Tanzania

A Macroeconomic Analysis
Submitted by Aritra Sengupta, Karan Malhotra, Om Pashupati, Partha Chandra, Rajesh Jaddu, 10B 25B 31B 32B 38B Bibaswan Banerjee, 16B

12/15/2011

CONTENTS
Sl. NO. 1. TOPIC General Overview PAGE NO. 2

2.

Macroeconomic Performance in the recent past

3.

Macroeconomic Difficulty-1 Overview Possible Solutions

8 10

4.

Macroeconomic Difficulty-2 Overview Possible Solutions

12 13

5.

References

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The United Republic of Tanzania is a nation in Eastern Africa which was formed in 1964 with the union of two states Tanganyik a and Zanzibar . In the following section we present an overview of the nation from the political-economic-social-technologicalecological-legal (PESTEL) perspe ctive. Tanzania-Political Environment Tanzania has a relatively stable political environment as compared to the countries neighbouring it. The nation has a multipa rty democracy in place. The Revolution party has been in power since independence and the union with Zanzibar on April 26, 1964 which led to the formation of United Republic of Tanzania. The President, who along with the members of the unicameral National Assembly, is elected by direct popular vote for a five year ter m, is the head of state and he selects the cabinet of ministers and also appoints the Prime Minister who represents the Government in the National Assembly. Mr. Jakaya Kikwete, a veteran of the countrys CCM (Chama Che Mapinduzi) party has been president of Tanzania since 2005. He won a fresh five year term in October 2010. Although, multiparty democracy is in place, CCM is the dominant party (more than 75% of National Assembly Seats) with t he opposition being too weak to pose any serious challenge. The Union with Zanzibar makes for a very unique form of government in the nation. The relationship can be best described as semi-autonomous. Zanzibar has a separate 76 member House of Repr esentatives in place. This body can make laws for Zanzibar but not for Uni on designated matters. Five members from Zanzibar are also present in the National Assembly. In matters of international relations, the Tanzanian government has maintained good relationships with the W est and the investment climate is favourable regards to FDI and investment by foreign companies in Tanzania. Tanzania-Economic Environment Tanzania has a mixed economy which blends together free market and state controlled economies. The system has evolved out of the state centered socialist policies that were in place from 1961 till 1986 when economic reforms wer e implemented. Since 1986, investment inter est in Tanzania has increased rapidly across all sectors. Another major development was the authorization of foreign banks in 1991 which strengthened the ba nking industry and made it more competitive. The 29 licensed banks in the country include names like Standard Chartered Bank, Stanbic Bank, Citibank, Bank of Africa Tanzania, Diamond Trust Bank, Exim Bank, National Bank of Commerce and National Microfinance Bank. The relatively stable Tanzanian Shilling is the trading currency but prices are more often than not indicated in US Dollars. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy accounting for more than half of the nations GDP, three fourths of the total exports and it also employs an equal proportion of the countrys workforce. Tanzania is blessed with large quantities of nat ural reserves including gold, diamond, nickel, chrome, iron, coal, platinum among many others. Tanzanite is a rare gemsto ne mined only in the country. Natural gas is also abundant. Despite such abundance, mining and extraction currently contribute towards a small fraction of the countrys output. Gr eat variety in wildlife, world renowned sanctuaries like Serengeti and scenic places like the Kilimanjaro peak makes tourism a huge industry in Tanzania which is otherwise dependent mainly on agricultural processing and manufacture of light consumer goods. Tanzania-Social & Cultur al Environment Tanzanian culture draws heavily from Arab, Western and tribal Bantu cultures. Tanzania has a large power distance with distinct hierarchies and inequalities in organizations and firms. Employees are cautious about disagreeing with their superiors, who a re more often than not autocratic. Mos t interactions are of a formal nature and the communication gap is significant. East Africa ranked 34-36/74 together with Peru and Thailand in Hofstedes Power Distance Index. Also, Tanzanian culture is classified as one with low uncertainty avoidanc e or the people are open to new things and are not resistant to change. They have lower levels of anxiety and stress as compared to several other nations. East Africa ranked 52/74 in the Uncertainty Avoidance Index. Tanzanian culture is a collectivistic one which has been transitioning to individualism. Traditionally, collectivistic cultures encourage the development of group identities by teaching communal sensitivity and cooperation . Individualism on the other hand refers to people being more self-centric and individual goal oriented. East Africa ranked 49-59/74 in the Individualism Index. Tanzanian culture is characterized by both masculine and feminine features. According to the Masculinity Index, East Africa ranked 54/74 meaning that the countries in East Africa, including Tanzania are qualified as countries with higher feminine features. Tanzania-Technological Environment Technology is a huge driver for business and overall development of a nation. Tanzanias technological environment is develop ing at a rapid pace. As the country continues to grow, speedier and more efficient methods of communication are in demand. Technological innovations in the field of telecommunications and the internet are assuaging this need. Optical Fiber cables have

