INDEX

A
A error, 89 Abscissa, 330 Absolute accuracy, 196 Absolute temperature, 523 Absorption and scattering, 169 Accuracy, 351 Accuracy of radio bearings, 176 Acoustic Doppler current profilers, 441 Acute angle, 327 Acute triangle, 328 Additional secondary phase factor (ASF), 192 Adjacent angle, 327 Adjusting barometer readings, 523 Adjustment of departure time, 548 Adjustment of SOA, 548 Advance, 120 Advanced piloting techniques, 136 Advection fog, 497 Aeromarine radiobeacons, 175 Aeronautical lights, 65 Aeronautical radiobeacons, 175 Agulhas Current, 438, 439 Aids to navigation system, 63 Air Almanac, 299, 300, 301 Air Almanac sky diagram, 271 Air masses, 490 Airborne laser hydrography (ALH), 415 Alaska Current, 439 Aleutian Current, 439 Almanacs, 58, 299, 384 Altering a great circle track to avoid obstructions, 359 Alternating current, 165 Alternating light, 66 Altitude correction, 309 Altitude intercept (a), 308 Altitude measurement, 385 Alto, 529 Altocumulus (Ac), 531 Altostratus (As), 531 Amplitude modulation (AM), 172 Amplitude of radio waves, 165 Amplitude of the sun by calculation, 286 Amplitude of the sun by table, 285 Amplitudes, 283, 284, 341 AMVER participation, 404 AMVER plot information, 404

AMVER reporting, 404 Anabolic wind, 495 Anchorage, 135 Anchoring procedures, 134 Anemometer, 525 Aneroid barometer, 521 Angle, 327 Angle of magnetic dip, 83 Angular length, 330 Angular measure, 330 Annealing, 89 Annular eclipse, 241 Anomalistic month, 150 Antarctic Circle, 238 Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 436 Antenna characteristics, 170 Anthelion, 499 Anticrepuscular rays, 500 Anticyclone, 494 Antilles Current, 437 Antipodal, 355 Antipode, 145 Antiselene, 499 Aphelion, 227 Apogean tides, 150 Apogee, 227 Apparent horizon, 246 Apparent motion, 226, 234 Apparent solar day, 287 Apparent solar time, 287 Apparent wind, 525 Arc, 274, 289 Arctic Circle, 238 Arctic Paths, 204 Arctic sea smoke, 498 Area calls, 400 Area SURPIC, 405 Areas to be avoided, 389, 392 Aries, 238 Artificial horizon, 280 Artificial horizon sextants, 280 Assumed latitude, 311 Assumed longitude, 311 Assumed position (AP), 307, 308 Astronomic latitude, 16, 242 Astronomic longitude, 17, 242 Astronomical Almanac, 299

857

INDEX Astronomical distances, 226 Astronomical triangle, 254 Astronomical unit (AU), 227 Athwartship (A) coil, 110 Atlantic ocean currents, 436 Atmosphere, 483 Atmospheric electricity, 500 Atmospheric noise, 170 Atmospheric pressure, 521 Atomic time (AT), 289 Attenuation, 169, 208 Attenuation rate, 203 Aureole, 500 Aurora, 501 Aurora Australis, 501 Aurora Borealis, 501 Auroral zones, 204, 501 Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System (AMVER), 403 Automated Notice to Mariners System (ANMS), 60 Autumnal equinox, 237 Azimuth angle (Z), 248, 341 Azimuth of polaris, 284 Azimuth of the sun, 283 Azimuthal equidistant projection, 24, 31 Azimuthal orthomorphic projection, 30 Azimuthal projection, 24, 29 Azimuths, 105, 248, 283 Azimuths of the sun, 105 Beaufort Scale of wind force, 533 Bells, 70 Benguela Current, 438, 439 Bergy bit, 456 Biquadrantal spherical triangle, 337 Bisects, 328 Blind lead, 459 Blink coding, 194 Blizzard, 495 Boat sheet, 412 Bobbing a light, 57 Body at rising, 383 Body at setting, 383 Body in zenith, 388 Body on prime vertical, 383 Bolide, 232 Bora, 495 Bore, 149, 449 Bottom contour charts, 40 Bottom description, 40 Bottom relief, 432 Brazil Current, 438 Breaker, 447 Breakers, classes of, 450 Bridge lights, 65 British Thermal Unit (BTU), 523 Bummocks, 475 Buoy lights, 70 Buoy moorings, 70 Buoyage systems, 72 Buoyant beacon, 63 Buoys, 69 Buys Ballots Law, 515

858

B
B error, 90 Back sight, 276 Backstays of the sun, 500 Backwash, 451 Bailys Beads, 241 Balanced dip needle, 90 Bank cushion, 136 Bank suction, 136 Barograph, 522 Barometer, 521 Barometric pressure, 521 Barometric pressure, analysis of, 516 Baseline, 17 Baseline extension, 190 Baseline travel time (BTT), 190 Basins, 432 Bathymetric charts, 40 Beach sediments, 453 Beacons, 63, 77 Beam compasses, 126 Beam width, 412 Bearing (B, Brg.), 6 Bearing record book, 127

C
C error, 90 Calculations of meteorology, 343 Calculations of piloting, 340 Calculations of the sailings, 342 Calculator keys, 339 Calculators in navigation, 339 Calendar, 240 California Current, 438 Calve, 456 Can, 73 Canary Current, 438 Cape Horn Current, 438 Cardinal marks, 72 Cartesian coordinates, 330 Cartography, 411 Cats paw, 495 Catalogs, 59 Cathode ray tube (CRT), 218 Causes of tides, 143 Celestial equator, 243

