Shultzs Review

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Hi, Im Nina & yes, it is a phone & a recorder Where is the safest place to stand during a portable/c-arm? Behind the Radiologist

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What do you wear during a portable? The lead apron provided

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Do we have grids in mammo? 602 Yes

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What ratio are they? 602 Grid ratios of 4:1 & 5:1 are most popular

5) 602

What is the total glandular dose (D sub-g) that should not be exceeded with a grid?

300mrad/view. Glandular dose is approximately 15% of the ESE 6) What happens to patient dose when we use a grid in mammography? 602 The dose goes up (it would go down without a grid) 7) When is personnel monitoring required? 620 When an individual will receive 1/10th or more than the recommended dose limit 8) Where is the monitor worn? 623 Typically at the collar, but can be worn at the waist & as a ring on a finger 9) What is a nomogram? Examples on 152 & 599 A figure that contains a family of curves from which one can estimate the output intensity of a radiographic unit if the technique is known or assumed. i.e. estimates skin entrance dose 10) What is 1 mm, 0.5mm, & 0.25mm attenuation? 624 In regards to apparel, 0.25 is required (66% attenuation at 75 kVp) & 0.5 is normal & 1 (99% attenuation at 75 kVp) is maximum (but very heavy) 11) How often & why should you fluoroscope your protective apparel (gloves & apron)? 624 At least once a year, to ensure cracks do not appear

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What are contact & shadow shields? 606 Contact shielding device is positioned directly on the pt (ex, gonad, breast,

ect) Shadow is placed in front of the beam & casts a shadow on pt (ex, hearts, diamonds, ect) 13) How long should personnel monitor reports be kept? 623 Forever (i.e. for entire time individual is in the field) 14) What makes up the intensifying screen? 208-209 The radiographic intensifying screen amplifies the effect of image-forming xrays that reach the film screen cassette. Made up of four layers: protective coating, phosphor layer, reflective layer, & base. 15) What is screen speed & its relationship with phosphor layer? 210 Screen speed is a relative number that describes how efficiently x-rays are converted to light. The thickness of the phosphor layer, crystal size & shape, & concentration contribute to speed. 15) What is Luminescence? 210 Luminescence the emmitted visible light from a stimulated luminescent material or a phosphor Fluorescence emission of visible light only during stimulation Phosphorescence continues to emit light after stimulation (screen lag or afterglow) 16) What happens to patients exposure as we increase field size? 584 Increases. DAP (dose area product) a quantity that reflects not only the dose but also the volume of tissue irradiated, a better indicator of risk than dose; DAP increases with increasing field size even is the dose remains unchanged. The remedy is collimate in as much as possible! Smaller field size results in lower DAP, thus less risk 17) What happens to scatter as the patient part increases? 226-227 It increases, more interactions 18) What is ALARA? 12 Principle that states that radiation exposure should be kept As Low As Reasonably Achievable 19) What is the contrast improvement factor? 234-235

The ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to that without a grid 20) Why do we use a grid? 232-235 To increase radiographic contrast by removing scatter radiation. High-ratio grids increase patient radiation dose because they require a higher technique 21) How does the grid clean up scatter? 232 The grid is designed to transmit only those x-rays whose direction is on a straight line from the source to the IR. Scatter radiation is absorbed in the grid material = carefully fabricated series of sections of radiopaque material (grid strips) alternating with sections of radiolucent material (interspace material) 22) What is the diagnostically useful portion of the characteristic curve? 275 The straight-line portion 23) Know your grid ratios. 235 No grid is 1, 5:1 is 2; 6:1 is 3; 8:1 is 4; 10:1 is 4.5; 12:1 is 5; 16:1 is 6 24) How do you calculate grid ratio? 233 Grid ratio = Height of grid (thickness)/Distance between strips (interspace width) 25) What are the three components of radiographic noise? 274 Film graininess, structure mottle, & quantum mottle (book lists scatter radiation as 4th) 26) What component of radiographic noise is under control of the radiologist/rad tech? 274 Quantum mottle. The remedy is the use of high mAs, low kVp settings & of slower IR 27) What is magnification & how do you calculate it? 284 Image on the IR are larger than the object they represent. MF = SID/SOD 28) How do you obtain the best radiograph? Short OID, long SID, small focal spot, & slower IR (more detail) 29) Where is focal spot blur highest? 288-289 Focal spot blur occurs because the focal spot is not a point. It is greater on the cathode side & it is most important for determining spatial resolution 30) What is the primary control of radiographic density? 245-246 mAs

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What are the four prime exposure factors? 245-248 mA, s , kVp, SID

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On film, which of the four prime factors controls contrast? 245 kVp

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What is responsible for QUALITY? 246 kVp

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What is responsible for QUANTITY? 247 mAs

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What is radioLUCENT? 66 A tissue or material that transmits x-rays & appears dark(black) on a radiograph

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What is radiOPAQUE? 66 A tissue or material that absorbs x-rays & appears bright (white) on a

radiograph 37) What is MASS & its relationship to density? 172 A quantity of matter. The interaction of x-rays with tissue is proportional to the mass density of the tissue regardless of the type of interaction 38) When are we most radiosenstive? 562 First trimester 39) What are the early effects of radiation? 536-537 Prodromal period (>100), Latent period (100-10,000), Manifest illness = Hematologic (200-1000), Gastrointestinal (1000-5000), Central Nervous System (>5000) 40) When are you free of any effects? 536 Latent period 41) What is moist desquamation? 539 clincal tolerance/guacamole) 42) What is SED 50? 540 Superficial x-rays shown to affect 50% of those irradiated is 500 rad, i.e. skin erythma dose 43) What is the half life of radium? 558

