History of Freemasonry From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Main article: Freemasonry Part of a series

of articles on Freemasonry Core Articles Freemasonry Grand Lodge Masonic Lodge Masonic Lodge Officers Grand Master Prince Hall Freemasonry Regular Masonic jurisdictions Continental Freemasonry History History of Freemasonry Libert chrie Masonic manuscripts [show]Masonic Bodies Masonic Masonic bodies York Rite Order of Mark Master Masons Holy Royal Arch Royal Arch Masonry Cryptic Masonry Knights Templar Red Cross of Constantine Scottish Rite K night Kadosh The Shrine Royal Order of Jesters Tall Cedars of Lebanon The Grotto Societas Rosicruciana Grand College of Rites Swedish Rite Order of St. Thomas o f Acon Royal Order of Scotland Order of Knight Masons Research Lodge Corks Masonic groups for women Women and Freemasonry Order of the Amaranth Order of the Eastern Star Co-Freemas onry Masonic Youth Organizations DeMolay A.J.E.F. Job's Daughters International Order of the Rainbow for Girls [show]Views of Masonry Anti-Masonry Anti-Masonic Party Anti-Freemason Exhibition Opposition to Freemaso nry within Christianity Suppression of Freemasonry Masonic conspiracy theories Pa pal ban of Freemasonry Taxil hoax [show]People and Places Masonic Temple James Anderson Albert Mackey Albert Pike Prince Hall John the Eva ngelist John the Baptist William Schaw Elizabeth Aldworth List of Freemasons Lod ge Mother Kilwinning Freemasons' Hall, London House of the Temple Solomon's Temp le Detroit Masonic Temple List of Masonic buildings [show]Other related articles Great Architect of the Universe Square and Compasses Pigpen cipher Eye of Provid ence Hiram Abiff Sprig of Acacia Masonic Landmarks Pike's Morals and Dogma Propag anda Due Dermott's Ahiman Rezon This box: view talk edit The history of Freemasonry studies the development, evolution and events of the fraternal organization known as Freemasonry. This history is generally separated into two time periods: before and after the formation of the Grand Lodge of Eng land in 1717. Before this time, the facts and origins of Freemasonry are not abs olutely known and are therefore frequently explained by theories or legends. Aft er the formation of the Grand Lodge of England, the history of Freemasonry is ex tremely well documented and can be traced through the creation of hundreds of Gr and Lodges that spread rapidly worldwide. In recent years professional historians have added an entirely new dimension by studying the impact of Freemasonry on the history of Europe and America in the 1 8th century[1] Contents [hide] 1 From origin to 18th century Freemasonry 1.1 Origin theories of speculative freemasonry 1.2 Name origins 1.3 From historical foundation to 1717 1.4 Creation of the First Grand Lodge in London 1.5 Anderson's Constitutions 1.6 Creation of the Third Degree

1.7 The "Antients" and "Moderns" Grand Lodges 1.8 Early Freemasonry in the United States (1733 1799) 1.9 Establishment of Prince Hall Freemasonry (1775 1827) 2 Role of Freemasonry in 18th century Enlightenment 3 19th Century Freemasonry 3.1 The Union of 1813 3.2 The Morgan Affair and Decline in American Freemasonry (1826 c.1850) 3.3 American Freemasons during the Civil War 3.4 Freemasons and the Paris Commune 3.5 The great schism of 1877 3.5.1 Background to the schism 3.6 Taxil hoax 4 20th Century Freemasonry 4.1 Freemasonry under Totalitarian Regimes (1900 current) 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 External links [edit] From origin to 18th century Freemasonry[edit] Origin theories of speculat ive freemasonryIn its ritual context, Freemasonry employs an allegorical foundat ion myth: the foundation of the fraternity by the builders of King Solomon s Templ e. Beyond myth, there is a distinct absence of documentation as to Freemasonry s orig ins, which has led to a great deal of speculation among historians and pseudo-hi storians alike, both from within and from outside the fraternity. Hundreds of bo oks have been written on the subject. Much of the content of these books is high ly speculative, and the precise origins of Freemasonry may very well be permanen tly lost to history. Some[who?] believe the scant evidence that is available poi nts to the origins of Freemasonry as a fraternity that simply evolved out of the lodges of operative stonemasons of the Middle Ages. Others[who?] have disputed whether stonemasons were ever organized formally into guilds, and have criticize d the suggestion that Freemasonry evolved out of such organizations as a trite m yth, stemming merely from the fact that the fraternity uses stonemasonry as the core allegory for the organization of its symbolism. In any event, the matter of the origins of Freemasonry continues to puzzle and mystify historians. The origin of Freemasonry has variously been attributed to: King Solomon and the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem,[2] Euclid or Pythagoras, Moses, the Es senes, the Culdees, the Druids, the Gypsies, or the Rosicrucians,[2] not to ment ion the intellectual descendants of Noah.[3] Some of the more popular theories i nclude Freemasonry being an offshoot of the ancient mystery schools,[4][5] or th at it is an institutional outgrowth of the medieval guilds of stonemasons,[6][7] or that it is a direct descendant of the Knights Templar.[3][8] There are other lesser-known theories, such as: The construction of the Rosslyn Chapel in Scotland (1440 1490) provided the interf ace between the Knights Templar and Freemasonry. Accordingly, the First Degree a nd Mark Masonry was introduced by William Sinclair, the alleged first Grand Mast er and founder of Freemasonry.[9] Freemasonry is the intellectual descendant of the Roman Collegia.[10] Freemasonry is the intellectual descendant of the Comacine masters.[11] Freemasonry had its beginnings particularly in the German Steinmetzen, or the Fr ench Compagnonage.[2] Freemasonry was created by Francis Bacon, Oliver Cromwell, or the Stuart pretend ers to the British Crown.[2] Freemasonry was a result of Sir Christopher Wren and the rebuilding of St. Paul'

s Cathedral.[2] [edit] Name originsThe medieval stonemasons were sometimes known as "freemasons. "[12] Historians have suggested several origins of the term: From the French term franc Maon, a mason working in a Lodge that has been granted a franchise by the Church to work on Church property and free from taxation or regulation by the King or the local Municipality.[13] From the French frre Maon literally meaning "brother Mason" From Free Men, that is they were not serfs or indentured, and free to travel fro m one work location to another. From working in "freestone," a type of quarry stone, and they were therefore Fre estone Masons.[14] [edit] From historical foundation to 1717The early development of Freemasonry ha s two distinct growth periods:[15] Stage 1. Operative Freemasonry associated with the craft guilds. Ritual elements are simple and there is no evidence beyond a rudimentary philosophical outlook. Stage 2. Freemasonry of the late 16th century and into the 17th century. Survivi ng Scottish Lodge records, as early as the 1630s, show a gentrification process a transition from Operative to Speculative Freemasonry evidenced by increasing n on-operative notable gentleman within the membership.[16] Virtually no records o f English lodges survive prior to the speculative, Grand Lodge period of 1717 on wards. The purely speculative ritual and lectures of William Preston (1742 1818) d emonstrate an increasing use of a ritual infusion of Enlightenment philosophy.[1 7] A credible historical source asserting the antiquity of Freemasonry is The Halli well Manuscript, or Regius Poem believed to date from ca. 1390. This makes refer ence to several concepts and phrases similar to those found in Freemasonry.[18] The manuscript itself seems to be an elaboration on an earlier document, to whic h it refers. There is also the Cooke Manuscript, an undated manuscript constitution from the mid-15th century, the oldest of the Gothic Constitutions.[19] The first statutor y use of the word 'Freemason' in England appears in the Statutes of the Realm en acted in 1495 under Henry VI, although the archaic term "frank mason" had been u sed fifty years earlier. Prior to that, the earliest use of the term "ffre Mason s" was in a 1376 reference to the "Company of ffre Masons," one of the numerous craft guilds of London.[20] By 1583, the date of the Grand Lodge manuscript,[18] the documentary evidence be gins to grow. The Schaw Statutes of 1598 99 are the source used to declare the pre cedence of Lodge Mother Kilwinning in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, Scotland over Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) in Edinburgh. These are described as Head and Princ ipal respectively. As a side note, following a dispute over numbering at the for mation of the Grand Lodge of Scotland (GLS) Kilwinning is numbered as Lodge Moth er Kilwinning Number 0 (pronounced 'Nothing'), GLS. Quite soon thereafter, a cha rter was granted to Sir William St. Clair (later Sinclair) of Roslin (Rosslyn), allowing him to purchase jurisdiction over a number of lodges in Edinburgh and e nvirons.[18] This may be the basis of the Templar myth surrounding Rosslyn Chape l. The Regius Poem and Cooke manuscript, about 1390 and 1410 respectively, are writ ten in the dialects of the west and southwest of England, and may have been writ ten for the school of masonry associated with Salisbury Cathedral. Early operative Freemasons, unlike virtually all Europeans except the Clergy, we re Free not bound to the land on which they were born. The various skills requir ed in building complex stone structures, especially churches and cathedrals, all owed skilled masons to travel and find work at will. They were lodged in a tempo rary structure either attached to, or near, the main stone building.[21] In this

lodge, they ate, slept and received their work assignments from the master of t he work. To maintain the freedom they enjoyed required exclusivity of skills, an d thus, as an apprentice was trained, his instructor attached moral values to th e tools of the trade, binding him to his fellows of the craft.[citation needed] Freemasonry's transition from a craft guild of operative, working stonemasons in to a fraternity of speculative, accepted, gentleman Freemasons began in Scottish lodges during the early 17th century. The earliest record of a person who was n ot an operative Mason attending a lodge meeting occurs in the records of the Lod ge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel), 8 June 1600, where it is shown that John Boswel l, Laird of Aucheinleck, was present. However there is no record of Boswell's in itiation into the lodge. The meeting of 8 June was not a normal meeting of the l odge (it was a masonic trial of a member), and Boswell may have been present in a capacity other than as a member. The first record of the initiation of a non-o perative mason in a lodge is contained in the minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) for 3 July 1634, when the Right Honourable Lord Alexander was ad mitted a Fellowcraft.[14] The first record of the Initiation of a non-operative on English soil, was in 1641 when Sir Robert Moray was admitted to the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) at Newcastle. From the early 17th century references are found to Freemasonry in personal diar ies and journals. Elias Ashmole (1617 1692) was made a Mason in 1646 and notes att ending several Masonic meetings. There appears to be a general spread of the Cra ft, between Ashmole's account and 1717, when four English Lodges meeting in Lond on Taverns joined together and founded the Grand Lodge of London (now known as t he United Grand Lodge of England). They had held meetings, respectively, at the Cheshire Cheese Tavern, the Apple-Tree Tavern, the Crown Ale-House near Drury La ne, the Goose and Gridiron in St. Paul's Churchyard, and the Rummer and Grapes T avern in Westminster.[18] With the foundation of this first Grand Lodge, Freemasonry shifted from being an obscure, relatively private, institution into the public eye. The years followi ng saw new Grand Lodges open throughout Europe. How much of this growth was the spreading of Freemasonry itself, and how much was due to the public organization of pre-existing private Lodges, is uncertain. [edit] Creation of the First Grand Lodge in LondonEnglish Masonic historians pla ce great importance on 24 June 1717 (St. John the Baptist's day) when four Londo n lodges came together at the Goose and Gridiron Ale House in St Paul s churchyard and formed what they called The Grand Lodge of England. Although Freemasonry ha d existed in England since at least the mid-17th century and in Scotland since T he Schaw Statutes were enacted in 1598 and 1599, the establishment of a permanen t Grand Lodge in London in 1717 is traditionally considered the formation of org anized Freemasonry in its modern sense. [edit] Anderson's ConstitutionsIn 1723, James Anderson wrote and published The C onstitutions of the Free-Masons, For the Use of the Lodges in London and Westmin ster. This work was reprinted in Philadelphia in 1734 by Benjamin Franklin, who was that year elected Grand Master of the Masons of Pennsylvania. In addition to clarifying the rules by which the fraternity was to be governed, Anderson's Constitution contained a History of Freemasonry which claimed that th e Craft was very ancient. He traced the fraternity's history from the Medieval g uilds of operative stonemasons through various Roman and Greek builders and math ematicians, all the way back to biblical roots. Almost as soon as it was publish ed, more knowledgeable historians began to pick apart Anderson's tale, noting it s glaring errors. For example: Anderson states that there was an assembly of Mas ons at York in A.D. 926, where the English King Athelstan granted them a charter yet York was under Danish control at that time. Anderson also has Pythagoras li ving in Egypt at the time of the building of King Solomon's Temple, hundreds of

years before he was born. It is now recognised that Dr. Anderson's Story of the Craft is based on mythical tales and legendary traditions, and is quite untrustworthy.[22] However, Anders on's claim that Freemasonry dates back to ancient times continues to be repeated to this day. [edit] Creation of the Third DegreeSometime after 1725, a third degree, the Mast er Mason's degree, began to be worked in London lodges. Its origins are unknown. While it may be older than its recorded appearance indicates, it does not appea r in the records of any lodge until April 1727 (its actual conferral does not ap pear in the records of any lodge until March 1729). Exposures of Masonic ritual, which began to appear in 1723, refer to only two degrees until the publication of Samuel Pritchard's "Masonry Dissected" in 1730, which contained the work for all three degrees.[23] The Master Mason's degree was not official until the Gran d Lodge adopted Anderson's revised Constitutions of 1738.[24] [edit] The "Antients" and "Moderns" Grand LodgesThroughout the early years of th e new Grand Lodge there were many lodges that never affiliated with the new Gran d Lodge. These unaffiliated Masons and their Lodges were referred to as "Old Mas ons," or "St. John Masons, and "St. John Lodges".[25] In 1725 a lodge in York founded the rival "Grand Lodge of All England" as a prot est against the growing influence of the Grand Lodge of England in London. Durin g the 1730s and 1740s antipathy increased between the London based Grand Lodge o f England (hereafter referred to as the Premier Grand Lodge) and the Grand Lodge s of Ireland and Scotland. Irish and Scots Masons visiting and living in London considered the Premier Grand Lodge to have considerably deviated from the ancien t practices of the Craft. As a result, these Masons felt a stronger kinship with the unaffiliated London Lodges. The aristocratic nature of the Premier Grand Lo dge and its members alienated other Masons of the City causing them also to iden tify with the unaffiliated Lodges.[26] On 17 July 1751, representatives of five Lodges gathered at the Turk's Head Tave rn, in Greek Street, Soho, London forming a rival Grand Lodge The Most Antient a nd Honourable Society of Free and Accepted Masons. They believed that they pract iced a more ancient and therefore purer form of Masonry, and called their Grand Lodge The Antients' Grand Lodge. They called those affiliated to the Premier Gra nd Lodge, by the pejorative epithet The Moderns. These two unofficial names stuc k.[27] Laurence Dermott wrote a new constitution for the Ancients, the Ahiman Re zon as an alternative for the Constitution of the Moderns. An illustration of how deep the division was between the two factions is the cas e of Benjamin Franklin who was a member of a Moderns' Lodge in Philadelphia. Dur ing his stay in France, he became Master of the Lodge Les Neuf S urs in 1779, and was re-elected in 1780. Upon returning from France it transpired that his Lodge had changed to (and had received a new warrant from) the Antients Grand Lodge; n o longer recognizing him and declining to give him "Masonic Honours" at his fune ral.[28] For many years, "The Great Masonic Schism" was a name applied to the sixty-two y ear division of English Freemasonry into two separate Grand Lodges. Some even at tempted to attribute the division to the changes in passwords made in 1738 39 by t he Premier Grand Lodge. Masonic historian Robert F. Gould in his "History of Fre emasonry (1885) referred to the Antients Grand Lodge as "schismatics". However, Henry Sadler, Librarian of the UGLE, demonstrated in his 1887 book "Masonic Fact s and Fictions" that the Antients Grand Lodge was formed in 1751 primarily by Ir ish Masons living and working in London, never affiliated with the older Grand L odge. 72 of the first 100 names on the roll of the new Antients' Grand Lodge wer e Irish. In 1776, the Grand Secretary of the Moderns' Grand Lodge referred to th

em as "the Irish Faction (Ye Antient Masons, as they call themselves)". And so t he myth of a "Great Masonic Schism" in English Masonry was laid to rest.[29] [edit] Early Freemasonry in the United States (1733 1799)Main article: History of Masonic Grand Lodges in North America In 1733, Henry Price, the Provincial Grand Master over all of North America for the London Grand Lodge, granted a charter to a group of Boston Freemasons. This lodge was later named St. John's Lodge and was the first duly constituted lodge in America.[30] [edit] Establishment of Prince Hall Freemasonry (1775 1827)Main article: Prince Ha ll Freemasonry [edit] Role of Freemasonry in 18th century EnlightenmentThere is some debate amo ng scholars as to the role of Freemasonry in the 18th century Age of Enlightenme nt. Some see Freemasonry as playing a significant role, influencing enlightenmen t thinking, promoting the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helping to diffuse th ese values across Britain and France and other places.[31] Others disagree, argu ing that Freemasonry played little if any role in the Enlightenment.[32][33] [edit] 19th Century Freemasonry[edit] The Union of 1813The Premier Grand Lodge o f England and the Antient Grand Lodge of England were amalgamated into the Unite d Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) on 27 December 1813 (day of Saint John the Evang elist), by twenty-one articles of "The Articles of Union" specifying the agreeme nts made regarding the various points of contention. A special lodge, The Lodge of Promulgation, was established by the Moderns in 1809 to promulgate the ancien t landmarks of the Order, as well as instructing and negotiating with the member s of the two factions to include the discontinuation of any innovations or chang es introduced by the Moderns. The Union largely confirmed the Ancients' forms an d ceremonies, and therefore considerably revised the Moderns' rituals. One of th e most important changes was the reference in Article Two to the Royal Arch Degr ee as included in the, third, Master Masons' Degree a practice that had always b een peculiar to the Ancients lodges.[26] Following the union in 1813, a Lodge of Reconciliation (1813 1816) was established to complete the rationalisation of the ritual into a form acceptable to both parties forming the newly constituted Uni ted Grand Lodge. In 1823 a Emulation Lodge of Improvement was established. Upon the union of Antients and Moderns, the UGLE also created a new Constitution , based on the Constitution of Anderson of the Moderns and the Ahiman Rezon of t he Antients. Both the Ancients and the Moderns had daughter Lodges throughout the world, and because many of those Lodges still exist, there is a great deal of variety in th e ritual used today, even between UGLE-recognized jurisdictions in amity. Most P rivate Lodges conduct themselves in accordance with a single Rite. [edit] The Morgan Affair and Decline in American Freemasonry (1826 c.1850)Main art icle: William Morgan (anti-Mason) In 1826, William Morgan disappeared from Batavia, New York, after threatening to expose Freemasonry's secrets, causing some to claim that he had been murdered b y Masons. What exactly occurred has never been conclusively proven. However, Mor gan's disappearance and the minimal punishment received by his kidnappers sparke d a series of protests against Freemasons throughout the United States, especial ly in New York and neighboring states. Under the leadership of Thurlow Weed, an anti-Masonic and anti-Andrew Jackson (J ackson was a Mason) movement grew to become the political party and made the bal lot for the presidency in 1828, while gaining the support of such notable politi cians as William H. Seward. Its influence was such that other Jackson rivals, in cluding John Quincy Adams, denounced the Masons. In 1847, Adams wrote a widely d istributed book titled "Letters on the Masonic Institution" that was highly crit

