYM @ 100-180 kg/ha, 2 to 4 kg of urea and some farmers applied even 2 kg of P 2O5 in the nursery. In the main fields, in addition to FYM, farmers applied 25-50 kg N/ha, 10-50 kg P2O5/ha and 15-50 kg K2O/ha as basal and 25-60 kg N/ha as top dressing (2 splits). Farmers used fertilizers like urea, Suphala (15:15:15), SSP and MOP. In general, the method of transplanting was random, though some of the farmers followed line transplanting. The average plant population was 2732 hills/m2. In general, the intensity of weeds like Echinochloa colona, E. crusgalli, Iseilema spp., Cyperus rotundus, C. iria, Cyanodan dactylon, Cylosia sp and dhur (local name) was moderate to high. None of the farmers applied any weedicides and hand weeding was the primary method of weed management. Most of the inputs like agricultural equipments, seeds, water, power for different agricultural operations, fertilizers, pesticides, drying and storage facilities were either inadequate or not available. The common needs of the farmers were crop insurance, easy crop loan at low interest rates, subsidized fertilizers, small implements at subsidized rates, hybrid seeds, knapsack sprayers, paddle threshers, vaibhab sickle, cono weeder and implements like power tiller and harvester on hire basis. Some of the farmers wanted to know more or hands on training on weed management. Among the biotic constraints the diseases like sheath rot, false smut and bacterial leaf blight and pests like stem borer and were low and army worm incidence was moderate. In addition to that rat and crab damage (10 %) was also reported in the nursery areas. Some of the farmers applied phorate 10G (10 kg/ha) for stem borer and malathion (1l/ha) for rice bugs, monocrotophos @ 750 ml/ha for leaf folder and endosulfan @ 700 ml/ ha for caseworm. About 10 to 28 % loss was recorded at the time of harvesting in many of the surveyed places due to heavy rain at the time of harvesting. Ratnagiri: Thirty seven villages in 9 taluks were surveyed for production oriented survey in this district. Majority of the farmers were marginal. Most of the rice fields were in dough to maturity stage. Heavy rain was observed during harvest in many places and in some places flood was reported. In many cases, grains germinated in the panicle due to heavy rains at the time of harvest. Most of the farmers took one rice crop in a year and used 80-90% of their land for rice cultivation. The predominant cropping sequences were rice- dolichos bean, ricegroundnut, rice mustard and rice horsegram. The predominant rice varieties cultivated in this region were Palghar-1, Ratna, Swarna, RTH 711, Karjat-3, Ratnagiri-1, Jaya, Suruchi, RTN-24, RTN-2, KJT-5, Gujrat-11, Sahyadri-2, KJT-2, Karjat, Masuri, HMT-sona, G-4, KJT-4, KJT-7, RTH-1, Gujarat, Trupati, Sahyadri, Sahyadri-3, Sahyadri-1, Sahyadri-2, PA6444, Sahyadri-4, PA6201, Pusa RH-10, Komal, EK 70, Kolamb, Bela, Patni, Bhadus, Zinni, Bhuranata. The average rice yields in the district ranged from 4000 to 4500 kg/ha in varieties like Jaya and Swarna, 3200-4000 kg/ha in varieties like Ratna, Ratnagiri, Karjat 3, Swarna, and 1700-1800 kg/ha in local varieties like Bhadas and Kolamb. The optimum time of sowing period was 4th week of may to 2nd week of june and transplanting was done between 1st to 4th week of july. The average seed rate was 50-60 kg/ha in case of HYVs and
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about 20 kg/ha in case of hybrids and 75 to 90 kg for local varieties. Farmers practiced burning of the organic matter in the nursery beds which was known as Rab and applied 2-3 kg of urea and 40 to 120 kg of FYM. In the main fields the farmers applied FYM @ 150-400 kg/ha. Fertilizers were applied @ 20-30 kg N/ha, 15-30 kg P2O5/ha and 15-30 kg K2O/ha as basal and 30 to 45 kg/ha as top dressing (2 splits). Most of the surveyed farmers did not apply any phosphorus and potassic fertilizers. Method of planting was random though some of the farmers adopted line transplanting especially for hybrids. The average plant population was 26-32 hills/m2. Weeds like Cyperus rotundus, Cylosia argentina, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria spp., Commelena bengalensis, Ericaulon hexagularis, Physalis minima, Iseilema spp and dhur (local name) was moderate to high. None of the farmers used any chemical herbicides and hand weeding was the main method of weed management. Farmers reported the scarcity of important inputs like seeds and fertilizers in many places. Other inputs like agricultural implements, water, power for different agricultural operations, pesticides, drying and storage facilities were either inadequate or not available. The common needs of the farmers were timely availability of hybrid seeds and fertilizers at a subsidized rate, crop insurance, agricultural implements like paddle threshers, power operated threshers and sprayers and heavy agricultural implements like power tiller on hire basis. Some of the farmers also wanted training on SRI technique and weed control. Among the diseases blast and neck blast was observed in low to moderate and bacterial leaf streak in low intensity. The intensity of stem borer, leaf folder, leaf hopper and rice bugs was low to moderate. In addition, low to moderate level of rat and crab damage was reported. Some of the farmers applied fungicides like COC (in nursery) and hexaconazole for managing leaf blast diseases. They also used pesticides like phorate 10G @ 10 kh/ha and monocrotophos against stem borer, malathion against rice ear head bug, endosulfan 35 EC against caseworm. Up to 30% post harvest losses were reported at the time of harvest. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests in Maharashtra Diseases prevalence District SHR NBL BLB GD BL SB FS
Insect pest prevalence BPH
CW L- M L
Raigad Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Thane

*
L-M L-S
L-M
L L L
S* L L-M M-S
L-M L L L-M
L L- M M-S L-M
L- M L -
--
L-M L L M-S -
M -
Epidemic was reported
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LF
Orissa
Districts surveyed: Barogarh and Sambalpur Particulars of survey Districts Barogarh Sambalpur Taluqs/Blocks Villages Barogarh, Barapali, Bhatti and Nuasarsara, Kattatikra, Phulapali, Umalpali Attabira and Chhandapali Maneswar and Dhanakauda Putipali, chhachanpali, Sahaspur, Matti, Sajabahal and Garmunda
Widely prevalent varieties Districts Barogarh Sambalpur Varieties Swarna, MTU-1001, Rajlaxmi, Puja MTU-1010, MTU-1001, Swarna, Puja and Pratikshya
Particulars of rice area Districts Barogarh Sambalpur Total rice area (ha) 3,05,440 1,51,330 Irrigated area (ha) 1,33,330 55,750 Area planted (ha) 2,44,040 1,31,140
Particulars of weather data in the districts surveyed Districts Barogarh Rainy days Total rainfall (mm) Sambalpur Rainy days Total rainfall (mm) Monthly Maximum mean temperature Minimum Jun 9 205.6 10 259.2 41 28 Jul 16 397.2 26 337.6 33 24 Aug 15 374.4 22 246.3 34 24 Sep 10 222.6 16 106.3 34 24 Oct 3 52.8 9 91.6 33 21 Nov 1 10.4 4 6.3 31 18 Dec 1 5.1
In Orissa, production oriented survey (pos) was conducted in 2 districts viz, Barogarh and Sambalpur. The weather condition during the crop growth period was normal. The survey was conducted during maturity stages of the crop. Prevalent rice varieties grown by the farmers were MTU-1010, MTU-1001, Swarna, Pooja, Rajlaxmi, and Pratikshya. The crop rotations practiced by the farmers were rice-mustard-rice, rice- rice-fallow and ricevegetable-rice. The use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were followed by the farmers though they have not followed the recommendations. Major biotic stresses like blast, sheath blight, sheath rot and BLB were recorded in low to moderate intensities. Common insect pest problems in low intensity were stem borer, leaf folder, brown plant
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hopper (BPH) and WBPH. Some of the common needs of the farmers were availability of labor, timely availability of fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation water, marketing, good storage facility and quality seeds. District wise observations Barogarh: Seven farmers in five villages in this district were contacted for production oriented survey in this district. One survey was taken up during end of Nov, 2010 when the crops were in maturity stage. The climatic conditions were normal. Farmers in this region generally cultivate two rice crops in a year. The main crop rotation was rice-rice-fallow. Most predominant varieties in this region were Swarna, MTU-1001, Rajlaxmi, and Pooja. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 4200-5400 kg/ha in Kharif and 5500-6750 kg/ha in Rabi season. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was 23 June to 3 July and 27 July to 31 July. Farmers used germinated seeds for raising the seedlings and the average seed rate was 30-35 kg/Acre. In the nursery beds, some farmers applied moderate to sufficient quantity of FYM/compost. In addition, some of the farmers used urea, DAP and MOP fertilizers in nursery. In the main fields, farmers applied 90-110 Kg urea/acre, 25 Kg DAP/acre and 35-45 Kg MOP/acre as basal and top dressing. Few farmers used growmore (50 kg/acre) also. One of the farmers contacted also applied Amrit (Vitamin). Transplanting was random and plant density ranged from 55-60 plants/m2. The intensity of weed infestation was low and the common weeds were Sunsunia, ganja, panaptri, ganthialatar. Sujialota, Dhera, Mirmira, Phadaphadi and ghantiklota. Some of the farmers applied sathi (1L/4acre), Refit (1L/acre), butachlor (0.5 ml/litre), Almix (1L/4acre) and Delchlor (0.5 ml/L) for the management of weeds. Low occurrence of weedy rice was encountered in some farmers field. Most of the inputs for rice cultivation were adequate. The only demand of the farmers was availability of labor, timely availability of fertilizers and pesticides, good storage facility and quality seeds. Among the diseases, sheath blight in low to moderate intensity and low intensity of blast, sheath rot and BLB was recorded mainly in swarna and MTU1001 cultivars. The insect pests recorded were BPH, WBPH stem borer and leaf folder in low intensity. Most of the farmers adopted plant protection measures and they used hand sprayer and knapsack sprayer for applying different pesticides. Farmers applied Sheathmar (2m/L) for sheath blight, kitagin (2g/L) or tricyclazole (200g/acre) or Fuji-one(1.5ml/L) for blast, phorate (5 kg/acre) or trip (2ml/L) or chloropyriphos + cypermethrin (2ml/L) or monocrotophos (2ml/L) or cartap hydrochloride (5 kg/acre) for stem borer and applaud (1.5ml/L) or prophenophos (2ml/L) or buprofezin (1.5ml/L) or imidacloroprid (1ml/7.5L) or acephate (500 g/acre) for BPH . The post harvest loss was negligible. Sambalpur: Six villages in two taluqs were covered for production oriented survey in this district. The climatic condition was normal. One survey was undertaken in this district during the second week of November when the crops were in maturity stage. Farmers used their land mainly for rice, mustard and vegetables cultivation. The main crop rotations followed were rice-mustard-rice, rice- rice-fallow and rice-vegetable-rice. The predominant varieties were MTU-1010, MTU-1001, Swarna, Puja and Pratikshya. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 1000-5813 kg/ha in Kharif and 3000-6563 kg/ha in Rabi season. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting were 23 June-3 July and 25 July-7 August, respectively. Farmers used a seed rate (germinated seeds) of 30-35 kg/acre for raising the seedlings. Most of the farmers applied moderate to sufficient quantity of FYM in the nursery beds. In addition, they applied urea, MOP, DAP fertilizers in the bed. In the main fields, farmers applied growmore (50kg/acre), urea (25-55 kg/acre), DAP (35-50 Kg/acre), MOP (20Department of Plant Pathology, DRR
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40Kg/acre) as basal and top dressing. Transplanting was random and the average plant density was 55-65 plants/m2. The intensity of weeds was low to medium and the common weeds were Phadaphadi, Sunsunia, Dhera, Mirmira, and Panaptti. Some of the farmers applied weedicides like butachlor/delchlor/pretilachlor (1 litre/acre) and Almix (8g/acre) for the management of weeds. Most of the inputs were available except there were problems of storage facility, marketing, availability of labor and irrigation water. Among the biotic constraints, diseases like blast, neck blast, sheath blight and sheath rot in low intensity and BLB in medium to low intensity were recorded. Among the insect, stem borer, leaf folder and BPH in low intensity were recorded. Most of the farmers adopted plant protection measures and they used spraying equipments like knapsack sprayers, hand sprayers and foot sprayers. Farmers applied tricyclazole (200 g/acre) or Fuji-one(1.5ml/L) for neck blast and leaf blast, sheathmar (2 ml/L) for sheath blight, sreptocycline (6g/acre) for BLB, furadan (7-8Kg/acre) or chloropyriphos (700 ml/acre) or phorate (5 kg/acre) or quinalphos (400ml/acre) for stem borer, buprofezin (1L/3acre) or imidacloroprid (1 ml/7.5L) or monocrotophos (400ml/acre) for BPH. Post harvest loss was nil. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests in Orissa Districts BL Boragarh L Sambalpur L Diseases SHBL SHR L-M L L L BLB L SB L L Insect pests LF BPH WBPH L L L L L -
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Puducherry 1
Districts Surveyed: Puducherry and Yanam
District Puducherry
Yanam District Puducherry Yanam
Villages Surveyed Madagadipet, Thirubuvani, Thiruvandarkoil, Kariamanikam, Maducarai, Sooramangalam, Thirukanur, Mannadipet, Bahour, Seliamedu, Aranganur, Parikalpattu, Kuruvinatham France Thippa, Kanakalpet, Mettacur and Darial Thippa Varieties CR 1009, I.White Ponni, PY-4, PY-7 (Annalakshmi), TRY-1, ADT-39, ASD18, ADT 43, TRY-2, BPT 5204. Swarna (MTU-7029), Samba Mahsuri (BPT 5204), Cotton dora Sannalu (MTU-1010), Vijetha (MTU 1001), Bondalua (MTU 3626)
Production Oriented Survey was conducted in two regions of the Union Territory of Puducherry viz., Puducherry and Yanam. Puducherry region is situated about 160 km south of Chennai. Yanam region is situated on the East Coast of Andhra Pradesh bounded on all sides by the East Godavari District at a distance of 870 kms from Puducherry. The popular varieties in Puducherry region are CR 1009, I.White Ponni, ADT 39 and ADT 43 and that of Yanam region are Swarna (MTU 7029), Cotton dora Sannalu (MTU 1010), Samba Mahsuri (BPT 5204) and Bondalu (MTU 3626). The main cropping sequences in these regions were rice-rice-rice and rice-rice-pulses. Canals, wells, tanks and filter points were the main sources of irrigation. Among the inputs, seeds, pesticides and fertilisers were adequate. Machineries like combine harvester and transplanter were in use in Puducherry region while the same were not in use in Yanam region. But, the same shall be put into use if awareness is created among the farmers by means of demonstrations. Drying and storage facilities were also inadequate. The use of phosphatic and potassic fertilisers was satisfactory but some farmers applied excess nitrogenous fertilisers. Straight fertilisers, DAP, 17:17:17, 20:20 and 28:28 were used by majority of farmers. Among diseases, sheath rot, sheath blight and BLB were low to moderate and other diseases were found in low intensities. Among insect pests, leaf folder and stem borer were observed in low to moderate in Puducherry region and severe in Yanam region. Puducherry: In Puducherry region rice is grown in 14,203 hectares. Thirteen villages were covered for production oriented survey in this region. The varieties like I.White Ponni, CR 1009, ADT 39 and ADT 43 occupied larger areas in this region. This year rainfall was continuous starting from the month of June. It was moderate during July and there was heavy down pour during June, August, September, October, November and December. This has resulted in yield loss upto 20%. The average rice yields were 5.5 t/ha. In this region the entire area was grown with bore wells. Direct seeding was practiced in some areas using drum seeder. SRI method of cultivation with wider spacing of 22.5 x 22.5 cm, planting of young (14 days) and single seedling and conoweeder usage were practiced in 18% of the rice area. Rice-Rice-Rice is the cropping system followed. Farmers generally used higher seed rate of 40 Kg/ha. Optimum plant population of 40 to 50 hills/m2 was maintained in rice fields. In SRI cultivation, about 10 kg/ha seed alone was used. Some farmers have registered
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themselves as seed growers with the seed certification agency and produced foundation seeds/certified seeds. A few farmers only applied the recommended level of fertiliser dosage 150:60:60 kg NPK/ha. Inputs like seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and plant protection equipments were available. Proper facilities for drying and storage were not available in many villages. The transplanter, combine harvester and thresher were used in many places. Farmers come forward to use the transplanter in most of the areas because of high wages and non availability of labour. Common weeds in the rice fields were Marsilia quadirfoliata, Echinocloa crusgalli and cyperus sp. Hand weeding was commonly followed. In addition, some farmers applied weedicides like butachlor @ 2.5 lit/ha for weed control. Moderate incidence (5-10%) of leaf folder and stem borer was reported. The other pest population found in this area was green leaf hopper, BPH and thrips. Farmers used chlorpyriphos, monocrotophos and profenphos for insect control. Among the diseases, blast, bacterial leaf blight and sheath rot were found in low to moderate levels and farmers applied carbendazim and mancozeb for disease control. Fresh cow dung spray @ 20% was practiced for disease control. Farmers were adopting integrated pest management methods. More than 50% farmers applied only neem pesticides. Farmers also adopt bio agents viz., Trichogramma chilonis and Trichogramma japonicum to control insect pests viz., leaf folder and stem borer respectively. Plant protection equipments were adequately available for rice cultivation. The major requirements of farmers were: The Agricultural labourers to be well defined for extending the benefit of insurance without any deviation. The crop insurance to be implemented for individual farmer and not for a specified area / locality. Yanam: In Yanam region rice is being cultivated in an area of about 270 hectares in Kharif, 250 hectares in rabi and 90 hectares as dry paddy. The survey was conducted during December 2010 covering four villages of the region. The predominant varieties grown in this region were Swarna (MTU-7029), Samba Mahsuri (BPT 5204), Cotton dora Sannalu (MTU1010), Vijetha (MTU 1001), Bondalu (MTU 3626). The crop was subjected to inundation and complete submergence because of heavy rains during the month of November. Yield loss was estimated from 75% to 90% for the current season. The supply of inputs like seeds, fertilisers and pesticides was shared by the Agro Service Corporation and Private Companies. Canal irrigation was the main source of irrigation to the crop. The main crop rotation was rice-rice and rice-rice-pulse. Fertiliser application consisted of 25 kgs in each of straight fertilisers urea, super phosphate and potash with 25 kg of neem cake in the nursery field. In the main field 50 kgs in each of straight fertilisers urea and potash and 100 kgs of super phosphate with 50 kg neem cake were applied as basal dressing. During the I top dressing, 50 kg 28:28 (or) 20:20 with 25 kg urea and 25 kg potash were applied and in the II top dressing, 50 kg urea and 25 kg potash were applied. Some farmers applied farm yard manure. The levels of weed infestation was moderate to severe. The common weeds were Echinocloa, Cyperus, Marsilia etc. Majority of the farmers followed manual weeding. Some farmers used butachlor at 1 lit/ac with 25 kg sand at 7 DAT. The weedicide, Erase was used for direct sowing. Among the diseases sheath rot and sheath blight were observed in low intensity. Brown plant hopper was wide spread in low to moderate level. Most of the farmers used hand sprayers for application of fungicides and insecticides. Mixing of fungicides with insecticides was common practice adopted by the farmers. Farmers applied pesticides like hexaconazole (2 ml/lit), validamycin (2 ml/lit) for sheath blight; acephate (1.5 g/lit) and monocrotophos (1.6 ml/lit) for brown plant hopper; profenophos (2 ml/lit) and monocrotophos (1.6 ml/lit) for stem borer and leaf folder infestation. Most of the farmers were not having any drying and
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storage facilities. Threshing was done on the roads with tractors since the fields did not dry by the time of threshing. The major requirements of farmers were: Drying and storage facilities. Bank and Department Coordination. Tractor availability. Loss compensation at times of calamities like flood or drought to be extended to tenants instead of the owners. Preventing the use of irrigation canals as drainage canals. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests in Puducherry -1 Diseases BI ShR L L-M L Insect Pests RTD LF L L-M M
District Puducherry Yanam
Shbl M
LS L L
BLB L-M M
SB L-M M-S
GLH L -
BPH L L-M
Thr. L -
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Puducherry-2
Districts surveyed: Karaikal and Yanam Particulars of survey
District Karaikal Villages surveyed Agramankudy, Agalankannu, Madur, Muppaithankudy, Thennankudy, Sethur, Serumavilangai, Valathamangalam, Thirunallar, Thenpedagai, Pandaravadai, Ambakarathur, Neravy, Keezamanai, Kakamozhi, Uoziapathu, Sellore, Kumarakudy, Nallambal, Nallazhandore, Neravy, Thirumalai Rayan Pattinam, Kottapackam, Kannapore Melakasakudy, Pettai, Vizhidiyour, Thiruvettakudy, KottucherryMedu, Keezhekasakudy, Sorakudy, Mathalangkudy, Nedungadu, Nallathore, Kottucherry, Vadamattam, Thalatheru and Varichikudy (38 villages) Dariyal thippah, Kanakal petta, France thippah and Mettacour
Yanam