1620 years 44) What is the latent period for Leukemia? 556 4-7 years. At risk period of 20 years 45) Would we as techs wear our radiation badge for a chest x-ray? No. It is only for occupational use 46) What is the radiation dose limit for the patient? Zero, there isnt one 47) Flipping units (didnt know how else to put it) 34-35 100 Rad = 1 Gray in tissue 100 Roentgen = 1

100 rem = 1 Sievert (Sv) Gray in air

1 Roentgen = 1 rad = 1 rem 48) What is the most radiosensitive cell in males? 541 Spermatogonia. Just in case, in females it is the mature follicle. 49) What cell is responsible for immunity? 543 Lymphocytes 50) What is the cardinal rule of radiation protection? 571 Time, distance, shielding. Distance is king 51) What is the acute dose for cataracts? 552 200 52) What are the guidelines for radiation protection for the pregnant technologist? 625-628 Begin by declaring pregnancy (not required). Will receive appropriate training, wear two badges, & receive counseling 53) How do we lower the dose to the breasts & thyroid? Shoot PA 54) What is collimation & what does it do? 12 It is the restriction of the useful beam to reduce patient dose & improve image contrast by reducing scatter 55) What is filtration? 12 & 581

The removal of low-energy x-rays from the useful beam with aluminum or another metal. It results in increased beam quality & reduced patient dose. General purpose x-ray tubes must have at least 2.5mm Al when operated above 70 kVp; <50 kVp require 0.5; 50-70 kVp require 1.5mm; >100 kVp require 3.0mm 56) What is a skin erythma? 539 A reddening of the skin 57) What is major organogenesis? 563 Occurs during 2nd through 10th week of pregnancy. Early in this period, skeletal & organ abnormalities can be induced. Later in this period, congenital abnormalities of the CNS may be observed if the pregnancy is carried to term 58) What is the biological response observed in the first two weeks of pregnancy? 562 An all or nothing response 59) How do you calculate the dose to the fetus based on the collar dose of the pregnant technologist? 625 Ex. Pregnant technologist receives 1 mSv (100 rem) during 9 months. The dose at waist level under a protective apron would be less than 10% of the collar dose, or 0.1 mSv (10 rem). Attenuation by maternal tissues overlying the fetus reduces the dose to the fetus to approximately 30% of the abdominal skin dose or 30 uSv (3 mrem). 60) What is effective dose? 575-576 It is the equivalent whole-body dose, which is the weighted average of the radiation dose to various organs & tissues 61) How do you calculate effective dose? 576-577 Weighting factor for tissue x tissue dose & add together if multiple organs 62) If you practice normal radiation protection, should you have a problem? No 63) 64) What is a milli, a mega, kilo, ect? 34 What is electromagnetic radiation? 53 & Ch 4 Oscillating electric & magnetic fields that travel in a vacuum with the velocity of light. Includes x-rays, gamma rays, & some non-ionizing radiation (such as ultraviolet, visible, infrared, & radio waves). No mass & no charge 65) What is ionization radiation? 52

Referring to an atom that has an extra electron or has had an electron removed from orbit. Radiation capable of ionization 66) How developed fluoroscope? 8 Thomas A. Edison 67) Who discovered x-rays? 7 Wilhelm Roentgen 68) What is kinetic energy? 4 Energy of motion 69) What is electrical energy? 4 Represents the work that can done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage) 70) What is electromagnetic energy? 4 Includes x-rays, microwaves, radio waves, ultraviolet, infrared, & visible light 71) What is chemical energy? 4 Energy released by chemical reaction 72) What is momentum? 22 The product of the mass of an object & its velocity. The greater the velocity of an object, the more momentum the object possesses 73) What is energy? 23 The ability to do work 74) How many laws of motion did Newton come up with? 20-21 First Inertia Second Force 75) What is an alpha particle? 52-53 It has a helium nucleus that contains two protons & two neutrons. Once emitted from a radioactive atom, it travels with high velocity through matter. Has great mass & great charge, however, it easily transfers its kinetic energy to orbital electrons of other atoms. Atomic # 4. Charge is +2 76) What is a beta particle? 52-53 It is an electron emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom. It travels through air, ionizing several hundred atoms per centimeter. Atomic # 0. Charge is -1 Third Action/Reaction

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What one difference between gamma rays & x-rays? 53 Origin. Gamma rays emitted from the nucleus; X-rays produced outside the nucleus in the elctron shells. Both exist at the speed of light or not at all

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Can you steer light, x-rays, gamma rays, sound waves, & neutrons? No

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Can you steer alpha particles, beta particles, protons, & electrons? Yes

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What is the maximum number of electrons permitted in outer shell? 43 8

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How do you calculate principle quantum number (shell number is n)? 43 2 (n squared)

82) 83) 84)

Know how to do an Inverse Square Law ( a nooner) Know how to do a Direct Square Lar ( a no-no) What is the household current? (google & 110) 110 V or 60 Hz AC (alternating current

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What is x-ray production? Bremsstrahlung & Characteristic

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What is x-ray interaction? 163-169 Coherent scattering, Compton effect, photoelectric effect, pair production, & photodisentigration

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What is the Compton effect & how do you calculate it? 164 X-rays throughout the diagnostic range can undergo an interaction with outer shell electrons that not only scatters the x-ray but reduces its energy & ionizes the atom as well. The ejected electron is the Compton electron Formula is: Ei = Es + (Eb + Eke)

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As kVp increases what does Compton do? It increases

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CHART on 619!