INTERFACING

Interface
Interfacing is a common term for a variety of materials used on the unseen or wrong side of fabrics in sewing. Interfacings can be used to stiffen or add body to fabric such as the interfacing used in shirt collars, to strengthen a certain area of the fabric, for instance where buttonholes will be sewn; or to keep fabrics, particularly knit fabrics, from stretching out of shape. Interfacings come in a variety of weights and stiffness to suit different purposes.

User Interface
The user interface is the aggregate of means by which people (the users) interact with a particular machine, device, computer program or other complex tool (the system). The user interface provides means of: input, allowing the users to control the system & output, allowing the system to inform the users (also referred to as feedback). A good user interface makes it easy for users to do what they want to do. An interface is a set of commands or menus through which a user communicates with a program. A command-driven interface is one in which you enter commands. A menu driven interface is one in which you select command choices from various menus displayed on the screen. The user interface is one of the most important parts of any program because it determines how easily you can make the program do what we want to. It is widely accepted that the user interface can make a critical difference in the perceived utility of a system regardless of the systems performance. In other words, the physical means of communication between a person and a software program or operating system. At its most basic, this is the exchange of typed statements in English or a program-like set of commands. It is the method by which the human operator communicates with the various database, system, and application modules. The two user interface units are 1

1. Display Unit In display unit we have covered the two devices as under:(i) (ii) LED used to detect the presence of any signal. Seven Segment Display used to display the numerical for any purpose in any instruments such as the temperature or time in the microwave etc. 2. Input Unit In input unit, we have used the device SWITCH in two ways as follows (i) (ii) Switch in push position Switch in release position

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

The best known of all the photoelectronic devices is the so called LED (Light-emitting diode) which emits a fairly narrow bandwidth of visible or invisible light when its internal diode junction is stimulated by a forward electric current/voltage (power). A crosssectional view of a typically diffused LED is shown.

Internal view of an LED

The semiconductor material used is gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) or gallium phosphide (GaP). An N-type epitaxial layer is grown upon a substrate and the P-region is produced by diffusion. Recombination of charge carriers occur in the Pregion so this region is required to be kept at the top. Thus, the p-region becomes the device surface. Figure shows a circuit symbol for a LED. The arrow indicates radiation emitted by the diode.

USE
A LED can be used as an indicator in ac circuit. The LEDs in a seven segment display may be connected in common anode or in common cathode configuration as illustrated.

Seven Segment Display

A very common requirement in modern electronics is that of displaying alphanumeric characters. Digital watches, pocket calculators and digital instruments are examples of devices that use such displays. The best known display of this type is the so-called the Seven-Segment Display. It comprises seven independently accessible photoelectrical segments arranged in the form shown. The segments are conventionally notated from a to g and it is possible to make them display any numeral from 0 to 9 or any alphanumeric character from A to F by activating these segments in different combinations as illustrated in table.

Figure -seven segment display 3

Seven segment display Seven segment displays commonly contains LED segments arranged as an 8, with one common lead (anode or cathode) and seven individual leads for each segment. If more than one display is to be used then they can be time multiplexed; the human eye cannot detect the blinking if each display is relit every 10 millisecond or so. The 10 millisecond is divided by the number of displays used to find the interval between updating each display. A segment will be lit only if the segment line is brought high and the common cathode is brought low. Transistor must be used to handle the currents required by the Led typically 10 milliampere for each segment and 70 milliamper for each cathode.

Figure -connections of seven segment display.

Digits to display Dp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

Display Segments C 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 e 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 f 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 g 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Table -display segment table of 7 segment display

LCD Display
Liquid crystal displays(LCD) are widely used in recent years as compared to LEDs. This is due to the declining prices of LCD, the ability to display numbers, characters and graphics, incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD and also the ease of programming for characters and graphics.

LCD pin description

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The LCD has 16 pins in a row and generally for microcontroller applications an LCD with 2 rows and 16 columns is used.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

G V D D D D D D D D E R R C V G

n d c c 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 / S o c n W n t r a s t c d
2

Fig - LCD

pin description

Fig - LCD screen *VCC, VSS, VEE The voltage VCC and VSS provide +5V and ground respectively, while VEE is used for controlling LCD contrast. Variable voltage between Ground and Vcc is used to specify the contrast (or "darkness") of the characters on the LCD screen.

*RS (register select)

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, then allowing to user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home etc.. If RS=1, the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.

*R/W (read/write) The R/W (read/write) input allows the user to write information from it. The pin R/W=1, when it reads and R/W=0, when writing.

*EN (enable) The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high power, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data presented at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450ns wide.

*D0-D7 (data lines) The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the LCDs internal registers. To display the letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS =1. There are also command codes that can be sent to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. We also use RS =0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive the information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS =0, as follows: if R/W =1 and RS =0, when D7 =1(busy flag =1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will not accept any information. When D7 =0, the LCD is ready to receive new information.

Interfacing of LCD with microcontroller

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In most applications, the R/W line is grounded. This simplifies the application because when data is read back, the microcontroller I/O pins have to be alternated between input and output modes. In this case, R/W to ground and just wait the maximum amount of time for each instruction and also the application software is simpler, it also frees up a microcontroller pin for other uses.

Figure - interfacing of LCD with 8051

Table - LCD Command Codes

CODE 1 2 4 6 5 7 COMMAND TO LCD INSTRUCTION REGISTER Clear display screen Return home Decrement cursor Increment cursor Shift display right Shift display left 8

8 A C E F 10 14 18 1C 80 C0 38 10

Display off,cursor off Display off,cursor on Display on,cursor on Display on,cursor blinking Display off,cursor blinking Shift cursor position to left Shift cursor position to right Shift entire display to the left Shift entire display to the right Force cursor to beginning of first line Force cursor to beginning of second line Two lines and 5X7 matrix Shift cursor to left