Districts Karaikal Kuruvai (kharif) Samba / Thaladi (rabi) Yanam Kharif Rabi varieties TKM 9, ADT 43,ADT 37 and Kullaponni Savitri, ADT 39, White Ponni, BPT 5204, ADT 46,ADT 38, ADT45, ADT49, CO 43,CO 46 and KKL 1 MTU-7029, MTU-2067 and BPT-5204 MTU-1001 and MTU-1010
During the Production Oriented Survey 2010 about 61farmers (Karaikal-47+ Yanam 14) of different categories (small, marginal and big farmers) hailing from 42 (38+4) villages of Karaikal and Yanam region were personally interviewed by the POS team members. The predominant varieties cultivated were Savitri, ADT 39, White Ponni, BPT 5204, ADT 46, ADT 38, ADT45, ADT49, CO 43,CO 46, KKL 1, ADT 37, ADT 43, MTU 7029, MTU2067, MTU-1001 and MTU 1010. Heavy incidence of Bacterial leaf blight (30-40%) and False smut(30%) was noticed on cultivars like BPT 5204, CR 1009, ADT 38 and ADT 39 in most of the villages due to excess application of N as top dose and the conducive environmental condition noticed during the Samba season. Use of Biocontrol agents like Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application and as foliar spray (0.5%) is getting importance in some of the villages surveyed. Heavy occurrence of Brown Plant Hopper (25 -30% ) was noticed on varities like BPT 5204 and CR 1009 due to prevalence of intermittent rain with cloudy weather prevailed during the month of November - December 2009. Use of mechanised transplanter is gaining momentum in most of the villages surveyed due to acute labour shortage. Use of harvester-cum-thresher is gaining momentum among the various categories of farmers since the above facility was extended by the Department of Agriculture on hire basis. The use of various natural products like fresh cowdung extract (20%) and Neem products like Neem oil (3%), NSKE@ 5% and Neem cake are being adopted by most of the farmers who are interested in organic farming. A new variety KKL 1 of PAJANCOA & RI, ( a medium slender grain) is gaining momentum among the farmers as an effective substitute for CR1009. The practice of applying DAP along with Neem cake as basal dose was adopted by the farmers in all the villages of the District surveyed.
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Karaikal: In order to alleviate the Cauvery water problem, Government of Puducherry has installed as many as 70 bore wells (Deep and Shallow) spread all over Karaikal region to raise kuruvai rice. Considering the importance of intensive rice cultivation with uncertainty or less quantum of Cauvery water received an intensive production oriented survey covering thirty eight villages of Karaikal district has been carried out during 2010. In Karaikal district, during the year of report (2010) the area under Kuruvai Rice was reduced to 600Ha as against 2000Ha due to late receipt of Cauvery river water. The average yield of Kuruvai Rice crop was recorded as 4.5 tonnes/ha, whereas the area under Samba cultivation has been recorded as 4500 ha (out of which 10% of the area is under direct sowing) with an expected average yield of about 4.0 tonnes/ha due to heavy rain damage which occurred during the month of November/December 2010. The thalady crop was raised in an area of 600ha. utilising the borewells/ filter point wells in the villages of Thirunallar and Nedungadu communes of Karaikal district. It shows that, samba season was the main rice growing season in the Karaikal district. The rice varieties TKM 9, ADT 37and ADT 43 were used as predominant varieties during kuruvai, Whereas Improved White Ponni, ADT 38, ADT 39, Savitri, BPT 5204,CO46 and KKL 1(Kamarajar 1, a promising Samba variety released from PAJANCOA &RI, Karaikal), are the major rice varieties grown during samba season (August-January). Among these varieties SAVITRI, Improved White Ponni and ADT 38 accounts about half of the cultivated area. The above said varieties were also cultivated during thaladi (October-January) depending upon the irrigation source (Borewell area). In some of the Kuruvai areas, due to continuous exploitation of underground water and sea water intrusion, the EC (electrical conductivity) and pH of the irrigation water were found to increased which inturn affects the survival of Rice plants especially in villages like Sellore, Muppaithankudy, Madur, Sethur, Nallambal, Nellazhandour, Kannapore and Ambagarathore etc ultimately affecting the yield of kuruvai crop. The prevailing cropping pattern in this region is RicePulse, Rice-Rice-Pulse. In few areas farmers are going for Rice-Cotton cropping system wherever there is assured water sourceo of filter point wells/deep borewells. Most of the farmers are using the seeds purchased from Pondicherry Agro service and Industries Corporation (PASIC) Ltd, a public sector undertaking of U.T of Pudhucherry, and about 50% of the farmers are using their own saved seed. In general, grasses and sedges were the dominant weed flora of this region. Among the grasses, Echinchloa crussgalli was found to be the dominant; Cyperus irria was found to be the most problematic sedge weed. In Broad leaved weeds Eclipta alba and Marsilia quadrifoliata are the dominant weed flora found in the farmers field. Mostly hand weeding was followed twice on 25th and 45th day after transplanting. A significant method of eradicating weeds under wetland condition by the farmers of Nedungadu and Sorakudy villages is that application of urea @6-8kg/ac during the off-season (summer) immediately followed by summer plowing is being adopted by the farmers. During kuruvai season, incidence of BPH was found as 20per cent . During samba, stem borer, leaf folder and BPH incidence to the extent of 25-30 % was also noticed irrespective of variety screened. In this season, there was a moderate to heavy incidence of Stem borer, leaf folder, GLH, BPH and Ear head bug on the varieties like ADT 39, BPT 5204, CR 1009 White Ponni and ADT 38. Most of the Samba nurseries were found to be infested with very high level of thrips attack exceeding the economic injury level. Hence, siutable management practices has been submitted to the extension wing for immediate adoption by the farmers. In general, pesticides Endosulfan @ 300 ml/ac and Chlorpyriphos @ 350 ml/ac were commonly used to bring down the population of leaf folder incidence below alarming level. Monocrotophos, endosulphan, Probenophos, Imidacloprid and Acephate ( to control BPH ) are the predominant pesticide used by different categories of farmers to combat rice pests without ascertaining the nature of pests. Rice Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 129
diseases like Bacterial leaf blight (25-30% infection), Blast, Brown spot, Sheath blight, sheath rot, false smut and Grain discolouration were noticed during samba season especially in BPT 5204, SAVITRI,ADT 38, ADT 39 and Improved White Ponni. Hinosan, Bavistin, Mancozeb and Kocide (for BLB control) are common fungicides used in this district for control of various rice diseases. False smut was also noticed (30% incidence) in some of the location like Ambagarathore, Agramankudy, Kottapackam, Melakasakudy, Madur, Pettai, Sethur Vizhidiyour, Thiruvettakudy villages on varieties viz., Improved White Ponni, BPT 5204, ADT 38, CO 43 and CR1009 . Some of the common needs of the farmers were sowing equipments especially for direct seeding, special programmes for adopting SRI techniques, government legislation to restrict the conversion of fertile land for non- Agricultural purposes, timely supply of seeds especially foundation and certified seeds at subsidised cost, special subsidy programmes towards promotion of organic agriculture, mechanical transplanter to combat labour shortage during peak season, mass eradication campaign for rat control, minimum support price for rice, early release of Cauvery water to bring more kuruvai crop and establishment of direct purchase centres either by the state government or Food Corporation of India Salient points of production oriented survey at Karaikal
The high yielding varieties like ADT 43, and ADT 37 during Kuruvai and High yielding varieties like BPT 5204, SAVITRI, ADT 38, CO46, KKL-1 and Improved White Ponni were grown in more area during samba (rabi) season utilising cauvery water. Heavy incidence of Bacterial leaf blight (30-40%) and False smut(30%) was noticed on cultivars like BPT 5204, CR 1009, ADT 38 and ADT 39 in most of the villages due to excess application of N as top dose and the conducive environmental condition noticed during the Samba season. Use of Biocontrol agents like Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application and as foliar spray (0.5%) is getting importance in some of the villages surveyed Heavy occurrence of Brown Plant Hopper (25 -30% ) was noticed on varities like BPT 5204 and CR 1009 due to prevalence of intermittent rain with cloudy weather prevailed during the month of November - December 2009. Use of mechanised transplanter is gaining momentum in most of the villages surveyed due to acute labour shortage. Use of harvester-cum-thresher is gaining momentum among the various categories of farmers since the above facility was extended by the Department of Agriculture on hire basis. The use of various natural products like fresh cowdung extract (20%) and Neem products like Neem oil (3%), NSKE@ 5% and Neem cake are being adopted by most of the farmers who are interested in organic farming. A new variety KKL 1 of PAJANCOA & RI, ( a medium slender grain) is gaining momentum among the farmers as an effective substitute for CR1009 The practice of applying DAP along with Neem cake as basal dose was adopted by the farmers in all the villages of the District surveyed. Drainage Problem is noticed due to coversion of cutivable land for non Agricultural purposes viz., real estate business.
Yanam An intensive Production Oriented Survey was conducted in Yanam region of Puducherry union territory during November 2010 (14th- 21st November 2010) by the Scientist of PAJANCOA &RI, Karaikal. Yanam is situated in the coramandel coast of peninsular India bounded on all sides by East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. It is 870 km away from Puducherry. The geographical area is 1684 ha and its annual mean rainfall is 1500 mm. Rice
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is cultivated in an area of 250 ha in kharif, 230 ha in rabi and 100 ha in dry season. The other crops that are cultivated are pulses, coconut and other vegetable crops. Canals originating from river Godavari and its tributaries are the main source of irrigation. It also receives monsoonic rain during South-West monsoon from June-September which accords 80% of the total rainfall and remaining 20% is received during North -East monsoon. The soil type constitutes alluvial deposits of sand, clay and sandy clay and the cropping pattern is RiceRice-Pulses as detailed below: POS at Yanam was conducted in four villages namely Dariyal thippah, Kanakal petta, France thippah and Mettacour. About twenty farmers were interrogated, as per the POS data sheet of DRR, by the POS team members. Among the inputs, seeds, fertilizer and pesticides were available in adequate quantity while post harvest facilities like drying and storage facilities were inadequate. Most of the farm inputs were sold through Government Agroindustries corporation namely PASIC. Regarding fertilizer all the forms of three major nutrients N,P and K are being used by the farming community. Excess use of N by some of the farmers were observed. NPK dose adopted by the rice growers was 135-150 kg of N/ha, 85-100 kg of P/ha and 85-100kg of K/ha which is observed to be in excess of the recommended dosage. The level of weed infestation was moderate to high. The common weeds found during the survey are Echinocloa colonum, Cyprus spp. Cyanadon dactylon and certain other broad leaved weeds. The manual weeding was practiced by certain farmer whereas weedicide like Pretilachlor @ 2.5l/ha was used by other farmers. Due to normal rainfall and timely release of canal water sowing and transplanting were taken up normally. However at the maturity stage the crop was damaged due to the unexpected rainfall during November 2010. Among various insect pests, BPH, stem borer and leaf folder were observed in moderate to severe extent. Acephate @ 1.5g/litre, monocrotophos @2ml/litre and imidachloroprid @0.5ml/litre were used to combat these insect pests. Among the diseases, sheath blight, stem rot, sheath rot and bacterial leaf blight were found in moderate to severe form and the farmers applied hexaconazole @ 2ml/litre, validamycin@2ml/litre, ketazin @2ml/litre to control these diseases. Some of the constraints faced by the farmers were non availability of agricultural labourers, non availability of mechanized transplanter and harvester, lack of remunerative pricing for their produce through proper marketing, lack of common thrashing and drying yards, lack of resistant rice varieties for BLB, blast, stem borer, leaf folder and sheath rot and implementation of crop insurance scheme to compensate the loss caused by various natural calamities Prevalence of diseases and pests in Puducherry-2 Districts SB LF BPH GLH EB Thrips Kariakal M-S M-S M-S M M-S S Yanam M M M Districts Kariakal Yanam Bl L-M BS L-M Shbl L-M M ShR L-M M FS L-M GD L-M SR M BB M-S M
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Punjab
Districts surveyed: Amritsar, Bathinda, Fatehgarh sahib, Faridkot, Ferozpur,Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jallandar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Mesra, Mukatsar, Moga, Patiala, Sangrur and Tarntaran
DISTRICT Amritsar Bathinda Fatehgarh sahib Faridkot Ferozpur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jallandar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mersa Mukatsar Moga Patiala Sangrur Tarantaran VILLAGES Jandealaguru, Rayyia, Ghagharpannuan, Satheala and Balsarai Mehraj, Zazel, Rotshamir, Kararwala, Sahore, Kahanpura, Shahpur, Naraingarh, Bhagwanpura and Jandali Jandwala, Moranwali, Bhilewala, Kingra, Parygrai and Morawali Ratta Khora, Ferozshah, Madhere, Chata and Guru Harsahai Fatehgarh chyrjan, Kalanore, Kahnuwal, Langarkot, Dhindsa, Harchowal, Khokarwal and Dhirowal Doburji Balan, Sanghwal, Kalabora, Mand Pervez nagar, Kheeranwali, Thatha and Phosewala Mullanpur chokha, Daheru, Barewal, Kila Raipur, Kotheath, Tath, Rakba, Raikot and Rurka kalan Rauditewolu Gonewala, Smalsar and Kaniawala Nathuana, Dusanj, Dharapur, Indergarh, Kokarikalan, Mahina, Ajitwal, Singhwala, Chrik, Gill and Jaisinghwala Halers, Saholi, Duldi Kamalpur, Cupkhurd, Balion, Rupehari, Bhogiwala, Binjori Kalan, Upoki, Galwate and Ladhaherhi Fatehbad, Dher, Sanghe, Malmohri, Jahangeerpur, Raisiana, Kalan and Voinpoi
Widely Prevalent Varieties

