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s m kg 10 1.002
m) 2 . 0 )( s m 5915 1 )( m kg 0 . 998 (
Re
3
3
. D V
Since Re > 4000, therefore, the flow is fully turbulent. The friction factors f
1
and f
2
for pipe AB
and BC respectively can be determined by using an approximate explicit relation for f which
was given by S. E. Haaland in 1983 (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 341):
(
(
+ |
\
|
Re
9 . 6
7 . 3
log 8 . 1
1
11 . 1
D
f
Making f the subject yields:
2
11 . 1
Re
9 . 6
7 . 3
log 8 . 1
1
(
(
+ |
\
|
D
f
The friction factor, f
1
for pipe AB can be calculated by substituting
AB
= 0.045 10
-3
m, D
AB
=
0.2 m into the explicit form of Colebrook equation above:
0.01616
(
(
+
|
|
\
|
2
11 . 1
3
1
3413 . 317029
9 . 6
7 . 3
m 2 . 0 m 10 045 . 0
log 8 . 1
1
f
Likewise, for pipe BC,
BC
= 0.26 10
-3
m, D
BC
= 0.2 m, thus the friction factor f
2
is:
0.02167
(
(
+
|
|
\
|
2
11 . 1
3
2
3413 . 317029
9 . 6
7 . 3
m 2 . 0 m 10 26 . 0
log 8 . 1
1
f
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 6 of 13
(b) If the discharge in part (a) is reduced by one half, then the new volumetric flow rate becomes:
s m
24
1
3
= = = =
s 60
min 1
min
m
5 . 2 min m 5 . 2 min m 5 . 0 min m 3
3
3 3 3
V
&
Likewise, the average velocity for the fluid flow through the pipeline is determined as follows:
s m 1.3263 = =
|
\
|
= = = = s m
6
25
) m 2 . 0 (
s m
24
1
4
4
4
2
3
2 2
D
V
D
V
A
V
V
C
& & &
Based on the average velocity obtained above, the Reynolds number is:
8 264201.077 =
= =
s m kg 10 1.002
m) 2 . 0 )( s m 3263 . 1 )( m kg 0 . 998 (
Re
3
3
D V
Since Re > 4000, thus, the flow is turbulent. The friction factor f
1
and f
2
for pipe AB and BC
are determined by the explicit relation for f used in part (a):
0.01648
(
(
+
|
|
\
|
2
11 . 1
3
1
0778 . 264201
9 . 6
7 . 3
m 2 . 0 m 10 045 . 0
log 8 . 1
1
f
Likewise, for pipe BC,
BC
= 0.26 10
-3
m, D
BC
= 0.2 m, thus the friction factor f
2
is:
0.02179
(
(
+
|
|
\
|
2
11 . 1
3
2
0778 . 264201
9 . 6
7 . 3
m 2 . 0 m 10 26 . 0
log 8 . 1
1
f
From the First Law of Thermodynamics, the general form of energy equation is given by:
e L u
h h z
g
V
g
p
h z
g
V
g
p
, Turbine Total , 2
2
2
2
2
, Pump 1
2
1
1
1
2 2
+ + + + = + + +
Term-by-term analysis:
0
2 1
= = p p because the pressure at top of reservoirs A and C is p
atm
= 0 gage.
V
1
= V
2
0 because the level of the reservoirs is constant or changing very slowly.
0 = =
t p
h h because there are no pumps or turbines in the system.
m 5 . 15
1
= z and 0
2
= z
Through term-by-term analysis, the energy equation above becomes:
Total , 1 L
h z =
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 7 of 13
Part (b) (Continued)
The term h
L, Total
in the energy equation above is the total head loss due to friction and pipe
fittings and it can be computed as follows:
+ = + =
j
j
j L
i
i
i
i
i L L L
g
V
K
g
V
D
L
f h h h
2 2
2
,
2
Minor , Major , Total ,
Since the average velocity of the fluid flow throughout the entire pipeline are constant due to
constant diameters of pipes AB and BC, therefore, the head loss equation above can be
expressed as:
|
|
\
|
+ =
j
j L
i i
i
i L
K
D
L
f
g
V
h
,
2
Total ,
2
Since the piping system consists of a sharp-edged entrance and sharp-edged exit at the inlet and
outlet of pipe AB and BC respectively, and the oblique section is connected to the horizontal
sections by two 45 elbow, and there is a partially closed valve located in the length BC at a
distance of 150 m from pipe outlet, therefore, the equation for head loss above can be written
as:
(
+ + + +
|
|
\
|
+ =
Valve , Elbow@45 , Exit , Entrance ,
BC
BC
2
AB
AB
1
2
Total ,
2
2
L L L L L
K K K K
D
L
f
D
L
f
g
V
h
Substituting the values of the loss coefficients of various pipe components listed in the
properties above yields:
( )
Valve ,
Valve ,
2
2
Total ,
88.27 m 08966 . 0
) 4 . 0 ( 2 1 50 . 0
m 0.2
m 600
02179 . 0
m 0.2
m 250
01648 . 0
) s m 81 . 9 ( 2
) s m 3263 . 1 (
L
L L
K
K h
+ =
)
`
+ + + +
(
\
|
+ |
\
|
=
Substituting ( )
Valve , Total ,
88.27 m 08966 . 0
L L
K h + = into the simplified energy equation above
gives:
( )
Valve , 1
88.27 m 08966 . 0
L
K z + =
Since z
1
= 15.5 m, thus, the value of K of the valve is
79.0287 = = 27 . 88
m 08966 . 0
m 5 1
Valve , L
K
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 8 of 13
The Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines of the piping system are plotted and as shown in Figure
below:
Figure: HGL and EGL of the piping system
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 9 of 13
APPENDIX
Table 8-4: Loss Coefficients for Various Pipe Components (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006,
pp. 350)
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 10 of 13
Table 8-4 (CONCLUDED) (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 351)
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 11 of 13
Table A-3: Properties of Saturated Water (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M., 2006, pp. 888)
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 12 of 13
TABLE 8-2: Equivalent roughness value for new commercial pipes* (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J.
M., 2006, pp. 341)
TABLE 8.1: Typical Values of Absolute Roughness for New, Clean Pipe (Rennels, D. C. &
Hudson, H. M., 2012, pp. 83)
ASSIGNMENT 2 Stephen, P. Y. Bong (4209168)
HES2340 Fluid Mechanics 1, Semester 1, 2012 Page 13 of 13
REFERENCES
Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J. M. (2006), Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications,
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Singapore.
Cengel, Y. A. & Boles, M. A. (2007), THERMODYNAMICS An Engineering Approach (SI
Units), 6
th
Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Singapore.
Crow, C. T., et. al., (2010), Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9
th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons (Asia)
Pte Ltd, Asia.
Munson, B. R., et. al., (2008), FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS, 6
th
Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., United States of America.
Rennels, D. C. & Hudson, H. M. (2012), PIPE FLOW A Practical and Comprehensive Guide, pp.
83, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., Canada.