ical of the Masons. In 1832, the party fielded William Wirt as its presidential candidate. This was rather ironic because he was, in fact, a Freemason, and even gave a speech at the Anti-Masonic convention defending the organization. The pa rty only received seven electoral votes. Three years later, the party had disban ded in every state save Pennsylvania, as other issues such as slavery had become the focus of national attention. [edit] American Freemasons during the Civil WarThe fortunes of American Freemaso nry declined sharply following the Morgan Affair, only to rebound as the force o f the Anti-Masonic movement sputtered out in the mid 1830s. By the late 1850s, m asonry in America was the subject of renewed popular interest and lodge membersh ip, which had bottomed out during the anti-Masonic period began to rise. By the time of the American Civil War, U.S. freemasonry tripled its membership from 66, 000 to 200,000 members in over 5000 lodges nationwide. This surge in membership helps explain, at least in part, the many stories of Masonic fraternization duri ng the American Civil War, which include accounts of Masonic soldiers and sailor s rescuing enemy combatants who identified themselves as members of the fraterni ty. Masonic incidents are also recorded involving Freemasons burying their own w ith Masonic formalities during battle, as well as aid and special treatment give n to Masonic POWs.[34] [edit] Freemasons and the Paris CommuneDuring the 19th Century, French Freemason ry became increasingly involved in politics. According to Ernest Belfort Bax, Fr eemasons were responsible for the last serious attempt at conciliation between V ersailles and the Commune on April 21, 1870. They were received coldly by Adolph e Thiers, who assured them that, though Paris was given over to destruction and slaughter, the law should be enforced, and he kept his word. A few days after th ey decided, in a public meeting, to plant their banner on the ramparts and throw in their lot with the Commune. On the 29th, accordingly, 10,000 of the brethren met (55 lodges being represented), and marched to the Htel de Ville, headed by t he Grand Masters in full insignia and the banners of the lodges. Amongst them th e new banner of Vincennes was conspicuous, bearing the inscription in red letter s on a white ground, Love one another. A balloon was then sent up, which let fall at intervals, outside Paris, a manifesto of the Freemasons. The procession then wended its way through the boulevards and the Champs Elyses to the Arc de Triomph e, where the banners were planted at various points along the ramparts. On seein g the white flag on the Porte Maillot the Versaillese ceased firing, and the com mander, himself a Freemason, received a deputation of brethren, and suggested a final appeal to Versailles, which was agreed to. The chief of the executive, of co urse, hardly listened to the envoys, and declined to further discuss the questio n of peace with anyone. This last formal challenge having been made and rejected , the Freemasons definitely took their stand as combatants for the Commune.[35] [edit] The great schism of 1877See also: Regular Masonic jurisdictions and Conti nental Freemasonry A great schism in Freemasonry occurred in the years following 1877, when the Gra nd Orient de France (GOdF) started unreservedly accepting atheists, and recogniz ed Women's Masonry and Co-Masonry. The United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) deem ed this to be irregular and a violation of the ancient landmarks of the Fraterni ty. UGLE withdrew its recognition of GOdF. The majority of Grand Lodges around t he world, especially those in the English speaking world, followed UGLE's lead. However, a minority, mostly in Europe and South America chose to follow GOdF's e xample. Thus Freemasonry was split between the Anglo-American concept of Freemas onry and the Continental concept of Freemasonry. Adding to the tensions between these two systems, French Masons tended to be mor e willing to discuss religion and politics in their Lodges; unlike the English w ho banned such discussions outright.[36] The schism between the two branches was occasionally, (unofficially or partially

) breached, especially during the First World War when American Masons overseas wished to visit French Lodges.[36] [edit] Background to the schismAs to religious requirements, the oldest constitu tion found in Freemasonry Anderson's Constitutions of the Free-Masons, 1723 says that a Mason "will never be a stupid Atheist nor an irreligious Libertine" if h e "rightly understands the Art". The only religious requirement was "that Religi on in which all Men agree, leaving their particular Opinions to themselves".[37] In 1815, the newly amalgamated UGLE modified Anderson's constitutions to include : "Let a man's religion or mode of worship be what it may, he is not excluded fr om the Order, provided he believes in the glorious Architect of Heaven and Earth , and practices the sacred duties of morality." In 1849, France (GOdF) followed the English (UGLE) lead by adopting the "Supreme Being" requirement, but pressure from Latin countries produced by 1875, the alt ernative phrase "Creative Principle". This was ultimately not enough for the GOd F, and in 1877 it re-adopted the original Anderson document of 1723. They also c reated an alternative ritual that made no direct reference to any deity, with th e attribute of the Great Architect of the Universe.[38] This new Rite did not re place the older ones, but was added as an alternative, as Continental European j urisdictions, generally, tend not to restrict themselves to a single Rite offeri ng a menu of Rites, from which their lodges may choose.

History and Purpose of the Freemasons and other Secret Societies If you patiently read the following paragraphs of historical explanation, you ma y come to an understanding of "the hidden mysteries of nature and science". Then we can discuss Freemasonry, and you will see truths your Worshipful Master has never contemplated.

From the Garden of Eden a battle has raged between two deadly enemies. The battl e began when Lucifer incarnate the serpent, a man-like creature - great giant of a fellow, until God changed every bone in his body and put him upon his belly. Lucifer being God's right-hand man, knew that God's Plan was to build a kingdom. Knowing it would be inherited by Michael, (or Christ), he became jealous and se t about gaining it for himself. God commanded man to multiply, fill and subdue the earth, and to have dominion o ver it. But by his wisdom, Lucifer knew that as the seed of a horse can fertiliz e a donkey to produce the hybrid mule God never created, so the seed of the serp ent could fertilize the woman and create a hybrid species uncreated by God. And whenever the offspring of Eve by the serpent intermingled with the seed of Adam, the progeny would always be serpent's seed, and NOT on the Book of Life. So he incarnate the serpent and seduced Eve. From that time to this there have been two races of people on this earth. The se ed of Cain, and the seed of Adam. Cain was begotten of that wicked one (I John 3 :12). Abel was the son of Adam who was the (only) son of God (Luke 3:38). God placed enmity, that's "hatred," between us. Lucifer knew that by miscegenation, he could exterminate the seed of Adam and thus fall heir to the kingdom of Chris t. In the time of Noah, God destroyed the world with the Flood because of miscegena tion between the races of Adam and Cain. The serpent seed was in the Ark and it is with us to this day. It populated the land of Canaan, and afterwards spread t hroughout the world (Genesis 10:18). God made a Covenant with Abraham, and promised his seed would inherit the land o f Canaan. As the Promise unfolded we find Abraham's seed was not to be Ishmael, but would come through his wife Sarah. Their son, Isaac, had twins. Isaac's first-born, Esau, sold his birthright to hi s younger brother, Jacob. Esau then married two serpent-seed women and an Ishmae lite, whose offspring intermarried with the serpent seed. Thus Esau committed "g enocide" for that was the end of the Adamic lineage in Esau whose nation became known as Edom. Edom is "The people against whom the Lord has indignation forever" (Malachi 1:4) . It disappeared from history through miscegenation with Israel and has assumed the name "Jew". God told Moses, when Israel conquers the Land, they must utterly slay all of its serpent seed inhabitants. Israel were disobedient and eventually found themse lves dominated and ruled by these people. From ws". acob God before the days of Christ there was intense hatred between Rome and the "Je Jacob and Esau strove together in Rebecca's womb, and when Esau was born, J grasped him by the heel. The hated and rivalry between these two enemies of is to this day the root of earth's geopolitical struggles.

When the Ten Tribes of the Northern Kingdom began worshiping the pagan trinity, He dispersed them by the Assyrians. Later when the Southern Kingdom adopted this pagan worship, God sent Nebuchadnezzar to destroy Jerusalem and the temple, and take the people captive to Babylon. At the end of the captivity, many of the Hebrew people declined to return. Remai ning in Babylon, they intermarried and assimilated, so that for the next fifteen hundred years, Babylon, and not Jerusalem, was Israel's theological headquarter s. Whilst the returnees brought with them the Babylonian fractional reserve bank

ing system (usury), calendar, the synagogue form of worship, rabbis, Cabbala, an d the beginnings of the Talmud and Pharisaism. John Hyrcanus, Judah's high priest, seeking perhaps to heal the breach between t he descendants of Esau and Jacob, forcibly converted the Edomites (or Idumeans) to Judaism. In 37BC, Herod the Great succeeded John when the Romans made him rul er of all Judea - now called Idumea, because of the overwhelming number of Edomi tes in the population. Herod was an Idumean who married into John's family, the Maccabees. Thus by the time of Christ, the majority of "Jews" were unrelated to Abraham, Isaac and Jaco b by blood, and certainly not by faith. The religion of the Judeans was no longe r the Law and the Prophets, but "the traditions of the elders" which had been co mpiled as the Babylonian Talmud by about AD500. This Babylonian religion called "Pharisaism" became Talmudism. In turn, Talmudism became Medieval Rabbinism, whi ch became Modern Rabbinism we call "Judaism" today. Lucifer was trying to steal the Kingdom from Jesus Christ by the same ploy he us ed in the garden of Eden. Miscegenation. Esau's descendants controlled the templ e through the dominance of the Pharisees, and their Edomite king ruled under Rom e. They had assumed or stolen the identity of these so-called "Chosen People" an d were certainly not willing to receive a Messiah and King from the House of Dav id. This was why Herod tried to kill all the boy children from two years of age and less (Matthew 2:16). Who killed the Lord Jesus? The Bible says it was "the chief priests and Pharisee s" who accused Him and cried, "His blood be upon us and upon our children". Thei r hatred has not abated over the centuries today pagan Esau/Edom, who is not eve n on the Book of Life, continues to affront God and to persecute Jacob/Israel. The spirit of Satan permeated the four Gentile empires of Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece and Rome, destroying each from within. Finally he penetrating Christendom as once he infiltrated and usurped the Old Testament priesthood, transforming I mperial Roman rule into a FALSE religious power with the organization of the pag an Roman Catholic church at the First Nicea Council of AD325. Any student of history knows that the few Christians who attended Nicea left bef ore the Council sat, for apostate Jews who controlled the proceedings had arrang ed their usual Hegelian FALSE alternative of thesis and antithesis in the form o f two heresies as Satan had set the Sadducees and the Pharisees before Jesus, an d later Paul. Here he set the heretics Arius and his Unitarianism, and Athanasi us and his Trinitarian, together with their followers, in opposition against one another, the Christians, and God. The Babylonian form of worship was introduced into nominal, carnal Christianity, with the organization of the Roman Universal church. Their false trinity of god s, and false water baptism in three Titles, instead of in the Name of our Lord J esus Christ; the Bible-denying Nicene Creed, and church-State union. Soon, the c ontrolled State church was killing all who refused Rome's false trinity and wate r baptism. Their mark of the beast. Scores of millions were martyred through alm ost a thousand years of Dark Ages. Throughout the past 2,000 years, Satan's military, in the guise of the self-styl ed Jews, (who are basically physical serpent's seed hybrid), has persecuted the natural seed of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob who are Hebrews and genuine Israelites. Then, in the shape of the Roman Catholic FALSE church, whose sons are spiritual serpent's seed, bastard-born children of her creed hybrid with God's Word, it h as persecuted the Spiritual Seed of Abraham, the true Church made up of both Isr aelites and Gentiles.

Both of them hail from Babylon! And if you are a Mason who has studied the Craft , you will recognize that much of its allegory is drawn from pagan mythology. Th is mythology originated in Chaldea (Babylon), spread to Egypt, and from there th e Hebrews received It. The major sources of information are in the records of Eg yptian and Grecian culture. Egypt received her science and mathematics from the Chaldeans and Greece received hers from Egypt. Since the priests were in charge of teaching these sciences and they formed a part of their religion, we know how the Babylonish religion gained its strength in these two countries. And whene ver one nation was able to subdue another, in due time the religion of the subdu er became the religion of the subdued. As is well known, the Greeks had the sam e signs of the Zodiac as the Babylonians; and according to the ancient Egyptian records the Egyptians gave the Greeks their knowledge of polytheism. Thus the Ba bylonian mysteries spread from nation to nation until in Rome, China, India, and even in North and South America, we find the same basic worship. The battle between "the children of God" and "the children of disobedience" is r aging today. And there are myriad levels of "initiation," or battle fronts into this conspiracy, which is executing a secret plan of Darkness, even as God's Hol y Bible is unfolding the mystery of Light or true Illumination. As a consequence we encounter numerous secret societies, or "societies with secrets," which all ultimately serve the same master. The three great distinguishing principles of secret societies are secrecy, their peculiar emphasis on benevolence, and their system of regalia, badges, rank and formalities, as well as many incidental practices that are radically false, and plainly opposed to sound reason and the Word of God. Jesus said to the high priest: "I spoke openly to the world; and in secret I hav e said nothing" (John 18:20). Jesus foretold, "as it was in the days of Noah this accursed hybreeding will rep eat in the days of My 'parousia' or Coming" (Matthew 24:37-41). Christ's parousi a began in 1963 with the revelation of the Seven Seals which brought Him back to earth in Word form. And we have miscegenation between East and West on a scale not seen since the Flood. Multiracialism veiled as what is euphemistically call ed 'multiculturalism'. And the mixing of religions. For twenty centuries the "Jews" have never ceased to reiterate their rejection o f Jesus. With concentrated intensity they've bent themself to the task of assaul ting the Church, which He founded, and in which He lives. This purpose, and thei r persecution of natural Israel has bound them together: into a stubborn, alien knot that refuses to be dissolved into any society. Through a rabbit warren of secret societies, the old boundaries have been broken down and we see the open conspiracy drawn up by Fabian Socialist H.G. Wells, tr ansformed in our sight. The enemies of the first and the second Adam are behind all this; rather than being "God's Chosen", they are His accursed! Satan is usi ng them to work his purposes. "Stolen waters are sweet, and bread eaten in secret is pleasant". The smug conce it of 'secret knowledge' with which she hoped to teach her innocent husband caus ed Eve to stumble and fall from grace. Eve had acquired carnal knowledge but wit h it came death. True Spiritual revelation (or faith) from God is Life and peace . God is trying to unveil His secrets through intimate faith, not second-hand le arning. The prophet of Malachi 4:5-6 and Revelation 10:7 "finished the mystery o f God" in 1963. God's channel of revelation is this prophetic ministry whereby Christ revealed the Seven Seals. He is not seeking to hide, but to unfold His my stery to whomsoever will. Does it matter if there are secrets and secret societies? Is there anything wr

ong with being a member of a secret society? When asked such questions those who belong to a secret society frequently deny t heir membership. When the motive for belonging is requested, it is said that the ir purpose in joining was for fellowship and connections; and the larger the sec ret society, the more connections. However, in the case of a secret society li ke Yale's Skull and Bones, we don't have a large membership. It is power that dr aws one to Bones. Secret societies frequently 'determine in the depths the changes that take place on the surface' (Arthur Edward Waite, Quoted by A. Ralph Epperson, The Unseen H and (1985) p. 126). William Edward Smith suggested: 'Anything that is good should not be kept secret ; and anything kept secret is not to the benefit whether it be good or bad, as i t tends to the breach of our Constitution and the establishment of arbitrary pow er' (in Christianity and Secret Societies (1936) 25; John 3:19). Americas have long held to the view that things should be done in the public vie w. The very idea of a secret government, once unknown to Americans, is anathema. Yet there is a very long history of things being secret - including the convent ion that established the U.S. Constitution. There is also a little-known history that includes the concept of unwritten laws and oral traditions with allegiance being made to unknown superiors and masters . This Babylonian form of hidden, all-pervading power was adopted by the Talmudi c Jews and later infused as 'Christian theology' by their Roman Catholic system of false worship. Those who meet in secret conclave appear to have an aversion f or paramount written constitutions, that every citizen is capable of reading and knowing. The secret society is generally based on a hierarchy afraid of disco very, with secret membership, meetings and oaths, claims of brotherhood and unkn own superiors. The Council on Foreign Relations, Bilderbergers, Federal Reserve Board, and the Trilateral Commission all meet in secret. However, membership lists are availabl e for each of these groups except for the Bildebergers. Perhaps one of the earliest stories we have learned is about the Greeks and thei r Trojan Horse. When the walls of Troy were found to be too strong to breach, th e Greeks built a tall wooden Horse and left it outside the city. Jubilant at s eeing the Greeks depart, the Trojans opened their gates and let the horse come i n. They celebrated and slept. In the middle of the night the Greeks came out of the belly of the horse, opened the gates and took the city. The principle of vig ilance and the surprise attack! Those who are weaker or wish to have lower cas ualties attack without warning, as cats sneak up on their prey which might other wise outrun them. The ancient Spartans built a military machine 'capable not only of suppressing r evolts - but of nipping them in the bud' (Michael Cheilik, Ancient History 1969) . Five magistrates, overseers, or ephori were elected each year (Ward, p. 103). The ephori were five secret despots or supreme judges of the system invented by Chilon, a wise man of Greece. They trained a number of young men as assassins an d ordered them to be ready at any minute with daggers to waylay helots (enslaved Greeks) and butcher them in sufficient numbers to keep down the labor force to a schedule tabulated at their political councils. 'The ephori had boundless auth ority' (Osborne Ward, II The Ancient Lowly (1910), p. 95). One of the functions of the ephori was to see that the ambuscades were carried o ut (Ward, p. 104). 'The ambuscades were accomplished at moments of the profounde st peace and when the innocent victims were productive' (Ward, p. 102). 'The eph

