ASEES-Energy and Sustainability-Cosme de Arana-Pablo Caballero

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY:
OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA
COSME DE ARANA PABLO CABALLERO
UNITED INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE (UIC)

ZHUHAI , 20 APRIL 2012
THE GREEN BRIDGE FOR TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE BETWEEN CHINA AND SPAIN
ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA
1 INTRODUCING ASEES 2 THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MODEL 3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY 4 OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA
1 INTRODUCING ASEES
INTRODUCING ASEES
Sustainability Meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to provide for themselves Protecting the environment while also elevating the social and economic status of everyone in the community
Sustainability will be the fundamental problem to be solved in the XXI century: Governments : Increased responsibility to develop the proper responses to the global challenges, handling the new technologies appropriately. Companies: Incorporate sustainable environmental practices in their business models.
INTRODUCING ASEES
The energy resources depletion and environmental damage are the greatest challenges that mankind will ever face China has emerged as a leading country to promote a green economy Great achievements: World leader in renewable energy technology Largest wind power and hydro power capacity installed in the world Several of the main manufacturers of solar panels and wind turbines
INTRODUCING ASEES
11 FIVE YEAR PLAN set a target of 20% in energy intensity reduction and it was accomplished
12 FIVE YEAR PLAN sets ambitious targets for 2015 to improve the energy conservation and environmental protection, including: Increasing renewable energy up to 11.4% of the primary energy Decreasing carbon intensity by 17%; Decreasing water intensity by 30%; And, Increasing forest coverage rate to 21.7%;
INTRODUCING ASEES
Spain, on its side, has been a pioneer country in the development of renewable energy for the last decades, and its a global leader both from an industrial and a technological point of view. It has the largest Concentrated Solar Power installed capacity in the world, with more than 1,000 MW in operation and other 1.000 MW under construction. Its the 2nd country in photovoltaic energy installed, with almost 4,000 MW Its the 4th in wind energy with more than 20,000 MW installed, which provide a major share of the energy mix in Spain Its 4th in the total renewable energy installed excluding hydro power, with 26.000 MW More than 100.000 jobs and over 4,000 companies of different sizes and activity operate in this sector. Many R&D centers have been established in this sector
INTRODUCING ASEES
The present moment is critical for both China and Spain: China is facing future energy and environmental challenges, Spain is up against a structural crisis of its economic model that must be overcome through innovation and boosting the sectors where it has global leadership.
The Sino-Spanish Association for Energy and Sustainability (ASEES) opens a direct channel between Spain and China in the energy and environment sectors to transform this triple crisis into a triple opportunity for both countries, combining Energy, Environment and Economy. This collaborative platform will build bridges between our countries to achieve a more sustainable future by strengthening an intelligent bilateral cooperation
INTRODUCING ASEES
ASEES (Sino-Spanish Association for Energy and Sustainability) is a non-governmental and non-profit institution. Working in sectors that concern sustainable development Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency Environment I + D + I Promotes bilateral cooperation between Spain and China. ASEES is a platform for technological exchange and promotes the creation of strategic alliances.
2 THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MODEL
IS THIS ENERGY MODEL SUSTAINABLE?

Economic Development (Reliable access to lasting energy sources)
Tolerable Environmental Impact
Socially Fair. Equal access to modern energy for everybody
IS THIS ENERGY MODEL SUSTAINABLE?

Economic Development (Reliable access to lasting energy sources)
Tolerable Environmental Impact
Socially Fair. Equal access to modern energy for everybody
PREDICTABLE LACK OF ENERGY SOURCES

Energy Demand

Population Growth & Primary energy supply

Energy Resources
COAL GAS OIL

Peak Oil
Possible Future Oil Production Path

Nuclear power
Uranium resources (Years)
Nuclear Contribution (%)
Energy Demand (%) VS 2005 demand
INTOLERABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

CO2 Concentration (600,000yr)

CO2 Concentration - Temperature (600,000yr)

Environmental Consequences

Environmental Consequences
Failing crops Melting glaciers Sea level raise Desiccating land Dying species

Average per capita emissions 2005
UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ENERGY

Land Area

Total Population

Electricity Production

Fuel Use

Carbon Emissions

Human Development Index

Electricity deprivation
(reference case IEA WEO 2004)
3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY
100% 90%
80% 70%
ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES EVOLUTION
Biomass-based energy 60% supply