859 Celestial horizon, 246 Celestial meridian, 243 Celestial navigation routine, 375 Celestial sphere, 226, 243 Celestial triangle, 254 Celsius (C), 523 Centering error, 279 Centesimal degrees, 331 Centesimal system, 331 Central angle, 329 Centroid, 328 Characteristics of lights, 66 Chart accuracy, 35, 415 Chart catalogs, 49 Chart classification by scale, 35 Chart dates, 37 Chart features, 43 Chart graticule, 24 Chart lettering, 40 Chart lighting, 50 Chart No. 1, 38, 58 Chart No. 30, 85 Chart numbering system, 45 Chart numerical scale, 34 Chart preparation, 119, 372 Chart projection, 23 Chart reading, 37 Chart scales, 34 Chart sounding datum, 41 Chart soundings, 40 Chart symbols, 38 Chart symbols and abbreviations, 76 Chinook, 495 Chipping rate, 181 Chlorinity, 428 Chord, 329 Chronometer, 281 Chronometer error (CE), 6, 290 Chronometer rate, 281, 290 Chronometer time, 290 Chronometers, 281 Circle of equal altitude, 307 Circles, 329 Circular radiobeacons, 175 Circulation of the atmosphere, 483 Circumference, 329 Circumhorizontal arc, 499 Circumscribed circle, 328 Circumscribed halo, 499 Circumzenithal arc, 499 Cirrocumulus (Cc), 529 Cirrostratus (Cs), 529 Cirrus (Ci), 529 Clamp screw vernier sextant, 275 Climate, 483

INDEX Cloud formation, 529 Cloud height measurement, 531 Clouds, 529 Clutter, 210 Coaltitude, 7 Coarse acquisition code, 180 Coast Earth Stations (CES), 398 Coast Pilots, 52 Coastal charts, 35 Coastal current, 435 Coastal phase, 2 Coastal refraction, 167, 176 Code division multiple access (CDMA), 180 Codeclination, 7 Coding delay (CD), 190 Cold front, 491 Cold wall, 437 Collecting survey data, 412 Collimation error, 280 Collision with buoys, 70 Colors of lights, 73 Colors of marks, 73 Comets, 232 Common tangent, 329 Communications, 549 Comparing watch, 281 Compass adjustment, 81, 89 Compass checks, 374 Compass compensation, 81, 108 Compass error, 102 Compass heading, 96 Compass operation, 88 Compasses, 3, 101 Compensating coils, 111 Complementary angle, 327 Composite sailing, 355, 356, 360 Compressibility, 429 Computed altitude (hc), 307, 341 Concentric, 329 Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD), 428 Cone topmark, 73 Conformal projection, 23 Congruent, 328 Conic projection, 27, 28 Conical buoy, 73 Conn, 124 Conning Officer, 124 Constellations, 233 Constructing a voyage plan, 371 Continental shelf, 432 Continental slope, 432 Coordinate systems, 245 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), 289 Coordinates, 4, 16, 330 Corona, 228, 241, 499

INDEX Corposant, 501 Correcting compass, 88 Corrector magnet, 98 Correctors, 85 COSPAS/SARSAT participants, 408 Counterglow, 233 Course line, 113 Course of advance (COA), 5 Course over ground (COG), 5 Cracks in ice, 459 Crepuscular rays, 500 Cross check lines, 411 Cross track error (XTE), 196 Cumulonimbus (Cb), 531 Cumulus (Cu), 529, 531 Current, 116 Current diagrams, 162 Current ellipse, 152 Current meters, 156 Current rose, 152 Curve of magnetic azimuths, 105 Cycle, 165 Cyclone, 494 Cygnus, 264 Cylindrical projection, 23, 24 Deep-Water route, 389 Defense Mapping Agency, 10 Degaussing, 108 Degaussing coils, 108 Degaussing compensation, 108, 111 Degaussing effects, 111 Degaussing folder, 108 Degaussing stations, 108 Degaussing system, 110 Degrees, 330 Demarcation line, 122 Density, 429 Departure (p, Dep.), 4, 114, 356 Deperming, 110 Depressed pole, 248 Depth contours, 40 Depth conversion scale, 40 Depths and datums, 40 Developable surface, 23 Deviation, 3, 85, 102 Deviation curves, 93, 94 Diameter, 329 Difference of latitude (l, Dlat.), 4, 356 Difference of longitude (DLo), 4, 356 Differential GPS (DGPS), 175, 187 Diffraction, 169, 208 Digital chart data formats, 220 Digital Nautical Chart (DNC), 222 Digital Nautical Chart, correcting, 223 Digital Selective Calling (DSC), 401 Dihedral angle, 327 Dip, 309 Dip correction, 341 Dip of the sea short of the horizon, 340 Direct, 165 Direct current, 165 Direct motion, 231 Direction on the earth, 5 Directional light, 64 Directional sector light, 64 Display and Control Subsystem (DCS), 222 Dissemination systems, 293 Distance (D, Dist.), 356 Distance by vertical angle, 341 Distance on the earth, 4 Distance to the radar horizon, 340 Distance to the visible horizon, 340 Distances Between Ports (Pub. 151), 58 Diurnal circle, 234, 243 Diurnal tide, 147 Diversion, 548 Doldrums, 486 Double high water, 149 Double low water, 149 Drag circle, 135

860

D
D error, 90 Damp haze, 498 Danger bearings, 121 Danger ranges, 122 Danger soundings, 122, 372 Dangerous semicircle, 516 Date line, 290 Datum, 19, 156 Datum connections, 19 Datum differences, 21 Datum shifts, 21 Davidson Current, 438 Day, 240 Daybeacons, 63 Dayboards, 63 Daymark, 63 Dead reckoning (DR), 382 Dead reckoning plot, 113 Dead water, 449 Deck ice, 497 Deck log, 127, 383 Declination, 243 Declination of a planet, 302 Declination of a star, 302 Declination of the moon, 301 Declination of the sun, 301 Deep, 432 Deep Scattering Layer (DSL), 418

861 Drift, 116, 123, 153 Drift currents, 435 Drift of sea ice, 462 Dry haze, 498 Duel frequency correction techniques, 186 Duration of slack water, 161 Dust whirl, 495

