CHAPTER ONE

OBJECTIVES The primary objectives is designing the table fan so that to gives the plenty air who wants to live where there is no plenty air. To design the table fan with the low cost as much as possible,and also improve the knowledge of designing fan

To give the fan for individuals as much as possible.

To construct the fan in the area . To construct the fan from simple things. Make fan close to you as much as possible that is on the table in front of you or places in front of you which is very close to you and which with regulators. 1.1.INTRODUCTION The table fan is the combination of a electric motor, control circuit, fan blades and fan system.This table fan is can operated as centrifugal fans which are the most commonly used types of homes fan. The table fans are capable of generating high pressure with high efficiencies and they can be constructed to accommodate harsh operating conditions and also they have several types of blade shapes including for ward curved, radial blade, radial tip, back ward inclined, back ward curved and air foil. some table fan types are capable of serving widely varying operating conditions which can be a significant advantage. Stress levels in fans are closely related to operating speed;consequently,for ward curved fans do not require high strength design attributes. their low operating speed also makes them quit and well suited for residential heating, ventilation and air conditioning applications Like most other rotating machinery, fans experience wear and require periodic maintenance and repairs. Problems with the fan assembles can result from improper component selection, installation or poor maintenance. There are two primary types of fans: centrifugal and axial. These types are characterized by the path of the airflow through the fan. Centrifugal fans use a rotating impeller to increase the velocity of an airstream. As the air moves from the impeller hub to the blade tips, it gains kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is then converted to a static pressure, increase as the air slows before entering the discharge.Centrifugal fans are capable of generating relatively high pressures. They are frequently used in dirtyairstreams (high moisture and particulate content),in material handling applications, and in systems at higher temperatures.

Axial fans, as the name implies, move an airstream along the axis of the fan. The air is pressurized by the aerodynamic lift generated by the fan blades, much like a propeller and an airplane wing. Although they can sometimes be used interchangeably with centrifugal fans, axial fans are commonly used in clean air, low-pressure, high-volume applications. Axial fans have less rotating mass and are more compact than centrifugal fans of comparable capacity. Additionally, axial fans tend to have higher rotational speeds and are somewhat noisier than in-line centrifugal fans of the same capacity; however, this noise tends to be dominated by high frequencies, which tend to be easier to attenuate. BACK GROUND With over a decade of experience in manufacturing air distribution products and to complete a full line of Producing table fan. The equipment of industries established in collaboration to fulfill the need of fan devices. The product of table fan consistent with quality standard. It is designed in different types to cover air flow volume at various temperature. From the beginning proper table fan designed is not used only for cool down temperature, but it is used for maintaining the health and well being of service workers. In order to help unhealthful condition with its facility, table fan system be designed, constructed, and operated in compliance with all applicable requirements.

CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY AND PRECEDURE: The cost-effective operation and maintenance of a fan system requires attention not only to the needs of the individual pieces of equipment, but also to the system as a whole. A systems approach analyzes both the supply and demand sides of the system and how they interact, essentially shifting the focus from individual components to total system performance. Often, operators are so focused on the immediate demands of the equipment that they overlook the broader question of how system parameters are affecting the equipment. The systems methodology and approach usually involves the following types of interrelated actions :-

o Establishing current conditions and operating parameters.

o Determining present and estimating future process production needs. o Gathering and analyzing operating data and developing load duty cycles. o Assessing alternative system designs and improvements . o Determining the most technically and economically sound options, taking into consideration all of the subsystems. o Implementing the best option. o Assessing energy consumption with respect to performance . o Continuing to monitor and optimize the system.Continuing to operate and maintain the system for peak performance. General step to be followed in the design of table fan: Step-1 identify a significant source that require fan control.Also consider how the system being designed might effect the performance of any axisting process. Step-2 consider how the facility is to be used in the future.It may be possible to initially specify fans that are capable of handling future needs at minimal increased cost. Step-3 select the apparatus that best suits the work piece operation. Step-4 determine the requirements for replacement air. Based on the process ;determine ,if the room shoud be under slightly negative,neutral,orsligtly positive temperature with respect to surounding area.

