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Make sure you practice with the functions in red To Display the CALCULATE menu, press 2nd-CALC 1: value Calculate a function Y value for a given X Finds a zero (x-intercept) of a function Part B #82 2: zero 3: minimum Finds a minimum of a function 4: maximum Finds a maximum of a function 5: intersect Finds an intersection of two functions 6: dy/dx Finds a numeric derivative of a function Part B #80 7: f ( x )dx Finds a numeric integral of a function
d n [u ] = nu n 1u ' dx
d [uv ] = uv '+ vu ' dx
d u vu ' uv ' = dx v v2
d [sin x] = cos x dx
d [cos x] = sin x dx
d [tan x] = sec2 x dx
d [sec x] = sec x tan x dx
d u e = eu u ' dx
d u' [ln u ] = dx u
y = f ( g ( x )) = f (u )
Inner Function
x + 4 y = 7 + 3 xy
6 mi
1.
Identify all given quantities and quantities to be determined. (Make a sketch) 2. Write an equation for any given rates of change. State which rates of change we are to find. 3. Implicitly differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time t. 4. Substitute into equation all known values for variables and their rates of change. Solve for the required rates of change. AP Exam Part B - #78 AP Exam Part A - #12
d2y
If f(x) is continuous on [a, b], then f has both a minimum and a maximum on the interval.
AP Calc AB Exam Part B - #80
<0
Point of Inflection
Occur at Potential Pt of Inflection Pt of Inflection if f goes from positive to negative or negative to positive Pt of Inflection if f goes from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing
du =
u +C n +1
n +1
(cos u)du = sin u + C (sin u )du = cos u + C (sec u)du = tan u + C (sec u tan u)du = sec u + C (csc u cot u)du = csc u + C (csc u)du = cot u + C
2 2
e du =e
u
+C
du = ln u + C u
du a u
2 2
du 1 u = arctan + C + u2 a a
= arcsin
u +C a
du u2 a2
u 1 = arc sec + C a a
Width(Trapezoid ) =
ba n
Area(OneTrapezoid ) =
1 ba ( f ( xi ) + f ( xi +1 ) ) 2 n
Theorem does not specify how to find c, only guarantees the existence of at least one number c in the interval
b 1 f ( x ) dx b a a
Applications of Antidifferentiation
Finding specific antiderivatives using specific conditions Understanding definite integral of the rate of change of a quantity from [a,b] as the total amount of change from [a,b] Given an initial condition, ex. f(a), can determine f(b) by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
f (b) = f ( a) + f '( x)dx
a b
Method
Figure out which (x,y) produce dy/dx = 0 For each (x,y) draw a short line segment representing dy/dx note when slope is negative or positive AP Exam BC Part A #14, 2005 FRQ #4 AP Exam Part A #5, 2006 FRQ #5
dy y = ky (1 ) dt L
k and L are positive constants If 0<y<L, then dy/dt > 0 As t approaches infinity, y approaches L
A(square) = s2
3 2 A(equilateral triangle) = 4 s
Washer Method
Just like disks with hole in the middle
[note: radius = s/2]
2003 Exam Part B #89 (equil. triangle) 2004 FRQ #2(c) square cross sections
Alternate Signs
Know when to use chain rule and when to use normal integration rule + chain rule see example below AP Exam Part A #8 AP Exam Part A #23
v and its v ex ex ex ex ex
cos( x3 )dx
U-substitution
x sin(6 x)dx
Integ By Parts
+ + +
x
2
1 5x + 6
4) Integrate
Can only apply to indeterminate forms f(x) and g(x) are differentiable and g(x) is not 0
LHopitals Rule
AP 2003 Exam Part A #2
lim
e x cos x 2 x x 0 x2 2 x
Indeterminate form?
If so, can apply LHopitals: lim f(x)/g(x) = lim f(x)/g(x) To apply LHopitals repeatedly, remember to check if indeterminate at each stage
Remember p-series? This is the integral version of the pseries! Same convergence test converges when p>1.
AP Exam Part A - #6
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Converges if |r| < 1 NOTE: a/xn is geo series where r=(1/x) AP Exam Part A #9 Converges if p > 1 Divergences if 0<p1
If p=1 -> divergent harmonic series If p=1 and numerator=(-1)n -> alternating harmonic series
AP Exam Part A #22 (along with Comparison Test), #24 (geo,p-series, nth term)
Given series defn for f(x), to find f(g(x)), just substitute g(x) for x in the power series expansion for f(x). To find f(x),simply differentiate each term, including the general term AP Exam Part A #11 AP Exam Part A - #20
Finding slope of tangent line AP Exam Part A #4 AP 2006 FRQ #3(c) Finding eqn of tangent line AP Exam Part A #17, AP 2004 FRQ #3 (b)
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Velocity = v(t)=r(t)=<x(t),y(t)> Acceleration = a(t)=r(t)=<x(t),y(t)> Speed of the particle is the magnitude of the velocity vector 2 2
|| v(t) || = || r(t) || =
dx dy + dt dt
Speed at given time t AP Exam Part B - #84, AP2006 FRQ #3 Find t when v(t)=<0,0> AP Exam Part A - #7
2005 AP FRQ #2(a) area in polar coords #2(b) conversion between rectangular and polar coordinates #2(c) decreasing polar function (negative 1st derivative) #2(d) 1st derivative test (max r occurs when dr/d0 = 0)
If dy/dt > 0, particle is moving upwards (dy/dt<0 moving down) If dx/dt > 0, particle is moving to the right (dx/dt<0 to the left)
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Calculator Tips
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Set calculator to RADIAN mode Report decimal approximation to [at least] three decimal places after the decimal point. E.g. 2.367 [truncate or round] Be proficient with the 4 expected capabilities.
Graph, zeros, numerically differentiate & integrate
Show set up but no need to do things by hand on the calculator portion. Watch parenthesis Use YVARS to reference functions like Y1 or Y2 Be able to store important values (eg. zeros or points of intersection) X STO> A Y STO> B Dont use decimal approximation for pi !!!! i.e. use the key on the calculator, dont approximate to 3.14 for example
(unless you want to type in minimum 10 decimal places for pi!)
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