Bauman study guide Made by matt Mestayer

See disclaimer at end of guide. This is not in order Directions: answer the questions from your notes ask friends or look it up but I yo do this ou will have a better chance of getting a good grade on the EOC and/or the final

Biochemistry How is glucose written?

Soluble vs. Insoluble:

All the biochemical reactions in the body is known as an organisms:

Hydrolysis, condensation and polymerization reactions. Know the

Plants and animals feed differently - Plants are _____________ they make their own food. - Animals are ______________ - they acquire food via grazing and predation on plants and other animals, can be one of 3 types ______________, ________________, ________________________

Carbohydrates: Contain ________ Sugars _____________

Starches ______________energy (1 gram= __ kJ of energy) -Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) are _______ Sugars -Disaccharides (e.g. sucrose and maltose) are __________ sugars -Polysaccharides (e.g. starch) are thousands of Sugars ________________

Proteins:

Chains of ______

- Contain ______ and some S - 20 amino acids that combine in different groups to form __________ - Proteins may be __________ (e.g. hemoglobin) or ________ (e.g. keratin) - Used for __________________(esp. cell membranes and cytoplasm) - Other proteins include ___________ and ___________.

Lipids:

- a.k.a. ____, oils, waxes, _____ - Contain CHO - Basic unit of fat = Triglyceride = 1 ___________ + 3 ________ - _____________ in water - Stores energy in adipose tissue (a.k.a. FAT : 1 gram= 39 kJ of energy) - __________ the body - Metabolic source of water (e.g. animals in desert like desert mouse and camel)

- Cell membrane structure dependent on _____________________ = 1 Glycerol + 1 phosphate group + 2 fatty acids Other lipids Waxes: 1 long _______l chain + 1 long __________chain. WATERPROOF!

- function as ____________(e.g. beeswax, earwax, waxy coating in plants Steroids: Composed of ___ fused carbon rings with functional groups attached. Important in animal hormones (progesterone, testosterone, estrogen, etc.) Diet does not equal starvation! Starvation results from __________________ and ________________ conditions people then suffer from malnutrition (e.g. kwashiorkor lack of protein in diet usually in children 9mo to 2yrs: children are __________________, although looking fat)

Food additives might be helpful in nutrition and ______________ food poisoning

(e.g. ascorbic acid is Vit. C).

Might be harmful in that food colorings may cause behavioral changes and/or __________! ________________ of food on Earth causes starvation. -Famine (weather) -Economic issues (government shortfalls) -Political issues (sanctions)

Cell Size vs. Life Decreasing Surface Area Volume Ratio due to cell growth means cells must _______ to support cellular function - ___________ size places more demands on DNA ] - Resulting decrease in cells ratio of surface area to volume ratio causes diffusion of nutrients and wastes across cell membrane to become more __________ as cell size increases

Cell Cycle Most of cells existence spent in Interphase! G1 ____________ S ________ replication G2 Growth in prep for _______ M _________(Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) followed by Cytokenesis =________________________

-Timing regulated by ______, regulatory proteins found inside and outside the cell -__________ cells do not respond to the signals that regulate growth of most cells and grow out of control Cell Division Requires division of __________ (mitosis) and cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

Mitosis- division of _____ nucleus into ______ identical daughter nuclei

draw/explain Prophase:

draw/explain Metaphase:

draw/explain Anaphase:

draw/explain Telophase:

Cytokinesis cytoplasm ___________ to form two new cells, each containing one nucleus Plants- formation of ______________ Animals formation of _________________ Some Key Details In Prophase, Chromatin ________________ Structure of a Chromosome: becomes

Each species has a characteristic number of _________________ e.g. Frog 26, Fruit fly 8.

Each chromosome is a group of ____________and each chromosome assorts independently, not the individual genes (see Mendels Law of Independent Assortment) In humans there are ____chromosomes which form 23 ________pairs 22 pairs are similar in size, shape and control the same _____, while 1 pair determines _________ (XX or XY)

Haploid vs. Diploid ___________ cells are diploid (contain 46 chromosomes a.k.a. 2n) ___________ cells resulting from meiosis are haploid contain 23 chromosomes a.k.a. n) Meiosis- division of one somatic cell into ____sex cells Very similar to Mitosis similar stages and methods of cell division. Key Point: In _________, cell divides twice, but chromosomes only replicate once Know all the phases of Meiosis __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________

Meiosis- (a.k.a. Gametogenesis) division of ____ somatic cell into _____ sex cells In women __________ In men _______________ Some Key Points:

Pairing of homologous chromosomes in Meiosis I forms a _________, which allows exchange of portions of their chromatids, known as _______________*** Very important for genetic variability*** ______________: an error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate, resulting in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the gamete