INDEX Energy of waves, 447 Enhanced Group Call (EGC), 399 Ephemeris time (ET), 288 Epicenter, 448 EPIRBs (Category I, II), 407 EPIRBs (Class A, B, S), 406 EPIRBs, alarm, warning, and alerting signals, 409 EPIRBs, testing, 408 Equation of time, 240, 288 Equatorial Countercurrent, 439 Equatorial jet, 439 Equatorial tides, 150 Equatorial undercurrent, 440 Equiangular, 328 Equilateral triangle, 328 Equinoctial, 243 Equipment inventory, 372 Error, 351 Error circle, 115 Errors in piloting, 139 Errors of radio bearings, 176 Errors on the compass, effects of, 88 Established direction of traffic flow, 389 Estimated position, 113, 116 Estimated speed made good, 117 Estimated track made good, 117 Estimating the wind at sea, 527 European datum, 19 Evasion, 548 Evolutions prior to piloting, 126 Excitation factor, 203 Expendable bathythermograph (XBT), 428 Explement, 327 Extent of ice in the sea, 464 Exterior angle, 328 Extremely high frequency, 172

E
E error, 90 E layer, 167 Earth, 3, 229 East Auckland Current, 439 East Australian Current, 439 East Cape Current, 439 East Greenland Current, 440 East Wind Drift, 436 Easterly wave, 510 Ebb, 153 ECDIS calculation requirements, 221 ECDIS priority layers, 221 ECDIS units, 221 ECDIS warnings, 221 Echo sounders, 412 Eclipse of lights, 66 Eclipses, 241 Ecliptic, 229, 236 Eddy viscosity, 429 Effect of ice on waves, 446 Effects of currents on waves, 446 Effects of wind on the sea, 526 Ekman layer, 435 Ekman pumping, 435 Ekman spiral, 436 Ekman transport, 435 Electric psychrometer, 524 Electrical conductivity, 431 Electromagnetic spectrum, 166 Electronic chart, 23 Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), 13, 219 Electronic Chart Systems (ECS), 219, 222 Electronic navigation reports, 421 Electronic Notice To Mariners, 60 Electronic systems, 9 Electronics and navigation, 8 Elevated pole, 248 Ellipsoid, 16 Ellipsoid of revolution, 16, 229 Emergency navigation, 379 Emergency navigation kit, 379 Emergency Position Indicating Radiobeacons (EPIRBs), 402, 406 Emissions delay (ED), 190 Endless tangent screw vernier sextant, 275

F
F layer, 167 Fading, 169 Fahrenheit (F), 523 Fall wind, 495 Fallibility of buoys, 72 False echoes, 213 False shoals, 418 Fast ice, 459 Fata morgana, 498 Fathom, 3 Fathometer, 133 Fathometer log, 127 Fathometer operating guidelines, 373 Fault lines, 427 Federal Radionavigation Plan, 174 Fetch, 443, 527 Filling, 494

INDEX Finding the vertex, 359 Fireball, 232 Fischer plotting, 218 Fix by range and distance, 129 Fix by two bearing lines, 127 Fix by two ranges, 128 Fix expansion, 115 Fixed lights, 63 Fixing position, 217, 218 Flashing, 110 Flashing light, 66 Flaw lead, 459 FleetNET, 399 Flinders bar, 88 Flinders bar adjustment, 98 Flinders bar effects, 98 Flinders bar length, 99 Floating derelicts, 416 Floating wire antenna (FWA), 202 Flood, 153 Floppy Almanac, 299 Florida Current, 437 Fog, 497, 529, 542 Fogbow, 499 Forecasting weather, 501 Forecastle (F) coil, 110 Foreign chart reproduction, 45 Fractures, 459 Frazil ice, 458 Frequency, 165 Frequency modulation (FM), 172 Fresnel lenses, 63 Friendly ice, 475 Frigid zones, 238 Front range light, 64 Frontal zone, 491 Fronts, 491 Frost smoke, 498 Fundamental identities, 334

862

G
Galactic nebula, 234 Gauss, 108 Gaussin error, 106 Gegenschein, 233 General charts, 35 General circulation, 487 General direction of buoyage, 74 General precession, 238 Generator, 165 Geocentric latitude, 17, 242 Geodesic, 3 Geodesy, 15 Geodetic latitude, 17, 242 Geodetic longitude, 17, 242

Geodetic survey, 17 Geodetic systems, 20 Geographic latitude, 242 Geographic longitude, 242 Geographic range, 55 Geoid, 15 Geoidal heights, 16 Geoidal horizon, 246 Geoidal separations, 16 Geoidal undulations, 16 Geometric dilution of precision (GDOP), 185 Geometrical horizon, 247 Geometry, 327 Geostrophic equilibrium, 436 Geostrophic wind, 484 GHA increment, 311 Glacier, 456 Glasses shade, 274 Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), 397 Global Positioning System (GPS), 9, 180 Globular clusters, 233 Gnomonic projection, 24, 29 Gongs, 70 GPS, 174 GPS signal coding, 181 Gradient wind, 484 Graduation errors, 279 Gravity error, 523 Gravity waves, 443 Gray-white ice, 458 Grease ice, 458 Great circle, 3, 329, 355 Great circle charts, 30, 356 Great circle sailing, 356 Great circle sailing by chart, 356 Great circle sailing by computation, 358 Great circle sailing by Pub. No. 229, 357 Great circle sailing by sight reduction tables, 356 Great circle track, 5, 355 Great Lakes ice, 478 Green flash, 500 Greenwich, 241 Greenwich Hour Angle (GHA), 245, 246 Grids, 34 Ground swell, 447 Groundwave, 168 Group calls, 400 Group Repetition Interval (GRI), 190 Group time delay, 186 Group velocity, 445 Growler, 456 Guinea Current, 438 Gulf Stream, 437 Gust, 495

