SPS 232-Sport Sociology (Feminist Theories)

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Feminist theories is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical discourse, it aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines womens social roles and lived experience, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, communication,

psychoanalysis, economics, literary, criticism, education, and philosophy. While generally providing a critique of social relations, much of womens rights, interests, and issues. Themes explored in feminism include art history and contemporary art aesthetics, discrimition, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual

objectification), oppression, and patriarchy. Feminist theories also categorized as a conflict theory and theoretical perspective which observes gender in its relation to power, both at the level of faceto-face interaction and reflexivity within a social structure at large. They focuses include sexual orientation, race, economic status, and nationality. In nowadays, woman were lifted the dignity to manage all business terms of politics, economy and social however, still have discrimination towards women from sports aspect. Not many willing woman risk champion athletes fate in national sports court or international. Feminist theories will explain about gender relationship between males and females in sports, history on feminist theories, feminist theories is use in our life and current issues which related feminist theory in fields of sports. From this report, we will be able know about feminist theories more. According to feminist theory, we can see that women afford and can still be given good confidence. Such as that already know, youth minister and our sport is consisting of woman namely Dato Seri Azalina Binti Othman said in year 2004 until 2008.

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Dato Azalina born in Johor Bahru on 31st of December 1963. She receive education at University of Malaya and is awarded Bachelor o law degree (distinction) in year 1988. Then her further studies in London School o Economics and political Science, United kingdom and is awarded Masters Degree in Law in year 1990. She started her careers as legal assistant legal in Messr Raja Darryl and Loh (1988-1989, 19911994). After gain experience, she is partner in legal company Azalina chan & Chia (1994-2001 ) and then Messers Skine (2001-2002). In year 2002 to date, she is partners in Messr Zaid Ibrahim &Co. and then Zaid Ibrahim&Co.LLP, Singapore rom year 2003, she was once announcer in Dateline Malaysia plan in ntv7.

As such, not all weak woman in various fields, women too should give opportunity to participate forwards to show that theyis comparable to men folk. Due to this woman should be honored in fields of sports and various fields that is other.

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2.0

HISTORY OF FEMINIST THEORIES

First-wave feminism, from the 18th until the beginning of the 20th century, was a

movement to liberate women legally, economically, and politically. Feminists of that period sought equal rights for women with respect to owning property, engaging in labor, protection from violence, and voting. Of special note is that first-wave feminists came from all sides of the ideological spectrum: Libertarian, Christian conservative, Socialist, Anarchist. Not all supported suffrage, and some advocated for free love and the abolition of marriage. The second wave of feminism began in the 1960s and lasted until about the 1990s. It focused on increasing economic opportunity for and ending social discrimination against women. Much influenced by European postmodern philosophers, feminists began to apply the idea of social construction to advance their ideas. Differences between men and women, apart from those in reproductive organs, are not the product of human nature rooted in biology but of social and cultural conditioning in favor of males. Thus, achieving equality became a matter of reconstructing culture and thereby human nature. Inevitably, that meant the use of state force, by instituting affirmative action, creating sexual harassment laws, reforming the prosecution of rape, introducing speech codes and mandatory diversity/sensitivity training on college campuses, and censoring sexually explicit materials. And, unlike with its first-wave predecessors, Leftism predominated among the second-wavers. Simultaneously, feminists in academia began to view the social and natural sciences as being taught from an inherently biased perspective, namely that of white males, to the disadvantage women's and minorities' perspectives. More radical feminists claimed that our cognition and experiences are socially constructed by our group affiliation. Finding white, heterosexual male standards of logic and science oppressive, they offered subjugated groups' ways of knowing as antidote. Hence, the proliferation of courses in feminist science, literary theory, sociology, and psychology, and the establishment of entire departments devoted to studies in colleges and universities across the country.

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2.1

First Wave Feminism

Born Died

: November 12, 1815 ( Jonhstown, New York ) : October 26, 1902 ( aged 86 ) ( New York )

Occupation : Writer, suffragist and womens rights activitist Spouse : Henry Brewster Stanton ( 1805-1887 ) ( Married 1840-1887 ) Children : Daniel Cady Stanton (18421891) Henry Brewster Stanton, Jr. (18441903) Gerrit Smith Stanton (18451927) Theodore Weld Stanton (18511925) Margaret Livingston Stanton Lawrence (18521938) Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch (18561940) Robert Livingston Stanton (18591920) Parents : Daniel Cady (17731859) Margaret Livingston Cady (17851871) Relatives : Gerrit Smith, cousin Col. James Livingston, grandfather