ori ordained that a number of young aristocratic men arm themselves with daggers and secretly sneak off into the mountains and jungles with knapsack of provisio ns. They were called together by governors. The toilers, who were without arms o r any means of defense, were then set upon by the assassins' (Ward, p. 104). Plutarch wrote: 'The governors of the youth ordered the shrewdest of them from t ime to time to disperse themselves in the country, provided only with daggers an d some necessary provisions. In the day time they hid themselves and rested in t he most private places they could find; but at night they sallied out into the r oads and killed all the Helots they could meet with. Nay, sometimes by day, they fell upon them in the fields and murdered the ablest and strongest of them' (Wa rd, p. 105). Periander advised Thrasybulus to cut off the tops of the tallest ears of corn. ( Aristotle's Politics and Poetics 146, translated by Benjamin Jowett and Thomas T wining (1952), Book 5, X). 'The ephors armed certain young Spartans as a special and secret police (the kry pteia) empowered to spy upon the people and to kill Helots at their discretion' (Durant at 80). If you read both Books of Maccabees, you will discover whom the Spartans really were. They were not Greeks, but Jews. The Helots were spied upon all the time. At intervals the most outstanding of th e Helots were killed 'as a way of cutting down leadership before it could organi ze a revolt' (Milton Meltzer at 87).* Plutarch mentions that sometimes large num bers of slaves were lured by the plea of a festival or hunt and when gathered to a convenient spot were fell upon and murdered by the hundreds to get rid of the dangerous element (Osbrone Ward, I The Ancient Lowly (1910) p. 86). Thucydides mentioned the invitation being made to the Helots to pick out those w ho were most distinguished for freedom 'as it was thought that the first to clai m their freedom would be the most high-spirited and the most apt to rebel. As ma ny as two thousand were selected accordingly, who crowned themselves and went ar ound the temples, rejoicing in their new freedom. The Spartans, however, soon af terwards did away with them, and no one ever knew how each of them perished' (Du rant). 'Thucydides told of the time during the Peloponnesian war when there were no mor e soldiers to be had from among the Spartans, the Perioeci or recognized citizen s. Recruiting was then done from the much more numerous laboring class. Thousand s were marshalled and drilled into the army. They gallantly bore light arms and were victorious. Over 2,000 proved worthiest of liberty. These were enfranchised and marched into a temple or field to take the oath of f reedom. Instead they were massacred. The ephori made a secret declaration of war and armed the young men with daggers. All disappeared forever' (Ward, pp. 105-1 08). 'The Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine also has a claim to extrao rdinary connections, like the Jesuits, to world events. Indeed, some of the majo r figures associated with the Order have included Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677), Frederick the Great (1712-1786), Gabriel Riqueti Mi rabeau (1749-1791), Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (17491832), Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) and even Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) ' a Thirty-Third Degree Mason (Michael Howard, The Occult Conspiracy (1989) p. 9 3). 'To a state of abnegation, Which shall in all things make them willing tools; In short, reduce them to a set of fools' (Jesuit Saying, Quoted by Charles William Heckethorn, Vol. I, The Secret Societies (1965), p. 285).

'In 1534 the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) was founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-155 6) (a Marrano) and five associates' (James Trager, The People's Chronology (1979 ) p. 176). 'During the 16th century, confession became a religious duty that was required t o be diligently observed' (Edmond Paris, The Secret History of the Jesuits (1975 ) p. 63). 'Through the confessional the Jesuits secured lasting political influe nce' (ibid p. 34). 'King Ferdinand was dominated by his Jesuit confessor' (ibid p. 36). 'The main t wo weapons used by Loyola's order were: 1) to be the confessors of the mighty an d those in high places and 2) to be the educators of their children' (ibid p. 27 ). 'From the beginning the order was prepared to treat the sinner gently. Forgive ness lapsed into slackness' (ibid p. 63). 'The maxim was applied that "the end j ustifies the means"' (ibid p. 32). 'The Professi formed the fourth and highest grade of the Jesuit Order; they alon e were initiated into all the secrets of the Order' (Charles William Hackethorn, I The Secret Societies (1965) p. 286). 'The Jesuit oath states: In the name of Christ crucified, I swear to burst the bonds that yet unite me to father, mother , brothers, sisters, relations, friends; to the king, magistrates, and any other authority to which I may ever have sworn fealty, obedience, gratitude, or servi ce. I renounce . . . the place of my birth, henceforth to exist in another spher e. I swear to reveal to my new superior, whom I desire to know, what I have done , thought, read, learnt, or discovered, and to observe and watch all that comes under my notice. I swear to yield myself up to my superior, as if I were a corps e, deprived of life and will. I finally swear to flee temptation, and to reveal all I succeed in discovering, well aware that lightening is not more rapid and r eady than the dagger to reach me wherever I may flee" (ibid pp. 287-288). 'The Jesuits openly advocated tyrannicide whenever the tyrant was against them' (ibid p. 289). 'The Book of Secreta Monita contained the Secret Instructions of the Society of Jesus' (ibid p. 289). 'At the time of the founding of the Jesuits , Germany "had completely fallen away from Popery. . ."' (Theodor Friesinger, Th e Jesuits: A Complete History of their Open and Secret Proceedings from the Foun dation of the Order to the Present Time (1892) p. 211). 'Francis Bacon was a Rosicrucian initiate' (Nesta H. Webster, Secret Societies a nd Subversive Movements (1924) p. 97). 'In fact, he founded the Rose Croix order in England' (Lady Queenborough, p. 153). 'His book, The New Atlantis, was publi shed a year after his death in 1627' (Howard, p. 74). 'In The New Atlantis he re ferred to keepers of a secret tradition that Moses by a secret cabala ordained t he laws of Bensalem . . .' (Webster, p. 119). '(Bensalem was Bacon's fictional island). He formulated a philosophical system' (J.N. Larned III, Larneds History of the World (1914) p. 651). 'Bacon influenced American educationalists such as John Dewey. He was a Utopian who created a blueprint for a Golden Age. As Chancellor of England, he persuaded King James to issue charters for English colonies in the New World' (Howard, p. 76). 'The element of secrecy is particularly relevant in the world of money'. F rancis Bacon once said: 'If money be not thy servant, it will be thy master'. The close relationship between national banks and government debt historically h as been kept secret because it is a basically immoral arrangement of mutual gree d and convenience: 'A banking system is so closely associated with public borrow ing and with what is almost the oldest and most jealously guarded function of th e state, the issue of money, that governments can seldom afford to leave it enti

rely unlicensed and uncontrolled' (Sir John Clapham, The Bank of England 2 (1945 ); 34 L. Q. Review (1918). 'The State soon found that its business was one of th e undertakings which a bank would finance for privileges which it would give.' A long-existing and self-perpetuating tax-immune internationalist and transnatio nal group that uses fronts with inter-locking corporate and or fraternal groups of individuals, whose membership is either secret or semi-secret, with undisclos ed ownership shares, has usurped the sovereignty of borrowing national governmen ts (who serve their lenders). It includes largely unrevealed yet reported campai gn contributors who also control the media and press, all major political partie s and dictates presidential appointments. It abhors the direct issuance of money by elected officials and through the creation of a system of privately-owned an d controlled central banks holds all the world's gold and all loan and mortgage paperwork. Its business is conducted in secret meetings which determine the futu re of all national economies and the timing of expansion (through loans) or cont raction (through tight money policy - no loans). It exercises an exclusive monopoly on the issuance of money created out of thin air and issued solely as debt, does not create money to repay interest but lives off perpetual national debts that consume future income, which, under internati onal law cannot be repudiated even by an internal revolution. At least for oth ers, it tends to be pro-bureaucracy, pro-abortion/population control, pro-govern ment education, anti-family, anti-nationalist, anti-inheritance, anti-private pr operty, and anti-Jesus Christ. This group can demand special privileges, and e ven military force, to collect national debts. It plans to soon accomplish glob al disarmament (of both civilians and nations) and have a monopoly on force (inc luding nuclear weapons). It has the privilege of a guaranteed untaxable income e nforced by liens on all public and personal property and collected by the coerci ve force of the taxing structure of the different governments. When the Whig politicians submitted the merchant's plan to the English Parliamen t in 1691, it included the following components: 1) the names of those who had loaned money to the government in the past seventy years were to remain secret, 2) the charter members of the Bank of England would be granted a perpetual right to appoint the Directors, 3) the Banks would make loans to the value of Ten Pounds for every One Pound it had on deposit in its vaults by the way of paper currency, 4) the Bank would be permitted to consolidate the national debt and secure payme nts of amounts due by way of direct taxation or levy upon the people until the d ebt was fully discharged, 5) that no other Bank would be the agent for the constitutional treasury of Engl and, and 6) that no Bank would be incorporated or chartered except with the approval or p articipation of the Bank of England. (F. Fred Kirkland & Paul L. Burton, Creativ e Fraud (1976) p. 25). The first Grand Lodge of Freemasonry was founded in England in 1717 - twenty-thr ee years after the founding of the Bank of England which had a secret court of d irectors. The creation of this lodge is a milestone in the transformation of wha t was a trade guild into a secret society. The Rothschild family became allied w ith Freemasonry in the late 1700's. By co-operating with secret societies they were able to expand their banking operations from Germany, networking the polit ical contacts of Freemasonry, which was already well established throughout the

continent. Freemasonry, on the other hand, needed money to finance its efforts to build a New World Order, and the Rothschilds would be able to provide such f unds. Proceedings of the U.S. Anti-Masonic Convention (1830 p. 33), declare Freemasonr y was instituted, 'to dupe the simple for the benefit of the crafty'. Freemaso ns are intensely focused on maintaining secrecy and will retaliate against those who violate their oaths or transgress against brother Masons. The legend of Hir am Abiff, the Masonic Christ figure, describes how Hiram was killed while keepin g a Masonic secret. His brother Freemasons killed Hiram's assailants and raised Hiram from the grave. Freemasons are encouraged to model themselves after Hiram and hold their Masonic secrets. If they remain true to their oaths, like Hiram, they should expect to be avenged for such attacks and rewarded for their fidelit y to the brotherhood. While cases exist suggesting the murder of opponents of Fr eemasonry, Masonic rituals state that 'the more effective penalty for doing anyt hing displeasing to Masonry is to be shunned by the entire Brotherhood, a penalt y sufficient to bring a man to ruin, the more certainly so as Freemasonry has ex panded into every profession and every branch of society' (Stephan Knight, The B rotherhood (1984) p. 31). Like other secret societies, the Freemasons have their own written constitutions . In the Scottish Rite petition for admission to the mysteries, question number 26 asks: 'Do you promise, upon your honor, to strictly adhere to and be governed by the Constitution and Laws of the Grand Lodge of Texas and by the By-Laws of this Lodge?' Question number 29 asks: 'Do you seriously declare, upon your honor , that you will cheerfully conform to the ancient established usages and customs of Masonry?' Edmona Ronayue described the requirement of obedience to all laws and edicts: 'F irst, the candidate is made to swear eternal obedience to all Masonic laws and e dicts, and without having the slightest knowledge of any one of them; then the l aw peremptorily excluding the name of Christ is submitted for his acceptance, an d, lastly, in perfect harmony with the requirements of his Masonic obligation, a blind implicit unwavering obedience to this law is demanded of him whether righ t or wrong' (The Master's Carpet (1879). 'It is even claimed that: The teachings of Freemasonry . . . are summarily this: Obey Masonic law, and live' (Rev. C.G. Finney, The Character, Claims and Practi cal Workings of Freemasonry (1869) p.2130. 'It has been said: Those who over-step the Constitution of the US government by joining secret societies and take their judicial oaths to secretly uphold their members in so far as they can when their design and purposes conflict with our C onstitutions and laws should be treated as traitors of the government and depriv ed of their franchise as citizens' (William Edward Smith, Christianity and Secre t Societies, (1936) 25). While not overtly encouraged to participate in criminal activity, Freemasons wer e sworn to protect their brother Freemasons should they engage in immoral or cri minal conduct. The Royal Arch Mason swore, 'I will aid and assist a companion Ro yal Arch Mason, when engaged in any difficulty, and espouse his cause, so far as to extricate him from the same, if in my power, whether he be right or wrong . . . A companion Royal Arch Mason's secrets, given me in charge as such, and I kn owing him to be such, shall remain as secure and inviolable, in my breast as in his own, murder and treason not excepted, etc.' (The Address of the U.S. Anti-Ma sonic Convention (1830) p. 9). In summary, according to Freemasonry's critics, Freemasonry is a brotherhood or more aptly a cult which mandates secrecy and obedience within its ranks, affords protection and advancement of the interests of its members, punishes its enemie

s and turns a blind eye to criminal behavior committed by its members against no n-members. Freemasonry provides a value system and an organizational structure w hich works to put brother Freemasons in positions of power in all organizations and can be used by its members for the most immoral and illegal purposes. Its fo undation appears to rest upon the willingness of its members to selfishly exchan ge their ethics for personal advantage. Its strength appears to lie in a pervasi ve presence, unseen by those outside the brotherhood, working in concert to prot ect and expand their wealth and power. If we believe the early 19th century critics of Freemasonry, how would we expect Freemasons to respond to a Kennedy assassination conspiracy involving brother F reemasons? Most Freemasons might never be aware of the conspiracy and could resp ond according to their individual feelings. If they were made aware of a Mason ic link, Royal Arch Freemasons would be bound by their oaths to maintain their b rothers' secrets, 'murder and treason not excepted' and warn their brothers of a ny threat of exposure. Royal Arch Freemasons could be expected to defend their b rother Freemasons and support any cover-up of the conspiracy. Royal Arch Freemas ons would use all the tools available to them to frustrate, confuse and discredi t anyone to challenge their story. Literally millions of American Freemasons of all ranks could be called upon, as needed and with few questions, to quietly wor k to remove any threat to the assassins and their control of the government. Tho se Freemasons who were called upon to help would keep their Masonic secrets and could expect to be rewarded for their fidelity to Freemasonry. Any Freemasons wh o violated their Masonic confidences would invite the wrath of the brotherhood. As a student, Weishaupt had studied the Greek mystics: 'While an undergraduate W eishaupt studied the ancient pagan religions and was familiar with the Eleusinia n mysteries and the theories of the Greek mystic Pythagorus. As a student he dra fted the constitution for a secret society modelled on the pagan mystery schools but it was not until he was initiated into Freemasonry that Weishaupt's plan fo r the ultimate secret society was spawned' (Michael Howard, The Occult Conspirac y (1989) p. 61). Weishaupt said: 'Behold our secret. Remember that the end justifies the means, a nd that the wise ought to take all the means to do good which the wicked take to do evil' (Ralph Epperson, The Unseen Hand (1985) p. 81). His philosophy has been continued: 'To summarize: The Communist code of ethics i s based upon the principle that the ends of revolution justify any means, no mat ter how lawless, violent, dishonest, or indecent from the standpoint of accepted American standards of morality' (House Report No. 2, 76th Congress, 1st Session 26-29). 'No morality seemed to be a key foundation for the scheme. The group was founded on the premise that the end justifies the means and that the good of the Order justifies calumnies, poisoning, murders, perjuries, treasons, rebellions and all that men call crime' (Nesta H. Webster, World Revolution, p. 297). Disbelief remains as the single biggest factor working in Freemasonry's favor. D ecent folk find it incomprehensible that there could be individuals so evil as t o actually try to take control of the world on behalf of Lucifer. In Freemasonry everything has a double-meaning. Thus the candidate is practicing the occult th roughout his degree work without knowing it. False interpretations are given to him to prevent him from suspecting the Craft to be anything less than 'on the sq uare'. Another factor is that it rarely, if ever, does anything covert under its own name. In order to advance its agenda it establishes other organizations, to which it gives special assignments. Jesus Christ was recognized to novices as the Grand Master and 'if Christ exhort ed his disciples to despise riches it was in order to prepare the world for the

community of goods that should do away with property' (ibid p. 12). Later, at the grade of Priest, the initiate was told that 'the pretended religio n of Christ was nothing else than the work of priests, of imposture and of tyran ny' (ibid p. 13). 'The success of socialism seems tied directly to eliminating religion' (William Riley Halstead, Civil and Religious Forces (1890) p. 165-166). Weishaupt, like Lenin and Marx, early publicly proclaimed that the State would w ither away. In private the Illuminati elite believed 'that the average man was t oo stupid to govern himself and that a self-appointed inner-circle or Illuminati would secretly rule' (Robert Henry Goldsborough, Lines of Credit: Ropes of Bon dage - 1989). The United States of America was a republic. However, the secret destiny of Amer ica was the accomplishment of a democratic form of government that illegally usu rped the republic. When it was first settled, the purpose was to all for a new w ay of life 'free from the religious intolerance and political despotism that hel d Europe in its clutches' (Manly P. Hall, The Secret Destiny of America (1958) p . 129). The Philadelphia convention adjourned after five months of secret sessions. Madi son's Journal of the Federal Convention was not published until 1840 - after eve ryone who was at the 1787 Convention had died (Richard B. Morris, The Constituti on (1985) p. 10). As originally drafted in the secret proceedings, the 1787 U.S. Constitution left out a public bill of rights altogether. Until the 1820's, college education was generally narrow and theological in char acter. However, a rising tide of relatively liberal thought on campus led to a n ew, secular liberal arts orientation strongly supporting the era of material pro gress that was to transform the continent during the second half of the century. What they would learn is that someone else told you what to think about, when to think about it, how long to think about it, when to stop thinking about it, whe n to think of something else, and someone else sets up the secrets. 'The Carbonari secret society in Italy in the early 1820s was more than just a p ower in the land, and boasted branches and sub-societies as far afield as Poland , France and Germany' (Arkon Daraul, Secret Societies (1961) p.100). Their origin was claimed to be in Scotland where they took to charcoal-burning t o avoid suspicion of ulterior motives. They set up their own three-branch govern ment and obeyed only their own laws (Ibid p. 101). The object of the society was to set up a body of men subject to the orders of a central body and to take act ion even against established governments: From the earliest recorded period of i ts existence, it formed a state within a state (Ibid p. 103. The Degree of Grand Elect was conferred on a candidate who was thirty-three years and three months old (the age of Christ on the day of His Death) (Heckethorn, I, p. 163). It was revealed in the catechism that the object of the organization was political and that it aimed at the overthrow of all tyrants. The oath was given: 'I, a free citizen of Ausonia, swear before the Grand Master of the Universe, an d the Grand Elect Good Cousin, to devote my whole life to the triumph of the pri nciples of liberty, equality and progress, which are the soul of all the secret and public acts of Carbonarism. I promise that, if it be impossible to restore t he reign of liberty without a struggle, I will fight to the death. I consent, sh