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made internet cheaper, faster and more accessible. Computer literacy too is on the rise with ever increasing IT education and with more people being able to afford ac computer and an internet connection. Technology has been effectively utilized in improving overall productivity in manufacturing processes, providing technical information to entrepr eneurs and extending their potenti al to earn more and upgrading the technical skills of workers in various domains of the economy. The establishment of Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) in 1986 and the Centre for the Development and Transfer of Technology (CDTT) in 1994 is some of the efforts made to ensure proper integration of transferred technology from other countries and promote indigenous R&D in the nation so as to further speed up growth . Tanzania-Ecological Environment Tanzania currently lacks a comprehensive environmental law system and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations are not mandatory in the country. Post the 1992, Rio Conferenc e, awareness levels about the importance of a healthy ecological environment have increased in the country however, this has not resulted in any significant change in rules and regulations. Businesses and corporations view environmental regulations as detrimental to the competitiveness of Tanzania as a destination for FDI and link the same with inefficiency and increased producti on costs. The Tanzanian Government is keen on maintaining the countrys image as an investor friendly destination and consequently the implementation of the current environmental laws and regulations that are in place is exceedingly poor. Tanzania-Legal Environment EU, UN and WTO have tried to create a homogenous foundation for international trade but in parts of Asia and Africa, the proc ess of integration has been extremely difficult. Tanzania uses a common law system which is based on the English Common Law System, a direct consequence of the countrys colonial past. The law system is a combination of precedent, custom and interpretation by the courts of law. The four levels in the Tanzanian judicial System, according to the Hauser Global School Program at New York University, School of Law in 2006, are The Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania, the High Courts for Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, Magistrates Courts (Resident Magistrate Courts and the District Courts) both of wh ich have concurrent jurisdiction. Primary Courts are the lowest in the judicial hierarchy. Zanzibar, the union partner has a very similar judicial structure. It too has four levels, which are Court of Appeal, High Court, Magistrate Court (or Kadhis Appeal Courts) and Primary Courts (or Kadhis court).

Macroeconomic Performance in recent past

1. Growth Performance
Yea r 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Gross domes ti c product, cons tant pri ces 12,474.63 13,341.54 14,315.13 15,274.82 16,258.62 17,253.40 18,310.90 19,617.64 21,088.57 22,670.86 24,225.67 Gross domes ti c product, constant pri ces (growth) 7.042 6.949 7.297 6.704 6.441 6.119 6.129 7.136 7.498 7.503 6.858 Gross domes ti c product, current pri ces 16,953.28 19,444.84 22,865.04 26,497.16 30,150.23 34,577.71 39,529.87 44,646.86 50,320.76 56,758.59 63,647.22 Gross domes ti c product, current pri ces 14.332 15.185 19.028 20.956 22.543 23.197 24.128 26.211 28.678 31.405 34.207

Chart Title
Gross domestic product, current prices Gross domestic product, constant prices

Economic policy in Tanzania in 2011-2012 will be mainly focussed on growth. Economic growth is expected to be robust for the remainder of 2011-2012, underpinned by the construction, mining and services sector. Construction growth will be driven by donor-funded infrastructure development- notably in road building and power sector and by the commercial and residential development in major cities. Gold exports will rise steadily, bolstered by telecommunications and transport, and financial services will benefit from the banking sectors relative isolation from the global markets. However growth in 2011 will be affected by poor rain and shortage of electricity, factors that will have a major impact on growth in agriculture and manufacturing, respectiv ely. The latter problem has been compounded by high oil prices, which make transport and private electricity generation more expensive. Overall GDP Growth is forecast to dip to 6.3 % in 2011 from 7 % in 2010. Growth is expected to rebound to 6.9 % in 2012 assuming more favourable weather conditions and a gradual improvement in the policy environment. However the constraints by poor energy supplies and the limited transport infrastructure, as well as by t he countrys excessive bureaucracy, cannot be solved in the shor t term and so they will continue to restrain economic growth. As a result the growth levels projected are below potential and will not translate into any major increase in income per head.