863 Gyrocompass, 3

INDEX IALA Lateral Marks, 73 IALA Maritime Buoyage System, 72 IALA New Dangers, 75 IALA Region A, 72 IALA Region B, 72 IALA Safe Water Marks, 75 IALA Special Marks, 75 Ice, 416, 455, 528, 542 Ice accretion, 497 Ice blink, 470 Ice cake, 458 Ice cap, 456 Ice, density of, 462 Ice detection, 469 Ice field, 458 Ice floes, 458 Ice forecasts and observations, 479 Ice front, 456 Ice islands, 459 Ice keels, 475 Ice operations, 472 Ice products and services, 480 Ice rind, 458 Ice shelf, 459 Ice wall, 456 Iceberg drift, 463 Icebergs, 456, 459 Icebergs in the North Atlantic, 465 Identification of stars, 256 Index arm, 274 Index correction, 309 Index error, 280 Index mirror, 274 Indian datum, 20 Indian Ocean Currents, 439 Indian spring low water (ISLW), 151 Induced magnetism, 87, 108 Inertial navigation system, 9 Inferior conjunction, 230 Inferior mirage, 498 Inferior planets, 229, 230 Infrared, 498 Inland Waterway phase, 2 INMARSAT A, 399 INMARSAT B, 399 INMARSAT C, 399 Inscribed angle, 329 Inscribed circle, 328 Inshore current, 435 Inshore traffic zone, 389 Integrated bridge, 219 Intercardinal coils, 111 Interference, 169 Interior angle, 328 Interlaced display, 218

H
Halos, 499 Hand over word (HOW), 183 Handle, 274 Harbor charts, 35 Harbor/harbor approach phase, 2 Harmonic constants, 157 Harvest moon, 231 Haze, 498 Heading (Hdg., SH), 6 Heading relationships, 102 Heat lightning, 501 Heeling adjustments, 106 Heeling coil, 111 Heeling magnet, 88 Height error, 523 Heights, 41 Hertz, 165 Hevelian halo, 499 High clouds, 529 High frequency, 171 High tide, 146 High water datums, 152 Horizon glass, 274 Horizontal datum, 19 Horizontal force instrument, 107 Horizontal geodetic datum, 17 Horizontal shielding factor, 107 Horns, 70 Horse latitudes, 486 Hostile ice, 475 Hour circle, 243 Hull speed in knots, 340 Humboldt Current, 439 Humidity, 524 Hummock, 459 Hummocked ice, 459 Hunters moon, 231 Hurricane, 506, 509 Hydraulic current, 153 Hydrograms, 59 Hydrographic surveys, 411 Hydrography, 411 Hygrometer, 524 Hyperbolic mode, 201 Hyperbolic radio aids, development of, 9 Hyperbolic radionavigation systems, 189 Hypotenuse, 328

I
IALA Cardinal Marks, 74 IALA Isolated Danger Mark, 74

INDEX Internal waves, 449 International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, 13, 69, 72 International charts, 45 International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB), 45 International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), 11, 45 International Ice Patrol, 468 International Maritime Organization (IMO), 12 International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), 398 International Regulations for Preventing Collision, 13 Interpreting weather, 503 Intracoastal Waterway aids to navigation, 78 Inverse trigonometric functions, 335 Ion, 167 Ionosphere, 167 Ionospheric delay errors, 186 Irminger Current, 437 Island shelf, 432 Island slope, 432 Isobars, 484, 521 Isophase light, 66 Isosceles triangle, 328 Latitude by Polaris, 324 Latitude determination, 6, 387 Latitude of the vertex, 342 Latitudes of points on the great-circle track, 343 Leads, 459 Leap seconds, 296 Leap-second adjustments, 296 Leeuwin Current, 440 Leeway, 116 Length of sea waves, 343 Length of the day, 388 Lens, 65 Less dangerous semicircle, 516 Leveling, 18 Life of a tropical cyclone, 510 Light characteristics, 66 Light Lists, 54 Light pipes, 64 Light sectors, 66 Light-year, 227 Lighted buoy, 70 Lighthouses, 63 Lightning, 500 Limb, 274 Line, 327 Line of apsides, 227 Line of position, 7, 308 Line spacing, 411 List of Lights, 57 Local apparent noon, 288 Local Hour Angle (LHA), 245, 246, 311 Local Mean Time (LMT), 292 Local Notice To Mariners, 60 Local time, 241 Local wind names, 488 Local winds, 495 Location vessel, 405 Log, 3 Logarithmic function, 332 Longitude (l, long.), 4, 242, 356 Longitude at meridian passage, 323 Longitude determination, 6, 388 Longitudinal (L) coil, 110 Longshore current, 435, 452 Loom, 66 Looming, 498 Loop Current, 437 Loran C, 174, 189 Loran C accuracy, 194 Loran pulse architecture, 193 Low clouds, 529, 531 Low frequency, 171 Low tide, 146 Lower branch, 3, 243 Lower transit, 246

864

J
Jamming, 170 Japan Current, 438 Jupiter, 231

K
Kamchatka Current, 439, 440 Katabatic wind, 495 Kelvin (K), 523 Knot (kn.), 5 Kuroshio Current, 438

L
Labrador Current, 437 Lagging tides, 149 Lambert conformal projection, 23, 28, 29 Lamp changer, 65 Land breeze, 495 Land Earth Stations (LES), 398 Land effect, 167, 176 Land ice, 456 Land sky, 470 Lane identification, 204 Large navigational buoys, 71 Large-scale chart, 35 Lateral and cardinal systems, 72 Lateral marks, 73 Latitude (L, lat.), 4, 242, 356, 542 Latitude at meridian passage, 322

865 Lowest low water, 151 Lowest normal low water, 151 Loxodrome, 5 Loxodromic curve, 5 Luminous range, 54 Lunar day, 241 Lunar distance, 7 Lunar eclipse, 242 Lunar month, 150 Lune, 330 Lunitidal interval, 150