ould I prove false to my oath, to be slain by my Good Cousins Grand Elects; to b e fastened to the cross in a lodge, naked, crowned with thorns; to have my belly torn open, the entrails and heart taken out and scattered to the winds. Such ar e our conditions; swear!' The Seventh most secret degree (Principli Summo Patria rcho) revealed the real object of Carbonarism and that its aims were identical w ith those of the Illuminati . . . (Ibid p. 167). The candidate was sworn to dest roy every government whether despotic or democratic (Ibid p. 168). 'The Jesuit war on the Vatican was terminated by the Congress of Vienna and by t he secret, 1822, Treaty of Verona' (Emanuel M. Josephson, The "Federal" Reserve Conspiracy and Rockefellers (1968) p. 4-5). The Jesuits were finally reinstated by Pope Pius VII in August, 1814. In 1829 a secret society, modelled after the Carbonari, was formed to establish compulsory public education in the United States. 'Karl Marx, a key communist propagandist, joined the highly secret Satanist Chur ch' (A. Ralph Epperson, The Unseen Hand (1985) p. 91). 'In 1856 Mazzini initiated Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (1831-1891) into the Carbon ari. She was also an initiate of the Order of the Druses. In 1866 she was fought under Garibaldi and was wounded at Mentana (Lady Queenborough, p. 530). Blavats ky wrote that: It is Spinoza . . . who furnishes perhaps the truest key to a por tion of this unwritten secret. While Moses forbids graven images of Him whose na me is not to be taken in vain, Spinoza goes further. He clearly infers that God must not be so much as described. Human language is totally unfit to give an ide a of this Being who is altogether unique' (Isis Unveiled (1877) p. 308). 'Some Spinosists fall into a senseless sort of Skepticism, called Egotism, where every one fancies himself to be the only Being that exists. Madame Blavatsky sa id in a moment of frankness: What is one to do, when in order to rule men, it is necessary to deceive them? . . . For almost invariably the more simple, the mor e silly, and the more gross the phenomenon, the more likely it is to succeed' [l ike the City of London's 9/11 hoax] (Robert Keith Spenser, The Cult of the All-S eeing Eye (1964) p.48). 'In 1871 Pike copyrighted his 861-page book, Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry' (Ralph Epperson, The Unseen Hand (1985) p. 223). Albert Pike stated: 'All true dogmatic religions come from the Kabbala and lead back to it; all that is scientific and great in the religious dream of all the i lluminated such as Bachme, Swedenborg, St. Martin, and others similar, is borrow ed from the Kabbala. All the Masonic associations owe their secrets and symbols to it' (Morals and Dogma (1871) p. 744-745). On January 22, 1870, Mazzini wrote to General Albert Pike about 'a super rite, w hich will remain unknown, to which we will call those Masons of high degree whic h we shall select . . . Through this supreme rite, we will govern all Freemasonr y which will become the one international center, the more powerful because its direction will be unknown' (Des Griffin, Fourth Reich of the Rich (1989) p. 68; Lady Queenborough, pp. 208-209; Adriano Lemmi p. 97; John 18:20; Ephesians 5:11) . 'Albert Pike organized the New and Reformed Palladian Rite. Three supreme counci ls were established at Charleston, S.C., Rome, Italy, and Berlin, Germany' (Grif fin, p. 69). 'Albert Pike took control of the Theosophical operations while Mazzini was in ch arge of the political operations' (Ibid p. 68).

'Pike was "Sovereign Pontiff of Universal Freemasonry" while Mazzini was "Sovere ign Chief of Political Action." (William T. Still, New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies (1990) p. 123). 'On September 12, 1874, a decree confirmed a treaty signed by Armand Levi for th e Jewish B'nai B'rith. Albert Pike authorized Jewish Freemasons to form a secret organization (Sovereign Patriarchal Council) to function side-by-side with the ordinary lodges headquartered in Hamburg, Germany' (Lady Queenborough, p. 288.). Bernard Shaw noted that 'Compulsory labour, with death as the final penalty, is the keystone of Socialism . . .' and that opposition in a Socialist state would have to be an underground conspiracy working in secret 'until it is strong enoug h for an open test of strength.' In turn, 'the ruling clique is required to prot ect itself with a gigantic spy service' (Fahey, p. 98). 'The Federal Reserve was created in December, 1913 when Woodrow Wilson signed th e Glass-Owen Federal Reserve Act. That bill had been the product of cloak-and-da gger machinations by Wall Street financiers and their political mouthpieces, man y of them in league with the City of London. Wall Streeter Frank A. Vanderlip, i n his autobiography 'From Farm Boy to Financier,' narrates that the secret confe rence which planned the Federal Reserve was 'as secret - indeed, as furtive - as any conspirator.' Vanderlip was one of the insiders invited to the Jekyl Island Club on the coast of Georgia in the autumn of 1910 by the Senator Nelson Aldric h, the father-in-law of John D. Rockefeller Jr. Aldrich also invited Henry Davis on of J.P. Morgan & Co., and Benjamin Strong, the future Governor of the New Yor k Federal Reserve Bank. Also on hand was Paul Warburg of the notorious internati onal banking family, descended from the Del Banco family of Venice. As Vanderlip recounted, 'We were instructed to come one at a time and as unobtrusively as po ssible to the railway terminal on the New Jersey littoral of the Hudson, where S enator Aldrich's private car would be in readiness, attached to the rear end of a train for the South'. In more recent times, Bill Moyers took a trip around the world with David Rockef eller. Later he wrote in 1990: 'Secrecy is the freedom zealots dream of: no watc hman to check the door, no accountant to check the books, no judge to check the law. The secret government has no constitution. The rules it follows are the rul es it makes up' (Bill Moyers, The Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis (1990) p. 7). Throughout history Jews have been the soul of every anti-Christian movement. The re has not been a single important program or organization aimed at the overthro w of the Church in which they cannot be found lurking. Thus, Jews were the main opposition to spreading the Faith at the time of the Ap ostles. They were the ones who urged Nero to begin his persecution of Christians . They started Gnosticism, the first great heresy that threatened to destroy the Church by confusing her doctrine. They have provided the inspiration and enco uragement for almost every other heresy, from Arianism and Trinitarianism in the fourth century, to impersonating Protestantism in the sixteenth (chiefly by mak ing always available their Talmud and Cabala, the sources and reservoirs of all anti-Christian blasphemy and filth, as is also most evident in the nature of the criminal behaviour and perverse attitudes plaguing society today). And in our o wn day, they conceived, brought into being, and provided the membership for Comm unism. The Roman Catholic FALSE church however, although a child of apostate Jewry, has at certain periods in her history, and in the strongest possible terms, tried t o warn and protect her children against these "adversaries of all men", as Saint Paul called them. Through the decrees of her Popes and Councils she has obliged

the Jews to live in ghettos, forbidden them to have Christian servants or to ho ld public office, required them to wear orange hats so as to be easily recognize d and avoided. At one time or other, the Jews have been banished from almost eve ry country in Europe - and not by merciless tyrants but by great so-called Chris tian rulers, like Saint Henry II of Germany and Louis IX of France. Not until the eighteenth century, when the Freemasons began to take over the gov ernments of Europe, did the Jews really come into their own. Before that they ha d been obliged to work mostly underground, exerting their influence in hidden, s ubtle ways. But from this time on they worked in the open. Being formed for the purpose of combating Christ and His Church, the Masons shre wdly realized that to wage this war effectively they must enlist the aid of that people who had always been the backbone of the anti-Christian army. Accordingly , the Mason's terminology, their secret rituals, their philosophy, were all take n over from the Jews. But the Masons' greatest stroke was to make use, not merel y of these perfidious traditions, but of the vital, raging Jewish people themsel ves. As the Masons took over the nations of Europe, the Jews were released from the ghettos in which they had been for centuries confined, and turned out on soc iety. Thus was established the great alliance in the empire of Satan: the Masons and t he Jews; the Masons with their power, controlling government and business, plott ing and planning at the highest levels; the Jews with their influence, controlli ng the press and entertainment, insinuating their nervous, impure, infidel value s into all society, and corrupting it to the core. These two, which in every other respect are poles apart, have joined together fo r one reason: the destruction of the Church. And every Masonic-Jewish scheme has this end in view. Thus, their advocacy of Internationalism is partly due to the fact that they have loyalty to no country, but mainly it is an attempt to fight the Church on a scale as large, as catholic, as the Church is herself. But by the Grace of God, His true Church is a "little Flock", and not the organi zed rabble of Rome and her once-Protestant harlot daughters. Very few people in this world have ever met a Christian - in the sense of a born-again saint. And n o-one in any of the secret societies or man-made religious systems would know wh at to look for, what the faith is, or how to gauge It. The Masons' supreme, ultimate objective, so they mysteriously declare, is to reb uild the Temple of Jerusalem. This is of course, an objective which the Jews sha re. And though it may sound innocent, it is, in its implications, terrifying. The Temple of Jerusalem is the traditional center of Jewish worship, which was d estroyed in 70 A.D. by the Romans, in fulfillment of Our Lord's prophecy that "t here shall not be left a stone upon a stone." The establishment of the state of Israel gives the Masons and the Jews their first opportunity to try and achieve their objective of rebuilding this Temple. However, when they do so there will not be one Gentile Christian on earth to see it. For the Temple was destroyed as a stark, unmistakable sign of God's wrath upon t he Jews. It will be rebuilt, the Bible tells us so. But its reconstruction will NOT be of the Lord, for the mystic Body of Christ, the Church, is His Temple. Th en the Antichrist will appear. He will succeed in all the Masons and Jews have d etermined. He will rebuild a Temple in Jerusalem, where he will sit as if he wer e God, and FORCE the mark of the beast. masons.htm Back to Table of Contents/ . . .

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Share this documentary film via: Get new documentaries in your Inbox: Possibly similar documentaries to Secret History of the Freemasons: Blood ColtanProtocols of ZionThe New Rulers of the WorldMystery Quest: Hitler s Es capeCommenting on this website constitutes acceptance of the Comment Policy. Ple ase read it carefully before attempting to engage the community. Disqus. Login About Disqus...Glad you liked it. Would you like to share?Facebook Twitter ShareNo thanksSharing this page Thanks! Close Login Add New Comment Post as . Sort by popular now Sort by best rating Sort by newest first Sort by oldest fir st Showing 111 comments yogez 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand i just wonder why my parents kept the fact that they were freemason (mom eastern star) from their children? i never k new what masonry was i thought it was a person who laid bricks for a living. whe n i got online somehow i run across all this stuff on the masons and saw their r ings and jewelry and that triggered a memory that my father kept some masonic je welry in his drawer and as a child i would look through this stuff. so when i re ad about all this sinister info online. and i have no absolute opinion on what t he conspiracy theories have stated as of yet. mainly because it's just hard to i magine my father and mother involved with anything involving the occult. they ra sied me in a christian religion. nevertheless after i had that memory i asked my mother if my father was a freemason. she said yes and said she was in the easte rn star but said she was not as active as my father. only after he had died did i find out. recently i found out that only advanced masons wives were in the eas tern star. so all my life i never knew my... show more show less A Like Reply 1 month ago 1 Like F . Guest 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand so you think do you live you life wit hout remorse? And still alive how lucky. And where do think luck comes from? show more show less A Like Reply 1 month ago in reply to smurff3000 0 Like F . Ben Sorensen 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand @sportscar67:

Asking someone who is interested in Freemasonry to not join is like telling a gi rl that she can grow to love you, or asking a priest to leave the cloth: both ar e irrational statements. I see you like sports cars. Please stop enjoying them; anything with wheels or a propeller will just waste your money. :-) See how that sounds??? :-) However, the fact that they suck money from your wallet is true. Freemasons do much that is considered "God's work," and go out to better the com munities. However, if your friend is going out to get drunk with his "freemason buddies," he is either lying to you or he joined a Shrine Club (and there is NOT HING wrong with that, and on the Shrine, I am kidding. Kinda). There are privile ges that friendship gives anyone lucky enough to have real friends; in a Lodge a good man may find many of them. Masons do not go out and get drunk at lodge, th ey do not go out womanizing, and let's not forget that a Mason can lose his stan ding for immoral and/or unethical conduct in or out of Lodge. Did you lose this friend to the Masons, or... show more show less A Like Reply 1 month ago in reply to sportscar67 0 Like F . Colette Warde 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Very Interesting documentary. It was very professional and seem to give a nice balanced view. Although, I do think that anything they didn't want to share because it may be deemed controver sial, they just didn't give the crew access to it. But, I still enjoyed it. show more show less A Like Reply 2 months ago 0 Like F . sportscar67 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand i appreciate it. i was upset w hen i posted. buddy's been cancelling on hanging most of the time for 2 years, t hen when i do see him i find out he's used family emergencies, work schedule pro blems, etc. to get drunk with his new freemason buddies. i hope it's worth it. i apologize for my tone, but stick with views and have a life's worth of reasons to do so, but i'm not got going to start an internet chat fight either. this fri end gave examples of privelages of freemasonry like getting a jump start, an hon est job referral, almost anything someone could need. we need to help anyone we can, whenever we can, however we can if we can. Peace, Merry Christmas. show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago 1 Like F . Jamie Megarity 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand @sportscar67 I think you have developed an obsession. Your reasons to may be sound but it is an obsession none the less. pull back man for the sake of your happiness show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago 2 Likes F . Epicurus, Skype: Epicurus420 If faith cannot be reconciled with rational thinki ng, it has to be eliminated as an anachronistic remnant of earlier stages of cul ture and replaced by science dealing with facts and theories which are intelligi ble and can be validated. 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand maybe you shouldnt lose a friend over a bulls*** conspiracy theory. there is nothing evil and scary about the freemasons and if you allow yourself t o lose an old friend over a silly belief that is YOUR fault not his. you are the crazy one believing all this nonsense.

show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago in reply to sportscar67 2 Likes F . sportscar67 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand after asking my best friend of over 16 years and many adventures to please not join the freemasons, he respond ed in text "maybe you shouldn't text me anymore." he meant it, i know his passio n, i know how he works. i may have just lost my dearest, closest Brother by aski ng him to not join a group that will put a bag on your head. he might never spea k to me again. is that the Mason way? what the crud? he's been distant the past couple years that's he's been doing steel contsruction. how he's willing to thro w our own Brotherhood away. i just gave him and his wife a bed to sleep on inste ad of a deflated air-mattress with no condition, no handshake. i send one text l ater and offended him and what they've been filling his head with, and i may hav e very literally lost my best friend in this world 5 minutes ago via text over F reemasonary. chew on it. if anyone knows how to help me restore things with my f riend, please tell me. i don't want to lose him. show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago 0 Like F . sportscar67 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand other last comment: every frat and group i've known has turned on each other when criminal charges get involved , especially any significant jail or prison time. if anyone is under the impress ion that any group, club, frat, brotherhood or other is going to stick by you wh en 7-20-life is headed your way (even if you wanna protect them), they will send you down the river before you know it. you may even get set up. It's sad to see people who don't understand what narcing means in the context of others facing hard time, bad reps or any legal crunch. secret-society pals, you know, the ones you're told you "know" but only know casually but are bonded by this brotherhoo d to protect each other... they will deny you. you will be left to hang. they wi ll try to spin as many crimes onto you and your name as possible. seen many, man y Brothers of all allegience do this. the judge and the prison you could end up in do not give a care about your credentials. they will not risk their current l ives to go to bat for you when felony charges pop up. they are not concerned wit h covering... show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago 0 Like F . sportscar67 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand lastly gotta mention what most of us know: drunk guys spill the beans. Get a few Buds in a Brother and as long as he feels comfortable he'll tell you about anything going on in his life or on his mind. Never use it against anyone. But I spent many hours last weekend hear ing things a couple freemason's might be obliged to not discuss. some specifics, some more heavily suggested themes of freemason-chatechism. They're call, i ask ed no questions at all, just let them speak their mind. by definition, traitors. by my take, human guys that work hard and raising families venting both frustra tions and wanting to offer something... secretish... to drunken conversation abo ut wiring houses and cleaning out 2-stroke carbhurators. they didn't know me bef ore then. i learned a lot. i've learned a lot about several fraternities in the past from drunken members without ever asking. the rites, the handshakes, ceremo ny, credo, oath, principle, history and why these guys go for it. as a famous, a lcoholic news reporter once said "I get all of my best stories at the bar... Whe n people have a few, they talk." Point is, there's a lot of hit and miss info online about...

show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago 0 Like F . sportscar67 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand i apologize for stating a few t hings in an immature way in past posts. i never want to be a hateful man. i'm co ncerned for a friend who wants to join, and concerned he'd put his club ahead of Christ in his and his family's life, which is always a mistake in any context w hatsoever. I'm also familiar with certain other "groups" that my recently passed Father was involved with that make me feel sick to be his son often. (best thin g i ever did was call him and tell him i loved him- didn't even mention all he'd done to hurt me. first time he said "i love you too, boy". he died 1yr later. i struggle with him and his old ideologies and ways he was, but ultimately love h im. I encourage every man to do the same while you have time). he would've been 84, worked industrial construction, mainly aesbestos, travelled across the US map with my mother to more that 60 places following work, and ins ulated many of DC's underground passages including the Capitol and Quantico, oth ers he asked i don't speak of, and NASA. He knew just about everything was to kn ow about the Masons,... show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago 0 Like F . sportscar67 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand i wouldn't be surprised if some members of the early Church were involved also in masonic-type brotherhoods as you've said, truly it only makes sense. When the Church was forming it was new a nd was adopted by some folks previously involved in the many elite orders or sec ret societies, circles, cults, many pagan groups, etc. that were around at the t ime, including Jewish, Roman, Samaritan, and every other culture in the area at the time. Some came to reject fully what they'd been taught and believed and swo rn previously to follow Christ with their full hearts. Others surely did not, an d splintered off into sects and denominations because they wanted to retain at l east parts of their old beliefs. this is how cultures form. This topic is all over the New Testament, and many of the Apostolic Letters (the ones after "luke") were urgent cries of warning and call to repentence to those who'd accepted Christ and distorted it. Again, some listened, some didn't. Wean ing a family or culture off of generations' long beliefs and into a "new" Chuch of Christ (after His Victory) can take a long time. The Bible's still used by ra cists and wife-abusers to supposedly justify... show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago in reply to BROTHERHOOD357 0 Like F . sportscar67 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand well put, LR. Christians aren't commanded or even asked to keep secrets, in fact quite the opposite as you said . true enligtenment, honor and belonging are not found through secrets. Christ w ants the whole world to know everything about him, his father and the true Kingd om, freely. unless the freemasons are holding the secret recipe to Coca-Cola... then i might have to join :) oh, and the Order of the Eastern Star are commonly freemason's Witch Wives with pentagrams for symbols. deeply, darkly Satanic. show more show less