50% 40%
Start of industry development with steam 30% machine and coal 20%
10% 0% 1800
1850 TRADITIONAL BIOMASS 1900 COAL 1950 OIL, GAS AND ELECTRICITY 2000
(UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2011)
100% 90%
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

Coal is the most used energy source Transportation and electricity development starts Increase of population and set of oil based economy
10% 0% 1800
100% 90%
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

Fossil resources production to decrease Computering and communication development Alternative energy technologies R&D
10% 0% 1800
TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY

70 60 Gigatons CO2 50 40 30 20 10 0 2010 2015 2020 550 ppm scenario
(IEA, 2009)
2025
2030
reference scenario
450 ppm scenario
TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY

RENEWABLES
EFFICIENCY
EMISSIONS CONTROL
RENEWABLES
A MATTER OF ENVIRONMENT BALANCE: ITS ABOUT NATURE ELEMENTS CYCLE. RENEWABLES HAVE NO DIRECT CO2 EMISSIONS. A MATTER OF TIME AND QUANTITY: 200 YEARS OF CONVENTIONAL BUT THOUSAND OF MILLIONS YEARS OF SUN A MATTER OF COSTS: ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES PRICE IS GOING DOWN WHILE CONVENTIONAL IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE
RENEWABLES
80000 TW THERMAL AND PHOTONIC
ABSORBED RADIATION
40000 TW WATER CYCLE 370 TW WIND, CURRENTS AND WAVES 40 TW PHOTOSYNTHESIS
120000 TW
SUN
EARTHS INTERNAL HEAT
30 TW GEOTHERMAL
HUMAN DEMAND
30 TW
13 TW
EARTH
MOON
GRAVITATION 3 TW TIDE 3TW
RENEWABLES
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV)
Transforms solar radiation directly into electricity 17% efficiency
80000 TW THERMAL AND PHOTONIC
CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER (CSP)
Concentrates solar radiation with mirrors and heats water at high temperature. Use steam turbines and can be combined with biomass supply.
SOLAR THERMAL
Concentrates solar radiation and heat water at low temperature. Easy individual installation for household use.
RENEWABLES
Converts potential of stored water in great dams into electricity High efficiency but important landscape and social consequences
LARGE HYDROPOWER
40000 TW WATER CYCLE
SMALL HYDROPOWER
Takes advantage of small hydraulic drops and water flows Small scale consequences
RENEWABLES
WIND POWER
Turbines and generators transform wind movement directly into electricity Management needs due to wind speed changes
370 TW WIND, CURRENTS AND WAVES
WAVE POWER
The waves movement pumps oil into an engine with a power generator Nascent stage market
OCEAN CURRENTS POWER
Operation is similar to wind turbines Research stage: proper materials needed under sea conditions.
RENEWABLES
BIOGAS
Anaerobic digestion process makes gas from biomass waste Heating and power uses are possible
40 TW PHOTOSYNTHESIS
BIOETHANOL
Fermentation and distillation process from plants Can be used as fuel in gasoline engines.
BIODIESEL
Esterification process from oily plants Can be used as fuel in diesel engines.
RENEWABLES
High temperature water is used to direct heating or power generation (by means of a steam turbine). Some of the sources difficult to reach
HIGH TEMPERATURE
30 TW GEOTHERMAL
LOW TEMPERATURE
Uses the ground to evacuate or transmit heat. Convenient for electric heating pumps installations
RENEWABLES
Water dam store water when tide is high and generates power when tide is low. Other similar systems are being developed. 3 TW TIDE TIDAL POWER
EFFICIENCY
IF RENEWABLE ENERGIES ARE TO BE DEVELOPED IN TODAYS ECONOMY, WE STILL NEED FOSSIL FUEL TO SUPPORT THEM.
IN A HARD ENERGY SUPPLY CONTEXT, ITS IMPORTANT
TO TAKE ADVANTAGE AS MUCH AS WE CAN

