Form 2.

01 The World Through Our Senses

2.01.1 Sensory Organs and Their Functions 1. Sensory organs are used to detect the stimulus and response because these organs have nerves receptor. 2. Human beings have five main sensory organs, which are the skin, nose, tongue, ears and the eyes. 3. These sensory organs differ from other organs as each sensory organ has its own unique structure, which is extremely sensitive to stimulation and are known as receptors. 4. The eye detects lights, the nose detects smell, tongue detects taste, ears detects sound and skin detects touch, pressure, pain and temperature. 5. The route from stimulus to response is as follows:
nerves

Stimulus /

reseptor in sensory organs

impulse

nerves

brain
nerves impulse

response /

effector /

nerves /

Figure 2.01.1 Mechanism of stimulus to response

2.01.2

Sense of Touch

1. The skin is the sensory organ that detects touch.

Kulit merupakan organ deria sentuhan.

2. The skin covers the entire body. It is the biggest organ in the body.

Kulit meliputi seluruh badan. Ia merupakan organ deria yang terbesar di dalam badan kita.
3. The skin has receptors that are sensitive towards the cold, the heat, to pain, touch and pressure. Receptors are nerveends that are sensitive to stimulus.

Kulit juga mempunyai reseptor-reseptor yang peka terhadap rangsangan sejuk, panas, sakit, sentuhan dan tekanan. Reseptor adalah hujung saraf yang peka kepada rangsangan.
4. When the skin receives a stimulus, the receptors produce an impulse, which then sends a message to the brain through the nerve and then the message is analysed.

Apabila kulit menerima rangsang an, reseptor akan menghasilkan impuls yang kemudiannya di hantar ke otak melalui saraf tunjang dan ke mudian ditafsirkan.

pain receptors reseptor sakit

cold receptors heat receptors reseptor sejuk reseptor panas hair

epidermid epidermis dermis dermis sweat tissue gland kalenjar peluh pressure receptors reseptor tekanan fat tissue tisu lemak

rambut touch receptors reseptor sentuhan

Figure 2.01.2 A cross section of the human skin Rajah 2.01.2 Keratan rentas kulit manusia

5. Stimulatory reaction to the skin: Stimulus sensory receptors impulse brain analysis impulse response

Gerak balas rangsangan pada kulit: Rangsangan reseptor deria impuls otak tafsiran impuls gerak balas
6. Different parts of the body have different degrees of sensitivity. This is caused by:

Bahagian badan yang berlainan mempunyai kepekaan rangsang an yang berlainan kerana kepekaan bergantung kepada:
a. the number of receptors present;

bilangan reseptor yang hadir;

b. the thickness of the epidermis layer.

ketebalan lapisan epidermis.

7. A thin layer of skin has more receptors. Fingertips are more sensitive than the feet as the fingertips have more receptors and the epidermis layer is much thinner.

Kulit yang nipis mempunyai banyak reseptor. Hujung jari lebih peka daripada tapak kaki kerana hujung jari mempunyai banyak reseptor dan lapisan epidermisnya yang lebih nipis.
8. Other functions of the skin include:

Fungsi-fungsi lain kulit termasuk lah:

a. it protects the body from physical injury as the skin covers the entire body;

melindungi badan daripada kecederaan fizikal kerana kulit meliputi seluruh badan;
b. it acts as a screen to bacteria and germs;

mencegah kemasukan bakteria dan kuman;

c. it prevents the loss of water from the body as the skin is waterproof;

mencegah kehilangan air dari badan kerana kulit adalah kalis air;
d. it protects the body from the harmful rays of the ultra violet rays of the Sun;

melindungi badan daripada sinaran ultraungu Matahari;

e. maintains the body temperature.

mengawal suhu badan.

2.01.3 Sense of Smell

Deria Bau

1. The nose is the sensory organ that recognises smell.

Hidung ialah organ deria bau.

2. Sensory cells of smell organs are located at the top in the upper nasal cavity.

Sel-sel deria bau terdapat di bahagian atas bumbung rongga hidung.

nose cavity rongga hidung

smell reseptor reseptor bau

nostril lubang hidung

nerves for sense of smell saraf bagi deria bau Figure 2.01.3 Nose structure Rajah 2.01.3 Struktur hidung

3. Smell cells which are stimulate sends out an impulse to the brain, which is then interpreted.

Sel-sel bau yang dirangsang akan mengeluarkan impuls ke otak untuk ditafsirkan.
4. Stimulatory reaction in the nose is as follows: Smell dissolved in mucus smell receptors impulse brain analysis impulse response

Gerak balas rangsangan pada hidung ialah: Bau larut dalam mukus reseptor bau impuls otak tafsiran impuls gerak balas
5. Nose sensitivity is reliant on the quantity of mucus present in the nasal cavity. A person having a cold cannot smell well. This is because the sensory cells are covered with a lot of mucus and not much chemicals can reach and stimulate the sensory cells.