A Like Reply 3 months ago in reply to L.R. 0 Like F . sportscar67 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand so what "psalms" are read? what "prayer" is prayed? if you must claim a higher-power (not necessarily God), who are you praying to? if you do not define who or what you're praying to, how can they hold any meaning? the more i scan the internet and see masons trying to co nvince people they aren't a cult (but still need to keep their secrets... cuz en lightment for them is based on having a bag put on your head...for the greater g ood, i'm sure), the more i'm convinced they are. how do you think the Devil woul d answer the same question? he's a tactitian who's been at this for at least 10' 000's of years and he plays a mean game. like lies. secrets. lying about secrets . i have a friend who told me he's considering joining the freemasons and i have not stopped laughing since. even if you don't see it, it is a cult, please get out while you can. show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago in reply to Javier Soto 0 Like F . sportscar67 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand they're a cult at their core ev en most members deny it or can't see it. like all fraternities and secret societ ies they are made up mostly of men with daddy-issues and trust issues who want t o feel like they belong. They are told what's right and wrong by a few evil men at the top. true enlightenment never involves secrets. they're used to keep the sheep in line, keep them interested, and keep them from wondering why they have to have bags put over their heads by their buddies. Try Christianity instead. no secrets, far greater enlightenment, no need to threaten others because you prom ised to keep a secret, full brotherhood and sisterhood with all of God's childre n, honor, faith, security and more. no secrets. no one is better than another. C hristianity is also free and all you have to do to reach the "top level" is Beli eve in Christ as your personal savior. show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago 1 Like F . smurff3000 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand how it is in reply to what a li e!!!!- in order to know the truth you must sell your soul! yet to whom or what d o you sell it to?? if you live life without remorse you win!!!!! show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago in reply to what a lie!!!! 0 Like F . BROTHERHOOD357 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand okay look only a mason can tell u about masonery a person that has not crossed over into masonery only thin ks they know the truth but all a non member has to do is open their bible and st art to read u will find masonery in their for i can tell u this for i am a membe r of the brotherhood until u come to the door steps of the temple and walk the p ath of the brotherhood (RIDE THAT GOAT!!!) just keep your mouth off of something that may as well take your life for we gave an oath to the brotherhood and will die for the brotherhood....TRIVAL LIGHT show more show less A Like Reply 3 months ago 1 Like F . 2ballchange 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand can someone shed light on killi ng of the king (only if you crossed the hot burning sand) show more show less

A Like Reply 3 months ago in reply to me 0 Like F . Robert Olson 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand well, look at all the other re ligions or orders. crime is way higher. LOL. only you can do a crime. not the or der. if you use that order for good or bad is up to the order. if they find you use thier secrets to do bad. then you are one bad person. all spies in the USA a lso get the death. The secrets is to protect the people from them selves. the av erage person is nothing other then a slave. they kill, murder, and rape. If an E MP turn off all power you'll see what the average person is really like. The ord er is prepareing. Elenin to 2013 nasa solar storm. The earth is over populated. no need to feed, house and destory the earth for the average man. Only through y our studies of science will you live Or HAVE YOU LIVED. show more show less A Like Reply 4 months ago 0 Like F . Trevor 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand people need to get over there selves thinking they know so much about masonry you do not all you are is some one tha t thinks they know something. masons take a good man and make him better. whoeve r it is that has the time to sit and come up with such ridiculous accusations ne eds to go get a job and maybe join the masons so that they will know what they a re talking about... otherwise stop theorizing. YOU DO NOT KNOW WHAT YOU ARE TALK ING ABOUT!!!! show more show less A Like Reply 4 months ago 2 Likes F . WiseGapist 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I have no doubt that some of the accusations made about the satanic rituals of Freemasons are ridiculous and far fetched, but IF you are a 32nd degree Mason it's not as if you would nip onto T DF and give any shred of truth: Your entire organisation hinges on secrecy and a lways has, not just between Masons and outsiders but also between the Masonic de grees. Satanic elements removed, it can also be said that the Masons are politically su bversive, and collude to allow criminal members to escape justice and abuse the network of professions within the cult... That alone qualifies them as a societa l cancer that should be removed show more show less A Like Reply 4 months ago in reply to Javier Soto 1 Like F . a_no_n 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand "and I'll tell you I find it strange that they have nothing to hide considering this place has probably almost a tho usand people living in it with serious security and a giant gate that literally doesn't let you get within a football field of the actual building." Probably because theres a thousand people inside sick to death of morons breakin g in to try and discover "the precious secrets" show more show less A Like Reply 4 months ago in reply to Nick 0 Like F . Declan Mooney 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand its interesting stuff , i wou ld love to talk to someone ina lodge about it and see what goes on show more show less

A Like Reply 4 months ago 1 Like F . Declan Mooney 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand ''um do think we are stupid'' i do now,its liar , show more show less A Like Reply 4 months ago in reply to Aaron Stout 1 Like F . Aaron Stout 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand um do think we are stupid,you were sworn in by oath there for you would now tell anyone outside of your satani c cult whats really going on,do your self a favor and get out why you still can or you will become nothing more then a lifeless puppet..and as far as calling an yone a lier you have no right to say that,if anyone is a lier its the global eli te power structure and all that fall beneath it. show more show less A Like Reply 6 months ago in reply to Javier Soto 0 Like F . Rufus Haslam 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand id watch the documentary, but i dont trust mainstream media... show more show less A Like Reply 6 months ago 8 Likes F . Javier Soto 5 comments collapsed Collapse Expand all of it is ridiculous... im a 32nd degree mason and i have never ever come across anyone worshiping satan or the devil in our lodges... in fact no worship is done... every meeting is opene d with a reading of a psalm and closed with a farewell prayer that is it... no t alk of politics or religion. But u all want to invent lies and add stuff that ju st isnt there... show more show less A Like Reply 6 months ago 6 Likes F . L.R. 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand You want to know whom they serve? The y brag about keeping secrets, right? Would you agree that secrets are in the LIG HT or DARK? Well, since light makes all things clear and known...lets say that s ecrets are firmly placed in the dark. Now...who is the Prince of Darkenss again? Yeah...now you get it. show more show less A Like Reply 6 months ago 6 Likes F . Kris Martin 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Think about the way secrecy wor ks, you really think that as a non-Freemason that you were ever going to be reve aled any secrets? Most Freemasons aren't even privy to the knowledge because they are simply a fro nt you are correct in describing them as a boys club. However, what you were assessing was the Middle-class version of a Noble order. The truth is that they are a method of training and controlling the middle-class es to manage the peasants. They are not even subtle about it; each degree is a m arker of their training and they openly admit helping out their fellow Freemason s over a non-Freemasons (the Profane), utilising their old boys network to get i nfluencial jobs. However, what should be noted about the Nobles is that that they do not breed wi th commoners, they use terms like Noble-blood and preserving the blood-line . These g

uys were social Darwinists for 1000 s of years before Darwin was born. They are in ternationalist; they don t recognise nations all they see is land and power. Look through your history books and you will find that they have been in charge for a very long time. This is not a hidden conspiracy, we use the term... show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago 13 Likes F . Bj Jackson 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Maybe the reason for not letting in outside people is simple? Maybe they don't want any influence that is destru ctive? Politics, media, and rigid religion tend to f*ck things up, maybe they ar e trying to prevent those things from screwing up their group or whatever you wa nt to call it. I hope if they do good things they continue to keep it secret if not it could become like everything else; full of greed and power hungry as*hole s. show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago 0 Like F . Timothy Llewellyn 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand the rap up at the end is pretty anticlimactic, pretty much just stating a heap of facts that they dont ba ck up, just stating this is the way it is. For the very least I would say this w recked any hope I had that this documentary was going to get interesting! show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago 1 Like F . Avi 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Don't bother watching any of this debun ker crap, go to your lodge find out for yourself! then go find some esoteric kno wledge and join witchcraft, which has the exact same initiation rites..... show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago 0 Like F . Avi 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand yeah WTF ow about the Dyncorp disaster? how about the 33rd w about 9-11, JFK??? on and on the list goes haha believe one word you say, and I wont even bother are you a de-bunker or what? h degree north parallel line? ho you are a sad attempt, I don't watching your crap!

show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to Thomas Quinn 4 Likes F . Avi 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand obviously you haven't seen the street l ayout of washington dc, designed by a french freemason, they built the world and constructed society. show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to Ron Burgundy 0 Like F . Avi 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Just what you would like us to believe! !! The truth is the same (few) bloodlines have controlled the world since ancien t egypt, every religion is a re-telling of aten and akhenaten! The world is cont rolled by a solar cult, freemasons are at the bottom of secret societies. There are higher levels they don't even know about. Any group that partakes in blood o aths is straight nuts, wako satanists, or luciferians.

show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to Thomas Quinn 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Nobody kissed any butts here. I wrote and producer this show, and I'm not a Mason, nor even a big fan of their organization. They had no input on the content of this show or my script at all . Sorry, but there is less there than meets the eye. TRQuinn.com show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to Mad 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Boy, it just doesn't stop, doe s it? I'm the writer/producer of the show and I'm not a Freemason. I have no int erest in them because, frankly, they're kind of boring. And they require a belie f in a god, and I'm a skeptic. Trust me (or don't trust me), the Masons didn't m ake this show. They had no input on the script I wrote at all. Nada. TRQuinn.com show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to Doug 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Thanks for this comment. I'm t he writer/producer of the Discovery show and I agree--there are a few too many " mother's basement" theorists who are "experts" on how the world works. My guess is that they've got a huge bag of Doritos in their lap and either South Park or the 700 Club running on a nearby television. Thanks again for a touch of sobriet y. TRQuinn.com show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to GypsyPrince 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand As the writer/producer of this show, I'm afraid you missed the point. I've was there inside several of their " temples" and they are actually quite lovely--like first class hotels (though we do try to make them a bit mysterious for TV). We answer ALL the questions we pos ed--I made a list as I was writing it. And the show does not say the Masons are dedicated to a "new world order." We debunk that claim--that was George H.W. Bus h (not a Mason) describing the world after the fall of Communism. Nobody is taki ng over the world; it's entirely too much trouble. TRQuinn.com show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to chelsea 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand As the writer/producer of this show, it's odd that an "anti-christ" organization would be filled with so many sincere Christians. That Satan guy is just soooo clever. You might benefit from a book I wrote, which you can find at TRQuinn.com. Enjoy. And watch out for thos e baby-eating Masons! show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to The Major 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I'm the writer/producer of the Freemasons show and, I'm sorry to make the world a duller place for you, but th

ey have nothing to do with the Illuminati, and the Illuminati doesn't exist anym ore. They were a short-lived subversive political cult in Bavaria in the 1770s. They lasted for 11 years, had about 3000 members, and were disbanded by the auth orities around 1787. It's only the urban legends that endure--like those about t he Masons, whom French royalty blamed for the Revolution...as if a butt-head kin g weren't reason enough. If you have talked to people "actually involved" in the Illuminati or a Masonic plot for world domination, I'd check their creditials. They're probably aliens. TRQuinn.com show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to t pain 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I wrote and produced this show and, as David Foster says below, the secret is...there is no secret. It's a men 's club. Growup boy scouts and nothing more. Neither they, nor the Discovery Cha nnel, are part of any global conspiracy to control the destiny of man. If they w ere, our ratings would be a lot better. TRQuinn.com show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to killacop 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand As the writer/producer of the show (and not at all a Freemason), I can assure you that they do not "do horrib le things." None of the rumors about murders or conspiracies are true--they are claptrap, right up there with The Da Vinci Code. Most Freemasons are the kind of guys you'd meet at a bowling alley. TRQuinn.com show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to Ron Burgundy 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand Sorry my friend, but I wrote and produced the show and I'm not a Freemason, nor haven't I ever wanted to be o ne. They require a belief in God and I'm a skeptic. But even I see they are a bo y's club for men. If they ran the world they certainly wouldn't allow this show on the air. If they can be faulted for anything, it's that they are rather a dul l and generic organization, in my view. No big, spooky conspiracies. Of course, how do you know I'm not an alien? TRQuinn.com show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to Cornchip Toenails 0 Like F . Thomas Quinn 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand They allowed us in to film the ir rituals to dispell all the bizarre rumors about their initiation rituals. The y figured it was time to let everyone see that they are harmless rites of a boys club and nothing more. I'm happy you could answer the questions we posed about them yourself--but most people can't. They only know the conspiracy stories. Hen ce, this show. Thanks for watching, tho. show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to maritza 1 Like F . yahoo-4MX7O6AAVTCQYRSDADNBEA6PQM 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand "The great saviour will some out of hiding." You're insane. show more show less A Like Reply 7 months ago in reply to zack 0 Like

F . Daniel Robinson 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand So who are the Freemasons? d'uh anyone can join the free masons so long as all brothers within a lodge show no objections! All you have to do is ask! LOL show more show less A Like Reply 8 months ago 2 Likes F . maritza 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand Most of the documentary is made of questions, such "Who are they?", "What is their secret?", "Is this related to t hem?","Are they a religion?" , ... Thank you, I can ask those questions myself. Plus, why would this documentary contain "never before seen" rituals or what it claims it contains? If the rituals haven't been seen before and have been well k ept secrets, why would the freemasons reveal them for this documentary? To prove that they are not what we think or speculate? If that's the reason, it means th ey don't have important secrets to hide, so us knowing everything about them wou ldn't be a issue. But if this isn't the reason? What would make them let us have a sneak-a-peek inside their society? Whatever...There are lots of things to question, and we should start/continue to ask questions show more show less A Like Reply 8 months ago 3 Likes F . Marc Thomas 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I found this to be a very good look at what the masons are. I tried to do my own research on them and it is rea lly hard and for obvious reasons. Even having had some family in the generations as masons I found little information of any relevance beyond a few prayer like sayings and some basic uninteresting rituals. I have heard others who have had r elatives speak of it later in life and they will admit that MUCH was kept from t hem even as masons. Many of their questions would not be answered. The mason a l evel up always has his thumb down on the ones below. show more show less A Like Reply 8 months ago 0 Like F . Nick 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand Many facts were left out along with i mportant details leaving us with half truths and a bunch of b.s. about the freem asons, I live near the one of two Masonic homes in the whole U.S.(masonic home, not lodge) and I'll tell you I find it strange that they have nothing to hide co nsidering this place has probably almost a thousand people living in it with ser ious security and a giant gate that literally doesn't let you get within a footb all field of the actual building. show more show less A Like Reply 9 months ago 4 Likes F . David Mccann 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand See: Trapped in a Masonic Worl d show more show less A Like Reply 9 months ago 0 Like F . Cosmo 23 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Masonry now is Jewry show more show less

A Like Reply 10 months ago 1 Like F . Maria Barcelona 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I couldnt agree more Zack. But savior? I doubt it. Lets just keep our fate and protect ourselves not to be a victim of more than whats happening to us right now. show more show less A Like Reply 10 months ago in reply to zack 1 Like F . unlocker 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Zack, if you really want to know t he truth of history (I mean part of history cause one human life will not be eno ugh) you should check the works of this African scientist from Senegal (west Afr ica). His name is Cheikh Anta Diop. Senegal is a former colony of France, so not sure if it's possible to find something in English related to this man, but you can still try, I can guarantee that it's worth it. btw, he died in the late eig hties (I think he got killed because he really started to become troublesome..). SAMO, some people will say. Goodluck in your research. show more show less A Like Reply 10 months ago in reply to zack 0 Like F . David Foster 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I'm the son of a 33rd degree M ason who found me very easy to disown. Not because I didn't care for their ritua ls; but because I did not care for the Wall Street Journal. Care to try that aga in? show more show less A Like Reply 10 months ago in reply to t pain 0 Like F . David Foster 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand You left out: "They use our n hopes against us".. Maybe that's because, not unlike all those doomed souls o walked obediently into the showers of Auschwitz, you cling to the hope that savior will soon arrive. But then, what else can ya do? They say: "God is the pe of the hopeless". I believe they are right. show more show less A Like Reply 10 months ago in reply to zack 2 Likes F . David Foster 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand There secret is that there IS no secret. They mean to govern, and that is that. It's a social club for the amb itious, and nothing more. They make absolutely no attempt to keep that a secret; although they would most likely to call you a nut-case for bringing up the topi c. But they don't NEED a greater conspiracy, they ALREADY run the show! show more show less A Like Reply 10 months ago in reply to killacop 1 Like F . David Foster 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand No Ron, they hate you and me. They hate us because we believe we should be handed everything, and not have to work for it. They hate us because we mindlessly consume, while giving little tho ught for the future. They hate us because, for all of our constant protesting ab out peace and human rights, we are unable to govern ourselves. But most of all, they hate us because WE are their market; and therefore cannot be eliminated. Th ose are not my words, but my father's. He was a 33rd degree Mason. show more show less A Like Reply 10 months ago in reply to Ron Burgundy 7 Likes F . ow wh a ho

ruth 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand what u said is very touching and very true!! show more show less A Like Reply 11 months ago in reply to zack 1 Like F . Cornchip Toenails 3 comments collapsed Collapse Expand This is nothing short of propaganda created by minions paid by the freemasons. We see the same thing eve ryday on every major tv, print, and radio network. This is a joke and only inclu des a little bit of truth to make it appear genuine. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 15 Likes F . ConspirHeresay 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand @GypsyPrince You like me have to agree many are a little more on a different degree. But I gu ess half the world are fools as well as half the rest at best. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . martin ani 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand All men have to stand out and lo ok for the truth, see it with your own eye. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . Ron Burgundy 5 comments collapsed Collapse Expand Am I to believe that all thes e people who happen to be in positions of power and are Masons and do horrific t hings for power and money are actually benign? lol this is some horsechips. It's like me saying I will slit your throat but I'm a nice guy. doublespeak propagan da. Freemasons do horrible things but not Freemasonry they keep saying and only a dummy would believe this doc lol for real show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 4 Likes F . AFM 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Stupid Americans believe everything the y see through media! show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 2 Likes F . killacop 3 comments collapsed Collapse Expand Don't trust Discovery Channel on these matters...History Channel seems more impartial to me anyway. This document ary is only telling people what the people already know. Anyone expecting to lea rn the secrets of the masons needs a reality check show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 5 Likes F . Brian H 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand sorry falcon you couldn't be more w rong... you did you know the bible was written by men right? it was put in its m ostly present form by the First Council of Nicaea http://goo.gl/UKVVK (and later tweaked by king james.) I know the bible is supposed to be without fault and inspired by god but its a m