2. Inflation
Infla tion, a verage Yea r 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 consumer pri ces 124.933 132.742 143.9 160.918 177.807 190.305 208.196 218.693 229.593 241.105 253.193 Infla tion, a verage consumer pri ces 5.612 6.251 8.405 11.826 10.496 7.029 9.401 5.042 4.984 5.014 5.014 Infla tion, end of period consumer pri ces 126.6 133.978 146.412 162.05 173.765 192.726 203.574 213.727 224.403 235.678 247.52 Infla tion, end of period consumer pri ces 6.82 5.827 9.281 10.681 7.229 10.912 5.628 4.988 4.995 5.025 5.025

Inflation, average consumer prices

Inflation, end of period consumer prices

There has been a steady increase in the inflation rate since October 2010, with the most recent data showing that prices rose by 13 % year on year in July. Much of the rise has been driven by an increase in food prices, which is normal at this time of ye ar, especially following the weak rains. Meanwhile, rising oil prices are also having an impact and the economy is facing ongoing structural rigidities against a background of robust growth and the overhang of loose fiscal and monetary policy in 2009 -2010. The BoT has been reluctant to tighten the monetary policy so far in 2011, given slower growth, but some movement here will be needed if the BoT is to meet its June 2012 single-digit inflation target. The recent jump in inflation has led to increase the fore cast for overall inflation in 2011 to 10.7 % (from 9.7 % previously). Assuming a reasonable harvest combined with slightly tighter monetary policy and lower international fuel prices, inflation in 2012 is expected to ease to 8.8 %.

3. Balance of payments
Current a ccount balance Defi ci t (Billion) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1.084 1.523 2.114 2.13 1.973 2.046 2.463 2.386 2.215 2.29 2.052 Current a ccount balance (% change) -7.561 -10.031 -11.112 -10.164 -8.753 -8.82 -10.21 -9.103 -7.724 -7.29 -5.998

Yea r

Current account balance Defecit (Billion)2006

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Tanzanias structural trade imbalance will keep the overall current account balance in deficit during 2011 -2012. The value of goldrd exports which account for more than 1/3 of total exports will be boosted by steady i ncreases in production and high prices. Indeed, gold exports will be further boosted by an upgrade to the forecast for prices in 2011 -2012, amid greater global economic uncertainty. However prices for Tanzanias other commodity exports will fall back in 20 12 and so overall exports receipts will stagnate. The import bill will remain significant, especially as capital import growth for infrastructure is scaled up. Never theless, a reduction in oil prices will act as a brake on import growth in 2012. The surplus on the services account will widen in line with a pick-up in tourism on the back of the global economic recovery, but this recovery will only be gradual, as western markets remain depressed. The deficit on the income account is expected to widen as gold-mining companies repatriate higher profits. The surplus on the account transfers account will remain large, reflecting continued donor support. The overall current-account deficit is forecast to fall to 7.8 % of GDP in 2011 (down from 8.3 % GDP under the p revious gold price forecast), before the deteriorating of the trade balance sees it increase to 8.1 % of GDP in 2012

4. Trade Deficit

Trade Balance Deficit Exports (FOB in US $ m) Imports (FOBin US $ m)

5. Exchange Rates
After a volatile couple of years the shilling began to stabilise at around TSh 1500: US$1 in early 2011. However the new stability has proved fragile against the background of a sharp rise in inflation in the first half year and in June it began to weaken significantly against the US dollar in line with the other East African Shillings. What is not clear is whether the fall in June will spill over into a general depreciation in the second half of 2011 or at around TSh 1600: US$1 level. At pr esent the latter seems mo re likely given that inflation should ease and that overall economic performance will remain rob ust. In 2012, given the scale of the shillings fall in recent years it is likely to be more stable assuming that inflation is lower monetary policy tighter and fiscal consolidation makes some progress, although currency may fall modestly in view of contin ued large current account deficit. Overall therefore the shilling is expected to average between TSh 1533: US$1 and TSh 1620: US$1 in 2012.

7 6. Public Finances (Like fiscal and budgetary deficits).