Kepekaan deria bau bergantung pada kuantiti mukus yang terdapat di dalam rongga hidung. Seseorang yang meng-alami selsema tidak boleh menghidu dengan baik. Hal ini kerana selsel deria diliputi dengan banyak mukus dan tidak banyak bahan kimia yang boleh dirangsang oleh sel-sel deria.
6. The fine hair in the nose function as a trap to prevent dust and dirt from entering, thereby only allows fresh air to reach the lungs.

Bulu dan mukus di dalam rongga hidung manusia berfungsi untuk menapis habuk dan debu daripada udara supaya hanya udara yang bersih masuk ke peparu.

2.01.4 Sense of Taste

Deria Rasa

1. The tongue is the sensory organ, which is sensitive to taste that are sweetish, saltish, sourish and bitterish.

Lidah merupakan organ deria rasa yang peka terhadap rasa manis, masin, masam, dan pahit.

bitter pahit sour sour masam salty masin masam salty masin sweet manis

Figure 2.01.4 The tongue with areas marked according to the various taste sensitivities Rajah 2.01.4 Bahagian lidah yang peka kepada rasa yang berlainan

2. The tongue has taste receptors that can detect the taste that are sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.

Lidah mempunyai reseptor-reseptor yang dapat mengesan rasa manis, masin, masam, dan pahit.
3. These receptors are located in the taste buds that are on the tongue's surface.

Reseptor-reseptor rasa ini terletak pada tunas rasa di permukaan lidah.

4. Food that is dissolved in the saliva will stimulate the taste buds to send an impulse to the brain for analysis.

Makanan yang larut dalam air liur akan merangsangkan tunas rasa dan menghantar impuls ke otak untuk ditafsirkan.
5. Stimulatory reaction on the tongue is: Food which is dissolved in saliva taste receptors impulse brain analysis impulse response

Gerak balas rangsangan pada lidah ialah: Makanan larut dalam air liur reseptor rasa impuls otak tafsiran impuls gerak balas
6. The sense of smell is influenced by both the senses of smell and sight.

Deria rasa dipengaruhi oleh deria bau dan deria penglihatan.

2.01.5 Sense of Hearing

Deria Pendengaran

1. The ear is the sensory organ of hearing and balancing.

Telinga ialah organ deria bagi pendengaran dan pengimbangan.

2. The ear can be sectioned into three, which is the outer, middle and inner ear.

Telinga boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian iaitu telinga luar, telinga tengah, dan telinga dalam.
3. The outer and middle ear is filled with air while the inner ear is filled with fluid.

Bahagian telinga luar dan telinga tengah berisi udara manakala bahagian telinga dalam berisi cecair.

ossicles

semi circular canals

tulang-tulang salur separuh osikel bulat cuping telinga pinna auditory nerve saraf auditori

auditory canal ear drum gegendang telinga oval window jendela bujur tiub Eustachio Eusta-chian tube

koklea cochlea

Figure 2.01.5 A cross section of the ear Rajah 2.01.5 Keratan rentas telinga

4. The functions of the ear are as set out in Table 2.01.1.

Fungsi telinga ada lah seperti dalam Jadual 2.01.1.

Part

Function

Bahagian telinga Fungsi Pinna Collects sound waves and directs them into the auditory canal Cuping telinga Auditory canal Salur telinga Ear drum Gegendang telinga Ossicles Tulang osikel Eustachian tube Tiub Eustachio Oval window Mengumpulkan gelombang bunyi Sends sound waves to the ear drum Menyampaikan gelombang bunyi ke gegendang telinga Vibrates as the same sound frequency and transfers the vibrations to the ossicles Bergetar mengikut frekuensi bunyi dan meng-hantar getaran ke tulang osikel Magnifies the vibrations and sends these vibrations from the ear drums to the oval window Menguatkan getaran bunyi dan menghantar getaran bunyi dari gegendang ke jendela bujur Balances the air pressure inside and outside the ear drum Mengimbangkan tekanan udara di sebelah dalam dan luar gegendang telinga Transfers the vibration from the ossicles to the cochlea

