Wireless Communications

Dr. Sameer Qazi

Dr. Khawaja Bilal Mahmood

EE851-Wireless CommunicationsSummer 2010

Syllabus
Introduction to cellular communications Cellular System Design principles Radio Transmission Multi-path fading channel Channel coding Multiple Access Technologies Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio Equalization and Diversity CDMA Spread Spectrum Multi-user detection WCDMA (UMTS) Wireless computer networks

Prescribed Books (Primary Book): Wireless Communications, Theodore Rappaport (Names of other books or photocopied excerpts will be provided when covering topics outside of primary book.)
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Radio Spectrum
RADIO IR VISIBLE UV X-RAYS GAMMA RAYS

RADIO

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF SHF
30GHz

EHF
300GHz

3kHz 30kHz 300kHz 3MHz

30MHz 300MHz 3GHz

VLF: Very Low Frequency MF: Medium Frequency VHF: Very High Frequency SHF: Super High Frequency

LF: Low Frequency HF: High Frequency UHF: Ultra High Frequency EHF: Extremely High Frequency

Radio Wave
Characterized by:
oscillating in time at its frequency. traveling through the air at the speed of light: c = 300,000,000 meters per sec characterized by wavelength, wavelength = the distance the wave travels as it goes through one period (or cycle) of oscillation:

c f

meters sec cycles sec

meters cycle

Frequency bands and wavelengths

Different frequency for the carrier exhibit different physical properties
propagation beyond the horizon energy absorption by the air propagation through rain, walls, etc. attenuation with distance sources of noise The amount by which frequencies are affected by above properties varies. These properties can be better understood in terms of the wavelengths of the radiation.

Wavelengths of Freq bands

VLF, LF long waves MF medium waves HF, VHF short waves UHF, SHF microwaves EHF millimeter waves
Propagate well beyond line of sight The distance the signal travels decreases as the frequency increases in a single cycle or for a given power.

Above microwave region, only certain windows of frequencies propagate freely through air, rain, etc. Infrared and visible light will not penetrate walls X-rays and gamma rays interact with matter

Current Wireless Systems

Mobile Radio Systems-->Cellular Systems Cordless phones Paging Systems Satellite Systems Wireless LANs Broadband Wireless Access Low-cost Low Power Radios

Wireless Systems: Examples

AM, FM Radio TV Broadcast Satellite Broadcast 2-way Radios

Broadcast (analog)

Cordless Phones
Satellite Links Mobile Telephony Systems Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

2-way communication (analog & digital)

Microwave Links
Wireless LANs Infrared LANs

2-way communication (digital)

Cellular System Introduction and Design Fundamentals

EE851-Wireless CommunicationsSummer 2010

Cellular Communication Systems

Cellular telephones are personally portable devices that may be used in motor vehicles or by pedestrians Communicating by radio waves in the 800900 MHz band they provide a significant degree of mobility within a defined serving region that may be hundreds of sq km in area
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Cellular System
- Contains Mobile stations, Base Stations and - MSC -- Mobile Switching Center also sometimes called - MTSO - Mobile Telephone Switching Office - Base Stations consist of several Transceivers to support full duplex transmission

MSC
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PSTN
5

Basic Cellular System Diagram Summer 2010

Basic Cellular System

- Contains Mobile stations, Base Stations and - MSC -- Mobile Switching Center also sometimes called -->> MTSO - Mobile Telephone Switching Office - Base Stations (BS) consist of several Transceivers to support full duplex transmission - BS serves as Bridge b/w all mobile users in a Cell and connects mobile calls via telephone lines or microwave links to the MSC - MSC coordinate activities from all the BS and connect the entire cellular system to PSTN - MSC handles 100,000 cellular subscribers and 5,000 simultaneous conversations at a time - MSC also perform the billing and system maintenance functions - Many MSCs are used by a service provider in a large city

Why cells are Hexagons?

Largest Area/R ratio over other shapes

EE851-Wireless CommunicationsSummer 2010

Cellular Coverage
The geographic area served by a cellular radio system is broken up into smaller geographic areas or cells Uniform hexagons most frequently are employed to represent these cells on maps and diagrams In practice though radio waves do not confine themselves to hexagonal areas, so that the actual cells have irregular shapes All communication with a mobile or portable instrument within a given cell is made to the base station that serves the cell
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Comments on hexagonal cells