DISTRICT Amritsar Bathinda Fatehgarh sahib Faridkot Ferozpur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jallandar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mansa Mukatsar Moga Patiala Sangrur Tarantaran VARIETIES Pusa 1121, PR 116, PR 113, HKR 127, Punjab Bas 2 and HKR 47 PR 118, PR 116 and Pusa 44 Pusa 1121, HKR 47, PAU 209 and Pusa 44 Hybrid, PR 111, PR 114, HKR 127, Pusa 1121, Pusa 44 and Hybrid 6444 Pusa 1121, PR 114, PR 111, Pusa 44 and PR 116 HKR 47, HKR 121, Pusa 1121, PR 113, Devgoda, HKR 127, Hybrid 6129 Hybrid 6444 Pusa 1121, HKR 127 HKR 47, Pusa 1121, Hybrid 6444, PAU 201 Pusa 44, HRK 47, PR 111, Pusa 1121, PR 114 PR 118 PR 111, HRK 127, Pusa 1121, Pusa 44 Pusa 44, Pusa 1121, PR 111, PR 116, HKR 127, HKR 47, PR 114 Pusa 44, Pusa 1121 PR 118, Pusa 44, Pusa 1121, HRK 47 Pusa 1121, HRK 47, P.Bas-2
The production oriented survey was conducted in 16 districts in the state during the kharif, 2010. the districts surveyed were Amritsar, Bathinda, Fatehgarh sahib, Faridkot, Ferozpur,Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jallandar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Mansa, Mukatsar, Moga, Patiala, Sangrur and Tarntaran. Survey was conducted mostly during heading stage and
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dough stages of the crop growth. the prevalent varieties grown in this region were Pusa 1121, PR 116, PR 113, HKR 127, Punjab Bas 2 and HKR 47, PR 118, PAU 209, Pusa 44, PR 111,Hybrid 6444, PR 114, HKR 121, Devgoda, HKR 127, Hybrid 6129, PAU 201, P.Bas-2. The level of weed infestation was medium. The common weed was swank. Butachlor, Machete and Rifit were used in addition to hand weeding for control of these weeds. There was no proper drying facilities. Regarding biotic constraints among the diseases low to moderate level intensities of sheath blight, false smut and blast were recorded. Among pests leaf folder and BPH were recorded. The district wise details of the survey are presented below. DISTRICT WISE OBSERVATIONS: Amritsar: Production oriented survey was conducted when the crop was at heading stage and dough stages of the crop growth. Farmers are sub-marginal. The major varieties were Pusa 1121, HKR 47 and PR 114. Most of the rice area was occupied by varieties like Pusa 1121 and PR113. The levels of weed infestation in the district were medium. The farmers applied 100-140 Kg N in three splits per hectare. Farmers did not apply any other amendments. Farmers followed random method of transplanting. The plant density followed was 22-30 plants/ m2. The common weeds were Swank and Mothu. Butachlor @ 1l/acre and Rifit @ 500 ml/acre and Machete @1l/acre were used in addition to hand weeding for control of these weeds. The facilities like seeds, water, fertilizers, pesticides and equipments were found to be adequate but the electricity supply was inadequate. There was no proper drying facilities. Among the biotic constraints Sheath blight, Sheath rot, Brown spot and Bakane was observed on Pusa 1121, PR 113 and HKR 47 in some places. Grain discoloration was also seen in low intensities. Insect pests like stem borer and BPH, Leaf folder, Stem borer were observed in low intensities. Most of the farmers adopted plant protection measures. The pesticides like Cartap (7.5kg) for stem borer, and hoppers; Contaf %EC (300 ml/acre) for sheath blight, Brown spot and grain discoloration were used by the farmers. Bathinda: The survey was conducted in 10 villages in Bathinda district when the crop was in Heading and dough stages. Climatic conditions for the rice crop were quite favorable during the season. Farmers are sub-marginal to progressive. The prevailing crop rotation followed in these districts was paddy-wheat. The major varieties grown in this district were PR 118 and PR 116. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was 2nd and3rd week of May and 2nd to 3rd week of June, respectively. The average seed rate was 4-5 kg/acre. In the main fields, farmers applied 150 kg N/ha and 40 kg of P2O5. The average plant populations were 28-30 plants/m2. The weed population was medium in most of the places. The weedicides like Machete (1l/acre) and Rifit (500 ml/acre) were applied for the management of the weeds. Farmers hired equipments or obtained from cooperative society for different agricultural operations. They used their own seeds or obtained seeds from government or private organizations and from Punjab Agriculture University. Farmers obtained pesticides and fertilizers from cooperative societies or private agencies. Among diseases, low intensities of Sheath blight, Sheath rot, false smut and Grain discoloration were recorded. Among insect pests BPH, WBPH, stem borer and leaf folder were recorded. By using knapsack sprayer some of the farmers adopted plant protection measures. Some farmers reported sprays of Padan (7kg/acre), Chloripyriphos (1l/acre), Hostathion (5ooml/acre), Cartap (7.5kg/acre), Cartap hydro (7kg/acre) for plant hoppers, leaf folder and stem borer and Confidor 400ml/acre, Tilt 25EC 200 ml/ ac were used for the management of Sheath blight and Grain discolouration.
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Fatehgarh sahib: The survey was conducted in 5 villages in this district when the crop was in milky stage. The general climatic conditions for the rice crop were favorable during the crop season. Farmers are progressive. The prevailing crop rotation followed in these districts was rice-wheat. The major varieties grown in the district were HRK 47 and Pusa 1121. Most of the crop area was occupied by the varieties like Pusa 1121, Pusa 44. The fertilizer application consisted of 120-170Kg N in 3 split doses and P2O5 20-30 kg per acre as basal dose. Transplanting was done by random method. The plant density was 28-30 plants/m2. The weed population was medium; most prevalent weeds were Swank and Motha. The weedicides like Rifit (500 ml/acre), butachlor (500ml/acre) and Machete @ 1l/acre were applied for the management of the weeds. The availability of the inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides were adequate. The water and power were inadequate. The storage facilities were not available. Sheath blight, Bakane, Grain discolouration diseases were recorded on HKR 47 and Pusa 1121. At few places 50% lodging was recorded on HKR 47. BPH and WBPH were low to moderate and other pests like Leaf folder and Stem borer were recorded in low intensities. Farmers applied Contaf 5SC (400 ml/acre), Tilt 200ml/acre for controlling sheath blight disease and Chloripyriphos @ 1l/acre, Cartap 4G @ 7kg/acre were used for control of stem borer and leaf folder. Faridkot: Production oriented survey was conducted in six villages in this district, when the crop was either heading or milky stages. The weather conditions recorded were normal during the season. Farmers are progressive. The predominant varieties were PR 111, Pusa 1121, and Hybrid 6444. The availability of the inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides were adequate. Water and power supply was inadequate. The drying and storage facilities were mostly not available. The fertilizers were applied in three split doses @ 110-150 kg of N at each time. The weed infestation was medium. The method followed for transplanting was random method. 28-30 plants per square meter were used as plant density. Rifit, Machete and butachlor were used as herbicides to control weeds. Among the diseases blast, sheath blight, sheath rot were noticed in low to medium intensities. Among the insect pests BPH, WBPH, leaf folder and stem borer were observed. Farmers applied Tilt 200ml/acre, Cyahalothius + Acephate + Tlit @ 250+333+200 ml/acre and Actra + Cyaholo 50 + 200ml/ac for controlling Stem borer, BPH and Flase smut, where as carbendizm @ 200g/acre, Folicry 25EC @ 200ml/acre, Tilt @ 200ml/acre and Contaf 5EC were used for management of Sheath blight, Brown spot diseases. Ferozpur: The survey was conducted in five villages in Ferozpur district during Kharif season, 2010. The survey was under taken during booting, heading and dough stage of the crop. Farmers are progressive. The common varieties grown in this area were PR 114, Pusa 1121, PR 111 and PR 116. The rainfall during crop season is normal. Seeds and fertilizers were adequate and they were at the reach of the farmers. The common needs of farmers of the region included availability of power and irrigation source. The farmers applied fertilizers @ 100 to 150 N kg in split doses in the main field. The common weeds were Swaak and Motha. Only a very farmers applied weedicides (Butachlor-1.5 kg/ha, Machete 1l/acre or Rifit@500 ml/ac) for management of weeds. Brown spot, Sheath blight, Bakane and false smut diseases were recorded low incidence in most of the varieties. Stem borer, Leaf folder, BPH and WBPH were the important pests which was recorded low to medium incidence. Contaf 5EC @ 300mg/ac, Tilt @ 200mg/acre was applied to control the fungal diseases. Insect pests were controlled by Cartap 7.5 kg/ac, Padan 4G @ 8kg/ac, moncrotophos @ 500ml/ac, cloripyriphos + confidor @ 300ml/ac were used for controlling insects and pests.
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Gurdaspur: Nine villages were covered in this district. The crop was in heading,dough and maturity stages at the time of survey. The main crop rotation practice was rice-wheat. Farmers are progressive. The common varieties in the district were HKR 47, HKR 121, Pusa 1121, PR 113, Devgoda, HKR 127, Hybrid 6129. The weather conditions recorded were normal during the season. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting were May and Jun, respectively. Transplanting was done by random method with plant density of 22-30 plants/m2. The common weed found was Swank. In the main fields, farmers applied 100-150 kg N/ha in 3 split doses. The Most of the agricultural inputs like equipments and seeds were adequate for the farmers. But the power and water supply was inadequate. Drying and storage facilities were scarce in many places. The common needs of the farmers were the latest technology of cultivation, seeds of high yielding varieties and continuous power supply for farming operations. Diseases like Brown spot, Sheath blight, sheath rot, bacterial leaf blight, Bakane, Grain discolouration and false smut were in low to medium levels of damage. BPH, WBPH, stem borer and leaf folder were in low to moderate intensities. The chemical plant protection measures like application of Tilt 25EC @ 200ml/acre for control of fungal diseases and against insect pests Chloriphyriphos @ 1l/l, Cartaphydro 7.5 kg/ac, Cartap 7.5 kg/ac were used to control insects and pests. Hoshiarpur, Jallandar, Kapurthala, Mansa, Mukatsar and Patiala: Farmers are sub marginal to progressive. The crop was dough and milky stages at the time of survey. The climatic conditions were normal through out the cropping season. The main varieties grown in this region were Hybrid 6444, Pusa 1121, HKR 127, HKR 47, PAU 201, PR 118, PR 111, HRK 127, Pusa 44. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was May and June. The seed rate followed was 5-6 kg/ac. In the nursery, some of the farmers applied farm yard manure and compost. The method of transplanting was random with 25-30 plants/m2. The weed population was medium to low. The common weed was Swank. Among the inputs, except seeds, most of the other inputs were inadequate or scarce. Most of the biotic constraints like sheath blight, false smut, brown spot, bakane and grain discolouration were recorded at some places in low intensities and insect pests like stem borer, BPH and WBPH were in low to moderate intensities. However, there was severe incidence of leaf folder in few places. The chemical plant protection measures like application of Hostathian @ 500ml/ac, Endosulfan 500ml/ac, Tilt 25EC @ 200ml/acre and Contaf 5EC were used for control of fungal diseases and against insect pests chloripyriphos 20EC @ 1l/ac, Cartap @ 7.5-8kg/ac, Padan 4G @ 7kg/ac were used. Ludhiana: Production oriented survey was conducted in nine villages. The crop was at booting, dough and milky stage of the crop growth during the survey. Farmers are progressive. The predominant varieties in the district were Pusa 44, HRK 47, PR 111, Pusa 1121 and PR 114. The average seed rate was 4-6 kg/ac. Most of the farmers followed random method of sowing practice. Plant density followed was 23-30 plants/m2. The common weed population observed was Swank and Motha. Few farmers applied weedicides (Butachlor 1l/ac, Machete 1l/ac or Rifit@500 ml/ac) for management of weeds. Most of the inputs like seeds, water, power, fertilizers, and pesticides were either inadequate or not available. Nitrogen was applied in urea form @ 100-150kg/ac in 3 splits of doses. The common needs of the farmers were irrigation facilities and good power supply. Among the diseases, low level of brown spot, sheath blight, bakane, false smut and Grain discolouration were observed. Insect pests like stem borer, leaf folder and brown plant hopper were at low to medium intensities. Farmers applied Bavistin 50WP @ 200g/ac, Contaf 5EC @ 300ml/ac, Tilt@ 200ml/acre, Hexaconazole+Imida 40+100ml/ac against sheath blight and other fungal diseases. For the control of insect pests farmers applied Cartap 7-8kg/ac, Chloriphyriphos @ Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 135
1l/ac, Padan 4G @ 8kg/ac, Blitox+Imida @ 250+100ml/ac and karate+N505 @ 333+200ml/ac were used by the farmers. Moga: Production oriented survey was conducted in eleven villages of the district. Farmers are sub-marginal to progressive. The widely grown varieties were PR Pusa 44, Pusa 1121, PR 111, PR 116, HKR 127, HKR 47, PR 114. Weed infestation was medium to lw and weed like Swank was recorded. Farmers used weedicides like Butachlor 1kg/ha, Machete 1l/ac and Rifit@500 ml/ac to control weeds. Seed rate followed by the farmers was 5-6 kg/acre. Fertilizer dose applied was Nitrogen @ 150 kg per acre another 100-180 kg Nitrogen was applied in three splits. The crop condition was good. The availability of input sources like equipments, seeds, water, power, fertilizers, pesticides and storage facilities were adequate. Farmers were facing problem with lack of drying and storage facilities. Among insects, BPH, WBPH, stem borer and leaf folder were recorded at low to medium levels and insecticide like Cartap 4G @ 7.5kg/ac, Cartap hydro 7.5kg/ac, Padan 4G @ 7kg/ac, Chlorphyriphos @ 1l/ac were applied for control of insects. Sheath blight, Brown spot, false smut, Grain discolouration and Bakane diseases incidence was observed on Pusa 1121, Pusa 44, PR 111, PR 116, HKR 127and Pusa 1121 varieties. Farmers applied Contaf 5 EC 300ml/ac, Tilt@ 200ml/acre, Bavistin 50mg @ 2g/kg seed against sheath blight and other fungal diseases. Sangrur: Production oriented survey was conducted in nine villages in the district. The crop was at booting, dough and milky stage of the crop growth during the survey. Farmers are sub-marginal to progressive. The predominant varieties in the district were PR 118, Pusa 44, Pusa 1121, HRK 47. The average seed rate was 4-6 kg/ac. Most of the farmers followed random method of sowing practice. Plant density followed was 23-30 plants/m2. The common weed population was medium predominantly Swank weed was observed. Few farmers applied weedicides Butachlor 1l/ac, Machete 1l/ac or Rifit@500 ml/ac for management of weeds. Most of the inputs like seeds, water, power, fertilizers, and pesticides were either inadequate or not available. Nitrogen was applied in urea form @ 150-180kg/ac in 3 splits of doses. The common needs of the farmers were irrigation facilities and good power supply. Among the diseases, low to moderate level of brown spot, sheath blight, false smut, Grain discolouration and Bakane and were observed. Insect pests like stem borer, leaf folder and WBPH were at low to medium intensities. The incidence of BPH was severe in some of the places surveyed. Farmers applied Tilt@ 200ml/acre, Contaf 5EC @ 300ml/ac, against sheath blight and other fungal diseases. For the control of insect pests farmers applied Padan @ 7.5kg/ac, Actara+Cyhalothion @125+250ml/ac, Aephate+Contaf @ 333+333ml/ac, Cartap 7-8kg/ac, Chloriphyriphos @ 1l/ac were used by the farmers. Taran Taran: Production oriented survey was conducted in eight villages. The crop was at booting, dough and milky stage of the crop growth during the survey. Farmers are submarginal. The predominant varieties in the district grown are Pusa 1121, HRK 47 and P.Bas2. The average seed rate was 4-6 kg/ac. Plant density followed was 24-27 plants/m2. The common weed population observed was Swank. Farmers applied weedicides (Butachlor 1l/ac, Machete 1l/ac or Rifit@500 ml/ac) for management of weeds. Most of the inputs like seeds, water, power, fertilizers, and pesticides were either inadequate or not available. Nitrogen was applied in urea form @ 100-180kg/ac in 3 splits of doses. The common needs of the farmers were irrigation facilities and good power supply. Among the diseases, low to moderate level of sheath blight, brown spot, Sheath rot and Bakane were observed. Insect pests like stem borer and brown plant hopper were at low to medium intensities. Leaf folder was severe in some fields. Farmers applied Contaf 5EC @ 300ml/acfor controlling sheath blight and other Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 136
fungal diseases. For the control of insect pests farmers applied Chloriphyriphos @ 1l/ac, Cartap 7-8kg/ac and Padan @ 6.5kg/ac were used by the farmers Incidence of disease and pest in the surveyed districts of Punjab, 2010-2011 Districts Diseases BL NBL BS SHBL SHR GD Bakanae Amritsar L L-M L L L Bathinda L L L Fatehgarh sahib L-M L L Faridkot L L-M L L Ferozpur L L T Gurdaspur L-M L L L L Hoshiarpur M Jallandar L L L L L Kapurthala L L L L Ludhiana L L L L Mersa L Mukatsar L L L Moga L L L L Patiala L-M L L L L Sangrur L L-M L L Tarantaran L L L L-M Districts Amritsar Bathinda Fatehgarh sahib Faridkot Ferozpur Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jallandar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mersa Mukatsar Moga Patiala Sangrur Taran Taran BPH L L L-M L-M L-M L L L L M L L M-S L-S L Insect pests WBPH GLH L L L-M L-M L-M L L M L L L L -
FS L L L L L L L L L L L -
BLB M -
SB L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L
LF L L-M L L L-M L-M L L-S L L L L L L L L-S
137
Tamil Nadu
Districts surveyed : Thanjavur, Nagappattinam, Tiruvarur, Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai, Perambalur and Cuddalore. Particulars of survey District Thanjavur Tiruvarur Nagappattinam Pudukkottai Tiruchirappalli Perambalur Cuddalore
Villages surveyed
Thiruvidaimarudur, Papanasam, Thiruvairu, Kabisthalam, Mudikondan, Budalur, Thirupazhanam, Pulavankadu, Orathanadu, Madukkur Needamangalam, Kottur, Thiruthuraipoondi, Mannargudi, Kallikudi, Vaigalathur, Nannilam, Kudavasal, Nachiarkovil, Valangaiman Keevalur, Sikkal, Kollumangudi, Sembanarkovil, Sirkazhi, Kathiramangalam, Orathur, Kuthalam, Vadagudi, Vedaranyam Avanam, Karambakkudi, Nambivayal, Keeramangalam, Alangudi, Muvanoor, Sathagudi, Pakkam Pullampadi, Idhayapuram, Kuttapattu, Kaduvetti, Samayapuram, Lalgudi, Kulithalai, Valadi, Musiri, Pettaivaithalai Thirumanoor, Thirumalapadi, Keelapalur, Vetriyur, Sendurai, Elambalur, Siruvachur, Alambadi Panruti, Puduchatram, Bhuvanagiri, Sindhamanikuppam, Alappakkam, Kurinjipadi, Kattumannarkovil, Keerapalayam, Vadalur, Adhinarayanapuram
Widely grown rice varieties District Thanjavur Tiruvarur Nagappattinam Pudukkottai Tiruchirappalli Perambalur Cuddalore Varieties ADT 36, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 43, ADT 44, ADT (R) 45, ADT (R) 46, CR 1009, CO 43, BPT 5204, White Ponni ADT 36, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 43, ADT 44, ADT (R)45, ADT (R) 46, CR 1009, CO 43, White Ponni, BPT 5204 ADT 36, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 43, TKM 9, ADT 44, ADT (R) 45, ADT (R) 46, CR 1009, CO 43, White Ponni, BPT 5204 ADT 36, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 43, CO 43, CR 1009, Trichy 1, White Ponni, BPT 5204 ADT 36, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 43, Trichy 1, Trichy 2, CR 1009, CO 43, White Ponni, BPT 5204 ADT 36, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT (R) 45, CR 1009, CO 43, White Ponni ADT 36, ADT 37, IR 50, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 43, CR 1009, CO 43, White Ponni, BPT 5204
Production oriented survey was conducted in seven districts of Cauvery delta zone. Excess annual rainfall of 400 640mm was received in three major Cauvery delta districts Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam. Rabi crop yield was affected to the extend of 2550% due to excess rainfall and poor drainage. Rice varieties ADT 36, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 43, ADT 46, CR 1009, CO 43 and BPT 5204 were predominantly grown in this region. Area under BPT 5204 was reduced due to its high susceptibility to various diseases. SRI Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 138
method of cultivation is gaining momentum among the farmers. Combine harvesters were used by more than 80% of the farmers. Wide spread occurrence of false smut at low to medium level was noticed in all the districts surveyed. Moderate incidence of bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak diseases was recorded in all the ruling varieties. Leaf blast incidence was found in Tiruchirappalli and Pudukkottai districts. In general pest incidence was low in this region. Low to medium incidence of stem borer and leaf folder was noticed in all the districts surveyed. District wise observations Thanjavur: Production oriented survey was conducted in ten villages of this district. Excess annual rainfall of 640mm was received during the year 2010. In kharif (Kuruvai) season, rice was grown in 20852 hectares with an average yield of 5648 kg/ha. About 1.40 lakh hectares was covered with rice cropping in rabi (Samba / thaladi) season. Due to excess rainfall about 2000 hectares of rice crop was affected. Rice varieties with a short duration of 105-110 days ADT 36, ADT 43, ADT 45 were mostly grown in kharif season. Medium / long duration varieties ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 44, ADT 46, CO 43, CR 1009 and BPT 5204 occupied larger areas in rabi season. BPT 5204 was grown in lesser area as compared to last year because of its high susceptibility to various diseases. Most of the farmers used a higher seed rate of 80-100 kg/ha. SRI method of cultivation is gaining momentum among the farmers. Farmers applied NPK fertilizers in the main field at 30-50 kg N/ha, 20-30 kg P2O5 /ha and 10-25 kg K2O/ha as basal and 80-110 kg N/ha, 10-25kg K2O/ha as top dressing.Wet land weeds Cyperus rotandus, Echinocloa crusgalli, Eclipta alba, Marsilia quadrifolia were commonly noticed in rice fields. Hand weeding was mostly followed by the farmers. Some farmers applied Butachlor @ 2.5lit/ha for weed control. In SRI cultivation, manually operated conoweeder was used by some farmers. In general, pest and disease pressure was low during this year. Bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak diseases to the extend of 20-30% were noticed in ADT 38, ADT 46, CR 1009, CO 43, BPT 5204 in many villages across the district. As suggested by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and Agriculture Department, most of the farmers used antibiotics Streptomycin Sulphate + Tetracycline compound @ 300 g/ha along with Copper oxy chloride @ 1.25 kg/ha (or) Kocide @ 1.25 kg/ha for the control of bacterial diseases. Mild incidence of 5-10% sheath rot was also noticed. Widespread occurrence of false smut was noticed in all the ruling rice varieties to the extend of 5-30%. Few farmers only applied fungicides for false smut control. Mild incidence (<10%) of stem borer, BPH and leaf folder was noticed. Farmers applied Monocrotophos @ 1.0 lit/ha (or) Profenophos @ 1.0 lit/ha for insect control. In rabi season, Zinc deficiency was commonly noticed in ADT 38, ADT 39, CR 1009 and CO 43. Farmers sprayed Zinc Sulphate 0.5% + Urea 1% to rectify the disorder. More than 80% of the farmers used Combine Harvesters. Mechanical transplanters were used in some villages in order to manage the acute labour shortage. Power supply and quality seeds were inadequate. Roads were used for threshing. Drying and storage facilities were not available. Tiruvarur: The survey was conducted in ten villages of Tiruvarur, Mannargudi and Nannilam blocks of this district. In kharif season rice crop was grow in 11957 hectares with an average yield of 5860 kg/ha. In rabi season, rice cropping was increased by 11,000 hectares (8%) over the normal area of 1.35 lakh hectares. Kharif rice area was decreased due to delayed release of water from Cauvery river. Excess rainfall of 570mm was received during the year 2010. Rice varieties ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 46, White Ponni, CO 43 were grown in major areas. In single crop (Samba) cultivation, CR 1009 was predominantly grown. Rabi crop yield was significantly decreased in about 1.0 lakh hectares to the extend of
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2.5 to 5.0 ton/ha due to the excess rainfall and poor drainage. Direct seeding was practiced in 12242 hectares. SRI method of cultivation was adopted in about 40% of cropped area during rabi season. The average seed rate used was 60-80 kg/ha in conventional method and 8-12 kg/ha in SRI cultivation. Many farmers applied higher dose of nitrogenous fertilizer. Random planting with 40-45 plants/sq.m was followed in conventional method of cultivation. In SRI cultivation, line planting with wider spacing of 22.5 x 22.5 cm and 20-22 plants/ sq.m was practiced. Power supply was inadequate for rice cultivation. Drying and storage facilities were not available to the farmers. Among the diseases, low to medium incidence of bacterial leaf blight, bacterial leaf streak, sheath rot and false smut were the major problems in rabi crop. Scattered incidence of brown spot <10% was also noticed. Wide spread incidence of stem borer and leaf folder was noticed to the extend of 10-20%. Scattered incidence of BPH was also noticed. Farmers sprayed insecticides like Profenophos, Monocrtophos, Chlorpyriphos and fungicides / antibiotics namely Streptocycline, Carbendazim, Mancozeb for pest and disease control. Nagappattinam: Ten villages were covered for production oriented survey in this district. During the year 2010, excess rainfall of 403mm was received. Rice was grown in 27313 hectares in kharif season with the varieties ADT 36, ADT 43, ADT 45 and TKM 9. During rabi season, rice was grown in 1.32 lakh hectares with the varieties CR 1009, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 46, White Ponni and BPT 5204. The seed rate used by the farmers ranged from 60-90 kg/ha. Fertilizers were not applied to nursery. In the main field, NPK fertilizers used at the rate of 30-50 kg/ha, 20-40 kg P2O5/ha and 20-40 kgK2O/ha as basal and 70-100 kg N/ha as 2-3 top dressings. Rice seeds were obtained from the Department of Agriculture, TNAU Research stations and private seed firms. Quality seeds were not adequately available to the farmers. Pesticides, fertilizers and equipments were available. Drying and storage facilities were not available. Hand weeding was widely adopted by the farmers. In SRI method of cultivation, weeding was done with manual conoweeder at 1-2 times per season. In conventional method, plant population was 45-50 nos./sq.m and in SRI method, it was about 20-25 nos./sq.m. In direct sown crop at Vedaranyam block, weed infestation was high. Few farmers applied the herbicide Sofit @ 1.25 lit/ha for weed control. Machineries like transplanter and combine harvesters were used in rice cultivation. Power operated conoweeder was one of the major requirements of the farmers. In thaladi rice crop, Zinc deficiency was commonly noticed. Zinc Sulphate 0.5% + Urea 1.0% was sprayed to overcome the problem. Moderate incidence of stem borer and BPH was noticed in Nagappattinam, Mayiladuthurai, Kuthalam and Sirkazhi blocks. Leaf folder incidence was noticed at low level (5-10%). Insecticides Monocrotophos at 1.0 lit/ha and Acephate @ 625g/ha were sprayed. Bacterial diseases were the major problem during the rabi season. Most of the farmers applied antibiotics Streptomycin Sulphate 300g or Streptocycline 30-45 g/ha for their control. False smut was widely found at maturity phase in rice varieties CR 1009, ADT 38, CO 43 and BPT 5204. Few farmers sprayed Propiconazole @ 500 ml/ha or Kocide at 1.25 kg/ha. Pudukkottai: Production oriented survey was conducted in eight villages of this district. Rice Pulses and Rice Rice were the two major cropping systems followed in this district. Short and medium duration rice varieties ADT 36, ADT 38, ADT 39, ADT 43 and BPT 5204 were widely grown. Higher seed rate of 80-100 kg/ha and 3-5 seedlings/hill were commonly used by the farmers. In general chemical fertilizers / organic manure were not applied to nursery. In the main fields, fertilizers were applied @ 30-50 kg N/ha, 25-35kg P2O5/ha, 20-30 K2O/ha as basal and 60-90kg N/ha as top dressing in 2-3 splits. Direct sown crop was raised
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in Aranthangi, Thirumayam and Manamelgudi blocks. Hand weeding was widely adopted. Inadequate supply of power and quality seeds were the major constraints to rice cultivation. Drying and storage facilities were inadequate. Farmers availed crop loans from Nationalized banks and co-operative societies. Out break of leaf blast was recorded in Muvanoor, Sathagudi, Pakkam villages of Manalmelgudi block. Blast incidence was recorded at 30-40% in BPT 5204. Farmers applied Tricyclazole at 500g/ha for disease control. Moderate incidence (20-30%) of bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak disease were recorded in ADT 38, ADT 39 and BPT 5204. Sheath rot, brown spot and false smut were observed at low level. Wide spread incidence of stem borer and leaf folder was found in this district. Recommended insecticides were sprayed for pest control. Tiruchirappalli: Ten villages were covered for production oriented survey in this district. Rice-Rice-Pulses/Vegetables, Rice-Rice and Rice-Pulses were the major cropping systems adopted. In kharif season, short duration varieties ADT 36, ADT 43 and ADT 45 were grown. Medium / long duration varieties Trichy 1, Trichy 2, ADT 38, ADT 39, CO 43, White Ponni, CR 1009 and BPT 5204 were grown in monsoon (rabi) season. Climatic condition for rice cropping was normal during the year 2010. Farmers generally used a seed rate of 60-80 kg/ha in conventional method and 8-10 kg/ha in SRI method of cultivation. In the main field, NPK fertilizers were used @ 30-50 kg N, 20-40kg P2O5, 10-20kg K2O as basal and 70-100 kgN, 10-20 kg K2O/ha as top dressings. Cyperus rotandus, Echinocloa crusgalli, Marsilia quadrifolia and Astracantha longifolia were the common weeds found in wet lands. Herbicide Butachlor @ 2.5 lit/ha or Almix 20gm/ha was used for weed control. Plant density was 40-45 plants/sq.m in rabi season. Neck blast incidence (20-40%) was recorded in BPT 5204, White Ponni in Manachanallur block. Moderate incidence of leaf blast was also noticed in ADT 38, CR 1009, BPT 5204 in Musiri and Kulithalai blocks. Farmers sprayed the fungicides Tricyclazole 500 ml/ha or Carbendazim 500 g/ha for disease control. Widespread occurrence of bacterial leaf blight and false smut was noticed in this district. Sheath rot incidence was low in some villages. Among the insect pests, stem borer, leaf folder and BPH were recorded at low to medium level of incidence across the district. Recommended insecticides were sprayed. Fertilizers, pesticides and equipments were adequately available. Power, water and quality seeds were inadequate. Drying and storage facilities were not available. Hand sprayer was used for spraying of insecticides / fungicides. Perambalur: Production oriented survey was conducted in eight village in this district. Rice was predominantly grown as single crop. Direct sowing was practiced in sizable areas. Tanks and open wells were the major sources of irrigation. Rice varieties ADT 38, ADT 39, CO 43, White Ponni and BPT 5204 were mainly grown in this district. In general, the average seed rate was higher as 80-90 kg/ha. Farmers applied the fertilizers at the rate of 30-40 kg N, 2025 kg P2O5 and 20-25kg K2O as basal and 70-80 kg N as top dressing in two splits. Random method of planting was followed by many farmers. Plant population was high as 45-50 Nos./sq.m. in rabi season. In direct sown crop, weed infestation was high. Hand weeding was commonly adopted. Quality seeds, water and power were inadequate. Storage facility was not available. Out break of false smut (20-40%) was recorded in CO 43, ADT 38 in Thirumanoor and Perambalur blocks. Bacterial leaf blight, bacterial leaf streak diseases were common in ADT 38, CO 43 and BPT 5204. Moderate incidence of stem borer (20-30%) was noticed in Ariyalur, Thirumanoor and Perambalur blocks. Scattered incidence of leaf folder was noticed at 5-10%.
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Cuddalore: During rabi season, ten villages were covered for production oriented survey in this district. The annual average rainfall was excess with 140mm. Rice was grown in 8363ha with an average yield of 5.8 ton/ha in kharif season. Direct sown rice crop was raised both in kharif and rabi seasons in about 1000 hectares area in Alappakkam, Sindhamanikuppam, Adhinarayanapuram villages of Cuddalore block. Rice varieties ADT 39, Chinna Ponni and IR 50 were grown in this tract with irrigation water from Perumal lake. In order to overcome the water stagnation during monsoon period and labour shortage, rice was continuously grown as direct sown crop. In rabi season, rice cropping was practiced in about 96000 hectares. In direct sown crop, pre emergence herbicide Sathi @ 250gm/ha was used. Rice varieties ADT 38, ADT 39, White Ponni, CO 43, CR 1009, ADT 43, IR 50 and BPT 5204 were widely grown. In general farmers used the NPK fertilizers in the main field at the rate of 30-50 kg N/ha, 20-40kg P2O5 /ha. 20-50 kg K2O/ha as basal and 80-120 kg N/ha as two dressings. Cyperus rotandus, Echinocloa crusgalli, Marsilia quadrifolia and Astracantha longifolia were the common weeds found in the wet lands. Hand weeding was mostly adopted. Power supply, water and quality seeds were inadequate to the farmers. Random method of planting was followed with a plant density of 40-45 nos./sq.m. False smut outbreak (30-40%) was noticed in CO 43, CR 1009 and BPT 5204 in Parangipettai and Cuddalore blocks. Bacterial leaf blight, bacterial leaf streak and sheath rot diseases were recorded to the extend of 10-20%. Mild incidence (5-10%) of brown spot was observed in some villages. Among the insect pests, stem borer, black bug and gall midge were found at low to medium level in many villages. Low incidence of leaf folder and BPH was also recorded. Recommended insecticides / fungicides were applied. Power sprayer was mostly used by the farmers for spraying of plant protection chemicals. Prevalence of diseases in Tamil Nadu District Thanjavur Tiruvarur Nagappattinam Pudukkottai Tiruchirappalli Perambalur Cuddalore BL M L-M NBL M SHR L L L L L L-M BS L L L BLB L-M L-M L-M L-M M L L-M BLS L-M L-M L-M L-M L L-M FS L-M L-M L-M L L L-M M
Prevalence of insect pests in Tamil Nadu District Thanjavur Tiruvarur Nagappattinam Pudukkottai Tiruchirappalli Perambalur Cuddalore LF L L-M L L-M L-M L L SB L L-M L-M L-M L-M L L-M BPH L L L-M L-M L RB L-M GM L-M
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Tripura
District surveyed: West Tripura Particulars of Survey: District Agriculture Sub-Division West Melaghar Tripura Sector/ Village Jhumerdhepa and Kaliram ADC Village
Production Oriented Survey for the year 2010-11 was conducted in Melaghar Agri. Sub-Division of District, Tripura West. The general climatic condition of the area during the cropping period was normal. During the survey the crop was mostly at maturity stage. Most of the farmers are marginal having 100.0% crop land area under rice. Maximum numbers of farmers are following System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method of paddy cultivation. As per survey the predominant High Yielding Variety for the 2nd Kharif season was found to be MTU-7029 (Swarna). Varieties namely Pooja and Navin are also found to be popular among the farmers. Seed rate for S.R.I was found to be mostly 5 kg/ ha while 40 to 50 kg in case of conventional method of paddy cultivation. Transplanting of paddy was mostly completed with in the 2nd fortnight of July to Ist fortnight of August. Majority of the farmers preferred to apply Cow Dung Manures although it was not as per recommended dose. Farmers have also adopted transplanting in line instead of random transplanting. Numbers of plant density was found to be 16 Nos. / m2 in case of S.R.I. while in Conventional method of paddy cultivation it varies from 30 to 35 Nos. The farmers depend on Govt. Store and Private Retailers for obtaining fertilizers, pesticides and seeds. Availability of irrigation facility is the prime need of the farmers along with availability of inputs like fertilizer, bio-fertilizers, and biopesticides at proper time. The weed population was medium. Among weeds Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, Cyperus rotandus, C. irria, C. globosus, were found to be in majority. Farmers prefer manual weeding and use of weeder in case of S.R.I. None of the farmers were found to be using chemical weedicides. Among insect pests infestation of Stem Borer and Leaf Folder was significant while among plant diseases incidence of Sheath Blight, Brown Spot and Foot rot or Bakanae disease in the variety Pooja was observed. For the Ist time infestation of Brown Plant Hopper (BPH) was significantly recorded in an alarming manner in the concerned Agri. Sub Division. On an average 2 (two) times plant protection chemicals were sprayed in a cropping season. Knapsack sprayer was mostly used as equipment for spraying plant protection chemicals. In respect to pesticide application insecticides (namely, Monocrotophos 36 %, Triazophos 40%, Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5%) are more popular than fungicides (Carbendazim 50%, Carbendazim 12 % + Mancozeb 63 %). No instance of mixing up of fungicides with insecticides / weedicides / fertilizers was recorded. Occurrence of Diseases and Insect Pests of Paddy District West Tripura Shbl M Diseases BLB L BS M Bak L LF M Insect Pest SB L
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Uttar Pradesh-1
Districts surveyed: Faizabad, Ambedkar Nagar, Sultanpur, Barabanki, Basti, St. Kabir Nagar, Gorakhpur, Maharjganj and Azamgarj Particulars of survey area Districts Block/Village Faizabad Masodha, Pura, Bikapur, Milkipur, Harringtonganj, Khandasa, Maya, Rudauli, Mawai Ambedkar Nagar Akbarpur, Jahagirganj, Katehri, Tanda Sultanpur Baldirai, Dhanpatganj, Kurebhar Barabanki Ram Sanehi Ghat, Siraulij, Hydergarh, Banikodra Basti Vikramjot, Munderwa, Sadar, Harriya, Kaptanganj St. Kabir Nagar Khalilabad, Dhanaghata, Mehdawal, Semeria Gorakhpur Sahjanwa, Pali, Chargawa, Pipraich Maharjganj Ghani, Pharenda, Vishesharganj, Rangpur, Sadar, Partawal, Azamgarj Attaraulia, Boodhanpur, Johanganj Widely Grown Varieties Districts
Faizabad
Varieties
Ambedkar Nagar Sultanpur Barabanki
Basti
St. Kabir Nagar
Gorakhpur
Maharjganj
Azamgarh
Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Sabha Mahsuri, Swarna, Pant Dhan 10, NDR 97, Pant Dhan 4, NDRH-2, Arize 6444, Arize 6201, PHB 71, Sonam, Gorakhnath, Padmavati 5555 Narendra Usar Dhan-3, Pusa Basmati, Type-3, Komal, Lalmati, Jallahri , Abhimanyu, Suruchi, Rohini, Prithvi Sabha Mahsuri, Swarna, NDR 359, Arize 6444, Sarjoo 52, PHB 71, Lalmati, NDR-97, Gorakhnath, Arize Tej, JK Hybrid, Royal Bhog Sarjoo 52, Swarna, Arize 6444, Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Lalmati, Sabha Mahsuri, NDR 359, Arize 6201, Prithavi, PHB-71, Pant 10, NDR 97 NDRH-2, Ari (Local), Lohtan (Local) Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Shakkarchini, Kalajeera (Local), PHB-71, Sabha Mahsuri, Swarna, Dankal, Arize 6444, Pant-10, Basmati, NDR-97, Lalmati, Dhanya 775 Gorakhnath 509, Komal, Kalanamak, NDR 97, Swarna, BPT 5204, Dankal, Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Arize 6444, PHB 71, Basmati, Sai 5629, Moti, NDRH 2, Shiv Shakti, Radha, PR 114, Jallahri, Jalpriya Sabha Mahsuri, Swarna, NDR 359, Sarjoo 52, Gorakhnath-510, JK 401, Gorakhnath-509, Mahyco 5629, Arize 6444, PHB-71, SAI 6698, Kalanamak, Bengal Juhi, NDRH 2, Sarya (Local), Sonkhar (Local), Basmati, Dankal, Komal, NDR 97, Kashi Vishwanath, Pusa RH-10, Arize 6201, RH 664, Jallahri, Jalpriya Gorakhnath, Komal, Golden, Sambha, Dankal, Kalanamak, Sarjoo-52, Arize 6444, Bengal Juhi, PHB-71, Mahyco 5629, Arize 6201, Hybrid R 808, Gorakhnath 555, Sonkhar, Sarya (Local), NDR 97, Komal Golden, Sambha Mahsuri, Sarjoo 52, Kalanamak, Basmati, Arize 6444, PHB 71, NDR -359, Bengal Juhi, Gorakhnath, Mahyco 5629, Kaveri Sona, Komal, Shakti, Gorakhnath 509, NDR 97, Gorakhnath 510, JK Hybrid, Pusa Basmati Swarna, Sarjoo-52, BPT 5204, PHB 71, NDR 359, Komal, Radha, Sonam, Rupali, Narendra Usar 3, Gorakhnath, Arize 6444
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Particulars of rice area during 2010