Yea r 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 General government revenue 3,036.29 3,691.92 5,215.97 5,632.55 6,204.88 7,354.25 9,163.30 9,948.33 11,179.04 12,546.43 13,962.77 General government total expendi ture 3,873.26 4,475.21 5,217.18 6,907.28 8,311.80 10,283.03 11,726.55 12,354.46 13,292.23 14,709.47 16,341.74 Budgeta ry Defi ci t -836.96 -783.29 -1.22 -1,274.73 -2,106.92 -2,928.78 -2,563.25 -2,406.13 -2,113.20 -2,163.04 -2,378.97

General government revenue General government total expenditure

7. Fiscal Policy The government has allowed fiscal discipline to slip substantially in recent years, which has led to a widening of the deficit to an estimated 6.5 % of GDP in fiscal year 2010-2011. As a result, the next few budgets will have to focus on a gradual reduction of the deficit. As detailed in the recently published 2011-2012 budget and five year development plan, this will have to focus on gradual pick-up in GDP growth, but the government is also likely to have to announce new measures aimed at widening the tax base. It has mooted plans to raise the mining taxes, but pushing these through against likely opposition from the mining industry will be difficult. The other priority will be to keep recurrent expenditure notably wage spending under control, which also seeking t o boost development spending. As a separate issue, the government will need to address capacity constraints, as a result of which development expenditure comes in below target. With steady, if unspectacular, progress along these lines, the fiscal deficit is expected to fall back to 5.8 % of GDP in 2011-2012. Disquiet among donors over the corruption scandals and the slow pace of reform, as well as their own budgetary pressure means that direct budget support will not keep pace with growth in domestic revenue. Despite this, project support will remain vigo rous. In addition, there is still considerable issuing a debut Eurobond, although meantime it will carry borrowing at non concessional terms from international banks.

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8. Monetary Policy In recent years the main thrust of the monetary policy of the Bank of Tanzania has been to control the growth of broad money supply and credit growth to the private sector, in order to keep inflation down and support economic growth. However, the situation is complicated by the high weighting of food in the inflation index and the volatility of money s upply growth, as well as the latter lagged impact on the inflation rate. Despite strong growth in lending to the private sector, the BoT has long stan ding concern about the lending rates charged by commercial banks. Over the past few years these rates have moved little, regardless of what the central bank has done in terms of the monetary policy. To this end the BoT is expected to push ahead with what it te rms as second generation of financial reform. However to make a real impact the government will also need to implement difficult reforms such as making it easier to use land as collateral.

Macroeconomic Difficulty 1: Unemployment

Overview One of the most pressing economic challenges facing Tanzania today is its crippling unemployment. The government described th e issue of unemployment, especially among the youth as a time bomb that is ticking. Despite having many resources in the country, Tanzania is still facing acute unemployment among its youths, a case that continues to raise eyebrows as such state had stirred unrest in some African countries and ousting top government leaders. This level stood at 13.4% as of June 2011, with females at 14.3% and males at 12.3%. Specifically, urban unemployment rate, at 16.5% gives particular cause for worry, as opposed to rural unemployment which is significantly lower at 7.5%. The imbalance between labor supply and demand is particularly highlighted in Dar-es-Salaam, where unemployment levels are at a crippling 31.5%. This is primarily due to the fact that the agricultural sector employs about 80% of the 24 mn working population and contributes roughly 28.2% to the overall GDP. Due to seasonal harvesting and poor infrastructure, most of the people in the sector suffer from seasonal unemployment which is exacerbated by lack of opportunities for retraining and lack of funds to provide education. The above graphic provides a telling snapshot of the unemployment scenario in Tanzania and has been explained in detail below. Cause of Unemployment Frictional Unemployment This refers to the unemployment resulting from incomplete information about jobs, particularly prevalent in a country like Tanzania which has low internet and newspaper penetration. Cyclical Unemployment/ Keynesian or demand-deficient unemployment

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This is particularly relevant for a country like Tanzania, where overall output remains low and sluggish economic growth means that the demand for jobs far exceeds the supply.

These figures are not based on data pertaining to Tanzania and are not actual graphs but are illustrations to supplement the text.