an made fiction especially the KJV. Pike used the CORRECT Latin in dubbing Freem asonry luciferian not the christian mistranslation. Lucifer means "light-bearer" (from the words lucem ferre). It was the name given to the dawn appearance of the planet Venus, which heralds daylight. For this me aning, English generally uses the names "Morning Star" or "Day Star", and rarely "Lucifer". The New Testament does not name the devil as Lucifer. Use of this name in refere nce to a fallen angel stems from an interpretation of Isaiah 4:3-20, a passage t hat speaks of a particular Babylonian King, to whom it gives a title that refers to what in English is called the Day Star or Morning Star (in Latin, lucifer) so luciferian= bringing light DUH! show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 2 Likes F . zack 6 comments collapsed Collapse Expand Information leads to belief,leads to control, leads to power, leads to ultimate objectives of the group. Some of these below may help all of us in the process of enlightening ourselves on what is the truth; We need to look at it from the all sides and from every source of information in order to have an idea what it is really. The more we read, we may find more 'se crets'. But then the media world is controlled by few people who may have a secr et agenda to psychologically lead us to believe whatever they want us to believe ! Who controls the internet, the administration of some powerful countries, weapon s of mass destruction etc? America, Israel, CNN, Oil, Religions, NATO, UN, TV, F acebook,Emails co's,...etc We are surrounded by information which at first seemed true but then turned out doubtful, exagerated, misinformed even became untrue. Most were well-planned ope ration,secretly directed,covertly executed and objectives successfully achieved. In many cases such as Iraq war, Sept. 11, assasinations of famous people/musicia ns/influential people, fast spread of viral diseases, 'humane' act of liberating countries in conflict, widespread calls for 'so called Freedom of speech', Wiki leaks which actually have good and bad intentions as well as effects,advance... show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 10 Likes F . t pain 3 comments collapsed Collapse Expand puskas sorry but your rant is just gibberish to me. just to let you know, freemasons and the illuminati (secret societies, different names, same thing) are not at all a positive group. I know people that are born into it and how hard they try to escape, they cant without fear of death (start ed very early on in their life when they are forced to watch a sacrifice). now b efore u go and say i didnt do research, look up SVALI (not a real name for obvio us reasons), someone who lead the local sect of the illuminists. and on their agenda which is made to look good (Charities, donations like before stated,) they actually use mind altering drugs and combinations of those drugs to brain wash people which has been proven time and time again by the CIA, who t

hey also helped perfect the technique. these people in this group generally BELI EVE they are doing something for the greater good, but hey wouldnt you if thats what you were taught from birth? read for yourself and dont tell me im spreading disinformation. i know what i kn ow and whatever someone says cant erase the experiences i have heard from people ... show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . puskas 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand as regards what free masons are or a rent does it really matter ive got news for you masons or not no it doesn,t.The religous among you dont even bother trying to wake up its never going to happen as regards alistar crowley he is dead,unwittingly i was introduced to his works as a young boy.If you think he the masons and all of this is dark and mysterious wake up its all inside you there is nothing to compare it too stories symbols m eanings mere camouflage to the real darkness dont fear god dont fear satan fear you. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . anonymous x 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand hmm...If free masons exist(im n ot sure whether they do or not) and they control all the industries including th e movie industry,do you think they would let their secrets be exposed in such a way and not do anything about it(referring to this documentary)...or is this wha t they want you to think about them?......... show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . The Major 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand *Chelsea... the religion is all important as it is one of evil and in fact it is representative of the oldest re ligion. 6000 years plus and still kicking hard. Part of the "Trick" is to get Ch ristians to start making statements like... "Well I don't think their religion i s important" or "All religions are different expressions of the same thing" once you've made those sort of statements or come to those conclusions you're headin g down the path to complacency and then apathy. These Masons are the anti-christ and his followers make no mistake. These are th e rulers of this world that prepare for his coming. Good news is we've already w on as Christians. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . chelsea 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand I think this is a slanted view exc using all notions that the freemasons are a cult as "conspiracy theory"...as if the masons would allow a camera inside their temples..I have seen masonic temple s and they are creepy and have frosted glass on all the windows. This documentar y never answers any of the questions they are posing and leaves the viewer wanti ng more. I also think the religion of the masons is not that relevant. This vide o even says the freemasons are dedicated to a "new world order" which is a nice way of saying they are planning on taking over the world, WHICH THEY ARE show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like

F . GypsyPrince 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand The people who make these negat ive comment and documentaries about Freemasonry have a.) never been inside a lod ge, or b.) although they "claim" the opposite, it has been proven time and again they never actually raised high enough in degrees to find out what the craft is really about. Either way, none of their perceptions are based on any form of tr uth. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . placido 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand To all those people that have writt en comments regarding Freemasonry being a Luciferian/anti-Christian religion: pl ease inform yourselves properly before making such sweeping statements that have nothing to do with the truth. Freemasonry requires of its members to believe in a Supreme Being of their chosing and there are lodges where Christians, Muslism s and Jews are members and address each other as brothers. Politics and religion are banned topics of discussion and charity is one of the main principles on wh ich the order is founded. Is there anything anti-Christian about this? No, of co urse there isn't. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 2 Likes F . the real truth !! 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I recommend to all to wat ch "the arrivals" on youtube Its a series of 50 episodes about zionism-freemasons and the boot of the Anticri st or "Dajjal" (It contains many shocking facts in about them and proved by the koran) please be patient this documentary is very long and I recommend you watch from b eginning till the end and dont judge from the 1st episodes (if an episode was co nfusing the 2nd will explain more) this documentary was found to reveal the truth for all religions regardless. To all christian or jew brothers and sisters I strongly recommend that you watch it (sorry for my bad english language) show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . WTC7 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand @ Doug, "I have had a few friends with parents in the Masons, and often they know nothin g about the truth of what their father is actually involved in." And what would that be that they were involved with exactly??? Charities? Theft? Humanitarian work? Murder? Your comment was not very helpful... show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . GypsyPrince 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand LMAO ~ The conspiracy theorist s and the "over-the-edge" christians need to come out of their mommy's basement

and get a little sunshine. 1.) Allister Crowley WAS a Freemason... that is, until he was kicked out for cri minal and immoral behavior, at which point his twisted little mined drove him to form his owned (unsanctioned) masonic order and lodge. 2.) Everybody tries to tie Pike's allusion toward Lucifer as "proof" that Masonr y is a Satanic cult. Here's some info for the stupid. Lucifer is not now, nor ha s it ever been a name for Satan or the devil. Any person educated in astrology a nd factual religious history (as most ministers, preachers, and preists are not) knows that the name Lucifer refers to the planet Venus (the morning star) which resides in the constellation of Virgo (Virgo Lucifera), which is why the name L ucifer was recently removed from new versions of the King James Bible. If you ar e still dumb enough to believe what your preachers tell you, then you are also e quating Jesus to Lucifer since Jesus said that he is the morning star as well. S ince Masons study such knowledge as we move up through the degrees, we know this ... show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 3 Likes F . john doe 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Masons thrive in the west of scotl and (Glasgow). Very anti-catholic society. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . John 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I'm not about to claim that I know any thing about the masons, but what little I do know, from my father, father-in-law , and grandfather being masons is that, they donate more to charity and contribu te to society, special needs groups, hospitals, schools and more civic organizat ions than any other single group of people I know. How many of us can say the same? How many people outside of our own immediate ci rcle do we help? Not trying to add fuel to the fire here, because again I know nothing of the his tory or agenda of the organization, but from this outsider's point of view, they do way more good that I see, than what other bad things people may accuse them of. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 2 Likes F . Doug 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand This is pretty obviously false propag anda supporting people's ignorance about Masons. It is produced and directed by Masons, duh. I have had a few friends with parents in the Masons, and often they know nothing about the truth of what their father is actually involved in. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . Mad 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand This film, like most propaganda films is full of misinformation, and thin sugar coating of truth covering it... Conspi racy theories aside it doesn't take a rocket scientist to figure this out. As mu ch as they were ass kissing and glamorizing free masonry, its obvious this film was made by free masons as some sort of sugar coated public relations campaign o n an average American television network.

show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . WTC7 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Sorry, disregard the unfinished senten ce at the end, mistakingly hit the send button too early and no added value to i t anyway show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . WTC7 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I am only beginning now to do a bit of research on the freemasonry, so by no means am I any kind of connoisseur here, but one thing is quite obvious from the comments so far - too many of the commen tators look upon the freemasons through the prism of the judeo-christian religio n and its offshoots as if these were the only relevant background for judging fr eemasonry. That alone makes such comments largely bias and not particularly rele vant. I also noticed that there is not much critical thinking about this topic, most o f what has been said simply reflects hostility towards something obscure and unk nown, in most cases not well or not at all justified by some sort of supporting evidence. In one case only, someone mentioned Aleister Crowley, but it appears that here t oo there was not much research done. It appears that the organizations he was a member of were not considered regular "by Masonic bodies in the Anglo-American t radition" and were not recognized by the "United Grand Lodge of England, whose r ecognition is generally considered the standard for Masonic validity". On the other hand, nobody mentioned the fact that all of the Founding Fathers we re freemasons and... show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . Amy 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I am confused. The more research I do t he more I feel like in going round and round in a big circle. The reason why I h ave been doing research is because I have a friend who is a Mason and soon my so n will be 18 he has offered to be his sponcer. I dont know what is true and what is untrue. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . GB 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand This is PR film, made in the most stupid sense. Taking some examples of stories connected to the freemasons, excluding t he central points; as how the organization is a layer cake of secrets where only the top level 33. degree masons holds the agenda and controls a network of high level society members across the globe... And than to debunk the claims in a ch ildish propaganda ending, with no evidence, is just disturbing.. Hey, one think they didnt mention in the false propaganda-debunk ending, was the statement made earlier; And than the Masons imposed their control over Hollywoo d..... show more show less

A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . PC812 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Conspiracy theorists are mentally inc apable of believing anything that doesn't indicate the world has been covertly c ontrolled by secret societies for centuries. Conspiracy theorists need to believ e that there's some epic struggle for good and evil going on behind the scenes, that there's a reason for why their lives suck. They're incapable of escaping reality. The Freemasons are an organization of aff luent men and women? No, far more likely that they're a Satanic cult which has s ecretly controlled the world for centuries and plans to enslave all of mankind f or the purpose of...well, we don't know what the purpose is. Conspiracy theorist s can never find a proper motivation to explain why the "elite" want to enslave everyone. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . j.wes 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand i dont see the point of hatting on fr eemasions based on this documentary as we grown ups has the right of choice,if u dont like them why watch it? show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . Nootrelitei 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand ...Here's the truth: Religion doesn't exist. Yeah, there is a god somewhere. Have you seen God? No. G od, Satan, Devil, Angel, Demon - these are just terms placed with random definit ion. Maybe, our historians and/or writers mixed those words together. Everything is possible. Almost all religions are made by man, and some religions started a s a way of thinking but turned into religion because of its fanatics wanting pow er. Hey, lighten up, people - just stating some facts just in case some kid read s your beliefs. Religion was created to unify or colonize people. Today, we are unified and smarter than a 100 years ago. Do you still need religion to feel saf e? Yeah, freemasons can be evil or good. But there are no such things are good o r evil - those are just perspectives imposed on society. If you really want proo f, then talk to the person who has the most pure thoughts. You'll know because h e/she doesn't watch TV, doesn't use the computer or the internet (as well as goo gle/yahoo/msn/aol or wikipedia), doesn't read books, is blind, is deaf, cannot r ead braille... He/She is the one who follows his/her heart - not the mind. I hop e you learn... show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 2 Likes F . what a lie!!!! 3 comments collapsed Collapse Expand here is the truth from the verses of Quoran descended from the only one god to the man kind 1400 years ago. .. They followed the incantations that the devils used against the kingdom of Solom on. Solomon did not hide the truth but the devils did. They taught magic to the people and whatever was revealed to the two angels, Harut and Marut, in Babylon. The two angels did not teach anything to anyone without saying, "Our case is a temptation for the people, so do not hide the truth." People learned something from the two angels that could cause discord between a man and his wife. However, they could harm no one except by the permission of Go d. In fact, the (people) learned things that would harm them and render them no benefit. They knew very well that one who engaged in witchcraft would have no re ward in the life hereafter. Would that they had known that they had sold their souls for that which is vile!

(2-102) show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . tony the tiger 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Biggest bunch of c*** ever! I was suspicious when I saw the discovery channel. This documentary did better t o prove the conspiracy theories right then wrong, they show evidence they could be true, then the douche bag just says, no they are not true, without any proof to prove it. thank you crowley, its funny to me how many people who are parts of the highest levels of these groups that come out and tell the truth and people say its not true. Just like normal catholics don't see all the things the popes and bishops do, it s the same for the bottom levels of any group. We didn't get an inside look, the y just should an initiation rite, which as Crowley said, doesn't show you the tr uth of this cult. the proof is out there, if you don't want to know it thats fin e, but don't just blatantly lie. it says all you have to do is believe in a supr eme being, meaning Satan is just fine. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . Jack Green 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Freemasons are people who are to o smart to be Christians, and too stupid to be atheist. They worship basic mathe matical symbols, and the mathematical nature of nature that people started to fi nd long ago, without understanding it. They're people who might become politicia ns through their cultish network, but rarely scientists. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 0 Like F . me 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand blindsheep, those jokes are really old.. .why don't you go and watch some football... show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . blindsheepherder 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand ok, way to much time waste d on the internet with this today. The only fact I learned from all the conspira cy theorists is that their webpages look really crappy. nothing like a neon font on a black background to make me believe that the masons killed kennedy and lin coln. You guys are pretty lame, go outside and play. play nice. With outdoor peo ple. The real kind. no, your high school girlfriend is not calling you back. she found another guy. with a job. and his own place. and no, your mom is not your roommate. she is your mom. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F . garangaman 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand ignorance is bliss...and curiosi ty killed the cat.... if you read into all of this s*** you would die of paranoia .....its a disturbin g world. show more show less A Like Reply 1 year ago 1 Like F .

lewis 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand it's funny because you guys really ha ve no idea. the more you don't know, the more things you make up. show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 1 Like F . sunny1 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand So many members, over so many centur ies, in so many parts of the world able to keep so many deep dark secrets. Who a re the robots? show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F . myk 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Wow Falcon and i hate liars u guys nail ed it. kych look it up who owns discovery and so on. For the record this doc was a serious let down, let michael moore do it better lol. but i do have a mason l odge in my town and i now wanna be one!! woot woot show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 1 Like F . Crowley 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Freemasonry is an impostor Christia nity. What does scripture say? "Hereby know ye the Spirit of GOD. Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Chris t is GOD come in the flesh is of GOD. Any spirit that confesseth NOT that Jesus Christ is GOD come in the flesh is NOT of GOD, and is this spirit of anti-Christ ..." - 1 John 4:2-4 In the very first initiation process, I remember that I was blindfolded and had a cable tow tied around my neck. I was asked what is it that I seek. A brother b eside me whispered in my ear,"Light.". At which I replied,"light.". That there i s an apostasy to GOD and His only begotten Son, Jesus Christ, as Jesus Christ is the Light of the World, and in Him, there is no darkness. I was denying Jesus C hrist as being my light and that I needed the light of the fraternity(free mason ry)in order to complete my life and existence, and without the fraternity, I wou ld continue to live in darkness. Please remember the scripture that I quoted abo ve, ANY SPIRIT THAT DOES NOT DECLARE THAT JESUS CHRIST IS GOD COME IN THE FLESH IS THE SPIRIT OF ANTICHRIST. WELL, THE LODGE... show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 1 Like F . Crowley 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Yeah, as a 3rd generation free maso n, and I left the craft forever in 2008 btw, I have two words for all free mason s: ALEISTER CROWLEY. Did Ya Know: 1. Aleister Crowley is the most decorated free mason in the history of the craft . 2. Aleister Crowley unwittingly revealed the royal secret of freemasonry in "The Book of the Law". 3. Crowley's brand of freemasonry is the O.T.O.,the Ordo Templi Orientis, a Magi ckal order run by Crowley while he was alive. 4. These are the 3 main royal secrets of freemasonry as was told to me personall y when I became a sublime prince of the royal secret(32nd degree), and began the

5 step process of illumination. A. Royal Secret 1: All paths lead to god. All paths lead to heaven. As above, so below. Order through chaos. B. Royal Secret 2: We worship the devil, and the name of Yeshua, AKA: Jesus Chri st is forbidden in any lodge. C. Royal Secret 3: We gain immortality through immorality. In other words, sex m agick. Through sodomy, we gain immortality and eternal youth through sex magick. show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F . Anita 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand I don't think it's relevant what thei r religion is as all religions have good people and bad people. I think the issu e here is whether or not this global conspiracy to rule the world actually exist s and whether or not people will be turned into zombie-like beings (which maybe we already are, who can tell) and whether or not we can do anything about it if it's true. Luciferians just have a different vision of which path is the truth. It doesn't necessarily mean these people are bad. The bible isn't the truth unless you beli eve it and these people even believe in the bible but interpret it differently. To me both religions are dogmatic and dogmatic religions are intolerant to other religions. We all know the world is not as peaceful and happy as could be but is there real ly one cult (one mind) behind it all ? If we could all find it in our hearts to tolerate other opinions the world would be a better place. show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F . Paul 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Wow...that was stupid. They had as lit tle evidence to proclaim the Masons free of conspiracy as the conspiracy theoris ts had to claim it. Must habe been made by and for the Masons to continue some n efarious activities of some kind! Again...Stupid. show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 1 Like F . Mitch 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand If any of you knew anything you would know that if it wasnt for the Knights Templar and the Freemasons then the bible would not be here today (nor would America be what it is FREE) and everyone wou ld be catholic. Why dont you try and do some research before you speak you just show how dumb you are. show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 1 Like F . scott 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand to KYCH and i hate liars the best thing about the history channel and discovery is you can watch 2 masons on each show contradict what the other has said in a previous show or documento ry. so in time it shows one of them or both of them are liars! period! show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 1 Like F . Jam 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand all you guys need to chill

show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F . phatdaddy 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Thanks for the link Falcon, I was at pt. 3 before I started thinking for myself and checked the comments... watching lightbringers now! Hey Kych, I bet this part hurt eh: "they just like to feel special and to be par t of something bigger." Don't take it so personally. show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F . me 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Kych, you are not fooling anyone...well, maybe yourself. I'm sure Albert Pike, the Luciferian, was a good Christian...an d all freemasons that give oaths on their different religious books are of cours e really Christians... show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F . KYCH 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand That's what I love about you guys. If all else fails, just make stuff up. Which Lodge are you a member of again? show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F . me 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Kych, I think it's hilarious that you be lieve freemasonry is a part of the Christian religion... show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F . KYCH 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand It is hilarious that people who have n ever set foot inside a Lodge claim to know anything about Masonry. It's funny that the culminating degrees require you to vow your belief in and to uphold the Christian religion. Which Luciferians is it that are practicing Christians again? show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 1 Like F . I hate liars 1 comment collapsed Collapse Expand Discovery Channel is a masonic owned company. Every time I see something from the Discovery channel speaking o n conspiracies or anything about occult organizations it never surprises me that the discovery channel lies like crazy. Lol, a camera allowed in for a secret in itiation, haha, yeah right, as if they won't put on a fake stunt just to help sp

read the lies for a masonic media channel. I never know why I still watch crap coming from the discovery channel, maybe I a m waiting for them to start telling the whole stories and telling truths, but I won't hold my breath. Look into the facts that this video series lied about and never even tells any i nfo on the rest of story. show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F . me 2 comments collapsed Collapse Expand This is a PR film. Pike, the 33 D. freemason wrote that the reli gion of freemasonry is Luciferianism (that was not meant to get out). Of course the lower levels are told a different story, and most freemasons are lied to and will never go up to the higher levels, and they just like to feel special and t o be part of something bigger. If you want to see a real documentary about freemasonry: http://topdocumentaryfilms.com... show more show less A Like Reply 2 years ago 0 Like F .