District Faizabad Ambedkar Nagar Sultanpur Barabanki Basti St. Kabir Nagar Gorakhpur Maharjganj Azamgarj Area under rice production (thousand hectare) HYV/Hybrid Scented Others 94828 2271 112882 120 0 153627 1646 176705 10 149 101154 154 1006 89337 2 696 153088 265 624 167262 100 89 202383 33 1161 Total 97099 113002 155273 176864 102314 90035 153977 167451 203577
Production Oriented Survey of rice was undertaken in 9 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh namely; Faizabad, Sultanpur, Ambedkar Nagar, Barabanki, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Maharajganj, Azamgarh and Gorakhpur from tillering to maturity stage of rice crop during WS 2010. This year average rainfall was 745.7 mm. against 865.1 mm of the normal which was 86.19% of the normal. Out of the 72 districts of U.P. only ten districts receive more than normal rainfall (i.e. excess) in 26 districts 80-120% of the normal (normal), 18 districts 6080% of the normal (deficient), 17 districts 40-60% of the normal (highly deficient) while only one district very less rainfall below 40% of the normal (scanty) was received. In U.P. targeted area of rice was 60.00 lac hectare while only 57.16 lac hectare could be planted. This was about 95.27% targeted area of this year. Last year total planted area of rice was 51.48 lac hectare with 107.14 lac metric tones production. Due to delayed onset of the monsoon during kharif 2010crop suffered with early drought. However after starting of the monsoon with uniform distribution of rainfall crop establish very well and recovered from the effect of early drought. Planted are of rice in the state was slightly less than targeted area is due delayed onset of monsoon. In this year due to drought in stage of the crop disease and insect pest pressure was low. Although diseases like sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight and false smut, and insects including stem borer and leaf folder were observed from low to moderate intensity. In the district of Gorakhpur, Maharjganj, St. Kabir Nagar and Basti hoppers were also recorded. In water logged condition Sheath blight and Bacterial leaf blight was more prevalent while Brown spot in upland situation and Sheath blight, False smut and Bacterial leaf blight was observed with low to moderate intensity in irrigated ecological conditions. The most popular varieties Sambha Mahsuri and Swarna were infected with Sheath blight and Bacterial leaf blight while Kalanamak and Basmati with Stem borer. In some areas Zinc and Sulphur deficiency was also observed. Most of the farmers showed interest in growing of hybrids. The varieties NDR 359, Sarjoo-52, NDR 359, NDR 97, Shushk Samrat, Shambha Mahsuri, Swarna and hybrids Arize 6444, NDRH 2, PHB 71, Gorakhnath -509, Mahyco 5629 were found very popular among the farmers of eastern U.P. The supply of inputs like fertilizers, seeds and electricity was not adequate during crop season. Poor availability of the farm laborers were also noticed during survey. Only a small group of farmers were adopting plant protection measures. The main source of farmers finance is cooperative societies and kisan credit card. Majority of the farmers are small in holding size and adopting mainly rice-wheat cropping system followed by rice-sugarcane, rice-mustared, rice-pulses and rice-vegetables. Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, Cyperus iria, C. rotundus, Cloeme viscosa, Eclipta alba and Fimbristylis dichotoma were common weed. Majority of the farmers adopting random transplanting while few are direct seeding. Harvesting is done mainly manual but in the few Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 145
districts like Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, St. Kabir Nagar, Basti and Ambedkarnagar use of combine harvester has become a common practice. The main source of irrigation is tube well followed by canals. In the certain pockets, short grain aromatic rices including Kalajeera, Shakkarchin, and Lalmati in Barabanki, Bengal Juhi, Kalanamak in St. Kabir Nagar, Maharajganj and Gorakhpur were also grown in limited area due to the preference and liking of these varieties by the farmers. Short duration local varieties viz. Ari and Lohtan in Barabanki, Saraiya and Sonkhar in St. Kabir Nagar were also cultivated. District wise observations: Faizabad: Survey was conducted in 8 blocks of Faizabad districts. The prevailing varieties were Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Sabha Mahsuri, Swarna, Pant Dhan 10, NDR 97, Pant Dhan 4, NDRH-2, Arize 6444, Arize 6201, PHB 71, Sonam, Gorakhnath, Padmavati 5555 Narendra Usar Dhan-3, Pusa Basmati, Type-3, Komal, Lalmati, Jallahri , Abhimanyu, Suruchi, Rohini, Prithvi. The prevailing crop rotations followed by the farmers were rice-wheat, ricesugarcane and rice-pulses. The source of irrigation is tubewell and canal. Some progressive farmers used Moong bean and Dhaincha (Sesbaina spp.) as green manure and FYM before transplanting. Biotic stresses such as diseases (sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight, and false smut) and insects (stem borer and leaf folder) were observed from low to moderate intensity. The major common weeds of rice were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, Cyperus rotundus and Fimbristylis dichotoma. Manual weeding was most common. Carbendazim, Propiconazole, Saaf, Hexaconazole, Monocrotophos, Folidol and Butachlorand Nomineegold were used for the crop protection. Farmers faced problem in timly supply of inputs and availability of laborer for transplanting and weeding. Zinc and Iron deficiency was also noticed. Most of the farmers are using nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers only. Majority of the farmers used certified seeds of high yielding varieties. Rat damage and blue bull are noticed and created nuisances in some areas. Ambedkar Nagar: Predominating varieties in this district were Sabha Mahsuri, Swarna, NDR 359, Arize 6444, Sarjoo 52, PHB 71, Lalmati, NDR-97, Gorakhnath, Arize Tej, JK Hybrid, Royal Bhog. The prevailing crop rotation were rice-wheat, rice sugarcane and Rice - Pulses. Most of the farmers are using seeds of high yielding varieties obtained from private and Govt. agencies. Random transplanting was adopted by most of the farmers. Biotic stresses such as diseases (sheath blight, BLB and false smut) and insects (stem borer and leaf folder) were observed from low to moderate intensity. Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, C. rotundus and Fimbristylis dichotoma were most common weeds of rice. Butachlor @ of 2.5 l/ha and Nomineegold @ 200 ml/ha were used to control the weed by few farmers while the hand weeding was common practice. Multiplex was also used to supply the micro nutrients. Urea and DAP is major source of fertilizer and MOP was used by few farmers. Carbendazim @ 1 kg/ha, Saaf @ 1.5 kg/ha and Hexaconazole @ 1.5 l/ha for disease and Carbofuran/Forate and Folidal 20 kg/ha were used for insect control. The main sources of irrigation are tube well and canal. Majority of the farmers showing interest in hybrid rice. Harvesting was done by manual followed by combine harvester. Sultanpur: The predominating varieties were Sarjoo 52, Swarna, Arize 6444, Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Lalmati, Sabha Mahsuri, NDR 359, Arize 6201, Prithavi, PHB-71, Pant 10, NDR 97. Crop rotations adopted by the farmers were rice-wheat, rice-surgarcane, rice-pulses. Moong bean and Dhaincha (Sesbania sp.) as a green manure were used by few farmers. Nitrogen and phosphorous were used by majority of farmers while potash was used by very limited farmers. Random transplanting was done by majority of farmers. Biotic stresses such as
146
diseases (sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight) and insects (stem borer and gundhi bug) were observed from low to moderate intensity. The common weeds of rice were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, Cyperus iria, C. rotundus and Fimbristylis dichotoma. Thiophenate methyl, Carbendazim and hexaconazole were used to control the disease and Folidal for Gundhi bug and Butachlor @ 2.5 l/ha and Nomineegold @ 200 ml/ha for control of the weed. In this district weed problem was severe. Mostly weed was managed by hand weeding. Zinc deficiency was also recorded. To meet out the Zinc deficiency 20 kg/ha Zinc Sulphate was applied by few farmers. Barabanki: The predominating varieties in this districts were NDRH-2, Ari (Local), Lohtan (Local) Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Shakkarchini, Kalajeera (Local), PHB-71, Sabha Mahsuri, Swarna, Dankal, Arize 6444, Pant-10, Basmati, NDR-97, Lalmati, Dhanya 775. The common crop rotation were Rice wheat, Rice Mentha, Rice Mustard/Potato and Rice Sugarcane was adopted by the farmers. Main source of irrigation are Tube well and Canal. Urea and DAP used as basal dose of fertilizer. Biotic stresses such as diseases (sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight) and insects (stem borer and leaf folder) were observed from low to moderate intensity. Most of the farmers were using certified seeds and few are their own seed. Zinc deficiency was also recorded. Common weeds of rice were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, C. rotundus and Fimbristylis dichotoma. Carbendazim, Hexaconazole, Propiconazole, and Copper oxychloride+Streptocyclin were used to control the disease and Folidal @ 25 kg/ha, Monocrotophos @ 1 l/ha for insects and 2.5 litre Butachlor and nomineegold @ 200 ml/ha for weed control. Multiplex was used to supply the micronutrient. Basti: The prevailing varieties were Gorakhnath 509, Komal, Kalanamak, NDR 97, Swarna, BPT 5204, Dankal, Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Arize 6444, PHB 71, Basmati, Sai 5629, Moti, NDRH 2, Shiv Shakti, Radha, PR 114, Jallahri, Jalpriya. Major cropping system adopted by the farmers is Rice wheat, Rice- Sugarcane and Rice Pulses. DAP and urea are used at the time of transplanting while the potash was used by few farmers. Biotic stresses such as diseases (sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight and false smut) and insects (stem borer, leaf folder and gundhi bug) were observed from low to moderate intensity. Weed problem was severe in this district. The common weeds of rice were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum and Fimbristylis dichotoma. Carbendazim, Hexaconazole, Propiconazole and Saaf for sheath blight and Monocrotophos for insects and Butachlor, Petlachlor and 2,4 D were used to control of the weeds. Zinc sulphate was used to overcome Zinc deficiency. Use of combine harvester is common practice. Source of irrigation are tubewell and canal. Mahima variety was highly infested with Gundhi bug. Sant Kabir Nagar: The prevailing varieties were Sabha Mahsuri, Swarna, NDR 359, Sarjoo 52, Gorakhnath-510, JK 401, Gorakhnath-509, Mahyco 5629, Arize 6444, PHB-71, SAI 6698, Kalanamak, Bengal Juhi, NDRH 2, Sarya (Local), Sonkhar (Local), Basmati, Dankal, Komal, NDR 97, Kashi Vishwanath, Pusa RH-10, Arize 6201, RH 664, Jallahri, Jalpriya. Rice wheat and Rice Sugarcane were major cropping systems adopted by the farmers. Biotic stresses such as diseases (sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight and false smut) and insects (stem borer, leaf folder, hopper and gundhi bug) were observed from low to moderate intensity. Tube well and canals are major source of irrigation. Common weeds of rice observed were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, , C. rotundus, Cleome viscosa and Fimbristylis dichotoma. Zinc and sulphur deficiency was also recorded. Carbendazim, Propiconazole & Hexaconazole for the disease and Carbofuran, Folidol and Monocrotophos were used for insect management. Nomineegold, 2-4 D and Butachlor were used for weed management. Harvesting is done by combine harvester followed by manual. Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 147
Gorakhpur: The popular widely grown varieties were Gorakhnath, Komal, Golden, Sambha, Dankal, Kalanamak, Sarjoo-52, Arize 6444, Bengal Juhi, PHB-71, Mahyco 5629, Arize 6201, Hybrid R 808, Gorakhnath 555, Sonkhar, Sarya (Local), NDR 97, Komal. Major cropping pattern were Rice wheat, Rice Sugarcane, Rice-Mustard/Potato and Rice Pulses. The main source of irrigation is tubewell and canal. Biotic stresses such as diseases (sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight and false smut) and insects (stem borer and hopper) were observed from low to moderate intensity. The Common economic weeds of rice were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, C. rotundus and Fimbristylis dichotoma. Carbendazim, propiconazole, Copper oxy chloride + Streptocyclin and Monocrotophos & Folidal were used as crop protection measures. Butachlor and Nomineegold were used for weed management. Multiplex was used for improving micronutrients deficiency. Maharajganj: The prevailing varieties were Golden, Sambha Mahsuri, Sarjoo 52, Kalanamak, Basmati, Arize 6444, PHB 71, NDR -359, Bengal Juhi, Gorakhnath, Mahyco 5629, Kaveri Sona, Komal, Shakti, Gorakhnath 509, NDR 97, Gorakhnath 510, JK Hybrid, Pusa Basmati. The major crop rotation practice adopted by farmers were Rice wheat and Rice Sugarcane. Golden (MTU 7029) and Sambha Mahsuri were dominating variety of rice and major rice growing area is occupied by them. FYM is used by some farmers before transplanting. Low to moderate incidence of diseases (sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight and false smut) and insects (stem borer and hopper) were observed. Main common weeds of rice were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum and Fimbristylis dichotoma. Copper oxychloride + streptocyclin, Carbendazim and Thiophenate methyl for disease, Monocrotophos, Carbofuran and Forate for insect and Butachlor for weed control were used by farmers to minimize the incidence of disease, pests and weeds. Zinc deficiency was also recorded which was recovered by use of ZnSO4. In this district hybrids were grown in a very limited area. Most of the farmers used combine machine for harvesting of crop. Canal and tubewell were source of irrigation in this district. Azamgarh: In this district prevailing varieties were Swarna, Sarjoo-52, BPT 5204, PHB 71, NDR 359, Komal, Radha, Sonam, Rupali, Narendra Usar 3, Gorakhnath, Arize 6444. Major cropping system adopted by the farmers were Rice wheat and Rice Sugarcane. Biotic stresses such as diseases (sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight) and insects (stem borer and leaf folder) were observed from low to moderate intensity. The Common economic weeds of rice were Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, C. rotundus and Fimbristylis dichotoma. Carbendazim, propiconazole and Monocrotophos were used as crop protection measures. Butachlor and Nomineegold were used for weed management. Multiplex was used for improving micronutrients deficiency.
Prevalence of diseases and Insects in Eastern Uttar Pradesh during WS 2010
Districts Faizabad Ambedkar Nagar Sultanpur Barabanki Basti St. Kabir Nagar Gorakhpur Maharjganj Azamgarh ShB L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M Diseases BLB L-M L-M L L L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M FS L L L L L L L L L-T L-M L-M L L-M L-M L-M L-M L-M L SB L L L L L L L L L Insects LF T T T T T L L L T GB T L L-M M LH
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Uttar Pradesh-2
Districts surveyed: Varanasi, Chandauli, Sonebhadra, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Azamgarh, Mau and Ballia Particulars of survey
DISTRICTS Varanasi BLOCKS Harauha, Kashi peeth, Araziline VILLAGES Vidya Kuarikala, Pallia, Virapatti, Sikandarpur, Gorha, Mahagipur, Lahanz, Sattarpur,, Jakhani, Sihorwa, Virbahnpur, Barthana, Dhaurasra, Umraha, Lahartara, Bithari, Bishunpur, Lohta, Khanao Niyamtabad, Chakiya, Jagdispur Bathariya, Lakhapur, Chitauri, Ganela, Chandauli Sakhaldiha LatifShah, Kaudihar, Thekha, Karnaul, Jamokhar, Narayanpur. Paura, Inayatpur Robertsganj, Karma, Mahuao, Tintali, Gaurahi, Boghar, Fulwari, Ghorawal Rurna, Dhurkari, Madhuka, Pandri, Parsanna, Jamgaon, Kuthan, Shahganj, Daulatpur, Rampur, Itaura, Tarwa, Rajdharpur, Badlapur, Suithakalna Samodhpur, Kuthan, Pattinarendrapur, Phatehgarh Takha Naupadwa, Badlapur Mardha, BaraChawar, , Tezpura, Gai, Chawar , Gariha, Bahadurganj, Patar, Kasmabad, Karanda Bharauli, Bishambharpur, Pathepur, Uttarao, Akathi., Abnishan, , Prithivipur, Khojua, Dumrao Belariyaganj, Thekma Unchgaon, Sohawali, Chotampur, Majhgaon, Rani ki saray Favenda, Sikrauna Pardaha, Ratanpura, Bakauich, Unaich, Dumarao, Duraona, Katra, Kopaganj, Mohmdabad, Haldharpur , Pilkhi, Parmanand patii, Rajanpur Goshi, Sahroj, Bara, Khirikotha, kathghara , Telswa, Shankar, Majhwara, Dighara Rasra, Sohao Nibu, Sardaspur, khazhari, Dehri, Chitbaragao, Bhagani, Nahari, Laxmanpur, Chaura, katharia,
Chandauli
Sonebhadra
Jaunpur
Ghazipur
Azamgarh Mau
Ballia

