MATTER

Anything around us and in the entire universe can be classified as either matter on energy. Everything and everyone is made up of matter. Everything you touch is made of matter. EVERYTHING! In other words, objects that take up space and have mass are considered matter. All matter can be broken down into its smallest elements. For example, have you ever thought about what materials (matter) your bike is made of? The types of materials chosen by the manufacturer of your bicycle determine its size, weight, quality, and price. So breaking down a bike means breaking it down into its parts . . . But what are the parts made of? Well, the parts of the bike are made of things like rubber, plastic and metal. And those materials can be broken down into their own components. These components can be broken down into atoms.

ATOMS are the building blocks of MATTER

The Particle Theory of Matter: This theory says that all matter consists of many, very small particles which are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion. The degree to which the particles move is determined by the amount of energy they have and their relationship to other particles. The particles might be atoms, molecules or ions. Particle theory helps to explain properties and behavior of materials by providing a model which enables us to visualize what is happening on a very small scale inside those materials. As a model it is useful because it appears to explain many phenomena: Matter is made up of tiny particles (Atoms) Particles of Matter are in constant motion. Particles of Matter are held together by very strong electric forces There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves. 5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances 6. Temperature affects the speed of the particles. The higher the temperature, the faster the speed of the particles.
1. 2. 3. 4.

STATES OF MATTER
Shape: Volume: Mass:
Particles arrangement: Particles Motion:

Density:
Expansion on heating:

Compression:

Shape: Volume: Mass:

Particles arrangement: Particles Motion:

Density:
Expansion on heating:

Compression: Shape: Volume: Mass:

Particles arrangement: Particles Motion:

Density:
Expansion on heating:

Compression:

CHANGES OF STATES

When a state of matter gains or loses heat it undergoes a change. A gain in heat is called an endothermic change. A loss in heat is called an exothermic change. The table below summarizes the six changes of states that matter can undergo and tells you if heat is added or removed for the change to take place. Change Sublimation From To Heat Examples Moth crystals disappear when left in a closet for several days Frost forms on a car's windshield Rain dries up when the sun comes out An ice cube turns into water when left out of the freezer A bottle of water will turn into ice if left in the freezer Drops of water form on the mirror when taking a hot shower

Deposition

Vaporization or Evaporation

Fusion or Melting

Freezing or Solidification

Condensation

Physical & Chemical Changes

Physical Change

Chemical Change

No new substance is produced

Definition

Substance remains the same even with a change of state May require addition of energy Release of energy may occur Outside may look different Inside remains the same Particles may be rearranged
Forces of attraction between particles may be weaker or stronger

Final substance is substantially different than initial substance New substance is always produced Energy is usually released but may be required to get the change going A new substance is produced The particles of the new substance do not resemble those of the old substance Internally, the substance produced is different than the old substances Vinegar and baking soda mix to form carbon dioxide Hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium metal to form hydrogen gas

Properties

Mixing sugar and water Ice melts into water Solid wax ==> Liquid wax

Examples

PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL?
1. Label each process as a physical (P) or chemical (C) change: a. perfume evaporating on your skin ____ b. butter melting ____ c. wood rotting ____ d. charcoal heating a grill ____ e. autumn leaves changing color ____ f. a hot glass cracking when placed in cold water ____ g. melting copper metal ____ h. burning sugar ____ i. mixing sugar in water ____ j. digesting food ____ 2. Which of the following would NOT be a physical change? a. freezing water to make ice cubes b. melting gold to make jewelry c. burning gasoline in a lawnmower d. boiling water for soup e. tearing a piece of aluminum foil 3. Which of the following is NOT a physical change? a. grating cheese b. melting cheese c. fermenting of cheese d. mixing two cheeses in a bowl 4. Which are physical (P) and which are chemical changes (C)? a. boil ____ b. burn (combustion) ____ c. condense ____ d. crumple ____ e. ferment ____ f. melt ____ g. rust ____ h. crush ____ i. freeze ____ j. oxidize ____ k. explode ____ l. grind ____ m. rot ____ n. vaporize ____ o. photosynthesis ____ p. sublimation ____

STRUCTURE WITHIN THE ATOM

LETS GO DEEPER INSIDE THE ATOM

Name Nickel

Symbol

Atomic #

Atomic mass

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

C Beryllium 78 47 Ti 24

Name Nickel

Symbol

Atomic #

Atomic mass

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

C Beryllium 78 47 Ti 24

Name Nickel

Symbol

Atomic #

Atomic mass

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

C Beryllium 78 47 Ti 24

Formula H2 O N2 O2 CO2 KOH CuCO3 Na2SO4 Ca(NO3)2 HCl HNO3 H2SO4 LiF CF4 H2CO3

Element or Compound

Number of each element

H2 O1

Total number of atoms

3

MOLECULES
Infer. What do you think the number 2 in the following formula means?

2CH4