Geographical Unemployment This is the inability of people to relocate from areas with low demand for labour, to areas with high demand for labour. This is prevalent for those caught in the poorer western regions who unable to migrate to the r esource rich eastern regions Structural Unemployment Considering that Tanzanias population is concentrated into a few core sectors, this can be a dangerous phenomenon causing lots of long term unemployment if people are untrained for the profession they are a part of. Consequences of Unemployment 1. Economic costs This is the most dangerous outcome of high unemployment which results in reduced output and economic efficiency. Resources are wasted as they are underutilized. Redundancy is als o a probably as people who are trained an educated are unable to find jobs that make use of their skills. Hence investment in their education is also wasted. Long ter m unemployment can lead to a serious loss of skill and motivation. This also greatly affects the governments finances which are dependent on tax collections and if people do not earn, they cannot pay. Additionally, there is a strong link between unemployment and consumer spending. As consumers confidence falls, so the willingness of people to spend declines and people build up their precautionary savings.

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These figures are not based on data pertaining to Tanzania and are not actual graphs but are illustrations to supplement the text.

Hysteresis effects The longer someone is out of work, the less attractive they become to a potential employer. The longer someone is out of work the gr eater their loss of technical and social skills needed at work. People become less willing to seek work and an increase in core structural unemployment and a consequent rise in the natural rate of unemployment occurs. Some youths in Tanzania have reported being out of work for up to 4-6 years which has a lasting impact on their future prospects 2. Social Costs of Unemployment Rising unemployment is linked to s ocial deprivation leading to negative externalities. Tanzania has suffered from high rates of crime such as theft, murder and larceny for several years due to the frustration of youths unable to find employment. Tanzania recorded

Policies to reduce Unemployment-Solutions

1. Macroeconomic policies: policies that affect the economy as a whole with the aim of minimising fluctuation in the business cycle also referred to as demand management or counter cyclical policies a. Fiscal policy: one of the macroeconomic policies which can influence resources allocation, redistribution income and reduce the fluctuation of the business cycle, by varying the amount of government spending and revenue, the government can alter the economic activity, which will influence the economic growth, inflation, unemployment and the external indicators in the economy. b. Monetary Policy: Is macroeconomic policy which involves action by the Central Bank, on behalf the government, to influence the cost and availability of money and credit in the economy. It is used to smooth the effects of fluctuation in the business cycle and influence the level of economic activity, output, employment and price. Used as a long term policy aimed to keeping inflation low, providing an attractive environment for investment and employment growth. -Once the Central Bank believes there is a stable low inflation, which will have a greater range for reducing the interest rate to lower the unemployment rate. If the c entral bank feels that the level of unemployment is approaching the natural rate, they will tighten monetary policy to prevent excessive spending feeding into higher prices and wages. 3. Labor Market reform is by using labour market programmes to improve the flexibility of the labour market to reduce structural unemployment. It can increase the labour productivity, control cost increases and improve flexibility in the supply of the la bour market. 1. Microeconomic reform: is the government improving the resource allocation between firms and indus tries, in order to maximise output and seeking to improve the efficiency and productivity of producer. a. Supply side policies i. Reducing occupational immobility of labour

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Immobility of labour is a cause of labour market failure and structural unemployment. Policies aimed at reducing this problem aim to provide the unemployed with the skills they need to find re-employment and also to improve the incentives to find work. Improvements in the availability and quality of education and work-place training will increase the human capital of unemployed workers and ensure that more of the unemployed have the right skills to take up the available job opportunities. The free-rider problem may also contribute to a sub-optimal level of training from societys point of vi ew. ii. Benefit and tax reforms Providing incentives to find work through benefit and tax reforms, a policy that reduces the real value of welfare benefits m ight increase the incentive for the unemployed to take a job. Targeted measures to improve peoples incentives, including the linking of welfare benefits to participation in genuine work experience programmes or the introduction of lower marginal income tax rates for people on low incomes might by con trast have a noticeable impact. Demand-side policies i. Reflating the economy would lead to greater demand for labour

The government could use macro-economic policies to increase Aggr egate Demand and thereby generate a higher level of national income and employment. The government might also make more active use of policies to encourage inflows of foreign investment from multinational companies particularly to those areas and regions where unemployment is persistently high. ii. Regional policies would increase demand for labour in those regions

Firms who relocate to areas of high unemployment can be offered tax breaks and favorable investment opportunities ii. Employment subsidies

Government could give subsidies for businesses that take on the long-term unemployed or a greater number of unemployed in the most backward regions The government can also consider tax breaks on investment in new machinery, research and development and setting up new businesses to give impetus to new businesses and products to enter the market. Multi-se ctoral approach The government must attempt refor ms in a holistic approach, combating AIDS, unemployment and inflation together and not one by one. Certain practices unique to Tanzania must be strongly discouraged - A single person holding multiple paid jobs - Professionals jumping from one industry to another without experience or training. Reform wages, many youths paid only what is enough to pay for food and transport, poor quality of life, low motivation.