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Freemason Symbols Freemason Symbols Represent the Heart of Freemasonry Freemason Symbols And Their Masonic Symbolism Acacia Anchor and the Ark Ark of the Covenant Master Mason Apron,...of Unspotted White Lambskin Rough and Perfect Ashlar Masonic Altar Masonic Blazing Star Cable Tow Masonic Wages,...Corn, Wine and Oil 47th Problem of Euclid Masonic Lamb Letter G Masonic Eye Masonic Gavel Mosaic Pavement Masonic Sheaf of Corn Square and Compasses Masonic Shoe Trestleboard Freemason symbols provide a visual means of attaining the beginnings of Masonic Education. Sponsored Links

These Masonic images are used to teach morals and lessons...much as we use "visu als", like PowerPoint presentations today, to import meaning to an embodiment of picture images and data within a specific school of thought. The statement "A picture is worth a thousand words." as the best way to learn, i

s just as true, today, as it was 5,000 years ago.

Masonic Lodge Symbols Education Freemason Symbols: Masonic symbology has come down to us from the cuneiform scri pts of the ancient Sumerians, circa 3000 B.C.. as well as the ancient Mesopotami ans and Persians. Cuneiform writing was a series of pictographs (symbols) which were drawn on clay tablets with a blunt reed (or stylus). Masonic scholars, today, question the origin of the Point within the Circle, who se parallel upright lines on both sides of the circle, closely resemble an Egypt ian hieroglyphic (circa 1570 1342 B.C.). Is it one of the first Freemason symbols? It is not known; however this information creates questions in scholarly circles . Did Freemasonry begin long before King Solomon's temple was built (circa 953 B.C .)? Did it begin with the operative stone mason guilds during the Middle Ages? (betw een 500 A.D. and 1500 A.D.) Did it begin in Scotland near the time of Robert the Bruce (1274 - 1329)? These questions are a subject of much debate within the fraternity. Thousands of research man-hours have been spent attempting to answer these questions, mostly to little avail. Very little information has surfaced from the books and hand-written manuscripts that survived these eras in history. Even Freemason symbols are subject to somewhat different interpretations across the many Masonic jurisdictions in the world.

Understanding Freemasonry Begins With Learning Its Symbols

Learning the Meanings of Freemason Symbols: Masonic symbology was used in past centuries, not due as much to Masonic secrecy , (as many people believe), but due to the fact that most of the world's populat ion was illiterate. During the Dark Ages, the Middle Ages, and through subsequent centuries, most of the population, being working people, were illiterate or had only a rudimentary (basic) ability to sign their names, make their "mark" to signify their accepta nce, or read simple words. During the Middle Ages, many Lords (wealthy landowners) could read (and some cou ld not), but the Serfs (working class people), almost as a whole, had never been

taught to read. During the Dark Ages and extending throughout the Middle Ages, there was a loss of classical learning due to the many wars, bloodshed and unrest in which most o f the old hand-printed scrolls, papyrus paper, books and records were burned by the opposing forces...much like King Solomon's temple was dismantled and carried off, never to return. Illiteracy did not make these Masons stupid or lesser operative Masons in the cr aft. They were simply working people, taking care of their families, who, by necessity, had to begin working at a very early age...usually from dawn until du sk, 6 days a week and did not have the time nor the teachers to avail themselves of the ability to learn to read or of any higher education.

Making Your Mark: Some of you can, even now, remember people in your past (or p resent) who were illiterate and signed their name (made their mark) with an "X" .

Schools were for the wealthy. Thus, operative Freemason symbols were taught to these stone masons (workers in stone) as a part of their obligation for the betterment of their craft. Actual (operative) stone masons made their "mark" by inscribing their work with their symbol (or logo), just as artists and other craftsmen have "signed" their work throughout the centuries. This "mark" symbolizes the uniqueness of the pie ce as well as the intent of the Master craftsman that each person who views it, be aware of its unique and personal craftsmanship. Today, there are mass-printed books, everywhere, and a wealth of information on the internet about Freemasonry. But, this has not always been the case. In the operative stonemason days, only the very few people who could read, owned books . Books were created by scribes who painstakingly copied down the the verbal words they heard or copied, (letter by letter) the words from other hand-printed scro lls, which later became hand-bound books. Due to the immense amount of time it t ook to create such a book, they were very rare and very expensive.

...Hence, due to the lack of books, much knowledge was passed down via the use o f symbols and by word of mouth...a "monitorial" inculcation (mouth-to-ear-teachi ng). Printing presses were actually invented by the Chinese circa 593 A.D. wherein ea ch page's text was hand-carved onto a wooden block, dipped into ink and then app lied to cloth, and later, when paper became more readily available and less expe

nsive, the ink-dipped blocks were applied to the paper, from which books could b e bound. In Germany, Johannes Gutenberg invented the use of movable type on his printing press (circa 1440 A.D.) ...568 years ago, which made the creation of books much faster and much less expensive, and therefore, more easily acquired by the commo n man.

Hand-Written Book Inscription: Many of the aforementioned scribes only heard the spoken words (without the advantage of being able to copy any written text) and , therefore, spelled the words as best they knew how. This fact accounts for the numerous different spellings of so many names and wor ds in the Old Charges (Old Manuscripts) (1390 - 1714). Some of the Old Charges a nd old Masonic constitutions are on hand-written scrolls. This also accounts for some of the many translation differences in the Holy Book s of the major religions of the world which Freemasonry embraces...(the Bible, t he Torah, the Veda, the Koran, etc.) down through history. Masonic Scholars Study Freemason Symbols: True Masonic scholars have devoted a p ortion of their time to the study of the meanings of Freemason symbols. Consequently, they have a strong foundation of knowledge which the non-scholar l acks. (The word "scholar" in this instance refers to a person who studies...and not a person who has a genius-level I.Q. mind, which others were not blessed wit h.) Your Symbolic Foundation Beneath Your Middle Chamber: The perfect ashlars (stone s) which made up the foundation of King Solomon's Temple were gargantuan (huge) in size, ..some as large as 41 feet x 11.5 feet,... because in his wisdom; King Solomon understood the need to build a solid foundation for his temple...just as each of us must do.

Q: So, ...now that nearly everyone has been taught to read ...and with millions of books now available, as well as nearly 6,000,000 pages about Freemasonry on the internet and over 400 books about Freem ason symbols and Masonic symbolism available on Amazon.com, why is this depth of knowledge not found in most Freemasons, today? A: While there are lots of books and information available; unfortunately, a clear, concise, step-by-step Masonic education is nearly impossible to find. The foundation of Freemason ritual is built on Freemason symbols and biblical (Holy Book) references. Therefore, it is impossible to fully understand Masonic ritual without understan ding its underlying foundation...that of the biblical meanings within ritual and the rich history of these Freemason symbols ...these Masonic symbols, which we have inherited.

Lodge education officers valiantly attempt to impart pieces of Masonic knowledge ; ...however the only true path to Masonic education is when you begin to link a nd understand the meaning of the words in the ritual to their biblical meaning c oupled with the Freemasonry symbols which underlie it. Memorizing the words is not enough. True light is achieved through study and und erstanding of that which you seek. Only then can you "feel" the biblical power of our Creator's words within Freema sonry's tenets because this is where the rubber-meets-the-road. Ritual, alone will not fulfill your quest. 50 years of perfect lodge attendance cannot create true "light". Degrees: Without a true understanding of the ancient and biblical tenets, Freema son symbols, Masonic history and why we circumambulate (the act of moving around a sacred object) in our ancestor's footsteps around an altar glorified to our C reator;...the titles and degrees upon which we have been bestowed may possibly o nly be words which attempt to attach a scholarly credibility and experience to a man which he may not, in fact, yet possess. Sponsored Links

Education, study and the resulting knowledge which comes from this learning proc ess is the only method which leads to a "graduate", once having received his "Ma ster's" degree, actually knowing what he studied, what he learned and why it is important in his life. "As Hiram prayed daily for guidance from his God before drawing the designs that would set the craftsmen to work, so must we."

Ancient of Days by William Blake, 1794 The watercolor etching, above was painted by William Blake in 1794. Its title is "Ancient of Days". It refers to an excerpt of a passage from the book of Prover bs 8:27, (a book within both the Christian Bible and the Hebrew Bible), which sa ys "when he set a compass upon the face of the earth." Note: Different biblical translations may use different wording. Source: The Holy Bible; Self-Pronouncing Edition; Containing Old and New Testaments; Translated out of the Original Tong ues; copyright 1903 by A.J. Holman Co., Philadelphia, PA.

"...Each Master Mason becomes his own architect. Each supervises the building of that "temple not made by hands." Each builds into his structure beauty, harmony and knowledge to the extent he is willing to work."...The Craft and Its Symbols , p. 84, 1974, Allen E. Roberts, MaCoy Publishing and Masonic Supply Co.

Freemason Symbols Looking back through history, we find that Masonic symbols have been drawn on tr acing boards, scratched into the dirt with a stick during the days when lodges m et on high hills and low vales in the outdoors, chiseled into stones, not only f rom stonemason artisans of the past making their Master's Mark, (their attestati on of their work as a job well done) but also proudly inscribed into our more mo dern-day building cornerstones.

Masonic Temple We see Masonic symbols in each Masonic temple around the world. Masonic light ab ounds...and Masonic charity is well known. Masonic Jewelry Freemason symbols are most often noticed in Masonic jewellery such as Masonic ri ngs, Masonic lapel pins and Masonic cufflinks. Members with other Masonic degree s, such as Knights Templar, wear Masonic jewelry displaying symbols of the Knigh ts Templar sword, cross and other ancient symbols of the fraternity.

Masonic Art Masonic art is full of Freemason symbols...whether it be a Masonic painting or o n each and every one of the Masonic aprons across the world. Like Freemasons, th emselves, each unique Masonic apron is a testament to its owner's belief in a li fe well lived in brotherhood with other like-minded men.

Masonic Clip Art Is Masonic artwork using Freemason symbols a thing of the past? No. Today, we ha ve Masonic clip art. There is a lot of free Masonic clipart on the web. Some hig h resolution Masonic clipart is also available. Most is copyright free, for noncommercial use, but always check with the website's policies before using it. Masonic Regalia

Digital Masonic clipart is also used to embroider symbols onto Masonic regalia s uch as the Masonic altar cloth used in the lodge, Masonic officer aprons, Masoni c funeral aprons and Masonic flags. Digitized routers are used to carve Freemaso n symbols into wooden Masonic regalia items such as the square and compasses sym bol into the Masonic gavels and the Wardens Columns used in the lodge. Freemason Symbols In The 21st Century

Much like the moveable-type printing presses replaced the scribes of yore, techn ological advances have also brought Freemasonry into the 21st century. If you could go back in time and tell one of the scribes who hand wrote one of t hese entire Masonic constitutions encompassed in the Old Charges (circa 1400 A.D .) (without a single error or erasure) about a "magic box" called a computer, wi th a screen and a bunch of buttons on the table wherein if he pushed a few of th ese buttons, another "magic box" would print hundreds of pages in an hour; how c ould he possibly fathom such a preposterous idea?

It would be only logical for him to conclude, using only his current knowledge a t the time, that witchcraft would have to be involved, or magic of some kind to be able to print pages from a "magic box", that we now know as a printer. Sadder still, he couldn't even "Google" it to be able to find one! ...And, even if he had a computer, we'd have to explain to him how electricity works and how to download drivers and, oh yes, teach him how to type.

We are a very fortunate generation that such a wealth of knowledge is now at our fingertips. Deciphering The Cryptograms of Masonic Symbology

A Masonic scholar is simply one who reads for greater understanding in his "ques t for more light". He learns the meanings of each cryptogram (a figure or representation having a s ecret or mysterious significance), so that he may build on it to understand the whole. Think back a moment to your childhood...before you could read. You were riding a long with your parents in the car and saw a big red, octagonal sign with black l etters on it which was stuck on a post in the ground. Until you were taught that a stop sign meant that you must (by law), stop the ca r, it is simply an imposing big red sign by the side of the road...and thus an e nigma (a mystery) to you as to its meaning. Later, after you learned to read, yo u learned other road signs. You learned the meanings of "Merge", "On Ramp", "MPH ", etc. Therefore, if you can read, (and apply yourself) you, too, can become a Masonic scholar...but more important than becoming a scholar, is feeling the purity of F reemasonry's (and our Creator's) goals for each of us. The real goal of understanding, ...the Masonic "light" which each of us seeks, i s not how many books you've read, but whether you "get" their message in your he art. So, as you can see, the history of Freemasonry is best represented by its Freema son symbols, which have come down to us through the ages. The Freemason symbols that you see on this page, ..from which our ancient brethr en were taught, ... are the same Masonic symbols and meanings that have come dow

n through the centuries...and the very same ones that you, too, will study in yo ur quest for more light. So Mote It Be! Simon

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IntroductionMaterials and methodsResults and discussionAcknowledgementsReference s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract 1.Digoxin exposure of rat fetuses at the 15th, 17th and 19th day of pregnancy by treating the mother (with 9 g digoxin altogether) caused alterations in the sexu al behavior of adult rats (3-month-old males and six-month-old ovariectomized an d hormone-treated females). 2.The number of active males was significantly higher in the treated group and e jaculation as well as multiple ejaculation occurred only here. Females also were more receptable after fetal digoxin treatment. It is known from the literature that long-term digoxin treatment in adult age influences (reduces) the male sexu al activity in humans. In the rat, the opposite effect was observed after fetal treatment. 3.The experiments call attention to the prolonged effect of fetal digoxin exposu re caused by the treatment of the mother. Keywords

Bradycardia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Bra dycardia Sinus bradycardia seen in lead II with a heart rate of about 50. ICD-10 R00.1 ICD-9 427.81, 659.7, 785.9, 779.81 MeSH D001919 Bradycardia ( /?brd?'k?rdi?/; Greek ?ad??a?d?a, bradykarda, "heart slowness"), in t he context of adult medicine, is the resting heart rate of under 60 beats per mi nute, though it is seldom symptomatic until the rate drops below 50 beat/min. It may cause cardiac arrest in some patients, because those with bradycardia may n ot be pumping enough oxygen to their heart. It sometimes results in fainting, sh ortness of breath, and if severe enough, death.[1] Trained athletes or young healthy individuals may also have a slow resting heart rate (e.g. professional cyclist Miguel Indurain had a resting heart rate of 28 beats per minute).[2] Resting bradycardia is often considered normal if the indi vidual has no other symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, dizziness, lightheadedne ss, fainting, chest discomfort, palpitations or shortness of breath associated w ith it. The term relative bradycardia is used in explaining a heart rate which although not actually below 60 beats per minute is still considered too slow for the indi vidual's current medical condition. Contents [hide] 1 Definition 2 Classification 2.1 Atrial 2.2 Atrioventricular nodal 2.3 Ventricular 2.4 Infantile 3 Causes 4 Diagnosis 5 Management 5.1 Stable 5.2 Unstable 6 References [edit] DefinitionBradycardia in an adult is any heart rate less than 60 beats pe r minute, although symptoms usually manifest only for heart rates less than 50.[ 3] [edit] Classification[edit] AtrialSee also: Sinus bradycardia and Sick sinus syn drome Atrial bradycardias come in three different types. The first is respiratory sinu s arrhythmia. This is usually found in young and healthy adults. Heart rate incr eases during inhalation and decreases during exhalation. This is thought to be c aused by changes in the vagal tone during respiration.[4] If the decrease during exhalation drops the heart rate below 60bpm on each breath, this type of bradyc