IN GENERAL. NOT
FROM ENERGY RESOURCES
TO WASTE USEFUL PLANET RESOURCES
EFFICIENCY
ENERGY SUPPLY ENERGY DEMAND
LOSS
ENERGY USE
LOSS
ENERGY SOURCE
LOSS
EFFICIENCY
ENERGY SUPPLY ENERGY DEMAND
EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT LOSS
ENERGY USE
EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT LOSS
Related to intelligent use of energy. For example: close windows when air conditioning is working.
ENERGY SOURCE
EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
Related to efficient LOSS production. For example: super-critical steam turbines cycle and combined heat and power.
Related to efficient consumption. For example: use high efficiency equipment.
EFFICIENCY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY= [USEFUL ENERGY] [USEFUL ENERGY] + [LOSS]
LOW
EFFICIENCY=
[USEFUL ENERGY] [USEFUL ENERGY] + [LOSS]
HIGH EFFICIENCY=
[OLD USEFUL ENERGY + EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT] [OLD USEFUL ENERGY] + [OLD LOSS EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT]
BEST EFFICIENCY=
[OLD USEFUL ENERGY + EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT + USEFUL LOSS] [OLD USEFUL ENERGY] + [OLD LOSS EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTUSEFUL LOSS]
EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLES

GENERAL EFFICIENCY=
[WHAT YOU GET] [WHAT IS NEEDED TO GET IT]
[33 ENERGY UNITS OF POWER]
[100 ENERGY UNITS OF COAL S HEATING VALUE] [17 ENERGY UNITS OF POWER] [100 ENERGY UNITS OF SOLAR RADIATION]
COAL FIRED STEAM TURBINE=
PV SOLAR MODULE=
COAL FIRED STEAM TURBINE=
[COST OF 33 ENERGY UNITS OF POWER] [COST OF100 ENERGY UNITS OF COAL] [COST OF17 ENERGY UNITS OF POWER] [COST OF 100 ENERGY UNITS OF SOLAR RADIATION]
PV SOLAR MODULE=
EMISSIONS CONTROL
FOSSIL FUELS COMBUSTION PROCESSES INCREASE THE CONCENTRATION OF SOME SUBSTANCES TO DANGEROUS LEVELS.
ENVIRONMENT
ITS IMPORTANT TO MONITORIZE AIR QUALITY. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE
CO2
ANTROPOGENIC ENERGY ACTIVITIES
NOx SO2
ENVIRONMENT, BUT ALSO FOR HUMAN HEALTH.

BESIDE RENEWABLES AND EFFICIENCY, OTHER MEASURES MUST BE TAKEN TO AVOID THE INCREASE OF THIS SUBSTANCES ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
EMISSIONS CONTROL
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT GASES CO2 is the most emmited GHG and the main source is fossil fuels burning processes. Methane management is also important, GHG. Could be used for energy purpose as well. Carbon Sequestration another research field.
and Storage (CCS) is
NOX, SO2 AND PARTICULATE MATTER Oil and coal direct burning is the main cause of this type of emissions. Gasification cleaner.
of coal is an option to make the process
De-Sox and De-NOx systems and Particulate control systems are needed at the great emitters like thermal power plants.
4 OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA
CHINAS ENERGY BALANCE

HYDRO NUCLEAR OTHERS
LOSS
POWER PRIMARY
COAL
INDUSTRY USED TRANSPORT
OIL GAS HOUSEHOLDS &SERVICES
TARGETS 2011-2015
1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 2005 Energy Intensity tce/10000RMB)
Energy Intensity
MT per year
30 25
20 15 10 5 0
SO2 8% reduction
2000 1980 1985 1990 1995 2005 2000 2005 2010 2010
16% reduction
2011 2008 2009
2010
2006
2007
2012
2013
2014
7000 6000 MT per year 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 MT per year 5000
2015
30 25
CO2 17% reduction

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20
20 15 10
NOx 10% reduction

1980 1985 1990 1995
5 0
OPPORTUNITIES SECTORS
POWER GENERATION INTEGRATE RENEWABLES IN A SMART GRID SYSTEM EFFICIENCY AT CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANTS EMISSION CONTROL MEASURES AT THERMAL POWER PLANTS
INDUSTRY
MORE EFFICIENT PROCESSES AT HIGH ENERGY INTENSITY INDUSTRIES USE OF WASTE ENERGY TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC/HYBRID VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFUELS HOUSEHOLDS AND SERVICES SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & MATERIALS EFFICIENT HEATING, LIGHTING & ELECTRIC DEVICES
POWER GENERATION
HYDRO NUCLEAR OTHERS POWER LOSS COAL
PRODUCED
OIL GAS
Power production in China more than 80% from thermal plants. A modern smart grid needed for the increasing demand management and intermitent energies integration. Nuclear is also part of the new capacity installation plans.
POWER GENERATION RENEWABLES