Jendela bujur Cochlea Koklea Auditory nerve Saraf auditori Semicircular canals Salur separuh bulat

Menghantar getaran bunyi dari tulang osikel, ke dalam koklea Receives vibrations and converts them to nerve impulses Menerima dan menukarkan getaran bunyi kepada impuls Sends the nerve impulses from the cochlea to the brain to be interpreted as sound Menghantar impuls dari koklea dan salur separuh bulat ke otak untuk ditafsirkan Helps the body maintain its balance Mengimbangkan badan

Table 2.01.1 Functions of the ear Jadual 2.01.1 Fungsi bahagian-bahagian telinga

5. When the ear drum receives vibrations, these vibrations are send to the ossicles then to the oval window and fi nally to the cochlea where the sensory cells are located. Nerve impulse are produced which is then transmitted to the brain for interpretation.

Apabila gegendang telinga menerima gelombang bunyi, getarannya akan dihantar ke tulang-tulang osikel, tingkap bujur dan akhirnya ke koklea yang mengandungi sel-sel deria. Impuls yang terhasil akan dihantar ke otak untuk ditafsirkan.
6. Stimulatory reaction in the ear is as follows : Sound ear drum ossicles oval window cochlea sound receptors impulses brain analysis impulses response

Gerak balas rangsangan pada telinga ialah: Bunyi gegendang tulang osikel tingkap bujur koklea reseptor bunyi impuls otak tafsiran impuls gerak balas
7. Semicircular canals as well as the Eustachian tube are not involved in the hearing process but play a crucial part in maintaining the balance of the body.

Salur separuh bulat dan tiub Eustachio tidak terlibat dalam pendengaran tetapi memainkan peranan penting untuk mengekalkan imbangan badan.

2.01.6 Sense of Sight

Deria Penglihatan

1. Eyes are the sensory organ that are sensitive to light.

Mata ialah deria penglihatan yang peka kepada cahaya.

2. The structure and functions of the eye.

Struktur dan fungsi bahagian-bahagian di dalam mata.

iris iris aqueous humour gelemair cornea kornea pupil anak lens kanta ciliary muscles otot silia

suspensory ligaments ligamen penggantung

sclera sklera choroid koroid retina retina yellow spot bintik kuning blind spot bintik buta

gelemaca gelemaca

conjunctiva konjunktiva

Figure 2.01.6 Cross section of the eye Rajah 2.01.6 Keratan rentas mata

Structure Struktur Sclera Sklera

Function Fungsi Forms a protective layer, which is white to protect and maintain the shape of the eye Lapisan luar berwarna putih untuk melindungi dan mengekalkan bentuk mata

Choroid Koroid Retina Retina

The black middle layer is pigmented in order to supply food and oxygen Lapisan tengah berwarna gelap untuk membekalkan makanan dan oksigen Intermost layer that receives light stimulus and sends information in the form of nerve impulses to the brain Lapisan dalam yang berfungsi untuk mengesan rangsangan cahaya

a. yellow spot bintik kuning

The part of the retina that is most sensitive to light, which also detects the image of object formed Bahagian retina yang peka cahaya, memfokuskan cahaya dan membentuk imej

b. blind spot bintik buta This point on the retina is not sensitive to light Kawasan saraf optik yang tidak peka cahaya Transparent front part of the sklerotic that allows light to enter the eye Helps to focus light onto the retina Lapisan lut sinar di hadapan sklera untuk membenarkan cahaya masuk Membantu memfokuskan cahaya ke atas retina Thin transparent membrane in front of the eye to protects the front part of the eye and lets light through Lapisan lut sinar di hadapan mata untuk melindungi bahagian hadapan mata dan membenarkan cahaya melaluinya The middle layer at the front of the eye, which controls the opening of the pupil It absorbs light in order to reduce reflection Lapisan koroid di hadapan mata untuk mengawal saiz bukaan anak mata Ia menyerap cahaya untuk mengurangkan pantulan cahaya Biconvex and transparent which is used to bend and focus the light on the retina

Cornea Kornea

Conjunctiva Konjunktiva

Iris Iris

Lens Kanta mata

Pupil Anak mata Ciliary muscles Otot silia Aqueous humour and vitreous humour Gelemair dan gelemaca Optic nerve Saraf optik Suspensory ligament Ligamen penggantung

