Surya Sharma

Operational Amplifier

Lab Report

By Surya Sharma (Meng(hons) Aerospace Engineering - first year student)

Tutor- Dr. Stuart MaGregor

Date Of Practical 20-March-2012

Date Of Submission- 16- April-2012

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Summary
Operational amplifiers are very widely used electronic devices given their high utility, they are able to provide high gain without amplifying noise. For this reason, simple circuits will be investigated in order to compare experimental data to theory, providing an evaluation of the current model for this apparatus. Firstly simple potentiometer circuit arrangement is studied where input voltage source of o.3 volts is applied across 10K resistor and input voltage is detected by digital voltmeter i.e. 0.1 volts. Secondly inverting amplifier circuit is studied where nine different feedback resistor were used to give different output voltage and found that there was much difference in theoretical and experimental values of output voltage, theoretical values were larger than experimental one. While when source impedance is connected in series with R1 .It give nearly same output voltage as experimental output voltages. Lastly non inverting amplifier was studied in this case experimental and theoretical values were nearly same.

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Table Of Contents Keywords Introduction Theory Method Result Discussion Conclusion Reference

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Keywords
A- Voltage gain V+ - Voltage at non inverting input V- - Voltage at the inverting input Vout - Output voltage Vin - Input Voltage R1 Input Resistor Rf - Feedback resistance

Introduction
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) are the building blocks for analogue signal conditioning circuits, and, in particular, instrumentation amplifiers. deaConventional op-amps are easy to use. They amplify electrical signals such as the small voltages coming from instrumentation sensors. The amount they amplify (the Gain) is controlled by external components, provided the amplifiers are operated within reasonable boundaries. Thus they are easy to configure for many applications and they are cheap and reliable. The op-amp is a differential amplifier. That is, it will amplify the difference between its two inputs by its open loop gain. Op-amps allow not only amplify very small sensor signals but also to add or subtract offset voltages and to electrically isolate (buffer) sensors from the rest of system.

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The objective of this report is to study inverting amplifier and non inverting amplifier and understand their implications in practical life so that they can be use them more efficiently according to our convenience.

Theory Ideal Operational Amplifier The ideal operational amplifier is a three terminal circuit element that is modeled as a voltage controlled voltage source. The model equation for the output voltage is VOut = A (v+ v).. Equation 1[1]

Figure 1: Ideal Operational Amplifier[2] Inverting Amplifiers

An inverting amplifier inverts scales the input signal. As long as the operational amplifier gain is very large, the amplifier gain is

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determined by two stable external resistors and not by operational amplifier parameters which are highly temperature dependents. The input impedance is very high an assumed infinite, no current flows between the input terminals (+) and (-) i.e. i=0

Therefore I1=If Equation 2[1] and Equation 3[1]

In this case Vout = A(0-Vi- )=A*Vi- -..Equation 4[1] Therefore Closed loop gain in inverting amplifier Non Inverting amplifier The circuit is called non-inverting amplifier because its voltage gain is positive. This means if the input voltage is increasing or going positive, the output voltage will also be increasing o going positive. The only Equation 5[1]

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difference between inverting and non inverting amplifier is the node at which input voltage is applied.

Figure 3: Non inverting amplifier..[2] Therefore I1=If Equation 6[1] In this case Vout = A(Vi+-Vi- ).Equation 7[1] .Equation 8 [1] Replace Vi- by Vin as Vin ..Equation 9[1]

Method
1. First arrangement was of simple potentiometer to understand the simple circuit arrangement. The circuit is setup in the similar way as in figure4 .The input voltage source of 0.3 volts is applied

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across 10k resistor and then digital multimeter is used to measure input voltage i.e. 0.1 volts.

Figure 4: Circuit arrangement of simple potentiometer.[3] 2. Operational amplifier is connected in the inverting amplifier configuration. The input signal is applied though resistor R1 to the inverting operational amplifier input resistor Rf which was connected from the output to the inverting input R1 nominal resistor was 510 and actual resistor is measured with the digital voltmeter was 509. For Rf 9 different resistors are used to give different output voltages

Figure5: circuit arrangement of non inverting amplifier..[3]

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3. In the third arrangement operational amplifier is connected in the non inverting amplifier. The second basic configuration of an operational amplifier circuit is that of a non inverting operational amplifier. The input voltage Vin is applied to the non inverting operational amplifier input. A voltage divide consisting of resistors Rf and R1 connects from the output node to the inverting input. Likewise in inverting amplifier in non inverting amplifier nine different feedback resistors are used.