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Macroeconomic Difficulty 2: Rapidly increasing Fiscal Deficit

Current Fiscal Trends Threaten Fiscal Sust ainability The rapidly increasing fiscal deficit has been financed with increasingly expensive resources. The deficit (excluding grants) rose from 1 percent of GDP in 2007/08 to 6.9 percent of GDP in 2009/10. Financing bec ame less concessional, shifting from mostly grants to more use of (concessional) foreign loans as well as (non-concessional) domestic financing. Maintaining current policies could increase the deficit by some 3 to 4 percentage points of GDP by mid-decade. The widening deficit would become increasingly costly to finance. Shallow local capital markets limit the scope for domestic fina ncing, increasing reliance on non-concessional external financing. As a result, public debt would rise rapidly to 66 percent of GDP in 2014/15. Debt servicing costs would grow concomitantly. Alternatively, keeping borrowing near current levels would require sizeable changes in revenue and spending policies. A projected deceleration in overall foreign aid in coming years is making the finding of solutions more urgent. 1. With rapid population growth, demand for public services is expanding, particularly in the social and infrastructure areas. Without explicit policy action, however, r evenue growth can be expected to lag behind. Th e authorities agreed that with little prospects of increases in foreign aid, maintaining fiscal balance would call for an in -depth reassessment of the current fiscal policy framework. Government revenue and spending trends 2. Tax revenues have stalled . After years of gains, they have stabilized near 15 percent of GDP, well below potential. Limited progress has been made to bring the informal sector into the tax base and several budgeted tax reforms have been postponed. The growing mining sector has so far had little net fiscal impact and this is unlikely to change in the coming years, partly because of large embedded tax holidays. 3. The authorities implemented major revenue-enhancing reforms over the last decade. In tax administration, a common taxpayer identification number was introduced, the VAT r egistration threshold was raised, and a Large Taxpayers Unit created. Electronic fiscal devices were recently introduced to reduce VAT evasion. The customs department was modernized and risk assessment improved. In tax policy, the number of brackets of the personal income tax was reduced and the top rate cut to equate it with the corporate income tax rate. VAT loopholes were minimized and excise rates automatically adjusted to inflati on. The reforms improved the business climate by reducing red tape in paying taxes and raised annual tax revenue by about 6 percentage points of GDP. 4. Progress has stalled in recent year s, and tax revenues have remained broadly unchanged as a share of GDP over the last four years. The emphasis has shifted to administrative measures which, however, face decreasing returns over time. Efforts to reduce some tax exemptions ran into stiff opposition and were not successful. 5. Tax exemptions are not well monitored and cost the government 3 percent of GDP per year. Room exists to reduce VAT, import duty, and excise tax exemptions and exercise more rigorous control over them. 6. Revenues from the (mostly gold) mining sector are relatively small. Annual gold exports have risen from US$ bil lion to US$ 1 billion (7 percent of GDP) in the last five years due to the rise in the price of gold. Meanwhile, government r evenues fro m major gold mining companies have remained at around US$ 100 million a year ( percent of GDP). They comprise mainly taxes on wages and some royalties as the ter ms of the 1998 mining act and agreements with mining companies have provided significant corporate income tax holidays. As a result, none of the existing gold projects have paid material income tax to date. 7. Expenditures are rising. They are largely driven by current outlays, which increased from 14.9 percent of GDP in 2007/08 to 18.8 percent of GDP two years later. This partly reflects the counter -cyclical response to the global financial crisis. However, even before the rec ent stimulus package current spending was rising. 8. Wages have doubled relative to GDP over the last decade and now absorb 40 percent of tax revenue. The increase is due to a combination of salary hikes and new hires, including in the social sectors. The wage bill does not capture the full cost of public compensation, as per diems, allowances, and pension contributions are reported under other goods and services, and in some cases wages are included in investment spending. Pressures on the wage bill are expected to continue given the need to recruit additional teachers and health workers to build on recent gains in education and health.