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 October 26, 1902) was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights andwoman's suffrage movements in the United States.[1] Before Stanton narrowed her political focus almost exclusively to women's rights, she was an active abolitionist together with her husband, Henry Brewster Stanton and cousin, Gerrit Smith. Unlike many of those involved in the woman's rights movement, Stanton addressed various issues pertaining to women beyond voting rights. Her concerns included women's parental and custody rights, property rights, employment and income rights, divorce laws, the economic health of the family, and birth control.[2] She was also an outspoken supporter of the 19th-century temperance movement. After the American Civil War, Stanton's commitment to female suffrage caused a schism in the woman's rights movement when she, together with Susan B. Anthony, declined to support passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. She opposed giving added legal protection and voting rights to African Americanmen while women, black and white, were denied those same rights. Her position on this issue, together with her thoughts on organized Christianity and women's issues beyond voting rights, led to the formation of two separate women's rights organizations that were finally rejoined, with Stanton as president of the joint organization, approximately twenty years after her break from the original women's suffrage movement.

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2.2 Second Wave Feminism

Betty Friedan

Born Died Cause of death Nationality Known for

: 4th February 1921 ( Peoria, llinois ) : 4th February 2006 ( aged 85 ) : Congestive Heart failure : United States of America : Reshaping the attitudes of Americans toward the lives and rights of women.

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Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921 - February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the Women's Movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the "second wave" of American feminism in the twentieth century. In 1966, Friedan founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women, which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men". In 1970, after stepping down as NOW's first president, Friedan organized the nationwide Women's Strike for Equality on August 26, the 50th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granting women the right to vote. The national strike was successful beyond expectations in broadening the feminist movement; the march led by Friedan inNew York City alone attracted over 50,000 women and men. In 1971, Friedan joined other leading feminists to establish the National Women's Political Caucus. Friedan was also a strong supporter of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution that passed the United States House of Representatives (by a vote of 354-24) and Senate (84-8) following intense pressure by women's groups led by NOW in the early 1970s. Following Congressional passage of the amendment Friedan advocated for ratification of the amendment in the states and supported other women's rights reforms. Friedan founded the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws but was later critical of the abortion-centered, politicized tactics of many liberal and radical feminists. Regarded as an influential author and intellectual in the United States, Friedan remained active in politics and advocacy for the rest of her life, authoring six books. As early as the 1960s Friedan was critical of polarized and extreme factions of feminism that attacked groups such as men and homemakers. One of her later books, The Second Stage, critiqued what Friedan saw as the extremist excesses of some feminists who could be broadly classified as gender feminists.

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3.0 The Connections between Gender and Sport
Feminist theoriest represent a diverse set of interprective franesworks. However, they are all based on the assumption that, if we want to understand peoples action and social life, we must understand the meanings that people give to gender and the ways that those meanings are incorporated into social experience and the organization of society. Feminist theoriest in all diciplines grew out of a general dissatisfaction with the intellectual traditions that base knowledge on the values and experiences of men and ignore women or do not take seriously the experiences and the insights of women. Feminist theoriest are grounded in the awareness that women have been systemactically devalued and oppressed in many societies and that there is a need to develop political strategies to eliminate oppression and to empower women to transform the cultures in which they are devalued. Critical feminist theories are used by many people in the sociology of sport. Critical feminists are concerned primarily with issues of power and the dynamics of gender relations in social life. They give close attention to how gender relations privilage men over women and some men over other men. They study how gender ideology. An example is the ideas about masculinity and femininity is formed, reproduced, resisted, and transformed in and through the everyday experiences of men and women. Critical feminist approaches to sports in society are based on the assumption that sports are gendered activities. Other than that, the meaning, organization and purpose of sports are grounded in the values and experiences of men and are defined to celebrate the attributes and skills associated with dominant forms of masculinity in society (Birrell 2000 and Burstyn 1999). Therefore, in the world of sports, a person is defined as qualified as an athlete, a coach, or an administrator if he or she is though, aggressive, and emotionally focused on competitive success. If a person is kind, caring, supportive, and emotionally responsive to others, he or she is qualifed only to be a cheerleader, a voluteer worker for the booster club, or possibily an assistant in marketing and public relations na d these qualities, often as associated with women and weak me, are not valued qualities in most sport organizations.

