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Words: Meaningful bulding blocks of language. The meanings are unpredictable (must be listed in dictionary): 1 Lexical items.

ms. bulding blocks words (2). Arbitrary except the onomatopoeic words (the sound of nature). Phrase we can predict the meaning. Lexical items words which are predictable meaning. Lexicon unpredictable words. Bound morphemes can occur after or before free. Cranbarry morphemes morphemes cran-, huckle-, and gorm- in cranberry, huckleberry, and gormless are compounds whose secod element is clearly the free morpheme berry, occurring several other compound such as strawberry, blackberry, and blueberry; however, cran- and huckle- occur nowhere outside these compounds. Kind of Morphemes: 1. Root (core of a word): can be not free e.g: transbility : translate + able +ity untransbility : un + translate + able + ity Complex words words that contain of more than one word. It can contain: a. a single free root as in 1.a (hear, read, perform, large) or a single bound root as in 1.b (legible, audience, magnifiy, clarity). b. More than one root as in bookcase, motorbike, penknife, truck-driver Compound words words which consist of more than one roots. 2. Affix a. Prefix (preceeding the root): en- im- anti- un-

b. Suffix (following the root): -able, -ist ish. c. Infix (inserting in the root) 3. Combining form words containing two or more bound roots, but they are not nearly so common as ordinary compounds, e.g. electrolysis, electroscopy. Allophones: S /iz/, /s/, /z/ Allomorphs of The English past morpheme ed: Walked washed watched /t/ Wanted visited decided /id/ Opened entered /d/

Zero morpheme the morpheme is not morphologically explicit e.g.: The three sheep were attacked by the small lion.

Derivation and Inflection


Colony root of the word Colonial colony + al Colonialize colonial + ize Colonialization colonialize + ation Colonial is the derivative of colony Complex words the words are made up of two morphemes, ex: drinking, students, etc. Pay paying payee payer DERIVATIVE

Payee = orang yang dibayar. Derivation pembentukan kata yang baru.

The Differences: 1. Derivation Inflection Create words with 1. To adjust the grammatical function without creating new meaning 2. Does not change parts of the speech of 2. some derivational the base words e.g.: work (v) works (v) student (n) students (n) morphemes may change parts of speech (syntactic category) of the base words. e.g.: active (adj) activate (v) Happy (adj) unhappy (adj) 3. both. can be expressed by suffixes, prefixes, or combination of 3. Regular inflections are only expressed by suffixes, irregular inflection makes use of non-affixational means, e.g.: mouse mice or sing sang 4. always 4. Dearivational occur outside derivational morphemes, they close the word for further (derivational) affixation. e.g.: writer writers colonize colonizing 5. fully productive morphemes occur inside inflectional morphemes. They can be followed by further affixation. e.g.: develop development

new meaning

developmental developmentalism.

5. often show strong restriction as to the kinds of possible combination.

Regular inflection ada suffix Irregular inflection no suffix Category-changing some derivational morphemes can change the syntactic category

Semantic opacity (non-transparent formations) a property that is often found in derivation, but hardly ever in inflection that is exemplified by two derivatives and has unusual meaning, e.g.: interview, curiosity. Inflectional tend to be fully productive. Derivational strong restriction. Productive morpheme that can be attached regularly to any word of the appropiate class. Appropiate class count nouns, non-count nouns regularly dont take plural.

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