INDEX Mercator projection, 23, 24 Mercator sailing, 342, 367 Mercurial barometer, 521 Meridian altitude, 387 Meridian angle, 245, 246 Meridian passage, 320 Meridian transit, 246, 383 Meridional difference (m), 356 Meridional parts (M), 24, 356 Meteor showers, 232 Meteor swarms, 232 Meteorite, 232 Meteorological equator, 486 Meteors, 232 Metric system, 3 Micrometer drum, 274 Micrometer drum sextant, 273 Microwaves, 166 Mid-latitude (Lm), 4, 356 Mid-latitude sailing, 342, 356, 364 Middle clouds, 529, 531 Millibar, 521 Mindanao Current, 439 Mines, 417 Minimum expected sounding, 372 Minor light, 63 Mirage, 498 Miscellaneous chart features, 43 Mist, 498 Mistake, 351, 353 Mistral, 495 Mixed tide, 147 Mock sun, 499 Modified facsimile charts, 45 Modified Lambert conformal, 32 Modulation, 172 Monsoon, 488 Moon, 231 Moon pillar, 499 Moonbow, 499 Moonrise, 304 Moonset, 304 Moorings, 70 Most probable position (MPP), 352, 380 Multiple star, 233 Multiyear ice, 458

M
Magnetic adjustment, 85 Magnetic circle, 102 Magnetic compass adjustment, 81 Magnetic disturbances, 421 Magnetic fields, 85, 86, 107 Magnetic heading, 96, 102 Magnetic moment, 102 Magnetic poles, 83 Magnetic signature, 108 Magnetometer, 107 Magnitude ratio, 227 Magnitudes, 227 Main (M) coil, 110 Maintenance of buoys, 70 Major light, 63 Major wind patterns, 486 Malvinas Current, 438 Maneuvering to avoid the storm center, 516, 518, 519 Manganese nodules, 432 Marcq Saint Hilaire, 58 Marine chronometer, 281 Marine information reports, 420 Marine microbarograph, 522 Marine radiobeacons, 175 Marine sediments, 432 Marine sextant, 273 Maritime Safety Information (MSI), 397, 401 Mars, 231 Master station, 189 Mean high water lunitidal interval, 150 Mean latitude (Lm), 356 Mean low water (MLW), 151 Mean low water springs (MLWS), 151 Mean lower low water (MLLW), 151 Mean lower low water springs (MLLWS), 151 Mean sea level (MSL), 152 Mean sidereal time, 293 Mean solar time, 288 Mean sun, 240, 287 Mean time, 288 Median, 328 Medium frequency, 171

N
Nadir, 243 Napiers Rules, 337 National Marine Electronic Association (NMEA), 14 National tidal datum epoch, 152 Natural function, 332 Nautical Almanac, 299, 301 Nautical chart, 23

INDEX Nautical mile, 3 Nautical miles, 340 Nautical texts, 51 NAVAIDS, 119 Navigable semicircle, 516 Navigation calculations, 339 Navigation, four phases of, 1 Navigation Information Network (NAVINFONET), 60 Navigation Sensor System Interface (NAVSSI), 222 Navigation system accuracy, 352 Navigational astronomy, 225 Navigational error, 351 Navigational mathematics, 327 Navigational tables, 8 Navigational triangle, 7, 254 Navigator, 125 NAVSSI block diagram, 223 NAVTEX, 401 Navy Navigation Satellite System (NAVSAT), 8, 179 Neap tides, 149, 150 Nebula, 234 Negative pole, 83 Neptune, 231 Network Coordination Station (NCS), 399 Nv, 462 New danger, 76 New Guinea Coastal Current, 439 Neys projection, 32 Night effect, 169 Night observations, 529 Night orders, 374 Nilas, 458 Nimbostratus (Ns), 531 Nimbus, 529 Nodal period, 150 Nodes, 241 Noise, 169 Nominal range, 54 Non-uniform propagation rates, 192 Nontidal current, 152 North American Datum, 1927, 19 North American Datum, 1983, 20 North Atlantic Current, 437 North Cape Current, 437 North Equatorial Countercurrent, 437, 438 North Equatorial Current, 436, 438, 439 North Pacific Current, 438 North pole, 83 North wall effect, 542 Northeast Drift Current, 437 Northeast trades, 486 Northeasterlies, 487 Northern lights, 501 Norway Current, 437 Notice To Mariners, 59 Nova, 233

866

O
Oblate spheroid, 229 Oblique angle, 327 Oblique coordinates, 330 Oblique gnomonic projection, 30 Oblique Mercator projections, 26 Oblique orthomorphic projection, 26 Oblique plane triangles, 336 Oblique spherical triangles, 337 Oblique triangle, 328 Obliquity of the ecliptic, 237 Observed altitude (ho), 307 Obtuse angle, 327 Obtuse triangle, 328 Occluded front, 494 Occulting light, 66 Ocean current observations, 440 Ocean current phenomena, 440 Ocean current reports, 425 Ocean currents, 435, 542 Ocean currents and climate, 440 Ocean currents, causes, 435 Ocean Data Acquisition System (ODAS) buoy, 69 Ocean eddies and rings, 440 Ocean phase of navigation, 2 Ocean pressure, 428 Ocean temperature, 428 Ocean waves, 443 Oceanic circulation, 436 Oceanographic chemistry, 427 Oceanography, 427 Octant, 329 Offshore current, 435 Omega, 174, 198 Omega readings, 204 Omega, under ice operations, 202 One-swing method, 92 Open cluster, 233 Opposition, 231 Ordinate, 330 Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 1936 Datum, 20 Origin, 330 Origin of the oceans, 427 Orion, 262 Orthographic projection, 24, 31 Orthomorphic projection, 23, 30 Oscillatory wave, 446 Overfalls, 446 Oyashio Current, 438