Hexagonal geometry approximates omnidirectional base station with free space propagation. When hexagons are used base stations can either be:
In the center (center excited)- omni directional antennas or On 3 of the six cell vertices (edge excited)sectored directional antennas
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Frequency Reuse
The transmitting power of battery operated portable units is relatively low and the attenuation of the propagating radio waves is relatively high. That gives us the opportunity for the sending and the receiving frequencies assigned to a cell to be reused in other (more distant) cells within the larger geographical area. , p y y Thus, the spectral efficiency of a cellular system y q is increased by a factor equal to the no. of times q a frequency may be reused within its service area.
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Handoff (Handover)
Usually a mobile unit proceeds from one cell to another during the course of the call A central controller (mobile telephone switching office -MTSO) automatically reroutes the call from the old cell to the new cell without a noticeable interruption in the signal reception. This process is known as handoff MTSO acts as an intelligent central office switch that keeps track of the movement of the mobile subscriber
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Handoff (Handover)

BS 3 BS 2 BS 1
Connected to BS 2 Connected to BS 1
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Development of mobile telephone systems

In the US, interconnection of mobile radio transmitters and receivers (transceivers) with the PSTN began in 1946, with the introduction of mobile telephone service (MTS) by AT&T The MTS system employed frequencies in either 35MHz band or the 150MHz band A mobile user who wished to place a call from a radio telephone hand to search manually for an unused channel before placing the call
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Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) by AT&T

In MTS the user spoke with a mobile operator who actually dialled the call over the PSTN The radio connection was simplex, i.e. Only one party could speak at a time The call direction was controlled by a push to talk switch in the mobile handset

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IMTS by AT&T
In 1964, AT&T introduced a second g generation of mobile telephony known as improved mobile p y telephone service (IMTS) IMTS provided:
11 channels in the 152-158 MHz band 1 Full duplex operation Automatic dialling Automatic channel searching

1969 an additional 12 channels were added in the 454-459 MHz band

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Success of IMTS by AT&T

Only 11 (or 12) channels were available for all users of the system within a given geographic area (such as the metropolitan area around the large city). Each frequency was used only once in that area. y g The IMTS system faced a high demand for a very limited channel resource. p y g Example: in New York City during 1976, the IMTS system served 545 customers 3700 customers were on a waiting list for the service
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Drawbacks of IMTS
In IMTS each base station antenna located on a tall structure and Transmitted at high p g power in an attempt to p p provide coverage throughout the entire service area Because of these high power requirements, all subscriber mobile units in the IMTS system were instruments that y carried large batteries
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Start of AMPS
During this time the American cellular radio system, known as the advanced mobile phone system, or AMPS, was developed primarily by AT&T and Motorola, Inc. AMPS was based on 666 paired voice channels spaced every 30KHz in the 800 MHz region AMPS system employed an analog frequency modulation and was designed to support both a mobile and portable suscbriber units.
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Success of AMPS
AMPS was formally introduced in Chicago in 1983 and was a success from the beginning At the end of the first year of service there was a total of 200,000 AMPS subscribers throughout the US. , , In 1988, there were more than 2,000,000. In p , response to this g growth, an additional 166 voice channels were allocated to the cellular carriers in each market Still, the cellular system soon experienced capacity shortages
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AMPS improvements
The American cellular industry responded with several proposals for increasing capacity without requiring additional spectrum allocations. One analog FM approach, proposed by Motorola in 1991, was known as narrowband AMPS, or NAMPS. In NAMPS systems each existing 30KHz voice channel is split into three 10 KHz channels
AMPS: - Frequency band --> 824-894MHz - Modulation --> FM - Channel Bandwidth -->
EE851-Wireless CommunicationsSummer 2010 30KHz (For NAMPS: Channel 18

BW is reduced to 10KHz)

NAMPS and IS-54

In place of the 832 channels available to AMPS p the NAMPS system offered 2,496 channels. A second approach named IS-54 (IS-136), developed by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in 1988, employed
Digital modulation Digital voice compression Time division multiple access (TDMA) method

IS-54 p permitted also three new voice channels in place of one AMPS channel
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IS-95
In 1994 appeared a third approach, developed originally by Qualcomm Inc, but also adopted as a standard IS-95 by the TIA. This third approach used a form of spread spectrum multiple access (CDMA) a technique that combined digital voice compression with digital modulation The CDMA system offered 10 to 20 times the capacity of existing AMPS cellular techniques.
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Developments outside US
All of these improved capacity cellular systems are deployed in the US In Oct 2000 Telstra, Australia replaced its analog AMPS network with CDMA IS-95 network. AMPS was the first cellular system developed, yet the first cellular system actually to be deployed was a Japanese system deployed in 1979. Japanese system was followed by the Nordic mobile telephone (NMT) system, deployed in 1981 in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.
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Need for GSM