Figure 6: Non inverting circuit arrangement.[3] 4. To measure source impedance disconnect input voltage source from operational amplifier circuit and turn the two position sitch to apply a short circuit across the potentiometer ,

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Figure 7: Practical arrangement of circuit

Figure 8: Digital multimeter

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Figure 9: Different feedback resistance used in practical

Results
Inverting amplifier experimental values and theoretical values of output voltage are given in table 1 along with value of output voltage calculated using source impedance resistor in series with R1. Theoretical output voltage is calculate by using equation 5 . Rf(k) 46800 4710 9970 1490 6760 22000 68000 120300 100400 Table 1 Vout (theoretical)(Volts) -9.18 -0.923 -1.95 -0.292 -1.325 -4.31 -13.3 -23.59 -19.69 Vout (Experimental)(volts) -6.11 -0.612 -1.3 -0.195 -1 -2.88 -8.88 -13.64 -13.13 Vout (source Impedence)(volts) -5.95 -0.60 -1.27 -0.19 -0.86 2.80 8.65 15.305 12.77

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Inverting Amplifier
25

20

Output Voltage

15 Theoritical 10 Source Impedence Experimental 5

0 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 Feedback resistance

Figure 10:Output voltage versus feedback resistance Non inverting amplifier experimental and theoretical values are given in table 2. Theoritical values are calculated using equation 9. Rf(K) 46800 4710 9970 1490 6760 22000 68000 120300 100400 -4.414 -13.43 -23.68 -19.79

Vout -9.276 -1.024 -2.05 (theo) (volts) Vout -9.20 -1.02 -2.04 (exp) (volts) Table 2 12

-0.392 -1.42

-0.39

-0.23

-4.39

-13.33 -14.38

-14.38

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Non Inverting Amplifier

25 20 output Voltage

15 Theoritical Experimental

10

0 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 Feedback resistance

Figure 11: Output Voltage versus feedback resistance

Discussion
There is large discrepancy between the experimental value and theoretical value of output voltage corresponding to feedback resistance of inverting amplifier from figure10, this is mainly due o source impedance which leads to large difference while experimental values and one which include source impedance are nearly same it can be clearly seen in figure 10. In both inverting and non inverting amplifier graphs after certain point graph line for experimental value flattens because output voltage is limited by the voltage of the output amplifier which is 15 volts.

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There is no current flowing through R1 in non inverting amplifier therefore theoretical and experimental plot for figure 11 is nearly same. Experimental Error 1. Alternating currents through main cable generate alternating magnetic fields. 2. If a signal- carrying wire is close to such magnetic field, a noise voltage will be generated in the wire. 3. Resolution of measuring instrument affects the accuracy of measurement this is the reason why there is slight difference in experimental and theoretical data

Conclusion
The major advantage of the inverting amplifier is that it is very easy to select a particular gain and the gain will change linearly as we change Rf. There are two significant disadvantages, input impedance is low and a dual power supply is required. The input impedance of this circuit is approximately R1. For normal components R1 is typically chosen to be a few kilo-ohms. This is not very high and can easily cause a loading problem for the sensor that is attached to it. The second problem is that this circuit also inverts all inputs, positive voltages become negative amplified voltages and vice-versa. In order to do this the amplifier must have a positive and negative voltage supply, typically +12 to -12V. This is not convenient as most modern circuits are designed with a single positive supply. For these reasons the inverting

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op-amp configuration is not used very often in instrumentation applications. It is used in summing applications. Non-inverting amplifiers have very high input impedance and can be implemented with a single 0 to 5V supply. The gain can be controlled by replacing Rf with a variable resistor. In this case the gain does not change linearly with changing Rf. A commonly used variation of this amplifier, called a follower. The output of the amplifier simply follows the input, but the input impedance is very high. This is a commonly used circuit when we need to buffer the sensor from the rest of the system. This amplifier is most often used as the input stage of a differential instrumentation amplifier. Reduction of inductive electrical interference Separation of signal wires from sources of AC currents such as main power lines Screening of signal wires using metallic shield connected to earth Twisting pair of signal wires so that interference effects are equal in each wire and then use an amplifier that only respond to the difference in voltage between the wires,

Reference
1.Prof. Roger Ngwompo notes. 2. http://users.ece.gatech.edu/mleach/ece3050/sp04/OpAmps01.pdf 3. Lab sheet Bibliography 15

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Prof. Roger Ngwompo notes www.electronics-radio.com

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