P
Pacific ocean currents, 438

867 Pampero, 495 Pancake ice, 458 Parallax, 387 Parallel lines, 327 Parallel of declination, 243 Parallel sailing, 342, 356, 363 Paranthelion, 499 Parantiselene, 499 Paraselene, 499 Paraselenic circle, 499 Parhelic circle, 499 Parhelion, 499 Partial eclipse, 241 Pegasus, 260 Perigean spring tides, 150 Perigean tides, 150 Perigee, 227 Perihelion, 227 Perimeter, 329 Periodic current, 435 Permanent magnetism, 85 Permanent magnets, 88 Perpendicular lines, 327 Perpendicularity error, 279 Perspective projections, 24 Peru Current, 439 Phase, 165 Phase characteristics of lights, 73 Phase coding, 194 Phase velocity, 203 Photosphere, 228 Pillar buoys, 73 Piloting, 1, 119 Piloting brief, 123 Piloting procedures, 132 Pilots, 3 PIM speed, 371 Pinnacled iceberg, 457 Plan position indicator (PPI), 207 Plane, 327 Plane geometry, 327 Plane projections, 24 Plane sailing, 342, 355, 360 Plane sailing triangle, 360 Plane surface, 327 Plane triangle, 328 Plane trigonometry, 330 Planet diagram, 267 Planets, 228 Plates, 427 Plotting running fixes, 136 Plotting sheets, 34, 380 Plotting the DR, 114 Plunging breaker, 451 Pluto, 231

INDEX Point, 327 Point of tangency, 329 Points along the great circle, 359 Points of intended movement (PIMs), 371 Polar Cap Disturbance (PCDs), 203 Polar charts, 32 Polar circles, 238 Polar coordinates, 330 Polar distance (p), 246 Polar front, 487 Polar frontal jet stream (PFJ), 483 Polar lights, 501 Polar projection, 32, 34 Polar winds, 487 Polaris, 383 Polarization, 166 Polarization error, 169, 176 Poles, 329 Polyconic projection, 23, 29 Polynyas, 459 Port information reports, 421 Position reporting systems, 403 Position reports, 374 Positive pole, 83 Practical salinity scale, 428 Practical salinity units, 428 Precautionary area, 389 Precession of the equinoxes, 238 Precipitation, 528 Precise positioning service (PPS), 175, 183 Precision, 351 Precision code, 180 Preferred datums, 19 Pressure gradient, 484 Prevailing westerlies, 487 Primary, 330 Primary Phase Factor (PF), 192 Primary seacoast lights, 63 Prime meridian, 2 Prime vertical, 248 Prime vertical circle, 248 Priming tides, 149 Principal vertical circle, 248 Prismatic error, 278 Private aids to navigation, 79 Projections, 23 Proper motion, 234 Pseudorandom noise (PRN), 180 Psychrometer, 524 Psychrometric tables, 524 Publication 432 (NIST), 295 Pulse duration, 207 Pulse length, 207 Pulse modulation (PM), 172 Pulse Repetition Rate (PRR), 207

INDEX Pulse width, 207 Pumping, 521 Rear range light, 64 Receivers, 172 Reciprocal bearings, 176 Recommended direction of traffic flow, 389 Recommended routes, 389, 390 Recommended track, 389 Recording observations, 532 Rectangular coordinates, 330 Rectangular projection, 27 Recurring polynyas, 459 Reduced soundings, 412 Reducing a moon sight, 318 Reducing a planet sight, 320 Reducing a sun sight, 316 Reducing star sights, 312 Reflection, 166 Reflex angle, 327 Refraction, 208, 387, 446, 450 Refraction of radio waves, 167 Region A, 72 Region B, 72 Registered Information Provider, 400 Regression of the nodes, 242 Regulated waterways, 395 Regulation of frequency use, 172 Relative accuracy, 196 Relative humidity, 524 Relative motion, 226 Release, 274 Repeatable accuracy, 196 Representative fraction, 34 Resolution in bearing, 210 Resolution in range, 209 Retentive error, 106 Retrograde motion, 231 Revolution, 227 Rhumb lines, 4, 355 Ridge, 458 Ridging, 458 Right angle, 327 Right ascension, 245 Right line, 327 Right plane triangles, 336 Right spherical triangles, 337 Right triangle, 328 Rip currents, 452 Ripples, 443 Roaring forties, 487 Rotation, 227 Rotten ice, 462 Roundabout, 389 Route reports, 425 Routing system, 389 Royal Greenwich Observatory, 11 Rules of dead reckoning, 114

868

Q
Quadrantal error, 176 Quadrantal spheres, 88 Quadrantal spherical triangle, 337 Quandrantal sphere correction, 96 Quarterdeck (Q) coil, 110 Quartz crystal marine chronometers, 281 Quintant, 329

R
Racons, 216 Radar beacons, 216 Radar beam, 207 Radar, development of, 9 Radar interpretation, 209 Radar navigation, 1 Radar navigation reports, 421 Radar operation, 207 Radar piloting, 217 Radar ranges, 128 Radar reflectors, 65, 215 Radial motion, 234 Radian, 331 Radiation fog, 497 Radio direction finder stations, 177 Radio direction finders, 175, 176 Radio navigation, 1 Radio Navigational Aids (Pub. 117), 57, 175 Radio propagation factors, 294 Radio spectrum, 166 Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services, 13 Radio wave propagation, 171 Radio waves, 165 Radioactivity, 431 Radiobeacons, 174 Radius of a sphere, 329 Radius SURPIC, 404 Radius vector, 330 Rafting of ice, 458 Rage sea, 447 Rainbow, 499 Ramarks, 216 Rams, 456 Random errors, 351 Range lights, 64 Ranges, 120 Rankine (R), 523 Raster format, 220 Raster radars, 218 Ratan (Radar and Television Aid to Navigation), 393 Rational horizon, 246