Kanta dwicembung lut sinar untuk memfokuskan dan membiaskan sinar cahaya ke atas retina The opening at the front of the eye that controls the light that enters the eye Bukaan di hadapan mata untuk mengawal jumlah cahaya yang masuk ke dalam mata Muscles that control the thickness of the lens Mengawal ketebalan kanta mata Transparent fluids that help maintain the shape of the eye and bends light onto the retina Cecair lut sinar yang mengekalkan bentuk mata dan membantu membiaskan cahaya dan imej di retina Sends nervous impulses to the brain Menghantarkan impuls ke otak Holds the lens in place Memegang kanta mata

Table 2.01.2 The structure and functions of the eye. Jadual 2.01.2 Struktur dan fungsi mata.

3. Light that enters the eye through the pupil will be focused by the lens and focuses the image onto the retina. This image on the retina will stimulate the light receptors and these receptors send a signal to the brain for translation.

Sinaran cahaya yang masuk melalui anak mata akan difokuskan oleh kanta mata dan menjatuhkan imej di atas retina. Imej pada retina akan meran gsangkan reseptor cahaya dan impuls akan dihantarkan ke otak untuk ditafsirkan.
4. Stimulatory reaction to the eye is as follows: Light lens that focuses image on the retina light receptors impulse brain analysis impulses response

Gerak balas rangsangan mata ialah: Cahaya kanta mata memfokus imej pada retina reseptor cahaya impuls otak tafsiran impuls gerak balas

2.01.7 Light and Sight

Cahaya Dan Penglihatan

1. Light are waves that travels in straight lines. Light can also travel through vacuum.

Cahaya merambat secara lurus dalam bentuk gelombang dan boleh melalui vakum.
2. Reflection of light:

Pantulan cahaya:
a. Light is reflected when it hits the surface of an smooth object. Light rays that falls on a surface is known as incident rays.

Cahaya akan dipantulkan apabila terkena permukaan jasad yang licin. Sinar cahaya yang jatuh ke atas sesuatu permukaan ialah sinar tuju.

normal garisan normal

reflected ray sinar pantulan mirror

incident ray sinar tuju

cermin i = angle of incidence / sudut tuju r = angle of reflection / sudut pantulan Figure 2.01.7 Reflection of light Rajah 2.01.7 Pantulan cahaya
b. Reflection is light rays which are reflected. The angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray with the normal. The angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected ray with the normal.

Sinar pantulan ialah sinar cahaya yang dipantulkan daripada permukaan. Sudut tuju ialah sudut antara sinar tuju dengan garis normal. Sudut pantulan ialah sudut antara sinar pantulan dengan garis normal.
c. Law of reflection states that:

Hukum pantulan cahaya menyatakan bahawa:

i. the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection;

sudut tuju sama dengan sudut pantulan;

ii. the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal are all on the same plane;

sinar tuju, sinar pantulan, dan garis normal berada pada satu satah yang sama;
iii. light will be absorb if the surface is rough, opague and dull.

cahaya akan diserap jika permukaan adalah kasar, legap, dan pudar.
3. Refraction of light:

Pembiasan cahaya:
a. The bending of a light ray when it enters a medium of different density is known as refraction of light.

Pemesongan arah perambatan sinar cahaya semasa bergerak melalui medium yang berlainan ketumpatan di namakan sebagai pembiasan cahaya.
b. Refraction is due to a change in the speed. When light travel from a less dense medium into a denser medium, the light is refracted towards the normal.

Pembiasan berlaku kerana perubahan halaju. Apabila cahaya merambat dari satu medium yang kurang tumpat ke medium yang lebih tumpat, cahaya akan dibiaskan mendekati garis normal.
c. If the light travels from a denser medium to a less dense medium, the light is refracted away from the normal.

Jika cahaya bergerak dari medium yang lebih tumpat ke medium yang kurang tumpat, cahaya akan dibiaskan menjauhi garis normal.

emergent ray normal sinar keluar normal normal glass block refracted ray/ sinar biasan blok kaca

incident ray sinar tuju

normal normal

Figure 2.01.8 Refraction of light Rajah 2.01.8 Pembiasan cahaya

d. Examples of refraction of light in daily life are drinking straw in a glass of water appears bent, the star appears to be higher than it actually is, and the pond appears to be closer to the surface.