Step-5 create a line drawing of proposed system including plan fan location and cleaning devices location. Step-6 determine the capture velocity of fan required to control the generated un healthful condition by adjusting the fan through varying the thermistor values. 2.1 GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TABLE FAN.

Servo motor

energy

Control circuit

load

2.2 PRINCEPLES OF OPERATION OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM :

Fan operation is the key point to maintain a productive work

environment.

Fans operation includes a motor, a drive system, a fan blades, flow control circuit
devices. A fan blades driven by servo motor .

Energy regulatory circuit regulates energy as much as needed by mover and energy flow
on the cable or USB cable, which supplied to the motor ; so that, the motor rotates the fan blades . Fan control circuit, controls the rotation of the blades as much as needed.

But in this case, the power supplies are typically rated at slightly higher voltages than
motor because of anticipated voltage drop. 2.3 COMPONENTS OF TABLE FANS AND ITS OPERATION: ( A ) DRIVING SYSTEM: Most fans are driven by servo motors. In this case power supply are typically rated slightly higher voltages than motors because of anticipated voltage drops in the distribution system.

 Consequently in many fans, actual operating speeds are usually around two percent less than their nominal speed. For example ,a theoretical four pole induction motor with no slip wound rotate at 1800rpm with a 60hz power supply,however,rated operating speed for this motor are usually around 1750rpm,indicating that slip rates are a little over 2.7percent at rated load.

Fans that are driven by older motors are probably operating at much lower efficiency and
at higher levels of slip than what is available from new motors. Servomotors are also called control motors and have high torque capabilities. Their power ratings vary have from a traction of a watt up to a few 100w. Due to their low inertia, they have high speed of response, that is why they are smaller in diameter but longer in len ( b) servomotor They generally operates at very low speed or some times zero speed. They produce high torque at all speed including zero speed.They are capable of holding a static position. They do not over heat at stand still or lower speeds. Due to lower inertia they are able to reverse directions quickly. The servomotor wires go to a controller and not to the electric line through contactors. Usually a tachometer (speed indicating device or speed sensor) is mechanically connected to the motor shaftPresently, most of the servomotor are of the two phase squirrel cage induction type and are used for low power application. These motors look like the usual electric motors. Their main difference from industrial motors is that more electric wires come out of them for power as well as for control.

CHAPTER THREE 3.1 DESIGN OF TABLE FAN AND ANALYSIS : In its initial state, the LED and fan will be at the OFF state for a normal temperature. The negative temperature coefficient (NTC) will act as a heat sensor. A NTC will lower its resistance as soon as temperature arises which means that heat is inversely proportional to resistance. For a normal room temperature, the resistance will be at maximum. The NTC used is a 10K ohm maximum resistance which means that resistance is 10K ohm at normal room temperature. The NTC is wired in serial with a 5K ohm potentiometer which acts as a voltage divider to be supplied to the Vref of the op-amp. At port 3 of the op-amp, two 10K ohm resistors are connected in serial to act as a voltage divider to the op-amp Vin. For a supply voltage of 9Vdc, the input voltage is: (10/10+10)9=4.5 For a normal room temperature at a full potentiometer resistance (5K ohm), Vref is: (10/5+10)9=6 At normal temperature Vin will be higher than Vref therefore the output will not be triggered. Applying heat to the NTC will reduce the resistance. Assume that resistance is reduced to 3K ohm. Hence Vref will be: (3/5+3)9=3.375 For a 3.375V, the Vref is lower than Vin and the output will be triggered at a negative output. LED will be on indicating that the limit temp has been reached and the DC motor fan will start rotating to simulate a cooling down situation. Servo motors can rotate to a given position, be stopped, and reversed. The position of the output shaft is monitored by a potentiometer. The reference potentiometer generates a voltage (Ere) depending on the desired speed command and speed reference. The difference in the two voltages error=Vref-Vin is therefore proportional to the speed error, speed reference-speed output. This error is fed to a servo amplifier .which is generates the

necessary voltage (VA) for the control phase winding of the servo motor to reduce the error to zero.