869 Running fix, 129

INDEX Sextant, 329 Sextant care, 278 Sextant errors, adjustable, 279 Sextant errors, non adjustable, 278 Sextant moon sights, 275 Sextant reading, 276 Sextant star sights, 275 Sextant sun sights, 275 Sextant verticle angles, 128 Shade glasses, 274 Shallow water, 528 Shapes of marks, 73 Ship Earth Stations (SES), 398 Ship simulators, 142 Ships heading, 102 Ships magnetism, 85 Shoaling, 446 Shoals, 416 Shooting stars, 232 Shore lead, 459 Shore lights, 65 Shuga, 458 Side error, 279 Sidereal day, 240, 287 Sidereal Hour Angle, 238, 311 Sidereal Hour Angle (SHA), 245 Sidereal month, 231 Sidereal time, 240, 293 Sight reduction, 307, 387 Sight reduction procedures, 309 Sight Reduction Tables, 58 Sight Reduction Tables for Air Navigation Pub. No. 249, 271 Sight Reduction Tables for Marine Navigation Pub. No. 229, 307 Signal range, 171 Simple conic projection, 27 Sinkers, 70 Sinking, 498 Skip distance, 169 Sky coloring, 498 Sky diagrams, 256 Sky map, 470 Skylights, 475 Slack water, 152 Slewing of Flinders bar, 100 Slewing of spheres, 97 Slide bar, 121 Sling psychrometer, 524 Small circle, 3, 329 Small craft charts, 50 Small craft navigation, 376 Small-scale chart, 35 Smog, 498 Smooth sheet, 412

S
Safe Water Marks, 75 Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 13 Safety report messages, 417 Safety reports, 416 SafetyNET, 399 Sailing charts, 35 Sailing Directions (Enroute), 52 Sailing Directions (Planning Guide), 51 Salinity, 427 Sand bars, 452 Santa Ana, 495 Sargasso Sea, 438 Saros, 242 Satellite navigation, 1 Satellite navigation systems, 179 Satellite oceanography, 432 Saturn, 231 Scale, 34 Scalene triangle, 328 Sea breeze, 495 Sea ice, 458 Sea ice, drifting, 462 Sea ice, salinity, 461 Sea ice, thickness, 459 Sea level pressure, 523 Seasonal current, 435 Secant, 329 Secant conic projection, 28 Secchi disk, 431 Second-year ice, 458 Secondary Coding Delay (SCD), 190 Secondary lights, 63 Secondary Phase Factor (SF), 192 Secondary stations, 189 Sector, 329 Sectors of lights, 66 Segment, 329 Seiche, 449 Seismic sea waves, 448 Selectivity, 176 Semi-circle, 329 Semidiameter, 329, 387 Semidiameter of a sphere, 329 Semidiurnal, 153 Semidiurnal tide, 147 Semimajor axis, 16 Sensible horizon, 246 Sensitivity, 176 Separation zone, 389 Set, 116, 123, 153 Settling phase, 190 Sexagesimal system, 331

INDEX Snow blink, 470 Solar day, 240 Solar eclipse, 241 Solar prominences, 241 Solar system, 227 Solar tide, 147 Solar time, 287 Solar wind, 228 Solid geometry, 327 Somali Current, 439 Sound signals, 78 Sound signals on buoys, 70 Sound speed, 430 Sounding datum, 150 Sounding reports, 418 Soundings, 40 South Atlantic Current, 438 South Equatorial Current, 436, 439 South Java Current, 440 South Pole, 83 Southeast Drift Current, 437, 438 Southeast trades, 486 Southeasterlies, 487 Southern hemisphere routing, 549 Southern lights, 501 Southern Ocean Currents, 436 Southwest Monsoon Current, 439 Space coordinates, 330 Space segment, 398 Spar, 73 Special charts, 34 Special environmental problems, 547 Special Marks, 75 Special Notice to Mariners paragraphs, 59 Special purpose buoys, 77 Special tidal effects, 149 Special wind effects, 528 Specific heat, 429 Spectrum, 498 Speed (S), 5 Speed made good (SMG), 5 Speed of a vessel, 340 Speed of advance (SOA), 5 Speed over the ground (SOG), 5 Sphere, 329 Spherical buoys, 73 Spherical coordinates, 330 Spherical triangle, 254, 330 Spicules, 458 Spilling breaker, 451 Spitsbergen Current, 437 Spring tides, 149, 150 Squall line, 494 Squat, 136 St. Elmos fire, 501 Stadimeter ranges, 128 Standard, 351 Standard atmosphere, 483 Standard deviation, 352 Standard lapse, 483 Standard parallel, 27 Standard positioning service (SPS), 174 Standard time broadcasts, 294 Standing orders, 374 Standing waves, 449 Star charts, 256 Star finder, 256, 268 Star globe, 256 Stars, 233, 256 Steering error, 116 Stereographic projection, 24, 30 Stock numbers, 49 Stooping, 498 Storm surge, 520 Storm tides, 448, 520 Storm wave, 520 Straight angle, 327 Straight line, 327 Stratocumulus (Sc), 531 Stratosphere, 483 Stratus (St), 529, 531 Stream, 435 Sub-tropical jet stream (STJ), 483 Subastral point, 254 Sublunar point, 145, 254 Subpermanent magnetism, 85 Subsatellite point, 254 Subsolar point, 254 Substellar point, 254 Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SIDs), 203 Sudden Phase Anomaly (SPA), 203 Summary Of Corrections, 60 Summer solstice, 237 Sumner line, 7 Sun cross, 499 Sun dog, 499 Sun pillar, 499 Sunspots, 228 Super high frequency, 172 Super-refraction, 167 Superior conjunction, 230 Superior mirage, 498 Superior planets, 229, 231 Supernova, 233 Supplement, 327 Supplementary angle, 327 Surf, 447 Surging breaker, 451 Swath survey systems, 415 Sweat, 524

870

871 Swell, 443, 528 Swing circle, 135 Synodic period, 231 Synodical month, 150 Synoptic oceanography, 434 Synoptic weather considerations, 542 Systematic errors, 351