Contoh pembiasan cahaya dalam kehidupan seharian termasuk penyedut minuman di dalam air kelihatan bengkok, bintang kelihatan lebih tinggi dari pada ke dudukan sebenar, dan kolam kelihatan cetek daripada kedalaman sebenar.
4. Common vision defects are blindness, colour blindness and blurred vision.

Kecacatan penglihatan yang sering dialami ialah buta, buta warna, dan rabun.
5. Blurred vision occurs when the eye is unable to focus the image of an object on the retina clearly.

Rabun mata terjadi apabila mata tidak dapat memfokuskan imej objek pada retina dengan jelas.
a. Short-sightedness: This occurs when the eye cannot see an object in the distance clearly but is able to see objects that are near clearly. This happens because the image of the object is focused in front of the retina. This condition can be corrected by the use of concave lenses.

Rabun jauh: Kecacatan berlaku apabila mata tidak dapat melihat objek jauh dengan jelas tetapi boleh melihat objek dekat dengan jelas. Imej objek difokuskan di hadapan retina. Kecacatan ini boleh diperbetulkan dengan menggunakan kanta cekung.

image formed in front of the retina imej terbentuk pada retina light rays from distant object sinar cahaya daripada objek jauh eye lens that abnormally thick kanta mata terlalu tebal a. Short-sightedness Rabun jauh image formed on the retina is clear imej tajam terbentuk pada retina light rays from distant object sinar cahaya daripada objek jauh concave lenses kanta cekung Correction of short-sightedness Pembetulan rabun jauh Figure 2.01.9 Short-sightedness and correction Rajah 2.01.9 Rabun jauh dan pembetulan rabun jauh
b. Long-sightedness: This occurs when the eye is unable to see objects that are near clearly but it able to see objects at a distance clearly. This happens because the image of the object falls behind the retina. Correction of this condition can be achieved with the use of convex lenses.

ii.

Rabun dekat: Kecacatan ini berlaku apabila mata tidak dapat melihat objek dekat dengan jelas tetapi boleh melihat objek jauh dengan jelas. Ini terjadi kerana imej objek difokuskan di belakang retina. Pembetulan untuk keadaan ini boleh dicapai dengan menggunakan kanta cembung.

image formed behind the retina imej terbentuk di belakang retina near object objek dekat eye lens that are abnormally thin kanta mata tidak cukup tebal a. Long-sightedness Rabun dekat retina retina convex lens kanta cembung near object objek dekat image formed on the retina is clear imej tajam terbentuk pada retina

b.

Correction of long-sightedness Pembetulan rabun dekat

Figure 2.01.10 Long-sightedness and it correction Rajah 2.01.10 Rabun dekat dan pembetulan rabun dekat

b. Astigmatism is another form of defect which causes blurred vision. This condition can be corrected by wearing glasses with cylindrical lenses.

Astigmatisme adalah salah satu masalah penglihatan yang kabur. Keseluruhan objek tidak dapat dilihat dengan jelas. Masalah astigmatisme boleh dibetulkan dengan menggunakan kanta silinder.
2. Limitations of sight

Had deria penglihatan

a. Optical illusion

Ilusi optik:
i. Occurs when the brain is unable to interpret accurately the impulse it receives

Berlaku apabila otak tidak dapat mentafsirkan impuls yang diterima dengan tepat
ii. This occurrence can be caused by disturbance to the impulse caused by other objects or conditions around the object

Kejadian ini adalah disebabkan gangguan impuls dari benda-benda atau keadaan lain di sekitar objek
b. The blind spot

Bintik buta:
i. The portion of the retina at which the optic nerve leaves the retina

Titik pada retina di mana saraf optik meninggal kan retina

ii. Objects whose images falls on the blind spot will not be detected by the eye.

Objek yang imejnya jatuh pada bintik buta tidak dapat dikesan.
c. Stereoscopic vision

Penglihatan stereoskopik:
i. What one sees when both eyes are used to view an object is called stereoscopic vision.

Penglihatan dengan kedua-dua belah mata ialah penglihatan stereoskopik.

ii. This allows a three dimensional view which allows accurate estimation of an object.

Hal ini membolehkan peng lihat an di dalam tiga dimensi dan boleh menganggarkan kedudukan objek dengan tepat.
iii. Predators have stereoscopic vision to aid them in determining the position of their prey accurately.