Districts Varanasi Chandauli Sonebhadra Jaunpur Rice Varieties Sarjoo-52, PHB-71, Pant Dhan 10, NDR-359, BPT-5204, MTU-7029, HUBR 2-1, Type-3. Pusa Basmati, Komal, Moti Sarjoo-52, Moti, Sonam, Badshah bhog, NDR-359, BPT-5204, MTU-7029, HUBR 21 Sarjoo-52, PHB-71, NDR-97, NDR-359, BPT-5204, MTU-7029, Pant-12, Arize-6444, Govindbhog, Sonam, PRH-1, Rupali, Jaya, Balidan, Hybrid-312 Sarjoo-52, Ganga Kauveri, Pant Dhan 10, Pant Dhan 12, NDR-97, NDR-359, BPT5204, MTU-7029, Rupali, Sonam, Jaisurya . Kalanamak, Type -3 Pusa Basmati, Komal Sarjoo-52, Arize 6444, Sonam,NDR-359, BPT-5204, MTU-7029, Kalanamak, Moti Sarjoo-52, Pant Dhan 10, NDR-97, NDR-359, BPT-5204, MTU-7029, Moti, Sarjoo-52, , NDR-97, NDR-359, BPT-5204, MTU-7029, Pusa Basmati, Moti, Sonam, Kalanamak Sarjoo-52, PHB-71, Arize 6444,Type-3, NDR-359, BPT-5204, MTU-7029, Moti, Jalpriya, Jalnidhi.
Ghazipur Azamgarh Mau Ballia
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Particulars of rice area

