Hydrocarbons

Ahnna Patrizia DP. Agustin Group Leader Mary Joy P. Hermoso Rosemarie H. Lopera Marikris Pauline R. Gonzales Jauna Aurelle H. Lopez BSN 1 6~Group 4 De La Salle Health Sciences Institute Dasmarinas, Cavite Philippines

ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons experiment was done through testing the solubility of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, toluene in H2O, NaOH, and H2SO4. It was also tested the bromine test, with sunlight or without sunlight. The samples are also observed in Baeyers test, iodine test and tollens test. Acetylene is tested on the cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, and toluene, bromine with and without sunlight, Baeyer, iodine and tollen test. The entire test taken had shown the reaction done by the different samples used. In the bromine, Baeyer, iodine, and tollen test, there are observed changes in color. It only showed that a certain reaction is done.

INTRODUCTION Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Saturated hydrocarbons are those, in which the carbon atoms are "saturated" with hydrogen, that is, they are bonded to as much hydrogen as possible. Unsaturated hydrocarbons on the other hand have at least one double bond, and so the molecule is no longer "saturated" with hydrogen (there are now less hydrogen per carbon atom because of the additional carbon in the carbon bond). The melting point of hydrocarbons increases with an increasing number of carbons in the molecule. This is generally true because for bigger heavier molecules more energy is required to move them from the liquid to the gas phase. Because of the better packing arrangement of saturated hydrocarbons in the liquid state relative to that of unsaturated hydrocarbons, for molecules with the same number of carbons, the unsaturated molecule will have a higher boiling point. Saturated hydrocarbons (those with no double bonds) are referred to as alkanes, where the -me denotes saturation. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons having one or more double bonds. Alkynes refer to hydrocarbons having at least one triple bond. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes can all be categorized under the name aliphatic molecules. Aromatic hydrocarbons on the other hand are a different type of highly unsaturated molecule having benzene as their parent

compound. The reactivity of these types of molecules is different, and the organic chemist can take advantage of these differences to help in the identification of unknown hydrocarbons. MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials and reagents were first prepared by the researchers. Test tubes, graduated cylinder (10 ml), medicine dropper, carbon paper and distilling flask were the materials that were used. Cyclohexanes, Cyclohexene, Benzene, Toluene, Acetylene, H2O, NaOH, H2SO4, Bromine, Baeyers, Iodine, Tollens were the reagents that were used b the researchers. In Hydrocarbons there are six qualitative tests. The researchers, done this experiment as the four qualitative tests were alike. First, was the solubility test, the researchers prepared four test tubes with label named with the sample; cyclohaxane, cyclohexene, benzene, toluene then water (2ml) was placed into it. After that, each sample (1.5 ml) was placed in each test tube. It was shaken then the researchers observed and record the solubility of each in water. After that, the researchers did it again by using 10% NaOH and concentrated H2SO4 as the solvent. Second, the Bromine test was done by the researchers. Two clean, dry test tubes were obtained by the researchers and each of it with a cyclohexane (1.5 ml). Then each test tube was wrapped with a carbon paper and a 0.05 M Bromine carbon tetrachloride (5 drops) was placed into it. The mixture was shaken. Then, the unwrapped test tube was allowed to expose to sunlight for 10 minutes and it was observed by the researchers. Next, the unwrapped test tube was compared to the other one, and all observations were recorded by the researchers. This procedure was repeated for cyclohexene, benzene and toluene. Third, was the iodine test that was done by the researchers. On the test tube with methylene chloride solution (1 ml) the cyclohexane (1 ml) was added and any changes in color have been observed by the researchers. Again, the same procedure was repeated with the left samples. Next, beayers test was been done by the researchers. On a clean test tube, water (1 ml) was placed onto it. Then, a cyclohexane (1 ml) was added. The Baeyers reagent was added with shaking until the KMnO4 solutions stop decolorizing. This procedure was again repeated for the left samples. Last was the Tollenss test that was also done by the researchers. A clean, dry test tube was added with a freshly prepared tollens reagent (10 drops), to this cyclohexane (2 drops) was added, too. The researchers shake it gently and the formation of silver mirror has been observed. For preparation and reaction of acetylene gas, calcium carbide (5 grams) was placed into a dry, clean distilling flask (250 ml). It was assembled by the professor. Distilled water (100 ml) was placed into separatory funnel, and the distilled water was placed while the stopcock was closed. After that, stopcock was carefully opened while calcium carbide was slowly generating acetylene

gas. It was collected with separate capped test tubes. Each test tube was labeled with the qualitative tests performed in the first part. And all observations were observed by the researchers.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table 1. Qualitative Test for Hydrocarbons

Sample Solubility H2O Cyclohexane Cyclohexene Benzene Toluene Acetylene N/A NaOH N/A H2SO4 N/A

Observation Bromine Test w/ w/o UV UV + + + Baeyers Test Iodine Test Tollens Test

+ + -

+ + -

LEGENDS: Negative (-): immiscible/no reaction Positive (+): miscible/with reaction Based on the experiment the researchers performed, these were the following results: The samples were not soluble in H2O, NaOH and H2SO4. In Bromine test with light only Cyclohexene and Acetylene got positive results while without light only cyclohexene got positive. In Baeyers test only Cyclohexene and Benzene got positive. In Iodine test, only Cyclohexane and Cyclohexene got positive. In Tollens test only Acetylene got positive. Errors of the Researchers: In Bromine Test without light, Cyclohexene is not the only sample that got positive result but also Acetylene while in light only benzene must get a negative result. In Baeyers test only cyclohexene, Toluene and Acetylene must get a positive result. In iodine Test, only Benzene must get a negative result.

REFERENCES Calvario, Maria Lourdes E. Laboratory Manual for Basic Organic Chemistry. Manila: DLSU Press, 1994.