3.2 SIMULATION RESULT

3.3 Discussion: In our project we use thermistor ,op amp , potentiometer, resistor, transistor and diode. A thermistor is an electronic component that exhibits a large change in resistance with a change in its body temperature. The word thermistor is actually a contraction of the words thermal resistor. The thermistor that we shall describe here have large negative temperature coefficient

of resistance (NTC devices). NTC have definite features and advantages which make it ideal for certain sensor applications. The other parameter here is that op-amp.LM 741 integrated circuit is an operational amplifier that can act as a voltage comparator. A comparator is a circuit that compares two input voltages. One voltage is called the reference voltage (Vref) and the other is called input voltage (VIN). When VIN Rises above or falls below Vref the output changes polarity (+ becomes -). Potentiometer is an apparatus used to measure the potential (or voltage) in a circuit by tapping off a portion of a known voltage from a resistive slide wire and comparing it with the un known voltage by means voltmeter of galvanometer. If all the three terminals are used , it can act as variable voltage divider. Diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of charge carriers. It allows an electric current to flow in one direction, but it essentially blocks the opposite direction. In addition to these parameters we also used a PNP transistor for amplification purpose. It has three leads called base, collector and emitter. The voltage of the base in Relation to the ground determines whether and how much current flows from collector to emitter. When it is saturated, the current fully resisted. When there is no voltage from base the current is not at all resisted 3.4 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS : Below is the list of the entire electronic components and the other material that will support to complete this project. Quantity of the component LIST OF COMPONENT DISCRIPTION R1 330R R2 10K R3 10K RV1 5K Q1 9012 LED RED RT1 10K-NTC U1 LM 741 Table a ESTIMATED EVOLUTION COST LIST COMPONENT RESISTOR TRANSISTOR(PNP) LED QUANTITY 5 1 1 PRICE($) 0.75 0.01 0.065

TOTAL COST Table b

0.825

The other core equipments of our project,which table fan design are: dc-Servo motor.

Wire

3.5 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

The problem faced the operational status of the table fan are: Air flow noise. Fan degradation. Leakages. Unstable operation. Insufficient delivery. Contaminated build-up.

High operating cost.

3.6. FUTURE SCOPE The scope of our project consider the following: Functionality-The fan is used in various places to circulate air condition and are highly appreciate to provide adequate cool environment for their smooth and long life . End use- This study focus on product designed for domestic or house hold use and similar usage in commercial or institutional environment such as shops, hospital, offices, and hotels . Standard Availability of project -It is deals with the safety of electrical appliance for house and with its similar purposes.

 Energy required for the operation- the optimum energy required for good operation has to be determined

CHAPTER FOUR 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDETION 4.1. CONCLUSION : Electrical table fan is the one of the common electric appliances used in house, offices, shops and business establishments to provide air circulation and to cool down temperature. The table fan is the combination of a electric motor, control circuit, fan blades and fan system. Problems with the fan assembles can result from improper component selection, installation or poor maintenance. A most fan blades are driven by the servo motor. Fan control circuit, controls the rotation of the blades as much as needed.power is externally given to the system, so that the power supply is typically rated at slightly higher voltages than motor,since of anticipated voltage drop in the ditribution. We need enery reguletory circuit which is regulates energy as much as needed by potantiometer. We used servo motor ,since it operates at very low speed or some times zero speed.it do not over heat at stand still or lower speeds.they are able to able to return to a given position time with out any drift.finaly we need fan blades which is mechanically connected to this servo motor as a load

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4.2. Recommendation In order for a fan to achieve its rated performance, the stated performance from the designer used to select the fan, the air flow fully developed. -When fan speed is increased, expect the fan to be louder, have increased noise from the air systems fittings. -The cost of material we used is likely to vary with time and location. Therefore, the cost of the material should known. - If the fan hub (core) becomes too wide axially, then it is heavy, bulky, expensive, and hard to balance. The spacing between the tip of the fan blade and a shroud or venture surrounding it, is an important factor should be under consideration in the airflow delivered by an axial flow fan ;since, the primary benefit of small tip clearances is improved flow at a given rpm, a byproduct is some reduction in noise due to reduced turbulence near the blade tips - If a fan continues to operate outside of the stall region of its performance curve, air flow will continue to increase as the chord angle is increased from about 20 to 60. - The department should arrange the hardware material for this project to see the practical application.

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