Districts Rice area Rice Productivity Rice area Rice (ha) production(q) (2009 -10 ) (ha) production(q) (2009-10) (2009-10) (2010-11) (2010 -11 ) 39,295 58,274 14.83 45,798 79,925 Varanasi 86,936 174,664 20.09 101,323 239,544 Chandauli 17,327 21,399 12.35 20,194 29,350 Sonebhadra 129,555 255,484 19.72 150,996 350,406 Jaunpur 190.222 332,128 17.46 221,702 455,526 Azamgarh 76,241 111,464 14.62 88,858 152,877 Mau 82,351 89,433 10.86 95,979 122,661 Ballia 121,103 224,041 18.50 141,144 307,281 Ghazipur Source : Data provided by U.P. State Department of Agriculture Productivity (2010 -11 ) 17.45 23.64 1453 23.21 20.55 17.20 12.78 21.77
Rainfall (mm) in the kharif season 2010-11

Districts June July August September 19.5 190.4 258.1 158.7 Varanasi 0.0 193.2 222.1 89.6 Chandauli 16.5 150.2 102.2 193.9 Sonebhadra 5.0 121.0 219.6 130.6 Jaunpur 44.5 152.0 205.4 368.3 Azamgarh 17.5 174.8 285.4 175.2 Mau 23.1 156.2 294.6 182.1 Ballia 4.5 305.2 300.4 110.2 Ghazipur Source : Data provided by U.P. State Department of Agriculture October 33.8 8.4 10.4 21.3 17.3 15.0 21.0 5.5 November 7.7 1.8 7.5 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Eight Districts of Eastern region of Uttar Pradesh viz., Varanasi, Chandauli, Sonebhadra, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Azamgarh, Mau, and Ballia covering more than ten villages and more than two blocks in each district were surveyed during Kharif season 2010-11 with the help of Scientist working in the Banaras Hindu University and Scientist working in the Krishi Vigyan Kendra of these districts for the biotic stresses like diseases and insects of the rice crop. Most of the survey was conducted during dough to maturity stages of the rice crop. This year monsoon was good in this region providing plenty of water as rainfall but pattern of rainfall occurrence was not coincide with the time of critical water requirement for the rice crop. In this region most of the rice crop was irrigated by tub well, pumping set or canal but high input cost of irrigation tended most of the farmers to depend upon the rainfall for rice crop. Farmers enquired this time was mostly marginal or sub marginal which is poor and feel constraints in adopting new rice technology due to small holdings and deficient in terms of money and grow rice crop mainly for their domestic consumption. The specific needs of the farmers were irrigation facilities, timely availability of good quality seeds and fertilizers. Marginal and Sub-marginal farmers grow rice crop mainly for its own consumption and preferred growing rice varieties like Sarjoo-52, NDR359, MTU 7029 for getting more yield rather than growing basmati or scented rice. Most of the small holding farmers are poor, usually they enquire and apply insecticides and fungicides when losses seems severe and most of them for weed control preferred hand weeding rather than applying herbicides. Big and progressive farmers grow rice for its own consumption and keeping in view of its marketing also so they try to adopt all the management practices required for rice to get more yield and which can fetch them good amount of money. They show keen interest in getting trained on new technology required for growing hybrid and basmati rice with the fully adoption of package and practices for the control of insect and plant diseases. Some multinational companies of seed production and pesticides regularly conduct some demonstration trials in the farmers field of this region in view of making them aware about
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parameters required for increase in yield and for testing new molecules or products in the farmers field to increase the demand for marketing of their company. Only few farmers used manures or organic compost in the rice field they preferred to use it in the rice nursery rather than using in the main field. Most of the farmers used inorganic fertilizers for growing rice crops and depend mainly on the Primary Agriculture Credit Society (PACS) for procurement but sometime delayed or non availability of fertilizers and seeds at the time of critical application in the rice field leads to drastic reduction in the rice yield. Fertilizers were applied in the form of Urea (as basal and top dressing), DAP, SSP and Murate of Potash while some of the farmers were using micronutrients also. For the hybrid rice comparatively higher doses of NPK were applied. Farmers purchased seeds from State seed supplying agencies but most of the marginal and sub-marginal farmers grow the seed harvested from last year crops. Farmers usually hire plant protection equipment from the market at per hour basis for spraying. The prevailing crop rotations in this region which farmers adopted were rice wheat / mustard, rice-sugarcane, rice- pulses, rice- vegetables. In most of the field surveyed weed infestation was found low to medium. The most predominant weeds were Echinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Eclipta alba, Cyperus rotundus C. irie, and Cynadon dactylon. For weed management two to three hand weeding were common in practice while some of the farmers were using weedicides like Butachlor and 2,4-D. Symptoms of brown spots and leaf blast disease this time frequently observed at the stage of maturity of crops rather than at early stages showing less damage this year. Sheath blight, Sheath rot and Bacterial leaf blight was predominantly observed in all the districts surveyed. False smut disease which was last year observed predominantly and in severe form in the canal irrigated Chaundauli District, this year it was commonly observed in all the areas surveyed and nearly all the varieties were severely affected from this disease. This year false smut was observed moderate to severe form in the surveyed areas of Varanasi, Chandauli and Sonebadhra districts. The chemicals like Mancozeb (2-2.5 kg/ha), carbendazim (0.5- 1.0 kg/ha) or hexaconazole (1lit./ ha) were used by some farmers for disease control. The attack of stem borer and gundhi bug were rendered in most of the region. Some progressive and marginal farmers used phorate 10 G @ 5-6 kg/ha or carbofuran 3 G @ 10-15 kg /ha for the management of insects and pests. However, most of the farmers (80 90 %) had not applied any remedial measures against diseases, insect pest and weeds. Most of the farmers have inadequate facilities required for rice growing, Drying and Storage facilities were mostly not available to the farmers. Post harvest losses were observed to be 10-15 %. The average grain yield of rice ranged from 35 40 q /ha for HYVs and 40 65 q /ha for hybrid, while the productivity of rice crop varies from 12q/ha to 23 q/ha in the surveyed districts. Rice root knot nematode problem is increasing day by day in the surveyed districts may be due to the most prevalent cropping system of rice and wheat. Rizosphere and root of both the crops harbour and show root galling by root knot nematode and there is need to consider this minor pest problem to reduce it severity. Varanasi : In the district of Varanasi area under rice crop was 39295 ha in 2009-10 which this year increased to become 45798 ha with the total rice production with 79925 and productivity as 17.45 q/ha .The area under hybrid rice was 1712 ha while under scented and basmati rice area was 550 ha while with other rice varieties cover 43536 ha in the Varanasi district. The varieties Samba Mahsuri, Swarna, Sarjoo-52, NDR-359, HUBR 2-1, Arize6444, Pusa Basmati 1, Type-3, Komal and Moti were commonly grown. The source of
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irrigation in the district is tube-well and canal but farmers mainly depend upon rainfall for getting good crop production. The crop rotation generally followed by farmers were ricewheat some farmers grow pulse crop also after the harvest of the rice crop. Some progressive farmers were using zero tillage technology for minimizing the time period in delayed wheat sowing and utilization of moisture from the rice field. Biotic stresses such as diseases (brown spot, leaf blast, sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight, sheath rot, false smut and glume discolouration) and insects (stem borer, gundhi bug, leaf folder, termite and root knot nematode) were observed from low to moderate intensity. This year false smut, sheath blight, Bacterial leaf blight and sheath rot were the predominant disease observed irrespective of hybrid or non hybrid varieties. Farmers generally used Sheathmar, Contaf, Tilt, carbendazim, propiconazole, hexaconazole, monocrotophos, carbofuran, chloropyriphos for the management of disease and insect pest. The major common weeds of rice were Echinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Cyperus rotundus. Most of the farmers prefer hand weeding or applied Butachlor @ 1.5 -2 L /ha. Farmers living in the vicinity of university grow certified seeds of high yielding varieties released from the university by purchasing from the Banaras Hindu University or FLD programme which is used to popularizing high yielding rice varieties. In the nursery root knot is also found major problem in the farmers fields which show stunting and yellowing symptom which they confused as bacterial leaf blight or zinc deficiency. Chaundauli: In this district major area were under rice crop during kharif season was 86936 ha in 2009 -10 with the total production of 174664 quintal having productivity 20.09 q/ha which was increases to 101323 ha area with the production as 239544 q and increase in the productivity as 23.64 q/ha in the year 2010-11. Area under Hybrid rice 6700ha while area with scented or basmati was 1110ha and most of the area were in HYV of late maturing varieties which were 83513 ha. The main irrigation facility in this district is the canal and the farmers mostly depend on the time and duration of irrigation water available in the canal. Farmers mostly preferred to grow late maturing varieties like Sambha mahsuri and Nati mahsuri (MTU-7029). In some villages, few farmers were also growing varieties like Badshah bhog, Ganga Cauveri, Moti in small extent. Major crop rotations adopted by the farmers were rice wheat, rice pulses. This year Brown spot and Blast disease was observed low to moderate intensity but sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight was observed to moderate to severe form irrespective of different high yielding varieties. False smut this year was also found to be most problematic and severe disease in this district. Insects like stem borer was found commonly in most of the fields while gundhi bug and leaf folder was also observed to moderate to low in intensity. The common weeds of rice were Echinochloa colona, E. crusgalli, Cyperus rotundus, C. iria. Small and marginal farmers prefer handweeding rather than using herbicides but most of the progressive farmers of the district use herbicides and well equipped with all the implements and adopt zero tillage also to some extent also. Water in the canal was basic source of irrigation hence timely release of water in the canal play important role in rice production in this district this is the reason that this region is also called bowl of rice also having maximum yield and productivity. Hence farmers preferred growing late maturing varieties which can be harvested at the time of water receding from the canal. General crop condition was good except in the upland area or area outreach of canal irrigation. Farmers generally used Sheathmar, Contaf, hexaconazole and validamycin to control sheath blight, Copper oxychloride was used for the control of False Smut. While for the control of leaf blast and brown spot farmers did not use any fungicide because their incidence comes late in the rice crop mainly at the time of maturing and harvesting of the crops. Farmers use Phorate for the control of insects while butachlor @ 2.5 lit /ha for the control of weeds.
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Sonebhadra: In sonebhadra district rice area in 2009 -10 were only 17327 due to less rainfall which increases to 20194ha with the production of 29350 quintal and the productivity 14.53q/ha this year. Area under hybrid rice was 7600 ha in the district but farmers were less interested in growing basmati rice on the account of growing high yielding varieties in the area of 12694 ha. The survey was possible to conduct only in the two blocks of this district due to convenience at dough or maturity stage of the crop. Most of the farmers were marginal to sub marginal and lack of irrigation facility most of the area of this district depend upon rainfall for the rice cultivation this is the reason for farmers preferring for growing Sarjoo52, NDR-359, Pant -10, MTU 7029 and BPT 5204 for its own consumption and for marketing purposes. The common needs of the farmers of the region include creation of irrigation facilities by building check dams, tractor, diesel water pump on hired basis. The main weeds of this region under rice crops were Echinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Cyperus rotundus, Agiratum conozoides which was recorded from low to medium commonly in all the fields and were deep rooted by hand weeding. Sheath blight, Bacterial leaf blight, False smut and Grain discolouration were observed in medium to low intensities in most of the grown varieties. Tilt, Sheathmar, Indofil M-45 @ 2.5 kg/ha Carbendazim @ 1.0 kg/ha, were used for management of above disease by farmers. Stem borer leaf folder, gundhi bug and termite were controlled by applying with insecticides like Phorate 10 G @ 5-6 kg /ha, chloropyriphos @ 1.5 lit / ha. Zinc deficiency was also recorded in some of the field where farmers were applying 20 kg / ha ZnSO4 or Sulphur dust. Jaunpur: In the district of Jaunpur rice was grown in 129556 ha area during 2009-10 with the production of 255,484 Quintal having productivity as 19.72 q/ha. This year area under rice crop was increased to become 150996 ha with hybrid varieties cover 32002 ha while scented or basmati rice cover 1680 and other high yielding varieties occupy 117314 ha area with the total production of 350406 quintal with the productivity of maximum in the region as 23.21 q/ha. The predominant varieties in this district were Nati mahsoori, Sambha mahsoori, NDR-359, Sarjoo-52, Pant -4,Moti Komal Sonam Pusa Basmati etc. The crop rotations followed by most of the farmers were rice- wheat, rice- sugarcane and rice- pulses. Most of the farmers were using seeds of high yielding varieties obtained from private and Government agencies while some farmers are adopting hybrid rice also. Biotic stresses such as diseases (sheath blight, Sheath rot , bacterial leaf blight, glume discolouration and false smut) and insects like (stem borer, leaf folder, gundhi bug, termite and root knot nematode) were observed from low to moderate intensities. Common weeds of rice were Echinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Cyperus rotundus. Most of the farmers use hand weeding but use of Butachlor 2 lit/ha is also in practice. Sulphur dust and Carbendazim Sheathmar were used to control the disease and folidol @ 25 kg/ ha, monocrotophos @ 1lit/ha for insects Ghazipur: In the Ghazipur district area under rice crop in 2009 -10 were 121103 ha which increases this year to become 141144 ha area with hybrid varieties covering 7154 ha and scented varieties as 1110 ha while other high yielding varieties cover 132880 ha with the total production of 307281 Quintal with the productivity of 21.77. The crops were in maturity stage at the time of survey. The common varieties grown in the districts were Sarjoo-52, Samba Mahsuri, NDR-359, Jaya, Moti. Most of the farmers grow rice crop by following random transplanting but the skills and accuracy of labours in transplanting sometime make it confuse with it as line sowing . The weed population was low to medium and most of the farmers used hand weeding for weed control. Only few of the farmers were using Butachlor and 2-4 D as weedicide. Most of the agricultural inputs like equipments, seeds, power, water, pesticides, fertilizers, drying and storage facilities were scarce. Most of the biotic stresses like
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Sheath blight, Sheath rot, bacterial leaf blight and false smut were found in moderate to severe intensity among the diseases while stem borer and leaf folder were found in low to moderate intensity. Most of the farmers were not using any fungicides for the control of disease few of them occasionally used carbendazim, tricyclazole, contaf or sulhur dust and spray of insecticides like Phorate, Indofil M-45 for the control of insects. In some field termite was also main problem were farmers were suggested to use chloropyriphos. @ 1.5 L /ha. Zinc deficiency was also recorded in some field were farmers were applying 20 Kg ZnSO4. Azamgarh: In the district of azamgarh total cultivated area under rice crop was 213081 ha in 2008 -09 which becomes 190222 ha in 2009-10 and increases this year as 221702 due to better onset of monsoon. The areas under high yielding variety were 200632 ha while Hybrid covers 20420 ha area and scented/ basmati cover the area of 650ha with the total production this year as 455526 with the total productivity as 20.55 q/ha . The varieties which were found most popular among the farmers of this district were Swarna, Sarjoo-52, NDR 359, PHB71, NDR-97, Sambha mahsoori. Biotic stresses such as diseases (sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight and false smut) were observed moderate to low intensity. False smut and incidence of stem borer was observed nearly in all the field visited. Leaf folder and gundhi bug were observed in the field to low to moderate intensity. The common weeds of rice were Echinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Cyperus rotundus, Fimbrilis dichotoma. Major cropping system was adopted by the farmers is rice- sugarcane and rice- wheat. Mau: In this district area of rice crop in 2008-09 were 91102 ha which were reduced to 76241 ha due to severe drought last year but increases this year to become 88858 ha with the total production of 152877 Quintal and productivity as 17.20q/ha. The area under hybrid rice was 11134 ha; scented varieties cover 650 while other area covers by high yielding varieties as 77074 ha. The crops were in dough and maturity stage when the production oriented survey was conducted. The common crop rotation practice in the district was rice-maize, rice wheat, rice- pulses. The predominant varieties in the district were NDR-97, NDR-359, Sarjoo-52, Sambha mahsoori, Swarna Moti. The common weeds were Echinochloa colona, E. crusgalli, Cyperus rotundus, Fimbrilis dichotoma. Most of the farmers used hand weeding only few farmers applied weedicides like Butachlor (2.5lit/ha). The common needs of the farmers were seeds of high yielding varieties, fertilizers, water and timely availability of inputs. Among the diseases bacterial leaf blight and false smut were observed in nearly all the field selected for survey. Sheath blight and leaf spot were present in moderate form. Insect pests like stem borer, termite were found in low to moderate intensity. In some field there was observed some patches of zinc deficiency symptoms where farmers applied Zinc sulphate at the rate of 8 kg per acre. The pesticides like Bavisitn, Blitox-50, Copper oxychloride, contaf were used for different disease and Phorate and Monocrotophos were applied for the management of insect pests. Ballia: In this district last year2009-10 area under rice crop was 82351 ha which increases this year to become 95979 ha and the area under high yielding variety were 77649 ha with the total production as 122661 quintal and productivity as minimum in all the surveyed districts as 12.78 q/ha. The predominant varieties of rice cultivated in this district were Swarna, Sarjoo-52, Type-3, Sambha mahsoori, Arize-6444, , Kalanamak, Jalpriya Jalnidhi. The major cropping systems adopted by the farmers were rice- wheat, rice pulses, ricemustard. Biotic stresses such as disease (brown spot, sheath blight, Bacterial leaf blight and
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false smut were observed to moderate to severe form. Sheath rot were also observed in some of the field which were of low intensity. False smut was observed in most of the field were all the varieties infected by this disease.The common weeds of rice were Echinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Cyperus rotundus butachlor @ 2.5 lit/ha was used for the control of weeds. Most of the farmers did not adopt any plant protection measures for disease control but for insect control they use folidol, phorate and monocrotophos when the damage caused by insects become in severe form and become apparent. In some fields infestation of rice root knot nematode was also observed which is becoming a serious concern mainly for rice- wheat cropping system because both the crops shows root galling in their roots which can be managed by adopting change in crop rotation or carbofuradon for its control to reduce the build up of plant parasitic population in the soil. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests in Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi)
Districts Varanasi Chaundauli Sonebhadra Jaunpur Ghazipur Azamgarh Mau Ballia ShB M L L-M L-M M-S M M M BlB M M M-S M M-S M-S M-S M Diseases BS LB S M-S L M-S M M-S M-S M-S M L-M M L-M M-S M-S M-S M-S ShR M-L L L-M L L L L-M L FS M-S S M-S M M-S M-S M-S M-S Insects SB M-S M-S M M L-M L-M M L-M LF M L-M M L L-M L-M L L GB M M M M M M M M T L L L L-M L L-M L L RKN M M M L M L M M
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West Bengal
District surveyed: Purba Medinpur, South 24-Parganas, North 24-Parganas, Malda , Uttar Dinajpur, Mushirabad and Nadia. Particulars of survey District PURBA MEDINIPUR Blocks/ Taluques EGRA-I & II, RAMNAGAR-I, CONTAI-I Mathurapur-I, Basanti-I, Gasaba-I Habra-I, Habra-II Old Malda, Gazol Hemtabad, Kaliaganj Bshampore Nabadwip-I, Nabadwip-II Villages Olipur, Bastia, Amipara, Nariha, Naria, Pyrachali
South 24-Parganas
North 24-Parganas Malda Uttar Dinajpur
Basanti Paschim, Srirampur, Sarberia, Krishna chendrapur, Krishnanagar, Rangabhelia, Manmathanagar, Salone, Bipradaspur, Chandimore Payragachi, Beena Malikpara Kalitala, Simul Dhap, Purba Ranipur, Palsah Danga, Agampur Kalna, Kakan Singh, Sasan, Doluppum, Anijil Puhanda, Binagram, Hazratpur, Madhya Durgapur, Rahgavpur, Deogram Sripur Danga Miyapura, Simulgachi, Brahmanpura, Panshilla
Mushirabad Nadia
WIDELY GROWN VARIETIES Districts PURBA MEDINIPUR South 24-Parganas
Rice varieties
North 24-Parganas Malda Uttar Dinajpur Mushirabad Nadia
CR 1017, CR 1018, MTU 7029, SANTOSI, SUNDARISAL, BHALLXI, MTU 1010, IET 5656 Swarna, jaya, Satabdi, Pankaj, Anjana, G.S.-I, Mahsuri, Vijaya, Sabita, Swarna sub-I, Nilanjana, IET 5656, Narendra 97, MTU 1010, Marichsail, Locals: Chinikamini, Sitabhog, Govindabhog, Dudeshawar, Dudasal, Ruspal, Maula, Xalomota, Talmugu, MTU 7029, MTU 1047, CR 1017, NC 492, CR 1009, KRH-2 MTU7029, IET 4786, Ranjit, Pratiksha, Swarna, Satabdi, IET 5656, MTU 1010, IET 1001, Bashmukhi, Sonamukhi, Mahsuri MTU 7029, Swarna, BR-II, Gobindbhog, Panijat Ranjit, Swarna, MTU 7029, Niranjan, Tulai Panji, IET 5656, PA 6444, Nagna, Rolar, PHB-71, Kalo Changa, Janurui Mini Swarna (B-11), Afgan, Jasmine, Gontra Dhan-I (GS-I) MTU 7029, IET 4786, Lal Swarna, Minikit, Nayanmoni, Ratna, Shatabdi, IR-36, Lalat, Pratiksha 156