History of Cell Theory

_________ first observed cells while examining cork under the microscope (mid1600s) _______________ first observed microscopic organisms in pond water, as well as blood and sperm cells. ______________proposed that all living things are composed of cells. _________________ observed the nucleus in plant cells, ___________________ theorized that all plants are made of cells. ____________________proposed that all animals are made of cells. ______________ proposed that all new cells arise from existing cells. All of these people contributed research that led to the development of the Cell Theory: 1) All organisms are made up of one or more cells and the products of those cells. 2) All cells carry on their own life activities 3) New cells can only arise from other living cells by the process of cell division or reproduction. Organization of Life Organisms -> ___________ -> Organs -> Tissues -> ____________ -> Organelles

Organelles - The parts of a cell which work together to ___________________________________. Cells - The smallest living unit (study of = cytology). Tissues - A group of cells that specialize in the same activity ,may be same type or a mixed type (study of = histology). Organs - A group of _________ that work together to perform a function. ________________ - A group of organs which work together to accomplish one or more of lifes processes. Organism - _____________l. Organelles show _____________, and cells and tissues demonstrate division of labor. Advantageous for multicellular organisms to gain greater independence from the environment.

_______ = the basic unit of life Organism composed of cells with true nuclei ___________ e.g. Animals, Plants, Fungi and Protoctists (Protists) The following structures are found in _____________ and ______________ Cells: Plasma Membrane (a.k.a. Cell Membrane) - A phospholipid bilayer with embedded protein channels- it is semipermeable. __________ - watery substance containing biological molecules needed for metabolism, esp. proteins. ____________: Structure in the cell containing DNA Nuclear Envelope - multiple layered membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the ___________________. Nuclear Pore - openings in the _________________ that allow the passage of materials in and out of the nucleus. ______________ - Composed of DNA, RNA and protein. Site of ribosome production. _________________- long thin threads of DNA (not coiled into chromosomes) floating in the neucleoplasm. Must be relaxed to allow for DNA replication, and protein transcription. ___________ - complex made of protein subunits- site of protein synthesis. ________________ - extensive system of membranes running through the cytoplasm with ribosomes attached. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) - _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Golgi ___________ - structures that carry the proteins to their destination _____________: the organelle where cellular (aerobic) respiration occurs and ATP is produced. Mitochondial Envelope - multiple layered membrane barrier that separates the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm. ______________ - the inner membrane folds that project into the interior matrix _______________ - the fluid-filled interior of the mitochondrion

Small Vacuoles: _____________ - small sac-like structures that contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes. Enzymes digest food, break down worn-out cell parts, aid lymphocytes in digesting bacteria and are involved in digestion and re-adsorption of tadpole tails. Food Vacuole - small sac-like structure that stores _____________ and _____________ in the cell Peroxisomes - contains enzymes that transfer ____________ from various substances to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide . Peroxisomes use oxygen to break down fatty acids into smaller molecules that can be used in the mitochondria as fuel for respiration. In the liver, peroxisomes detoxify alcohol and other toxic substances. _______________small sac-like structures that contain water and extrude the water from the cell to maintain osmotic balance. Cytoskeleton: ______________________________________________________________ Microtubules - Composed of the protein __________, Also important in cell motility (cilia and flagella), chromosomal separation (centrioles) and organelle movement. Microfilaments - Composed of ________ - responsible for cytoplasmic streaming, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cell motility (e.g. pseudopodia), and formation of cleavage furrow in cell division. Intermediate Filaments - Composed of ________ - also anchors organelles and makes up the nuclear lamina (maintains the nuclear shape via added support) ___________________ - The area of cytoplasm where the aster of microtubules originates and organizes into the spindle. Contains centrioles in animals, but not in plants. It will still function, even if centrioles are destroyed via laser beam in lab.

The following are only seen in Animal Cells: Centriole - small structures composed of ____________ found near the nucleus which separate the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis Cilia - small hair-like projections that may be used for _______________ in unicellular organisms and for sensory perception in unicellular and multicellular organisms.

The following are only found in Plants / Plant Cells:

Cell Wall - Composed of cellulose- it protects and gives structural support to the cell, preventing the cell from bursting with the addition of water. It is fully permeable.

Middle Lamella - sticky substance made of pectin and lignin, glues cells together.

Plasmodesmata - fine strands of cytoplasm that link plant cells to allow for intracellular transport and chemical communication

Large Vacuole - fluid filled vacuole containing cell sap (a solution of mineral salts, sugars, O , and CO ) that helps to regulate the osmotic properties of the cell. 2 2

Tonoplast - membrane around vacuole that controls exchange of fluid between the vacuole and the cytoplasm

Plastids: (membrane enclosed organelles found in almost all plants)

Chloroplast: plastid containing chlorophyll (green pigment in plants); the site of photosynthesis.

Chloroplast Envelope - multiple layered membrane barrier that separates the chloroplast from the cytoplasm.

Grana -stacks of Thylakoid Membranes- the membranes contain the chlorophyll and are the membranes where photosynthetic reactions occur.

Stroma - the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast

Starch grains - accumulations of starch in the chloroplast formed from the glucose produced by photosynthesis

Leucoplasts (a.k.a. Amyloplasts) - colorless plastids in which glucose is converted to starch, place where starch and other nutrients are stored

Chromoplasts - contain pigments that give bright colors to fruits, flowers and leaves.