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4.0 Critical Feminist Theories and Research on Sport
Critical feminist theories emphasize the need to assess critically and transform the ideology and organizations of sports, so that sports give voice to and represent the perspectives and experiences of women in society. Those who use these feminist theories argue that, unless ideological and organizational changes are made, there will never true gender equity in sports or in society as a whole. Research done by those who use critical feminist theories generally focuses on one or more of the following issues (see Birrell,2000) : 1. How have girl and women been excluded from or discouraged from participating in sports and how can gender equity be achieved without promoting sports that previlege some girls and women over others or jeopardizing the health and physical well-being of girls and women who play sports ? 2. How are sports involved in the production of ideas about what is means to be a man in society, as well as in the production of a system of gender relations that previlege tough and agrressive men ? 3. How are women and men represented in media coverage of sports and how do those representations reproduce dominant ideas about gender in society? 4. What are strategies can people use to resist or challenge the dominant gender ideology that is promoted and reproduced through most organized competitive sports 5. How are sport participation involved in the production of gendered ideas about physicality, sexuality and the body ? When critical feminists do research , they often have clear political goals : they want to use sports as sites for challenging and transforming oppressive forms of gender relations, and they want to expose and resist expressions of sexism and homophobia in sports. For many critical feminist the goal is to change the meaning , organization, and purpose of sports to emphasize the notion of partnership and competition with other. They are opposed to sport that emphasize the notion of dominating and competing against others.

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5.0 Using Critical Feminist Theories in Everyday Life
Critical feminist theories have had a major impoct on all of us who study sports in society, they have increased our understanding of sports as a part of culture, and they have made us aware of many other important questions to ask about gender and sports. For example, why do so many men around the world continue to resist efforts to promote gender equity on sports? Why do some women fear being called lesbians if they are strong and powerful athletes? Why are some mens locker rooms full of homophobia, gay-bashing jokes, and comments that demean women? Why dont we become concerned when 40,000 young men get carried off football fields every year with serious knee injuries? Why do church-going mothers and fathers who support get tough and anticrime policies take their children to football games and cheer for young men charged and sometimes convicted of physical and sexual assault? Why do so many people assume that men who play sports must be heterosexual? Why has an openly gay male athlete never been futured on the cover of sport illustrated? Why are so many womens high school and college teams called lady this and lady that? these question inspired by critical feminist theories, are worth serious attention. They deal with issues that affect our lives every day. In fact, if we do not have thoughtful responses to these questions, we really dont know much about sports in society.

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6.0 Weakness of Critical Feminist Theories
Critical feminist theories are not without weaknesses. In fact, they have most of the same weaknesses of critical theories. Additionally, because of their focus on gender as a category of experience, they have sometimes given too little attention to other categories of experience that are connected with gender in important ways. These include age, race and ethnicity, social class, disability, religion, and nationality. Recent research (Hargreaves, 2000) has focused on the intersections of gender, race, and social class, but much remains to be done to explore the expriences of and problems faced by women of different ages, abilities, religions (for example : Muslim Women), and nationalities.

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7.0
7.1

Type of Feminist theories

Liberal Feminism Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of feminism theory, which primarily focuses

on womens ability to show and maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. Liberal Feminists argue that our society holds the false belief that women are, by nature, less intellectually and physically capable than men, it tends to discriminate against women in the academy, the forum, and the marketplace. Liberal Feminists believe that female subordination is rooted in a set of customary and legal constraints that blocks womens entrance to and success in the so-called public world and they work hard to emphasize the equality of men and women through political and legal reform. After the passage of the 19th amendment Liberal Feminism was quiet until the 1960's when it awoke during the civil rights movement by realizing that similar to race discrimination there was a great deal of sex discrimination inherent in the system. Groups such as the National Organization for Women, the National Women's Political Caucus, and the Women's Equity Action League were all created at that time to further women's rights. In the United States, these groups have worked for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment or Constitutional Equity Amendment, in the hopes it will ensure that men and women are treated as equals under the democratic laws that also influence important spheres of women's lives, including reproduction, work and equal pay issues. Other issues important to liberal feminists include but are not limited to reproductive rights and abortion access, sexual harassment, voting, education, fair compensation for work, affordable childcare, affordable health care, and bringing to light the frequency of sexual and domestic violence against women. Susan Wendell, who is not a liberal feminist herself, proclaimed that contemporary liberal feminism is "committed to major economic re-organization and considerable redistribution of wealth, since one of the modern political goals most closely associated with liberal feminism is equality of opportunity which would undoubtedly require and lead to both."