In west bengal production oriented survey (pos) was conducted in 7 districts viz., Purba Medinpur, South 24-Parganas, North 24-Parganas, Malda , Uttar Dinajpur, Mushirabad and Nadia. The weather condition during the crop growth period was normal, though; drought was reported as major problem in some of the districts surveyed. The survey was conducted mainly during maturity stages of the crop in most of the districts. Prevalent rice varieties grown by the farmers were CR 1017, CR 1018, MTU 7029, MTU 1010, IET 5656, Swarna, jaya, Satabdi, Pankaj, Anjana, G.S.-I, Mahsuri, Vijaya, Sabita, Swarna sub-I, Nilanjana, Narendra 97, Chinikamini, Sitabhog, Govindabhog, Dudeshawar, Dudasal, Ruspal, Maula, Xalomota, Talmugu, MTU 1047, NC 492, CR 1009, KRH-2, IET 4786, IET 1001, Bashmukhi, Sonamukhi, BR-II, Tulai Panji, PA 6444, Nagna, PHB-71, Kalo Changa, Janurui, Minikit, Nayanmoni, Ratna, IR-36 and Lalat. The crop rotations practiced by the farmers were Rice Groundnut/Vegetables, Rice - Groundnut - Rice, Rice Rice, Rice Vegetables, Rice Sunflower/potato/Vegetables, Rice Chilli/Mung/Vegetables/Sunflower, Rice-Rice-Mung/Chilli, rice-mustard-rice, jute-rice-vegetable, rice-til-jute, rice-potato/wheatjute and RiceMaize/Vegetables. The farmers used 25 100% of their land for rice cultivation. The use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were followed by the farmers though they have not followed the recommendations. Major biotic stresses like blast, neck blast, brown spot, sheath blight, sheath rot, false smut and grain discoloration were recorded in low to high intensities. In some of the areas severe crop damage caused by sheath blight and browns pot was noticed. Common insect pest problems were stem borer, leaf folder, brown plant hopper, mite, green leaf hopper, whorl maggot, rice bug, cutworm and rats etc. Some of the common needs of the farmers were: (1) availability of labor (2) irrigation facility (3) quality seeds (4) storage and drying facility (5) minor equipments. District wise observations: Purba Medinipur: The production oriented survey was conducted at maturity stages of the crop in the district. The farmers of this district utilized 75-100% of their lands for kharif rice cultivation. Total rice area in this district is 260,000 Ha of which 119760 Ha is irrigated and planted area is 280175 Ha. HYVs were grown in about 1, 99,950 Ha of land during kharif season. The weather condition of the district during kharif season was normal. Most commonly practiced crop rotations were Rice Groundnut/Vegetables, Rice Vegetables, Rice - Groundnut/Vegetables - Rice, Rice - Groundnut - Rice, Rice - Rice. The popular rice varieties grown at this area were CR 1017, CR 1018, MTU 7029, santosi, sundarisal, bhallxi, MTU 1010, IET 5656. The average yield of Kharif rice as reported by the farmers varied between 3.2 to 5.5 Q/ha. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was 14 June to 6 July and 16 July to 5 August. Farmers used ungerminated seeds for raising the seedlings and the average seed rate was 60-70 kg/Ha. In the nursery beds, some farmers applied Thimet (9 Kg/Ha) 6 days before uprooting, Regent G (15 Kg/ha) 7 days before uprooting. In addition, some of the farmers used urea, DAP, SSP and MOP fertilizers in nursery. Some farmers did not applied fertilizers while some applied organic manure (2 Q/ha). In the main fields, farmers applied 25-35 Kg N/ha, 12-40 Kg P/ha and 15-40 Kg K/ha as basal and top dressing. Some farmers did not apply Phosphorus in the main field while some farmers applied Sulphur (40 Kg.ha). Transplanting was random and plant density ranged from 30-33 hills/m2. The intensity of weed infestation was low to medium and the common weeds were Marsitica, E.Colona, Star grass. Some of the farmers do hand weeding and applied 2-4 D (25-40 Kg/ha). Occurrence of weedy rice was negligible. Most of the inputs for rice cultivation were adequate except Storage facilty, equipments, Drying facility, quality seeds. Among the diseases, False Smut in low to moderate intensity recorded in MTU-7029 and CR-1018 varieties, and low intensity of leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot, sheath blight and grain Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 157
discoloration was recorded mainly in MTU 1010, IET 5656 and santosi cultivars. The insect pests recorded were BPH, stem borer, whorl maggot and leaf folder in low intensity. Most of the farmers adopted plant protection measures and they used knapsack sprayer for applying different pesticides. Farmers applied fungicides like Carbofuran (25 Kg/ha) for sheath blight, Contap (1.5ml/L), Beem (0.75ml/L) for Leaf & Neck blast. Farmers applied Metacide (2ml/L), Chloropyriphos (3ml/L), Regent (15 Kg/ha), Anth (1.75ml/L) for Stem Borer, Agent plus (2ml/L), Anaconda/Endoe (2ml/L), Aplot (2ml/L) for Stem borer, BPH & Leaf Folder, for Stem borer, Bavistin (2gm/L) for Neck Blast, False smut, and grain discoloration. Few Farmers did not apply fungicides/chemicals. 1-2 sprays were done.The post harvest loss was negligible. South 24-Parganas: The production oriented survey was conducted twice, once at milking and another at dough stages of the crop in the district. The farmers of this district utilized 70100% of their lands for kharif rice cultivation. Total rice area in this district is 319333 Ha of which 69214 Ha is irrigated. The weather condition of the district during kharif season was normal. Most commonly practiced crop rotations were Rice Vegetables-Rice, Rice Vegetables, Rice Sunflower/potato/Vegetables, Rice Chilli/Mung/Vegetables/Sunflower, Rice-Rice-Mung/Chilli, Rice-Mung, Rice-Mung/Cotton/Sunflower/Vegetables. The popular rice varieties grown at this area were Swarna, jaya, Satabdi, Pankaj, Anjana, G.S.-I, Mahsuri, Vijaya, Sabita, Swarna sub-I, Nilanjana, IET 5656, Narendra 97, MTU 1010, Marichsail, Locals: Chinikamini, Sitabhog, Govindabhog, Dudeshawar, Dudasal, Ruspal, Maula, Xalomota, Talmugu, MTU 7029, MTU 1047, CR 1017, NC 492, CR 1009, KRH-2. The average yield of Kharif rice as reported by the farmers varied between 1.8 to 6.0 Q/ha. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was 6 June to 10 August and 8 July to 9 September. Farmers used ungerminated seeds for raising the seedlings and the average seed rate was 60-75 kg/Ha. In the nursery beds, some farmers applied Manures like Neem Khol (1Q), Vermicompost (40 -60 Kg), Cowdung Manure (50Kg-2Q), organic manure (1-4Q), Pollutry manure (2q/ha), mustard cake(75 Kg-1.5Q/ha). In addition, some of the farmers do seed treatment with Bavistin (4g/L), Phorate (10Kg/ha) 7 days before uprooting and Furadam (15 Kg/ha) 5 days before uprooting. Some of the farmers used urea (10-20Kg/ha), DAP (45Kg/acre) and MOP (15 Kg/ha) fertilizers in nursery. In the main fields, farmers applied 17-70 Kg N/ha, 15-40 Kg P/ha and 10-40 Kg K/ha as basal and top dressing. Some farmers did not apply Fertilisers in the main field while some farmers applied manures along with fertilizers. Some farmers applied mustard oil cake (60Kg/acre), Sunflower cake (3Q/ha), Cowdung compost (9Q/ha), vermicompost (50Kg/acre), poultry fertilizers (2Q/ha). Transplanting was random and plant density ranged from 25-33 hills/m2. The intensity of weed infestation was low to negligible and the common weeds were Marsitica, E.Colona, Star grass, Chara, E. crussagali. Some of the farmers do hand weeding and for weed management. Occurrence of weedy rice was negligible. Most of the inputs for rice cultivation were adequate except Storage facilty, equipments, Drying facility, quality seeds, water Government subsidy on equipments. Among the diseases, low intensity of leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot, sheath blight, false smut, leaf scald, brown spot and grain discoloration was recorded. The insect pests recorded were BPH, stem borer, leaf folder, mite, green leaf hopper, case worm, rice bug in low intensity. Most of the farmers adopted plant protection measures and they used knapsack sprayer for applying different pesticides. Plant protections measures were not adopted by some of the farmers. Major problem of soil was soil salinity but no corrective measures were adopted. Farmers applied fungicides like Tilt (1.5ml/L), Tie (1ml/L) for sheath blight & stem borer, Hamla (1.5ml/L), Conta plus (1.5ml/L) for sheath blight & false smut, Beem (1ml/L) for Leaf & Neck blast, Furadum (20Kg/ha), Cannon
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(1.5ml/L), Endosulfan (1.5ml/L), Phorate (15Kg/ha), Ripcord (2ml/L), Thimet (25Kg/ha), Neem Oil (1ml/L) for Stem Borer & Leaf Folder. The post harvest loss was negligible. North 24-Parganas: Twenty seven farmers in two villages in this district were contacted for production oriented survey in this district. One survey was taken up during end of December, 2010 when the crops were in maturity stage. The climatic conditions were normal. Rice cultivation consisted 32-100% of land area and farmers in this region generally cultivate one or two rice crop in a year. The main crop rotation was rice-mustard-rice, rice-rice, jute-ricevegetable, rice-vegetable-rice, rice-rice-vegetable, rice-til-jute and paddy-jute-paddy. Most predominant varieties in this region were MTU7029, IET 4786, Ranjit, Pratiksha, Swarna, Satabdi, IET 5656, MTU 1010, IET 1001, Bashmukhi, Sonamukhi, Mahsuri. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 4300-7800 kg/ha. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was 15 June to 26 July and 14 July to 30 August. Farmers used germinated/ungerminated seeds for raising the seedlings and used 50-65 Kg seeds/ha. In the nursery beds, some farmers applied cow dung manure and compost. In addition, one of the farmers used fertilizers like sufala (15-27 Kg/ha), urea (46-50 Kg/ha), SSP(40-50 Kg/ha) and MOP (40-50 Kg/ha) in nursery . In the main fields, farmers applied 70-100 Kg/ha nitrogen, 30-50 Kg/ha phosphorus and 30-50 Kg/ha potash as basal and top dressing. Transplanting was done in line by most farmers while some did randomly. Plant density ranged from 33- 50 plants/m2. The intensity of weed infestation was low-medium and the common weeds were cyperus, cynadon and echinochloa. Most of the farmers utilized glyphosate, paraquat, manual and hand weeding for the management of weeds. Low to high occurrence of weedy rice was encountered in some farmers field, in very few it was recorded high. Most of the inputs for rice cultivation were adequate. The only demand of the farmers was equipments, pesticides, quality seeds, irrigation, drying and storage facility. Among the diseases, sheath rot was recorded in high intensity while sheath blight and brown spot was present in low-high intensity. The insect pests recorded were stem borer in moderate intensity and brown plant hopper, green leaf hopper in low intensity. Few farmers contacted had a problem of zinc deficiency in soil for which they did not take any corrective measures. Most of the farmers adopted plant protection measures and used knapsack and hand sprayer for pesticide spray. Farmers applied cotaf plus (2ml/L) for sheath blight, Dimecron (5ml/L) or tricyclazole (2g/L) for blast, thimate (30Kg/ha) or thiodon (5ml/L) for stem borer. The post harvest loss was 4-15 %. Malda: Twenty farmers in five villages in this district were contacted for production oriented survey in this district. One survey was taken up during end of Nov, 2010 when the crops were in dough/maturity stage. The climatic conditions were normal though some farmers faced the problem of drought in fields. Rice cultivation consisted 100% of land area and farmers in this region generally cultivate one rice crop in a year. The main crop rotation was ricepotato/wheat-jute and rice-wheat/potato/mustard. Most predominant varieties in this region were MTU 7029, Swarna, BR-II, Gobindbhog, Panijat. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 3600-5600 kg/ha. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was 1st June to 7th July and 1st July to 1st August. Farmers used un-germinated seeds for raising the seedlings and used 5-10 Kg seeds/bigha. In the nursery beds, some farmers applied cow dung manure. In addition, one of the farmers used urea fertilizer in nursery. In the main fields, farmers applied IFFCO (10-26-26) @10 Kg/bigha, urea @8-19 Kg/bigha, SSP@ 26 Kg/bigha and MOP @ 4-26 Kg/bigha as basal and top dressing. One of the farmers used zinc (2Kg/bigha) and manure (30-35 Kg/bigha) also. Transplanting was done randomly by most farmers while some did in line. Plant density ranged from 25-60 plants/m2. The intensity of Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 159
weed infestation was low-medium and the common weeds were shyama, mutha, durba, marcelia, sushni, ganja, sedge plant, phari and phanni. Most of the farmers utilized butachlor, pretilachlor, 2,4-D and hand weeding for the management of weeds. Low to high occurrence of weedy rice was encountered in some farmers field. Most of the inputs for rice cultivation were adequate. The only demand of the farmers was equipments (tractor, thresher, power tiller, sprayers), drying and storage facility. Among the diseases, narrow brown spot was recorded in high intensity while sheath blight was present in low-medium intensity. Low intensity of false smut, sheath rot and grain discoloration was also observed. The insect pests recorded were stem borer in low-medium intensity and mealy bug, leaf folder, rice bug, gall midge in low intensity. Few farmers contacted had a problem of acidicity and boron deficiency in soil for which they did not take any corrective measures. Most of the farmers did not adopt plant protection measures. Very few farmers used knapsack sprayer for pesticide spray. Farmers applied cypermethrin (100g/bigha) or endosil (2ml/L) or thiodan (2ml/L) or chloropyriphos or contaf for yellow stem borer and propiconazole for sheath blight. The post harvest loss was 1-20%. Uttar Dinajpur: The production oriented survey was conducted at milking, dough and mature stages of the crop in the district. The farmers of this district utilized 35-100% of their lands for kharif rice cultivation. Total rice area in this district is 245575 Ha of which 60272 Ha is irrigated. The weather condition of the district during kharif season was normal but early drought and drought. Most commonly practiced crop rotations were Rice Rice/mustard/wheat/potato/brinjal, RiceMaize/Vegetables, Ricemustard/wheat-jute, Rice Rice-Jute, Rice-Rice. The popular rice varieties grown at this area were Ranjit, Swarna, MTU 7029, Niranjan, Tulai Panji, IET 5656, PA 6444, Nagna, Rolar, PHB-71, Kalo Changa, Janurui. The average yield of Kharif rice as reported by the farmers varied between 1.5 to 8.2 Q/ha. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was may mid to mid july and 1 st week July to 1st August. Farmers used ungerminated seeds for raising the seedlings and the average seed rate was 37-55 kg/Ha. In the nursery beds, most of the farmers applied compost, cowdung (1Q/ha). In the main fields, farmers applied neem powder with urea and zinc sulphate. Transplanting was random and plant density ranged from 40-45/m2. The intensity of weed infestation was high to medium and in some field it is low and the common weeds were Mercelia, Amrul, Durba, Jaunia, Grass/Algae, Mutha, Shyama, Chechon, Susuni, Colocasia, Local Weeds, Keena, Churi, Dhupuri, Kheshi. Farmers applied Butachlor, Erase, Machete, Pentlichlon, Hill ppt for weed management. Mostly occurrence of weedy rice was negligible in some cases it was high and in some fields it was medium to low. Most of the inputs for rice cultivation were adequate except equipments, Drying facility, power, water. Some of the specific needs of the farmers are sprayer, pump set, threshers, power tiller. Among the diseases, low intensity of sheat blight, while low to moderate intensity of sheath rot, false smut, was recorded. The insect and other pests recorded were leaf folder and mealy bugs in low intensity, stem borer (low-moderate), brown plant hopper (moderate to high) rats (lowhigh). Most of the farmers adopted plant protection measures and they used knapsack sprayer for applying different pesticides. Plant protections measures were not adopted by some of the farmers. Major problem of soil was zinc deficiency but corrective measeures were adopted. Farmers applied fungicides like Furadum, Thiodan, Monocroto-Phos, Metacid, Hostathion for stem borer, Rogor for BPH, Carbendazin (1gm/L), Taquat for Sheath Blight, Mancozeb (2.5gm/L) for Sheat rot. The post harvest loss was 2-20%. Mushirabad: Five farmers in one village in this district were contacted for production oriented survey in this district. One survey was taken up during end of Dec, 2010 when the Department of Plant Pathology, DRR 160
crops were in maturity stage. The climatic conditions were not normal and mostly farmers faced the problem of drought in fields. Land area under rice cultivation was 50-71% and farmers in this region generally cultivate two rice crops in a year. The main crop rotation was jute-kharif rice-boro rice/wheat, kharif rice-boro rice/wheat and rice-rice. Most predominant varieties in this region were Mini Swarna (B-11), Afgan, Jasmine and Gontra Dhan-I (GS-I). The average rice yield in the district ranged from 4800-8000 kg/ha. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was 9 June to 30 June and 23 July to 10 August. Farmers used germinated and un-germinated seeds for raising the seedlings. In the nursery beds, some farmers applied cow dung manure (1500-7500 Kg/ha). In addition, some of the farmers used IFFCO (10-26-26), gromor, urea and DAP fertilizers in nursery. In the main fields, farmers applied IFFCO (10-26-26) @150 Kg/ha + cow dung manure, urea @300 Kg/ha, gromor @ 115Kg/ha, DAP@ 110 Kg/ha and MOP @60 Kg/ha as basal and top dressing. One of the farmers used cow dung manure as basal (9000 Kg/acre) also. Transplanting was done randomly by some farmers while some did in line. Plant density ranged from 30-35 plants/m2. The intensity of weed infestation was high and the common weeds were shyama, motha, algae, sushni and jamna. Most of the farmers applied butachlor (100-200 ml/ bigha) for the management of weeds. Low to negligible occurrence of weedy rice was encountered in some farmers field. Most of the inputs for rice cultivation were adequate. The only demand of the farmers was irrigation water, quality seeds, availability of labors and spraying machine. One of the farmer contacted expressed financial problem in getting the inputs. Among the diseases, only brown spot was recorded in high intensity in one of the farmers field. The insect pests recorded were stem borer and mealy bug in high intensity. The entire farmers contacted had a problem of zinc deficiency in soil for which they sprayed mahazine (100g1.5 Kg/bigha). Most of the farmers (90-100%) adopted plant protection measures and they used hand sprayer for applying different pesticides. Farmers applied tarzan (20ml/10L) or hamla (200 ml/bigha) or anth (15ml/10L) for yellow stem borer and thiodan (30 ml/10L) for other insects including mealy bug. The post harvest loss was negligible. Nadia: Twenty five farmers in four villages in this district were contacted for production oriented survey in this district. One survey was taken up during end of November, 2010 when the crops were in maturity stage. The climatic conditions were normal. Rice cultivation consisted 25-100% of land area and farmers in this region generally cultivate one or two rice crop in a year. The main crop rotation was rice-mustard-rice, rice-rice-vegetable and ricevegetable-mustard. Most predominant varieties in this region were MTU 7029, IET 4786, Lal Swarna, Minikit, Nayanmoni, Ratna, Shatabdi, IR-36, Lalat, Pratiksha. The average rice yield in the district ranged from 4500-6500 kg/ha. The optimum time of sowing and transplanting was 15 June to 18 August and 15 July to 15 September. Farmers used germinated/ungerminated seeds for raising the seedlings and used 50-80 Kg seeds/ha. In the nursery beds, some farmers applied FYM and manures. In addition, one of the farmers used fertilizers like sufala (15-35 Kg/ha), urea (48-120 Kg/ha), SSP(20-60 Kg/ha) and MOP (20-60 Kg/ha) in nursery . In the main fields, farmers applied 70-120 Kg/ha nitrogen, 24-60 Kg/ha phosphorus and 24-60 Kg/ha potash as basal and top dressing. Transplanting was done in line by most farmers while some did randomly. Plant density ranged from 39- 50 plants/m2. The intensity of weed infestation was low-medium and the common weeds were cyperus, cynadon and echinochloa. Most of the farmers utilized glyphosate, paraquat, manual and hand weeding for the management of weeds. Low to medium occurrence of weedy rice was encountered in some farmers field. Most of the inputs for rice cultivation were adequate. The only demand of the farmers was pesticides, quality seeds, drying and storage facility. Among the diseases, sheath rot and sheath blight was recorded in low to high intensity while brown spot was
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present in low-medium intensity. Low intensity of blast, BLB and neck blast was also recorded. The insect pests recorded were stem borer in low-high intensity and green leaf hopper in low intensity. Few farmers contacted had a problem of zinc deficiency in soil for which they sprayed chelamin (5-6g/L). Most of the farmers adopted plant protection measures and used knapsack and hand sprayer for pesticide spray. Farmers applied indofil M45 (2.5g/L) or bavistin (1g/L) for sheath blight, Dimecron (5ml/L) or hinosan (1.5ml/L) for blast, thiodon (5ml/L) or tarzan (2ml/L) or sumidon (1.5 ml/L) or malathion (1.5ml/L) for stem borer. The post harvest loss was 2-15 %. Prevalence of diseases and insect pests in West Bengal Districts Purba Medinipur South 24-Parganas North 24-Parganas Malda Uttar Dinajpur Mushirabad Nadia Bl L L L NBl L L L BS -L L-S S S L-M SHBl L L L-S L-M L L-S Diseases SHR FS L L-M L L S L L L-M L-M L-S NBLS --GD L L L BLB --L
Districts Purba Medinipur South 24-Parganas North 24-Parganas Malda Uttar Dinajpur Mushirabad Nadia
SB L L M L-M L-M S L-S
LF L L L L -
BPH L L L M-S -
Insect Pests MITE GLH L L L L
WM L -
MB L L S
RB L L -
CW L -
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Abbreviations: BL- Blast, NBL- Neck Blast, BS- Brown spot, SHBL- Sheath blight, SHR- Sheath rot, FSFalse smut, LS- Leaf scald, STR- Stem rot, GD- Glume discoloration, NBLS- Narrow brown leaf spot, BK- Bakanae, KSM- Kernel smut, UDB- Udbatta, KH- Khaira, BLBBacterial leaf blight, BLS-Bacterial leaf streak, RTV- Rice tungro disease BPH-Brown Plant Hopper, WBPH- White Backed Plant Hopper, GLH- Green Leaf Hopper, LF- Leaf Folder, SB- Stem Borer, GM- Gall Midge, RH- Rice Hispa, WM- Whorl Maggot, GH- Grass Hopper, CW- Case Worm, GB- Gundhi Bug, PM- Panicle Mite, MTMite, RB- Rice Bug, AW- Army Worm, WTN- White Tip Nematode, TERM- Termite, RT- Rice Thrips, HCP- Horned Caterpillar, MB- Mealy Bug, LH- Leaf Hopper, WGWhite Grub, STB-Stink bugs Production Oriented Survey-2010 reports were compiled by the following scientists of Department of Plant Pathology, DRR Dr. G. S. Laha, Dr. D. Krishnaveni, Dr. M. Srinivas Prasad, Dr. D. Ladhalakshmi and Dr. Satendra K. Mangrauthia For help in preparation of the report Mr. Ch. Anantha Reddy, Technical Assistant, Mr. Y. Roseswar Rao, Technical Assistant, Plant Pathology Final page making and arrangement for printing: Mr. A. S. Rama Prasad, Technical Officer
Acknowledgements Thanks are due to scientists of Agricultural Universities, and staff in the state Departments of Agriculture, who participated in the Production Oriented Surveys. Thanks are also due to the Directors of Agriculture, Directors of Research at Agricultural Universities in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattishgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Puducherry, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal for according permission to their respective officers and scientists to participate in these surveys. We are also grateful Indian Meteorological Department for climatic data.
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PRODUCTION ORIENTED SURVEY

