Industrial production of ethanol a. From and by fermentation b. From petroleum fractions by Fermentation 1.

1. Fermentation is a process of breaking down into ethanol and by using . In the absence of 2. Temperature suitable for the process are between . to . 3. enzyme acts on the glucose and changes it into ethanol and releases CO2. 4. Need to be purified by . process to get pure ethanol. 5. Equation : Hydration 1. Addition reaction that combine ethene, C2H4, with . flowed through .. which act as a catalyst at temperature of .. and under a pressure of 2. Equation : Physical properties of ethanol 1. A colourless at room temperature. 2. Sharp 3. .melting point and boiling point. 4. in water. 5. in organic solvent. Chemical properties of ethanol 1. Combustion a. Ethanol burns easily and completely in excess .. to form . and with a ..flame. b. Equation : c. The combustion of alcohol releases .and does not pollute the environment, can be used as a 2. Oxidation a. When ethanol, C2H5OH, is heated with acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution, ethanol will be oxidized to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH. b. Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution acts as an . c. Equation : d. Observation : solution changes from . to ... e. When it is replaced with acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution, the solution will turn . to . 3. Dehydration a. Dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the removal of . molecule from a compound. b. Method 1 : ethanol vapour, C2H5OH, is flowed over that function as a heated catalyst,dehydration occurs to produce ethane, C2H4 and water, H2O. c. Equation :

d. Ethane gas can be identified using the following tests : - When gas is shaken with bromine water,Br2 brown solution of bromine - When gas is shaken with acidified potassium managanate(VII), KMnO4 solution, the purple solution .. e. Method 2: heating ethanol with ..which acts as a catalyst at a temperature of 170C. Chemical properties of other alcohols 1. Have same chemical properties because all contain same functional group, that is 2. Thus, they have similar properties with ethanol. Chemical reaction 1 Complete combustion All alcohol combust completely in excess oxygen to produce and . Example of chemical equation Ethanol : Propanol : Butanol : 2 Dehydration reaction All alcohols are dehydrated when its flows over hot porcelain pieces, to form ... Ethanol : Propanol : Butanol : 3 Oxidation reaction All alcohols are oxidized by oxidizing agents such as hot acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution into Ethanol : Propanol : Butanol :

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1. Alkene addition reaction(hydrogenation reaction) 2. Alkene addition reaction(hydration reaction) . 3. Alcohol dehydration reaction 4. Alcohol oxidation reaction ..