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7.2 Socialist Feminism Socialist feminism is a branch of feminism that focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a woman's life and argues that liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women's oppression. Socialist feminism is a two-pronged theory that broadens Marxist feminism's argument for the role of capitalism in the oppression of women and radical feminism's theory of the role of gender and the patriarchy. Socialist feminists reject radical feminisms main claim that patriarchy the only or primary source of oppression of women. Rather, socialist feminists assert that women are unable to be free due to their financial dependence on males in society. Women are subjects to the male rulers in capitalism due to an uneven balance in wealth. They see economic dependence as the driving force of womens subjugation to men. Further, socialist feminists see womens liberation as a necessary part of larger quest for social, economic and political justice. Socialist feminism draws upon many concepts found in Marxism; such as a historical materialist point of view, which means that they relate their ideas to the material and historical conditi ons of peoples lives.Socialist feminists thus consider how the sexism and gendered division of labor of each historical era is determined by the economic system of the time. Those conditions are largely expressed through capitalist and patriarchal relations.Socialist feminists,thus reject the Marxist notion that class and class struggle are the only defining aspects of history and economic development. Marx asserted that when class oppression was overcome, gender oppression would vanish as well. According to socialist feminists, this view of gender oppression as a sub-class of class oppression is naive and much of the work of socialist feminists has gone towards specifying how gender and class work together to create distinct forms of oppression and privilege for women and men of each class. For example, they observe that womens class status is generally derivative of her husbands class or occupational status. e.g: a secretary that marries her boss assumes his class status. In 1972 the Chicago Women's Liberation Union published "Socialist Feminism: A Strategy for the Women's Movement," which is believed to be the first to use the term "socialist feminism," in publication.

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Other socialist feminists, notably two long-lived American organizations Radical Women and the Freedom Socialist Party, point to the classic Marxist writings of Frederick Engels (The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State) and August Bebel (Woman and Socialism) as a powerful explanation of the link between gender oppression and class exploitation. On the other hand, the Socialist Party USA is an example of a socialist feminist party which is not explicitly Marxist (although some members identify as Marxists). The party's statement of principles says, "Socialist feminism confronts the common root of sexism, racism and classism: the determination of a life of oppression or privilege based on accidents of birth or circumstances. Socialist feminism is an inclusive way of creating social change. We value synthesis and cooperation rather than conflict and competition."

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7.3 Radical Feminism Radical feminism is a philosophy emphasizing the patriarchal roots of inequality between men and women, or, more specifically, social dominance of women by men. Radical feminism views patriarchy as dividing rights, privileges and power primarily by gender, and as a result oppressing women and privileging men. Radical feminists tend to be more militant in their approach ( radical as "getting to the root"). Radical feminism opposes existing political and social organization in general because it is inherently tied to patriarchy. Thus, radical feminists tend to be skeptical of political action within the current system, and instead support cultural change that undermines patriarchy and associated hierarchical structures. Radical feminism opposes patriarchy, not men. To equate radical feminism to manhating is to assume that patriarchy and men are inseparable, philosophically and politically.

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7.4 Multiculture or Global feminism Global Feminism is a feminist theory closely aligned with postcolonial theory and postcolonial feminism. It concerns itself primarily with the forward movement of women's rights on a global scale. Using different historical lenses from the legacy of colonialism, Global Feminists adopt global causes and start movements which seek to dismantle what they argue are the currently predominant structures of global patriarchy. Global Feminism is also known as Transnational Feminism, World Feminism, and International Feminism. Two historical examples Global Feminists might use to expose patriarchal structures at work in colonized groups or societies are medieval Spain (late eleventh to thirteenth centuries) and nineteenth-century Cuba. The former example concerns women of the Mudejar communities of Islamic Spain and the strict sexual codes through which their social activity was regulated. Mudejar women could be sold into slavery as a result of sexual activity with Christian man and this was to escape the deemed punishment accorded by the Sunna, or Islamic law. Because of their simultaneous roles as upholding ones family honor and one of conquered status and gender, Mudejar women suffered double jeopardy in their sexual contact with Christians [in Spain]. Nineteenth-century Cuba can be looked at as an example of colonialism and neocolonialism working together in a slave-based society to affect womens lives under patriarchy, where Cuba remained a Spanish colony while enduring a neocolonial relationship with the United States. Havana, a city noted for its absence of the female form, had of all the major cities in the West. the most strict social restrictions on the female portion of its population. Upper-class Cuban women were a constant visual reminder of the separation between elite white society and the people of color they ruled."

