DISCUSSION In the experiment of determining of amount of Chromium (VI) water concentration in sample by using spectrophotometer and also to identify

whether the water sample is safe for drinking or at least, agriculture purpose. Chromium (VI) is used in this experiment as it is most found in rivers, lakes and streams. So to determine either Chromium (VI) is harmful or not, 5 series of diluted solution are prepared as the water sample and a spectrophotometer is used.

The spectrophotometer is an instrument which measures the amount of light of a specified wavelength which passes through a medium. According to Beer's law, the amount of light absorbed by a medium is proportional to the concentration of the absorbing material or solute present. The wavelength is set to 435nm. The concentration of Chromium (VI) in the lake water sample tested is 30.96 parts per million. The experiment is completed and successfully conducted. This experiment consist of two parts which is the first part is to determine the absorbance value of Chromium (VI) by using the (spectrophotometer. Before experiment, we need to do some calculation first to determine the volume of Chromium (VI) for the 5 different dilute solution. The equations of M1V1 = M2V2 is applied in order to calculate the volume of Chromium (VI). For the first dilute solution, the volume of Chromium (VI) used is 25mL, next is 12.5, 7.5, and 2.5mL. To dilute the solution, distilled water is added until the volume reached 50mL, thats mean each solution have the different dilution. For concentration of Chromium (VI) in parts per million (p.p.m), we are using 5 different value which is 150 ppm, 75, 45, and 15 ppm. Hence the absorbance value for each dilution is 0.377, 0.175, 0.110, 0.018. For the second part which is the determination of Chromium (VI) in sample of lake water. The absorbance value is 0.136 an after calculation, the concentration of Chromium (VI) in lake water is 58.8 ppm.

The graph of absorbance value against concentration of Chromium (VI) in parts per million (p.p.m) is directly proportional. According to the theory, we should get the best line fit graph, so our graph can be considered correct. Based on the graph, we need to calculate the volume of Chromium (VI) used when we are using sample of lake water by using the gradient. The equation of the line is y = 0.0026x 0.0171. In order to calculate x which is the concentration of Chromium (VI) we substitute the value of y which is the absorbance value of sample of lake water which is 0.136. Then we get the concentration of Chromium (VI) in ppm which is 58.88 ppm. The limit of concentration of Chromium (VI) in parts per million (ppm) should contained in the water must not exceed 0.05 absorbance value. Chromium (VI) is known to be a strong oxidizing agent, which apparently has a high risk that can give an impact to humans and animals due to its carcinogenetic properties. That is why there are a lot of studies that have been done in order to determine the health- risky chromium in environmental as well as biological samples. It is naturally contained in the water but over consumed it can lead to cancer. That is why this experiment was conducted to determine whether the sample of water is either contaminated or not and whether it is safe for drinking or not.

CONCLUSIONS From the experiment of determining the Chromium (VI) concentration in water sample by using the spectrophotometer, there are few things should be highlight. That is whether the water sample is safe for drinking or not, or either at least it can be used for agricultural purpose. Based on theoretical, the concentration of Chromium (VI) that is safe for drinking is 0.05 absorbance value if the water sample has higher concentration of Chromium (VI) than 0.05, the water sample is considered contaminated. That is mean the water is not safe for drinking and maybe it can at least be used for agricultural purpose. From the experiment, it can be seen that the larger the concentration of Chromium (VI) in water sample, the larger the absorbance value which is exceed 0.05. That is mean over consuming of Chromium (VI) will lead to unhealthy body and can cause cancer.

RECOMMENDATIONS Lab coats, goggles and gloves must be wearing before do the experiment. All the process that involves the Chromium (VI) must do in the fume chamber. Besides using the spectrometer, other types of spectroscopy device could be used instead of spectrometer. When indentifying the wavelength, the reading should be taken several times instead of one only. This is to ensure the accuracy of the measurement of the absorbance that is obtained. Hence, a more accurate result regarding the concentration of chromium in the water samples can be attained. To get an ideal value, it is preferably to use a wavelength where the component absorbs substantially. To dilute the chromium (VI) solution to a 50 ml solution, it is best to use a more accurate and precise measuring apparatus instead to just add up distilled water into the 50 ml beaker. This step could cause the final volume of the solution to be more or less than the one required. As for an alternative, the needed amount of distilled water can be determined and measured first before being added to the chromium (VI). Determination of the absorbance value of each solution must be done at least 3 trials. By doing so, more accurate values can be obtained.

REFERENCES

http://eprints.utp.edu.my/1478/1/Removal_of_chromium_(VI)_from_aqueous_solution_u sing_treated_oil_palm_fibre.pdf http://www.ewg.org/chromium6-in-tap-water/executive-summary

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/uvvisible/beerlambert.html

Spectrophotometer