Pemangsa mempunyai penglihatan stereoskopik supaya boleh menganggar jarak dengan tepat semasa menerkam mangsa.
d. Monocular vision

Penglihatan monokular:
i. What one sees with only one eye is called monocular vision.

Penglihatan dengan sebelah mata ialah penglihatan monokular.

ii. Monocular vision has a wide angle of vision. However it does not help in estimating distance accurately.

Penglihatan monokular mempunyai medan penglihatan luas tetapi tidak dapat menganggarkan jarak dengan tepat.
iii. Examples, animals such as cows, rabbits, hens, ducks, birds and fish.

Contohnya, haiwan seperti lembu, arnab, ayam, itik, burung dan ikan.
2. Instruments that can be used to overcome limitations of sight are:

Alat-alat optik yang boleh membantu penglihatan manusia ialah:

a. magnifying glass: used to magnify small items;

kanta pembesar: benda kecil dilihat lebih besar;

b. microscope: used to magnify tiny objects;

mikroskop: benda seni dapat dilihat dengan jelas;

c. binoculars: will enable distant objects be viewed clearly;

binokular: melihat bendabenda jauh dengan jelas;

d. telescope: to view objects that are very far.

teleskop: melihat benda yang terlalu jauh.

2.01.8 Sound of Hearing

Bunyi Dan Pendengaran

1. Sound is produced by vibrations. It is a form of energy.

Bunyi dihasilkan oleh getaran. Ia adalah sejenis tenaga yang dibawa oleh gelombang.
2. When an object vibrates, its kinetic energy is transformed to sound energy.

Apabila sesuatu jasad bergetar, tenaga kinetiknya ditukarkan kepada tenaga bunyi.
3. Sound can only travel through an intermediary media such as air, water and solids. Sound cannot travel through vacuum.

Bunyi hanya boleh dipindahkan melalui medium perantaraan seperti udara, air dan pepejal. Bunyi tidak boleh di pindah kan melalui vakum.

to switch ke suis
bell hammer tukul loceng cannot hear the electric bell loceng elektrik tidak kendengaran

bell jar serkup kaca

Figure 2.01.11 Transfer of sound needs the medium of matter Rajah 2.01.11 Pemindahan bunyi memerlukan medium jirim

4. Sound reflection takes place when sound is obstructed by a rough surface. Sound is absorbed when it is obstructed by a soft surface.

Pantulan bunyi terjadi apabila bunyi dihalang oleh permukaan keras. Bunyi akan diserap apabila dihalang oleh permukaan yang lembut.
5. Sound reflection is known as an echo. Echoes occur in enclosed halls, caves and tunnel.

Bunyi yang dipantulkan dikenal sebagai gema. Gema berlaku di dalam dewan tertutup, gua, dan terowong.
6. Common causes of deafness is damage caused to part of the ears, for example, to the ear drums, ossicles, cochlea, or the auditory nerve.

Kebiasaannya, kecacatan pendengaran disebabkan oleh kero sak an bahagian telinga seperti gegendang, tulang-tulang osikel, atau saraf auditori.
7. Mild deafness can be overcome by using hearing aids while some such problems can be corrected through surgery to repair the ear drum and replace the ossicles.

Kecacatan pendengaran yang ringan boleh diatasi dengan menggunakan alat bantu pendengaran tetapi sesetengah masalah pekak juga boleh dipulihkan secara pembedahan dengan menampal gegendang dan meng gantikan tulang osikel.
8. The effectiveness of a persons hearing is determined by age.

Had deria pendengaran manusia bergantung ke pada umur.

9. The human ear hears sounds within the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz.

Telinga manusia hanya boleh mengesan bunyi pada julat frekuensi 20 Hz hingga 20 000 Hz.
10. Humans do not have the capability to hear very low or very high frequency sounds.

Telinga tidak dapat mendengar bunyi di luar julat kemampuan telinga.

11. Stereophonic hearing is the ability to hear using both ears.

Pendengaran stereofonik ialah pendengaran dengan menggunakan kedua-dua belah telinga.

12. The importance of stereophonic hearing is in it ability to enable us to determine the direction of the sound accurately.