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7.5 Postmodern theories For the past two decades, the postmodern debates dominated the cultural and intellectual scene in many fields throughout the world. In aesthetic and cultural theory, polemics emerged over whether modernism in the arts was or was not dead and what sort of postmodern art was succeeding it. In philosophy, debates erupted concerning whether or not the tradition of modern philosophy had ended, and many began celebrating a new postmodern philosophy associated with Nietzsche, Heidegger, Derrida, Rorty, Lyotard, and others. Eventually, the postmodern assault produced new social and political theories, as well as theoretical attempts to define the multifaceted aspects of the postmodern phenomenon itself. Advocates of the postmodern turn aggressively criticized traditional culture, theory, and politics, while defenders of the modern tradition responded either by ignoring the new challenger, by attacking it in return, or by attempting to come to terms with and appropriate the new discourses and positions. Critics of the postmodern turn argued that it was either a passing fad (Fo 1986/7; Guattari 1986), a specious invention of intellectuals in search of a new discourse and source of cultural capital (Britton 1988), or yet another conservative ideology attempting to devalue emancipator modern theories and values (Habermas 1981 and 1987a). But the emerging postmodern discourses and problematic raise issues which resist easy dismissal or facile incorporation into already established paradigms. To begin, we might distinguish between modernity conceptualized as the modern age and postmodernity as an epochal term for describing the period which allegedly follows modernity. There are many discourses of modernity, as there would later be of postmodernity, and the term refers to a variety of economic, political, social, and cultural transformations. Modernity, as theorized by Marx, Weber, and others, is a historical periodizing term which refers to the epoch that follows the Middle Ages or feudalism. For some, modernity is opposed to traditional societies and is characterized by innovation, novelty, and dynamism (Berman 1982). The theoretical discourses of modernity from Descartes through the Enlightenment and its progeny championed reason as the source of progress in knowledge and society, as well as the privileged locus of truth and the foundation of systematic knowledge. Reason was deemed competent to discover adequate theoretical and practical norms upon which systems of thought and action could be built and society could be restructured. This Enlightenment project is also operative in the American, French, and other democratic revolutions which attempted to overturn the feudal world and

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to produce a just and egalitarian social order that would embody reason and social progress (Toulmin 1990). Postmodern theorists, however, claim that in the contemporary high tech media society, emergent processes of change and transformation are producing a new postmodern society and its advocates claim that the era of postmodernity constitutes a novel stage of history and novel sociocultural formation which requires new concepts and theories. Theorists of postmodernity (Baudrillard, Lyotard, Harvey, etc.) claim that technologies such as computers and media, new forms of knowledge, and changes in the socioeconomic system are producing a postmodern social formation. Baudrillard and Lyotard interpret these developments in terms of novel types of information, knowledge, and technologies, while neo-Marxist theorists like Jameson and Harvey interpret the postmodern in terms of development of a higher stage of capitalism marked by a greater degree of capital penetration and homogenization across the globe. These processes are also producing increased cultural fragmentation, changes in the experience of space and time, and new modes of experience, subjectivity, and culture. These conditions provide the socioeconomic and cultural basis for postmodern theory and their analysis provides the perspectives from which postmodern theory can claim to be on the cutting edge of contemporary developments. More specifically, postmodern theory provides a critique of representation and the modern belief that theory mirrors reality, taking instead perspectives and relativist positions that theories at best provide partial perspectives on their objects, and that all cognitive representations of the world are historically and linguistically mediated. Some postmodern theory accordingly rejects the totalizing macro perspectives on society and history favoured by modern theory in favour of micro theory and micro politics (Lyotard 1984a). Postmodern theory also rejects modern assumptions of social coherence and notions of causality in favour of multiplicity, plurality, fragmentation, and indeterminacy. In addition, postmodern theory abandons the rational and unified subject postulated by much modern theory in favour of a socially and linguistically decentred and fragmented subject.