In collaboration with AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES and

STATE DEPARTMENTS OF AGRICULTURE

All India Coordinated Rice Improvement (AICRIP) Programme

Production oriented survey-2010 Contents

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Department of Plant Pathology, DRR

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

East Godavari and West Godavari

Oct. and Nov., 2009

Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam

Nalanda,Patna Buxer Bastar, Dantewada, Narayanpur Bijapur, and

Department of Plant Pathology, DRR

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Jammu & Kashmir-1

Aug 1,5, 20, Sept 15,17, 18; 2010 Oct-2010

Jammu & Kashmir-2

April, September, November, December, 2010 Oct-Dec 2010

Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Shahdol, Panna, Katni, Anooppur and Umaria

Department of Plant Pathology, DRR

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Raigad, Thane, Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri

Barogarh and Sambalpur

Puducherry and Yanam

Sept, 17 & 19 Nov and Dec, 2009

Karaikal and Yanam,

July 2010 January 2011

Department of Plant Pathology, DRR

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Ghazipur, Azamgarh, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Sonebhadra, Chandauli, Mau, Ballia,

West Bengal -1 (Chinsurah)

Department of Plant Pathology, DRR

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Andhra Pradesh-2 (MTU) Andhra Pradesh-3 (RGL) Bihar-1

Department of Plant Pathology, DRR

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

State Jammu Kashmir-2 Jharkhand

Department of Plant Pathology, DRR

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Tamil Nadu I Tripura Uttar Pradesh -1

Department of Plant Pathology, DRR

Production Oriented Survey, 2010

Table 4: Biotic constraints (Diseases) in different states in India during 2010

NBl L L-S L L-M L L-M

L-M M L-M L-M M-S L-M L L-S L L L-M L-M L-M

M-S L-M L-M L-M L L-M M M

ShR L-S L M-S L-M