Total Access Communication System (TACS) was deployed in the UK in 1983. y p A number of other cellular systems were developed and deployed in many more countries in the 80s and the p y y 90s. All of them were incompatible with one another. In 1988 a group of government owned public telephone bodies within the European Community announced the p y digital global system for mobile (GSM) communications. y GSM was the first system that would p permit a cellular user in one European country to operate in another p y p European country with the same equipment

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Path to 3G Mobile Communication Systems

First Major Migration Path
In Europe 1st Gen 80s, ETACS (C-450, NMT-450..), (FDMA), Analog 2nd Gen 90s, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, (TDMA) Digital 3rd Gen, 00s, W-CDMA, (CDMA), All digital In USA Second Major Migration Path 1st Gen 80s, AMPS, (FDMA), Analog 2nd Gen 90s, IS-54 (TDMA), IS-95 (CDMA), Digital 3rd Gen 00s, CDMA 2000 (CDMA), All Digital

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1G
GSM Association

AMPS

Analog

UWCC
T1 TIA

CDG
Digital

ETSI

2G 10 kbps 2.5G 64-144 kbps 3G 384k -2 Mbps

GSM
GPRS

TDMA (IS-136)

cdma-One IS95-B

EDGE

WCDMA 3GPP WiMAX LTE

cdma-One

cdma-2000 3GPP2 All IP

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UWCC

MIMO instead of CDMA Modulation

4G 100 Mbps

Multi-carrier EE851-Wireless CommunicationsSummer 2010

Key Specifications of leading 2G technologies

cdmaOne, IS-94, ANSI JSTD-008 Uplink frequencies 824-849 MHz (US Cellular) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) FDD CDMA BPSK with Quadrature spreading 1.25 MHz 1.2288 Mchips/sec 64 GSM, DCS-1900, ANSI JSTD-007 890-915 MHz (Europe) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 935-960 MHz (Europe) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) FDD TDMA GMSK with BT=0.3 200 KHz 270.833 kbps 8 NADC, IS-54/IS-136, ANSI J-STD-011, PDC 800MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 869-894MHz (US Cellular), 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 800 MHz, 500 MHz (Japan) FDD TDMA /4 DQPSK 30 kHz (IS-136) 25kHz for PDC 48.6 kbps (IS-136) (42 kbps for PDC) 3

Downlink frequencies

Duplexing Multiple Access Technology Modulation Carrier Separation Channel Data Rate Voice channels per carrier

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Cellular Telephone System Structure

A cellular telephone system consists of:
Mobile stations (MS)
Handheld or vehicular

Base stations (BS)

Towers supporting several transceivers

Mobile switching center (MSC) or mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)

Activity control of all BS, connects to PSTN

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Cellular system Radio Interface

The common air interface (CAI) defines communication between BS and MS Types of channels used in a mobile system
Forward voice channel (FVC) Forward control channel (FCC) Reverse voice channel (RVC) Reverse control channel (RCC)
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Cellular Telephone System

Forward voice channel (FVC)
BS to MS voice transmission

Reverse voice channel (RVC)

MS to BS voice transmission

Forward control channel (FCC) and Reverse control channel (RCC)

Setting up mobile call and moving it to voice channel
- Control Channels are also called Setup Channels - They Set-up a call and move it to an Unused Voice channel

EE851-Wireless Communications29 - They transmit and receive data messages that carry call initiation and service requests which is monitored by Summer 2010 mobiles when they are idle
- FCC serves as a beacon which broadcasts all traffic requests for all mobiles in the system.

Cellular Telephone System

Base Transceiver Station

Reverse Voice Channel Transmit voice from mobile to BS

Reverse Control Channel Transmit information from mobile to BS

Control Channel -Call setting -Call request -Call initiation -Other control settings

Forward Control Channel Transmit information from BS to mobile

Forward Voice Channel Transmit voice from BS to mobile

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

PSTN
30

EE851-Wireless CommunicationsSummer 2010

Cellular Telephone Call

Mobile station (phone) turned on
But not Engaged in a call

It scans for the group of forward control channels (FCC) to find the one with the strongest signal Monitors that control channel until the signal drops below usable level Again scans for the strongest control channel

The control channels are defined and standardized over the entire area
- Out of total channels 5% of the channel are control channels EE851-Wireless Communications31 - Other 95% of the channelsSummer 2010 are dedicated for voice and data traffic.