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8.0 Current Issues In Sport

Cris Gilmore and Cristina Bell-Gilmore as a female athlete and coach

Married in 2005, these two professional soccer coaches currently inspire and educate hundreds of children throughout the Bay Area via Success Through Soccer. Christina, a 3 year former professional soccer player in the WUSA, was instrumental in helping the San Jose CyberRays win the inagural league championship. She also achieved much success abroad in Holland's Dutch Premier League and collegiately for the Fresno State Bulldogs. She was the first female athlete at Fresno State to have her jersey retired. Christina previously was an assistant coach for San Jose State University. She has a USSF C Coaching License and over the past 5 years Christina has helped build the Alpine Futbol Club, where she helped develop 6 girls teams ranging from a Youth Academy for 1st, 2nd & 3rd grade girls to U-15 Class 1, Division 1 soccer. In the summer of 2008 she has moved over to the Union Football Club located in Palo Alto, where she is coaching high level youth soccer. In 2006, she was one of the regional coaches,

with her husband Cris, for the 2006 Northern California Super Y team that participated in the 2007 Super Y League ODP National Camps held at the Cocoa Expo Center in Cocoa, Florida in January and February of 2007. As well, she is one of the coaches on staff for the '93 & '94 girls selected to participate in the US Club Soccer 2006 id2 Regional Training Camp held at UC Irvine Oct 6-9, 2006 . From time to time when she is not too busy coaching you will see her playing Semi-pro with some of her old WUSA teammates on the WPSL California Storm based out of Sacramento or playing on the soccer field with her son Grayson.

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Cris is also a former professional soccer player with experience playing in Hawaii, Denmark, Finland and Holland. He coached women's Division 1 college soccer at San Jose State University from 2001-2003 and was on staff with the men's program at St Mary's College in Moraga in 2005. Prior to coaching college soccer, Cris obtained valuable

coaching experience in Holland for 4 years as a coaching director for children ages 7-18. Cris has two Dutch KNVB Coaching Licenses, a USSF B Coaching License and a distinguished passing grade with his NSCAA Advanced Natinal Diploma. Cris was also

instrumental in developing the Alpine Futbol Club helping develop 6 girls teams and 5 boys team within Alpine FC. He started the AFC Youth Academy for 1st, 2nd & 3rd grade boys & girls which helps the development of young soccer players. In the summer of 2008 he also moved over to the Union Football Club in Palo Alto, where he continues to coach high level youth soccer. He was one of the regional coaches for the 2006 Northern California Super Y team that participated in the 2007 Super Y League ODP National Camps held at the Cocoa Expo Center in Cocoa, Florida in January and February of 2007. As well, Cris likes to get his players to experience the true passion of the game. In 2006, he arranged a 12 day World Cup tour for his U14 girls team. They travelled through Holland, Belgium, caught a World Cup match in Germany and participated in a tournament in Sweden. A tradition he would like to continue with his younger teams.

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9.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, we know how the people start the feminism theories. They are Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Betty Friedan who is started the revolution of feminist theories. Feminist theories are one theory that is important fields sociology. Through feminist theories, we are able to see a little bit about feminist theories. Feminist theories have been spawned because the existence of persons that willing to take a risk voice their opinion on women interest terms of politics, economy and social and other aspects. Once, always man looked down with woman credibility. In them, weak woman race and not can perform all activity that men do. Just lead the nation and so on in fields of sports, not many willing women have take risk to engage in field of sports. For example, not many willing woman become coach in football sport. Mostly is dominated by mens. Mens have the power to do anything they want to do. Sometimes, athlete female appearance like men although the act is woman also always issue in field of sports. Most athletes woman more comfortable haired short and character like men because easy to carry self among male athlete. In feminist theories, sex, race, religion, cultures were the subject which often in is issues by men. For men, they does not require women to help them. For example, difficult male couch to understand woman athlete state, with the existence of women trainers help that is same sex with her, they will take action to solving their problem. Lastly, men cannot underestimate towards women because women is countrys pillar, whatever fields that being plunged terms of politics, social, economy or sport. Woman should be given wider opportunity from involvement aspect in sports so that sports can produce sports athletes that committed with sports world.

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10.0 References

1. Sport in Society Issues & Contreversies, Eight Edition,International Edition 2003,Jay Coakley, Ph.D (University of Colorado, Colorado Springs),Publication by Library of Congress Cataloging. 2. Sucess through soccer,by Coaching Director,9 December 2011,retrieved from

http://www.successthroughsoccer.com/Coaches.html 3. Introduction of feminist theories, 9 december 2011, retrieved from

http://homepages.rpi.edu/~eglash/eglash.dir/itsc.dir/femhist.htm 4. History of feminism Theory & Feminist Thought, Intelectual Take Out,9 December 2011,retrieved from http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/library/affirmative-action/historyfeminism-theory-feminist-thought 5. Feminist Theories, 9 December 2011,retrieved from

http://stmarys.ca/~evanderveen/wvdv/Gender_relations/Feminist_theories.htm

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