Kepentingan pendengaran stereofonik ialah dapat menentukan arah bunyi dengan lebih tepat.
13. Instruments to overcome hearing defects are:

Alat-alat pendengaran untuk mengatasi masalah pendengaran ialah:

a. hearing aids: amplifies the sound for better hearing for those with hearing difficulties;

alat bantu pendengaran: memperkuatkan bunyi untuk orang cacat pendengaran;

b. microphone: amplifies sound to aid hearing;

mikrofon: membesarkan bunyi supaya dapat didengar;

c. stethoscope: makes heartbeats sound louder so that the human ear is able to hear it.

stetoskop: membantu mendengar denyutan jantung.

2.01.9 Stimuli and Response in Plants

Rangsangan Dan Gerak Balas Tumbuhan

1. Plants also respond to stimuli but plant responses are slow and less apparent as compared with those of animals.

Tumbuhan juga boleh bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan tetapi gerak balasnya adalah perlahan dan kurang nyata jika dibandingkan dengan haiwan.
2. Plants respond to light, water, gravity and touch.

Tumbuhan bergerak balas terhadap cahaya, air, graviti dan sentuhan.

3. When plants respond to stimulus this response is called tropism.

Gerak balas tumbuhan terhadap rangsangan dipanggil gerak balas tropisme.

4. When the part of a plant grows towards the stimulus, the response is known as positive tropism and when it grows away it is known as negative tropism.

Gerak balas tumbuhan ke arah rangsangan dikatakan tropisme positif manakala gerak balas yang berlawanan arah dikatakan tropisme negatif.
5. Usually, negative tropism is weak and can be overcome by positive tropism

Biasanya, tropisme negatif adalah lemah dan boleh diatasi oleh tropisme positif.
6. These responses can be further divided to tropism response and nastic response.

Gerak balas tumbuhan boleh di bahagi kepada gerak balas tropisme dan gerak balas nastik.
7. Tropism response

Gerak balas tropisme

a. Phototropism: response to light

Fototropisme: gerak balas ter hadap cahaya

b. Hydrotropism: response to water

Hidrotropisme: gerak balas terhadap air

c. Geotropism: response to gravity

Geotropisme: gerak balas terhadap graviti

8. Plant shoots

Pucuk tumbuhan
a. Positive phototropism to get sunlight

Fototropisme positif untuk mendapatkan cahaya matahari

b. Negative geotropism

Geotropisme negatif

sunlight cahaya matahari

small pot of seedling sepasu kecil anak benih

cardboard box kotak kadbod

sunlight cahaya matahari

Figure 2.01.12 Phototropism of plant shoots Rajah 2.01.12 Fototropisme pucuk tumbuhan
9. Plant roots

Akar tumbuhan
a. Hydrotropism positive for roots grow towards water in the soil

Hidrotropisme positif untuk tumbuh ke bawah bagi mendapatkan air di dalam tanah
b. Geotropism positive to help support the plants firmly in the soil

Geotropisme positif untuk mencengkam ke dalam tanah

c. Phototropism negative

Fototropisme negatif

damp saw dust habuk kayu basah germinating seed biji benih dry air udara kering silica gel (absorbs water) gel silika (menyerap air) beaker bikar

damp saw dust habuk kayu basah germinating seed biji benih moist air udara lembap water air

Figure 2.01.13 Hydrotropism of plant roots Rajah2.01.13 Hidrotropisme akar tumbuhan damp cotton wool kapas lembap kapas lembap germinating seeds biji benih

damp cotton wool

Figure 2.01.14 Geotropism of plant roots Rajah 2.01.14 Geotropisme akar tumbuhan
10. Thigmotropism is a response in which the stimulus is touch. It helps plants in a different way to live.

Tigmotropisme adalah gerak balas atau pertumbuhan tumbuh an dalam rangsangan terhadap sentuhan. Tigmotropisme membantu tumbuhan dalam cara yang berbeza untuk hidup.

Figure 2.01.15 Thigmotropism - stem twining round a support Rajah 2.01.15 Tigmotropisme batang mengelilingi sokongan

Figure 2.01.16 Thigmotropism tendrils curling round a support of plant roots Rajah 2.01.16 Tigmotropisme sulur paut melentik sekeliling sokongan

11. A nastic response the direction of response of the plant is irrelevant to the direction of the stimulus. Take for example, mimosa react when it is touched.

Gerak balas nastik adalah gerak balas tumbuhan yang tidak tentu arah rangsangan. Contohnya, daun pokok semalu bergerak balas apabila di sentuh.

Figure 2.01.17 Sensitive plant (Mimosa) Rajah 2.01.17 Tumbuhan sensitif (Pokok semalu)

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