Call to a Mobile Phone

MSC
FCC
Receives call from PSTN. Sends the requested MIN to all Base Stations Transmits page (MIN) for specified user Verifies that the mobile has a valid MIN, ESN pair Requests BS to move mobile to unused voice channel pair Connects the mobile with the calling party on the PSTN Transmits data message for mobile to move to specific voice channel Receives MIN, ESN, Station Class mark and passers to MSC Begin voice transmission

Base Station

RCC

FVC

RVC

Begin voice reception

FCC

Receives page and matches the MIN with its own MIN Acknowledges receipt of MIN and sends ESN and Station Class Mark

Receive data messages to move to voice specified voice channel

RCC

Mobile
FVC RVC

Begin voice reception

Begin voice transmission

EE851-Wireless Communications32 Summer 2010 time MIN - Mobile Identification Number Subscriber's Phone number ESN - Electronic Serial Number ********* Station Class Mark indicates max. tx power level for specific user

Call from a Mobile Phone

MSC
FCC RCC
Receives call initiation request and MIN, ESN and station Class Mark Begin voice transmission Receives call information request from base station and verifies that the mobile v has a valid MIN, ESN pair Instructs FCC of originating base station to move mobile to a pair of voice channels Connects the mobile with the called party on the PSTN Page for called mobile, instructing the mobile to move to voice channel

Base Station

FVC

RVC

Begin voice reception

FCC

Receives page and matches the MIN with its own MIN. Receives instruction to move to voice channel Sends a call initiation request along with subscribe MIN and number of called party Begin voice reception

RCC

Mobile

FVC

RVC

Begin voice transmission

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Roaming (1)
Roaming allows subscribers to operate in mobile phone service areas other than the service area where the service is subscribed When a mobile enters area outside the home service area it is registered as roamer in the new service area Since FCC a everywhere the same, roamer is are receiving information form the FCC

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Roaming (2)
Every several minutes MSC issues command over each FCC to all y mobiles previously unregistered to report their MIN and ECN over p the RCC Unregistered mobiles periodically report back subscriber information upon receiving the registration request The MSC uses MSN/ESN data to request billing status from the Home Location Register (HLR) If the mobile has roaming authorization at home, MSC registers a g , g subscriber in a visiting location register (VLR) as a valid roamer Once registered roaming mobiles are allowed to receive and place calls from the new service area Billing is routed automatically to the subscribers home service g provider ( (HLR)

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Cellular Concept
Simple solution
Single high powered Tx on a tall tower Good coverage but very low capacity No frequency reuse

High capacity solution

Cellular concept solves problem of low capacity Replaces a single high power Tx (large cell) with many low power Txs (small cells) Much smaller and more efficient mobile units

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Operation
The cellular concept is a system level idea:
Each base station is allocated a portion of the total number of channels available to the entire system N Nearby base stations are assigned different groups of channels All channels are assigned to a relatively small number of neighboring base stations

The level of interference between base stations (and the mobile users) is controlled.
because Neighboring BS are assigned different groups of channels EE851-Wireless Communications37
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Scalability
Frequency can be reused as many times q y y y g as necessary as long as interference between co-channel stations can be kept within acceptable limits. As the demand increases, the number of base stations can be increased (with a corresponding decrease in Tx power) This fundamental p principle is the p foundation of all modern wireless systems.
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Frequency Reuse
The process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all base stations within a system is known as frequency re-use or frequency planning.

B G C A F D B E G C B A G C F D A E F D E
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- Cells with same letter use the same group of channels - Actual radio coverage of a cell is known as footprint and determined from field measurements

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Simple calculation
Let S be the total number of duplex channels Let k be the number of channels in each cell N cells collectively use the complete set of S Express total no. of available radio available channels channels N is the cluster size (N=4,7 or 12) then S=kN - 'N' cells which collectively use If a cluster is replicated M times the complete set Total number of duplex channels = MS= MkN of available frequencies is 1/N is called freq reuse factor called CLUSTER
- Capacity of cellular systems is directly proportional to the number of times a cluster is replicated in a fixed service area
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Simple Calculation
- If the Cluster size 'N' is reduced while cell size is kept constant, more clusters are required to cover a given area hence more Capacity 'C' can be achieved - Larger Cluster size causes the ratio b/w cell radius and distance b/w co-channel cells to decrease leading to weaker co-channel interference - On the other hand: - Small cluster size indicates that co-channel cells are located much closer together - Value of 'N' is a function of how much interference a MS or BS can tolerate while maintaining a sufficient communication quality - For System's design view point Smallest value of N is desirable in order to maximize capacity over a given coverage area - Problem: If a total of 33MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular cellular telephone system which uses two 25KHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels. Compute the number of channels available per cell if a system uses (a) Four cell reuse, (b) Seven cell reuse and (c) Twelve cell reuse