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9. The high level of current spending is crowding out investment. Current outlays, which typically get funded first, exceed the reliable revenue sources (external budget support and domestic revenue) by over 20 percent. As a result, domestically - inanced investment depends on the remaining, less stable resources, which leaves it vulnerable to unexpected, cost-increasing, cutbacks. 10. The cash budgeting system has not prevented the emergence of domestic arrears. Recent budgets wer e based on overly optimistic revenue projections that provided more spending room than was actually available. A shortage of resources combined with a high level of non-discretionary spending reduced space for short-term borrowing and insufficient commitment controls led to the accumulation of domestic arrears in early 2010/11.over a number of years, there would be strong benefits in ini tiating the effort with the 2011/12 budget, to raise public awareness and bolster credibility. The authorities broadly agreed with this approach and indicated that they will begin work to obtain the political support that is needed for f iscal restraint.

Policies to control Fiscal Deficit -- Solutions

1. There is scope for reducing and streamlining current spending. The 2009/10 fiscal stimulus needs to be unwound and spending on goods and services brought to their pre-crisis level, which was several percentage points of GDP lower. Existing subsidies (such as transfers to higher education students, subsidies to utility companies and to agricultural producers) could be better targeted. In addition, the growth in the wage bill must be stabilized while providing space for recruitments in social sectors. Determined efforts to increase spending efficiency, including for investment projects, are needed to make room for necessary expenditures within the spending envelope. The authorities agreed on the direction of the needed changes. They indicated that a number of task forces have been established, including for example on wage policy, but have not yet r eached final conclusions.

2. Settlement of tax disputes with existing gold mines With continued high gold prices, about percent of GDP in annual income tax may begin to be collected in the coming years from existing gold mines, and after mid-decade this may rise to perhaps percent of GDP. However, net increases in revenue will be relatively small in the near term because of the offsetting impact of accumulated VAT and fuel tax refund claims. Stepped -up efforts to bring to resolution pastand highly contentioustax disputes with existing gold mines, together with improvements in mining tax administration, as per the commendations of recent TA, could generate some additional revenue. A new mining act was passed in 2010 but existing gold mines remain governed by their respective agreements. 3. The tax base could be expanded and excise tax rates raised. Exemptions have unduly multiplied, particularly for the VAT, and could be usefully scaled down. The authorities noted they were aware of the issue but had run into political difficulties when attempting to curtail exemptions. They indicated they were th er efore putting the onus on tax administration reforms. Staff agreed there was scope for tighter enforcement of current tax laws, but noted that the yield would likely be diminishing after several years of advances in this area. The authorities indicated they would carefully study the recommendations of recent IMF TA on tax policy, which detailed the scope for reducing exemptions, suggested room for raising excise tax rates, and explored options regarding mining taxation. 4. Stronger budget procedures could increase the effectiveness of the cash budgeting system. The emergence of domestic arrears was a sign of its limitations and that a more realistic budget was needed to avoid overburdening it. The authorities are studying the recommendations of recent IMF TA to strengthen their cash-budgeting operations. 5. Public investment management could be strengthened to improve prioritization. The authorities envision developing a medium-term investment plan, setting up a capital projects database, and establishing a capital investment unit in the Ministry of Finance. Staff welcomed these intended reforms and added that the institutional responsibilities for project appraisal had to be clarified, with the Ministry of Finance retaining a gatekeeper role. 6. Domestic resource mobilization has significant room for improvement. It is estimated that actual revenue collection (on the basis of the existing tax structure) fell short of potential by an estimated 6 percent of GDP in 2008, compared to a shortfall of 2 percent of GDP in Kenya.1Tan zanias tax performance lags behind comparators in nearly all categories: corporate income tax collection is only half as good as in the rest of sub -Saharan Africa, VAT compliance is substantially lower, and excise tax rates are lower than in other EAC cou ntries.

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REFERENCES
http://allafrica.com http://web.worldbank.org http://imf.org http://tradingeconomics.com http://tutor2u.net http://economywatch.com http://tic.co.tz http://africaneconomicoutlook.org http://usaid.gov http://unstats.org http://www.tanzania.go.tz http://wikipedia.com http://www.nbs.go.tz/ ( National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania) http://www.tsed.org/ ( Tanzania Socio-Economic Database) http://www.bot-tz.org/ ( Bank of Tanzania) http://www.imf.org ( International Monetary Fund) http://elibrary-data.imf.org/ ( IMF e-Library) http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/ (International Labor Organisation - Statistics and Database) http://www.economist.com (Economist) http://www.mof.go.tz/ ( Ministry of Finance - Tanzania)