INDEX Time meridian, 290 Time of sunrise, 303 Time of sunset, 303 Time sight, 7 Time signals, 295 Tokyo Datum, 20 Topmarks, 73 Torrid zone, 238 Towering, 498 Track (TR), 5 Track made good (TMG), 5 Track made good by plotting running fixes, 137 Trackline SURPIC, 405 Trade winds, 486 Traffic lane, 389 Traffic separation scheme, 389, 390 Transducer, 412 Transfer, 120 Transient deviation, 105 Transient error, 105 Transit, 174 Transit of the sun, 230 Transition to piloting, 124 Transmissometer, 431, 532 Transmitters, 172 Transparency, 431 Transversal, 327 Transverse Mercator projections, 25 Transverse orthomorphic projection, 25 Transverse projections, 23 Traverse, 18, 362 Traverse sailing, 342, 356, 362 Traverse tables, 360 Triangles, 328 Triangulation, 17 Trigonometric functions, 331 Trigonometric identity, 334 Trigonometry, 330 Trilateration, 18 Triquadrantal spherical triangle, 337 Tropic lower low water (TcLLW), 151 Tropic of Cancer, 238 Tropic of Capricorn, 238 Tropic tides, 150 Tropical cyclone, 505 Tropical cyclones, areas of occurrence, 506 Tropical cyclones, avoidance, 513 Tropical cyclones, locating center, 514 Tropical cyclones: origin, season, and frequency, 507 Tropical depression, 506 Tropical disturbance, 506 Tropical month, 150 Tropical storm, 506 Tropical year, 241 Tropopause, 483

T
Tabular iceberg, 457 Tabulated declination, 311 Taking a sight, 276 Taking departure, 114 Tangent arc, 499 Tangent, geometric, 329 Tangent screw, 274 Tasman Front, 439 Tehuantepecer, 495 Telescope, 274 Temperate zones, 238 Temperature, 523 Temperature error, 523 Temperature measurement, 524 Temporary geographic grid (TGG), 34 Tenting, 458 Terrestrial magnetism, 83 Thawholes, 461 The Sailings, 3, 355 Thermal conductivity, 431 Thermal expansion, 430 Thermocline, 428 Thermohaline, 435 Thermometer, 524 Third positive zero crossing, 194 Three arm protractor, 126 Thunder, 501 Tidal current, 116, 143, 152 Tidal current charts, 161 Tidal current periods and cycles, 154 Tidal current tables, 157, 159 Tidal currents, 157, 528 Tidal cycles, 150 Tidal day, 150 Tidal heights, 157 Tidal waves, 448, 520 Tide calculations, 341 Tide predictions for reference stations, 158 Tide predictions for subordinate stations, 158 Tide Tables, 158 Tide waves, 449 Time, 240, 287 Time balls, 6 Time delay lattice, 189 Time diagram, 246 Time difference, 189

INDEX Troposphere, 483 True heading, 102 True wind, 525 Tsunamis, 448 Tsushima Current, 438 Turbidity currents, 432 Turn bearing, 120 Twilight, 303 Two-way route, 389 Types of marks, 73 Types of sailings, 355 Typhoon, 506 Visibility measurement, 532 Visible horizon, 246 VLF signal propagation, 202 Volcanic activity, 417 Voyage planning, 371 Voyage preparation, 372 VTS Houston-Galveston, 394 VTS New York, 393 VTS Prince William Sound, 394 VTS Puget Sound, 394 VTS San Francisco, 393

872

U
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 9 U.S. Coast Guard Districts, 61 Ultra high frequency, 172 Ultraviolet, 498 Undercurrents, 440 Uniform State Waterway Marking System (USWMS), 79 United States Coast Guard, 11 United States Naval Observatory, 11 United States Navy, 11 Universal polar stereographic (UPS) grid, 30, 34 Universal time, 240, 241 Universal Time (UT), 288 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), 26, 34 Upper air observations, 532 Upper branch, 243 Upper meridian passage, 288 Upper transit, 246 Uranus, 231 Ursa Major, 264 USCG Light Lists, 57 Use and stowage of charts, 50 User equivalent range error (UERE), 185 Using charts, 49

W
Warm front, 491 Warning Sounding, 372 Watch circle, 71 Watch relief procedures, 374 Watch Time (WT), 292 Water sky, 470 Waterspout, 495 Wave characteristics, 443 Wave front, 165 Wave height, 343, 443, 541 Wave interference, 166 Wave measurement aboard ship, 447 Wave period (P), 443 Wave speed, 343 Wavelength, 165, 443 Waves, causes, 443 Waypoint navigation, 196 Weather, 483 Weather advisory, 549 Weather broadcasts and radiofacsimile, 511 Weather forecast dissemination, 502 Weather observations, 521 Weather routing, 539 West Greenland Current, 437 West Wind Drift, 436 Western Rivers System, 79 Whistle buoys, 70 Wind, 541 Wind driven currents, 435 Wind measurement, 525 Wind shifts, 529 Wind speed, 527 Winds duration, 527 Winter solstice, 237 World Geodetic Reference System (GEOREF), 34, 223 World Geodetic System, 19, 20 World Geodetic System of 1960, 20 World Geodetic System of 1972, 20 World Geodetic System of 1984, 20 World Port Index Pub. 150, 58 Wreck buoys, 71 Wrecks/man-made obstructions, 416

V
Variable stars, 233 Variation, 3, 85, 102, 103 Vector format, 220 Vernal equinox, 237, 287 Vernier, 274 Vernier sextant, 275 Vertex, 327 Vertical angle, 327 Vertical datum, 19 Vertical surveying, 18 Vertices, 328 Very high frequency, 171 Very low frequency, 171 Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), 392 Viscosity, 429

873

INDEX

X
X-shaped topmarks, 73

Z
Zenith, 243 Zenith distance, 248 Zenithal projection, 24, 29 Zodiac, 240 Zodiacal light, 233 Zone description (ZD), 290 Zone meridian, 290 Zone time (ZT), 241, 290

Y
Year, 240 Young ice, 458