SECTOR WIND SOLAR PV HYDRO BIOMASS GEOTHERMAL CURRENT 44,7 GW 0,8 GW 213 GW 5,5 GW 24 MW 2020 200 GW 20 GW 380 GW 30 GW -
China is a world leader at wind turbines and PV modules production. Offshore wind power is to be developed in the next years. New big hydro capacity is recently been constructed. Biomass fired power plants using direct combustion of agriculture and forestry waste. Solar CSP and other technologies still in nascent phase in China
POWER GENERATION EFFICIENCY

Ciclo Subcrtico Ciclo Supercrtico Ciclo ultra-supercrtico Combined Heat and Power 2007 464 GW 50 GW 10 GW 2020 700 GW 210 GW 85 GW 200 GW
With supercritical cycles efficiency could increase from 38% to 45%. CHP has interesting opportunities on the areas with high heat and electric demand. Energy efficiency can be increased in 30%. Subtitution of small oil fired power plants by gas fired plants with waste industrial gas like Coal Mine Methane. Ultra-High Voltage Current systems for reducing power transport losses. Big storage systems with vanadium redox batteries.
POWER GENERATION EMISSIONS CONTROL

Coal Fired Thermal Power Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Flue-gas desulfurization system (FGD) 2007 524 GW 0 GW 270 GW 2020 1040 GW 45 GW 750 GW
Coal gasification is good combined with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS). They can make coal combustion clean. Post combustion FGD systems are needed for old coal fired plants.
INDUSTRY
LOSS
POWER
OTHERS COAL INDUSTRY
OIL
USED
GAS
50% of the primary energy consumption comes from industry. Metal processing industry is the major consumer Coal is the main energy source tobe used in the main industrial processes
INDUSTRY EFFICIENCY
Global Energy Use per Ton (Kg of Coal Equivalent) Steel Caustic soda Concrete Refined Oil Aluminium Internatio nal reference 642 345 102 73 14.100 China Improvement potential 15% 34% 53% 42% 5% 741 461 156 104 14.795 Target 20102020 4% 7% 13% 17% 3%
The five major consumers at industry still have efficiency improvement potential. China has already achieved 20% on the energy intensity reduction during the 11th Fiveyear plan.
TRANSPORT
COAL &OTHERS OIL TRANSPORT LOSS
USED
Oil based fuels are the major source of energy at transportation sector. Development of bioethanol and biodiesel are a energy supply alternative. Hybrid and electric cars are a great field to develop new models of transportation and power management.
HOUSEHOLDS & SERVICES

COAL
OIL GAS POWER HOUSEHOLDS &SERVICES LOSS USED
Sustainable design need to reduce buildings energy consumption. Renewables integration: solar PV, solar thermal, small wind turbines. Eficient heating and LED lighting. Smart buildings.
THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

2500 2000
m2
1500 1000 500 0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
China Unin Europea Estados Unidos Japon
2008 2009 2010
Commercial and noncommercial new constructions trend
New vehicles market in China
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY:
OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA
www.asees.es
info@asees.es
THE GREEN BRIDGE FOR TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE BETWEEN CHINA AND SPAIN

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ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY:

UNITED INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE (UIC)

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

2 THE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MODEL

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

IS THIS ENERGY MODEL SUSTAINABLE?

Tolerable Environmental Impact

Socially Fair. Equal access to modern energy for everybody

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

IS THIS ENERGY MODEL SUSTAINABLE?

Tolerable Environmental Impact

Socially Fair. Equal access to modern energy for everybody

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

PREDICTABLE LACK OF ENERGY SOURCES

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

PREDICTABLE LACK OF ENERGY SOURCES

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

PREDICTABLE LACK OF ENERGY SOURCES

COAL GAS OIL

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

PREDICTABLE LACK OF ENERGY SOURCES

Possible Future Oil Production Path

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

PREDICTABLE LACK OF ENERGY SOURCES

Nuclear Contribution (%)

Energy Demand (%) VS 2005 demand

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

INTOLERABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

INTOLERABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

INTOLERABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

INTOLERABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

INTOLERABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ENERGY

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ENERGY

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ENERGY

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ENERGY

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ENERGY

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ENERGY

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

UNEQUAL ACCESS TO ENERGY

(reference case IEA WEO 2004)

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY: OPPORTUNITIES IN CHINA

ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES EVOLUTION

Biomass-based energy 60% supply