ardia is usually deemed benign and a sign of good autonomic tone. Sinus bradycardia is a sinus rhythm of less than 60 bpm. It is a common conditio n found in both healthy individuals and those who are considered well conditione d athletes. Studies have found that 50 - 85 percent of conditioned athletes have benign sinus bradycardia, as compared to 23 percent of the general population s tudied.[5] The reason for this is that their heart muscle has become conditioned to have a higher stroke volume and therefore requires fewer contractions to cir culate the same volume of blood.[4] Sick sinus syndrome covers conditions that include severe sinus bradycardia, sin oatrial block, sinus arrest, and bradycardi-tachycardia syndrome (atrial fibilla tion, flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia).[4] [edit] Atrioventricular nodalSee also: Junctional rhythm An atrioventricular nodal bradycardia or AV junction rhythm is usually caused by the absence of the electrical impulse from the sinus node. This usually appears on an EKG with a normal QRS complex accompanied with an inverted P wave either before, during, or after the QRS complex.[4] An AV junctional escape is a delayed heartbeat originating from an ectopic focus somewhere in the AV junction. It occurs when the rate of depolarization of the SA node falls below the rate of the AV node.[4] This dysrhythmia also may occur when the electrical impulses from the SA node fail to reach the AV node because of SA or AV block.[6] This is a protective mechanism for the heart, to compensat e for a SA node that is no longer handling the pacemaking activity, and is one o f a series of backup sites that can take over pacemaker function when the SA nod e fails to do so. This would present with a longer PR interval. A junctional esc ape complex is a normal response that may result from excessive vagal tone on th e SA node. Pathological causes include sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, sinus ex it block, or AV block.[4] [edit] VentricularSee also: Atrioventricular block A ventricular bradycardia, also known as ventricular escape rhythm or idioventri cular rhythm, is a heart rate of less than 50 beats a minute. This is a safety m echanism that arises when there is lack of electrical impulse or stimuli from th e atrium.[4] Impulses originating from or below the His bundle, also known as ve ntricular, will produce a wide QRS complex with heart rates between 20 and 40 be ats a minute. Those above the His bundle, also known as junctional, will typical ly range between 40 and 60 bpm with a narrow QRS complex.[7][8] In a third degre e heart block, approximately 61% take place at the bundle branch-Purkinje system , 21% at the AV node, and 15% at the His bundle.[8] AV block maybe ruled out wit h an EKG indicating "a 1:1 relationship between P waves and QRS complexes."[7] V entricular bradycardias occurs with sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, and AV bloc k. Treatment often consist of the administration of atropine and cardiac pacing. [4] [edit] InfantileFor infants, bradycardia is defined as a heart rate of less than 100 beats per minute. (Normal is around 120-160 beats per minute.) Premature ba bies are more likely than full-term babies to have apnea and bradycardia spells; their cause is not clearly understood. Some researchers think the spells are re lated to centers inside the brain that regulate breathing and that may not be fu lly developed. Touching the baby gently or rocking the incubator slightly will a lmost always get the baby to start breathing again, which increases the heart ra te. Medications (theophylline or caffeine) can be used to treat these spells in babies if necessary. NICU standard practice is to electronically monitor the hea rt and lungs for this reason. [edit] CausesThis cardiac arrhythmia can be underlain by several causes, which a re best divided into cardiac and non-cardiac causes. Non-cardiac causes are usua

lly secondary, and can involve drug use or abuse; metabolic or endocrine issues, especially in the thyroid; an electrolyte imbalance; neurologic factors; autono mic reflexes; situational factors such as prolonged bed rest; and autoimmunity. Cardiac causes include acute or chronic ischemic heart disease, vascular heart d isease, valvular heart disease, or degenerative primary electrical disease. Ulti mately, the causes act by three mechanisms: depressed automaticity of the heart, conduction block, or escape pacemakers and rhythms. There are generally two types of problems that result in bradycardias: disorders of the sinoatrial node (SA node), and disorders of the atrioventricular node (A V node). With sinus node dysfunction (sometimes called sick sinus syndrome), there may be disordered automaticity or impaired conduction of the impulse from the sinus no de into the surrounding atrial tissue (an "exit block"). Only second degree sino strial blocks can be detected by use of a 12-lead EKG.[9] It is difficult and so metimes impossible to assign a mechanism to any particular bradycardia, but the underlying mechanism is not clinically relevant to treatment, which is the same in both cases of sick sinus syndrome: a permanent pacemaker. Atrioventricular conduction disturbances (aka: AV block; 1o AV block, 2o type I AV block, 2o type II AV block, 3o AV block) may result from impaired conduction in the AV node, or anywhere below it, such as in the Bundle of His. The clinical relevance pertaining to AV blocks is greater than that of sinoatrial blocks.[9] Patients with bradycardia have likely acquired it, as opposed to having it conge nitally. Bradycardia is more common in older patients. [edit] DiagnosisA diagnosis of bradycardia in adults is based on a heart rate le ss than 60. This is determined usually either via palpation or an ECG. If symptoms occur, a determination of electrolytes may be helpful in determining the underlying cause. [edit] ManagementThe treatment of bradycardia is dependent on whether or not the person is stable or unstable.[3] If oxygen saturations are low supplemental oxy gen should be provided.[3] [edit] StableEmergent treatment is not needed if the person is asymptomatic or m inimally symptomatic.[3] [edit] UnstableIf a person is unstable the initial recommended treatment is intr avenous atropine.[3] Doses less than 0.5 mg should not be used as this may furth er decrease the rate.[3] If this is not effective intravenous inotrope infusion (dopamine, epinephrine) or transcutaneous pacing should be used.[3] Transvenous pacing may be required if the cause of the bradycardia is not rapidly reversible .[3] [edit] References1.^ Sinus Bradycardia eMedicine 2.^ L'quipe, France, 2 July 2004 3.^ a b c d e f g h Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, et al. (November 2010). "Part 8 : adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Gu idelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". C irculation 122 (18 Suppl 3): S729 67. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988. PMID 20956224. 4.^ a b c d e f g h Allan B. Wolfson, ed. (2005). Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practic e of Emergency Medicine (4th ed.). p. 260. ISBN 0-7817-5125-X. 5.^ Ward, Bryan G.; Rippe, JM (1992). "11". Athletic Heart Syndrome. Clinical Sp orts Medicine. p. 259. 6.^ "AV Junctional Rhythm Disturbances (for Professionals)". American Heart Asso

ciation. 2008-12-04. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=746 . Retrieved 15 December 2009. 7.^ a b "Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders". The merck Manuals: Online Medica l Library. Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp. 2008-01. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec07/ ch075/ch075a.html. Retrieved 16 December 2009. 8.^ a b Adams, Mary; Pelter, M (2003). "Ventricular Escape Rhythms". American Jo urnal of Critical Care. pp. 12: 477 478. http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/cgi/content/ full/12/5/477. Retrieved 15 December 2009. 9.^ a b Ufberg, JW; Clark JS. (2006-02). "Bradydysrhythmias and atrioventricular conduction blocks". Emergency Medicine Clininics of North America (National Cen ter for Biotechnology Information): 24(1):1 9, v.. PMID 16308110. [show]v t eCardiovascular disease: heart disease Circulatory system pathology (I00 I 52, 390 429) Ischaemic CD/CHD CAD Coronary thrombosis Coronary vasospasm Coronary artery aneu rysm Coronary artery dissection Myocardial Bridge Active ischemia Angina pectoris (Prinzmetal's angina, Stable angina) Acute coron ary (Unstable angina, Myocardial infarction / heart attack) Sequelae hours (Myocardial stunning, Hibernating myocardium) days (Myocardial ru pture) weeks (Aneurysm of heart/Ventricular aneurysm, Dressler's syndrome)

Layers Pericardium Pericarditis (Acute, Chronic/Constrictive) Pericardial effusi on (Hemopericardium, Cardiac tamponade) Myocardium Myocarditis (Chagas disease)Cardiomyopathy: Dilated (Alcoholic) Hyper trophic Restrictive (Loeffler endocarditis, Cardiac amyloidosis, Endocardial fib roelastosis)Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Endocardium/ valves Endocarditis Infective endocarditis (Subacute bacterial endocarditis) non infective endocarditis (Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, Libman-Sacks endoc arditis) Valves mitral (regurgitation, prolapse, stenosis) aortic (stenosis, insufficienc y) tricuspid (stenosis, insufficiency) pulmonary (stenosis, insufficiency)

Conduction/ arrhythmia Bradycardia Sinus bradycardia Sick sinus syndromeHeart block: Sinoatr ial AV (1, 2, 3) Intraventricular (Bundle branch/Right/Left, Left anterior fascicul ar/Left posterior fascicular, Bifascicular/Trifascicular) Adams Stokes syndrome Tachycardia (paroxysmal and sinus) Supraventricular Atrial (Multifocal) Junctional (AV nodal reentrant, Junctional ectopic) Ventricular Torsades de pointes Catecholaminergic polymorphic Accelerated idiove ntricular rhythm Premature contraction Atrial Ventricular Pre-excitation syndrome Wolff-Parkinson-White Lown-Ganong-Levine

Flutter/fibrillation Atrial flutter Ventricular flutter Atrial fibrillation (Fam ilial) Ventricular fibrillation Pacemaker Wandering pacemaker Ectopic pacemaker/Ectopic beat Parasystole Multifo cal atrial tachycardia Pacemaker syndrome Long QT syndrome Romano-Ward syndrome Andersen-Tawil syndrome Jervell and LangeNielsen syndrome Cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death Asystole Pulseless electrical activity Sinoa trial arrest Other/ungrouped hexaxial reference system (Right axis deviation, Left axis devia tion) QT (Short QT syndrome) T (T wave alternans) ST (Osborn wave, ST elevation, ST depression)

Cardiomegaly Ventricular hypertrophy (Left, Right/Cor pulmonale) Atrial enlargem ent (Left, Right) Other Cardiac fibrosis Heart failure (Diastolic heart failure, Cardiac asthma) R heumatic fever M: HRT anat/phys/devp noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (C1A/1B/1C/1D), blte

[show]v t eSymptoms and signs: circulatory (R00 R03, 785) Cardiovascular Heart disease Tachycardia/Bradycardia Palpitation Heart sounds: Heart murmur (Systolic, Diastolic, Continuous) Gallop rhythm (Thir d heart sound, Fourth heart sound) Pericardial friction rub Split S2 Heart click C ur en sabotCardiovascular chest painVascular manifestations of heart disease (pu lse): Pulsus tardus et parvus Pulsus paradoxus doubled (Pulsus bisferiens, Dicro tic pulse, Pulsus bigeminus) Pulsus alternans Carotid bruit Cannon A waves Vascular disease Bruit necrosis (Gangrene)

Myeloid/blood Shock Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Distributive (Septic, Neurogenic) Hyperaemia Functional Anemia Pagophagia Reactive

M: HRT anat/phys/devp noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (C1A/1B/1C/1D), blte

M: VAS anat(a:h/u/t/a/l,v:h/u/t/a/l)/phys/devp/cell/prot noco/syva/cong/lyvd/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(C2s+n/3/4/5/7/8/9) M: MYL cell/phys (coag, heme, immu, gran), csfs rbmg/mogr/tumr/hist, sysi/epon, btst drug (B1/2/3+5+6), btst, trns

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stem . It means that the heart's natural pacemaker is not working right or that the electrical pathways of the heart are disrupted. In severe forms of bradycard ia, the heart beats so slowly that it does not pump enough blood to meet the bod y's needs. This can be life-threatening. What causes bradycardia? Bradycardia can be caused by: Changes in the heart that are the result of aging. Diseases that damage the heart's electrical system. These include coronary arter y disease, heart attack, and infections such as endocarditis and myocarditis. Conditions that can slow electrical impulses through the heart. Examples include having a low thyroid level (hypothyroidism) or an electrolyte imbalance, such a s too much potassium in the blood. Some medicines for treating heart problems or high blood pressure, such as betablockers, antiarrhythmics, and digoxin. What are the symptoms? A very slow heart rate may cause you to: Feel dizzy or lightheaded. Feel short of breath and find it harder to exercise. Feel tired. Have chest pain or a feeling that your heart is pounding or fluttering (palpitat ions). Feel confused or have trouble concentrating. Faint, if a slow heart rate causes a drop in blood pressure. Some people don't have symptoms, or their symptoms are so mild that they think t hey are just part of getting older. You can find out how fast your heart is beating by taking your pulse . If your h eartbeat is slow or uneven, talk to your doctor. How is bradycardia diagnosed? Your doctor may be able to diagnose bradycardia by doing a physical exam, asking questions about your past health, and doing an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). An EKG measures the electrical signals that control heart rhythm, so it is the b est test for bradycardia. But bradycardia often comes and goes, so a standard EKG done in the doctor s offic e may not find it. An EKG can identify bradycardia only if you are actually havi ng it during the test. You may need to use a portable (ambulatory) electrocardiogram. This lightweight device is also called a Holter monitor or a cardiac event monitor. You wear the monitor for a day or more, and it records your heart rhythm while you go about y our daily routine. Further Reading:Heart Arrhythmia Quiz Antiarrhythmic medications for fast heart rates Atrial Fibrillation-Cause Atrial Fibrillation-Exams and Tests Atrial Fibri llation-Frequently Asked Questions Atrial Fibrillation-Health Tools Atrial Fibri llation-Living With Atrial Fibrillation See All Arrhythmia Topics 1 | 2 Next Page > WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise Last Updated: November 18, 2010 This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise d isclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information. 1995-2011 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health deci sion, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Next Article: Topic OverviewHealth ToolsFrequently Asked QuestionsOther Places T o Get HelpRelated InformationReferencesCreditsBradycardia (Slow Heart Rate) Topi cs

Topic Overview Health Tools Frequently Asked Questions Other Places To Get Help Related Information References Credits Bradycardia (Slow Heart Rate) Topic Overview Health Tools Frequently Asked Questions Other Places To Get Help Related Information References Credits Related to Heart Disease Abnormal Heart Rhythms Angina Atrial Fibrillation Cholesterol Management Diabetes Heart Failure High Blood Pressure Metabolic Syndrome Stroke More Related Topics Today in Heart Disease Article Ways to Boost Your 'Good' Cholesterol Article Can You Reverse Heart Disease? Slideshow 24 Foods That Can Save Your Heart Article How to Wreck Your Heart Article Shocking Heart Deaths: Why Do They Happen? Video Gout and Heart Attacks Article What Your Teeth Reveal About Your Heart Slideshow 15 Simple Steps to Lower Cholesterol SLIDESHOW Inside a Heart Attack SLIDESHOW The Truth About Omega-3 SLIDESHOW Salt Shockers: Avoid These High-Sodium Surprises SLIDESHOW See Simple Ways to Lower Blood Pressure Get the Latest News from WebMD Sent to Your Inbox Select as many as you would like: Heart Health Cholesterol Management Hypertension Women's Health Submit

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d a local Neurologist in your town What is a migraine headache? A migraine headache is a form of vascular headache. Migraine headache is caused by vasodilatation (enlargement of blood vessels) that causes the release of chem icals from nerve fibers that coil around the large arteries of the brain. Enlarg ement of these blood vessels stretches the nerves that coil around them and caus es the nerves to release chemicals. The chemicals cause inflammation, pain, and further enlargement of the artery. The increasing enlargement of the arteries ma gnifies the pain. Migraine attacks commonly activate the sympathetic nervous system in the body. T he sympathetic nervous system is often thought of as the part of the nervous sys tem that controls primitive responses to stress and pain, the so-called "fight o r flight" response, and this activation causes many of the symptoms associated w ith migraine attacks; for example, the increased sympathetic nervous activity in the intestine causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Sympathetic activity also delays emptying of the stomach into the small intestin e and thereby prevents oral medications from entering the intestine and being ab sorbed. The impaired absorption of oral medications is a common reason for the ineffecti veness of medications taken to treat migraine headaches. The increased sympathetic activity also decreases the circulation of blood, and this leads to pallor of the skin as well as cold hands and feet. The increased sympathetic activity also contributes to the sensitivity to light

and sound sensitivity as well as blurred vision. Migraine afflicts 28 million Americans, with females suffering more frequently ( 17%) than males (6%). Missed work and lost productivity from migraine create a s ignificant public burden. Nevertheless, migraine still remains largely underdiag nosed and undertreated. Less than half of individuals with migraine are diagnose d by their doctors.

needed. What is the treatment for menstrual migraine? There are several aspects to treating menstrual migraines: 1.To abort menstrual migraine, take medications after the onset of menstrual mig raine. Generally, medications that are effective in aborting non-menstrual migra ines are effective at aborting menstrual migraines. 2.To prevent menstrual migraine, take medications just before the onset of menst ruation and continue for the duration of the expected headache. Taking hormones such as estrogens or estrogen-related medications also help to prevent migraine. 3.To reduce the frequency and duration of menstrual migraine, take prophylactic medications (such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, anticonvulsants, t ricyclic antidepressants) that are normally used on a continuous basis to preven t non-menstrual migraines. NSAIDs such as naproxen sodium (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) have been us ed effectively to abort menstrual migraines. A combination analgesic containing acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine (ACC) can also be used to treat menstrual m igraines. For women whose menstruation and menstrual migraines occur on a regula r and predictable pattern, NSAIDs may be used 24 hours before the expected onset of menstrual migraine and continued for the expected duration of the headache. Since NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandins, they have the added benefit of relieving me nstrual cramps as well. For NSAIDs side effects and precautions, please read the "Medication therapies for migraine" section of this article. Triptans (naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) have been found t o be effective in aborting menstrual migraines, as well as controlling the assoc iated nausea and vomiting. Sumatriptan given two to three days before and contin ued for the duration of the expected headache was found to be effective in reduc ing the frequency and severity of menstrual migraine. Naratriptan used in the sa me manner has also been found to be effective in preventing menstrual migraine. However, in those cases where breakthrough headaches occurred, they were just as severe as in patients taking placebo. For side effects and precautions of tript ans, please read the "Triptans" section of this article.

Dihydroergotamine (DHE) can be used as a nasal spray or given intramuscularly or intravenously to abort menstrual migraines. Ergotamine (oral, rectal, or intran asal) and DHE (intranasal, intramuscular, or intravenous) can be used around the time of menstruation (several days before and continued for the duration of the expected headache) to prevent menstrual migraines. For ergot side effects and p recautions, please read the "Ergots" section in this article. If these medications are ineffective, doctors may try daily preventive medicatio ns such as beta-blockers, anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and tricycl ic antidepressants to reduce the frequency and the severity of menstrual migrain es. The choice of the preventive medications is based on the experiences and pre ferences of the doctor, the medication side effects, and the woman's other assoc iated medical conditions. For women already taking preventive medications and yet still experience headach es, the doses of preventive medications can be increased around the time of the menstruation (some doctors use preventive medications only around the time of me nstruation). Alternatively doctors may try hormone treatment. Since a drop in estrogen level just prior to menstruation is the trigger for men strual migraines, estrogen replacement before menstruation has been used in prev enting menstrual migraines. For some women with menstrual migraine, Estradiol sk in patches (such as TTS 50, TTS 100) applied 2 days before and continued for 7 d ays during the expected headache period is effective. However, the dose of estro gen must be closely monitored, as too high of a dose can actually trigger migrai ne in susceptible individuals. Some women with difficult to treat menstrual migraines may be helped by using lo w dose oral contraceptives to reduce the estrogen fluctuations. Other less frequ ently used medications for menstrual migraines include tamoxifen, bromocriptine, danazol and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

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Health Tip: Can You Quit Smoking Without Weight Gain? Can Women be fat and fit? Health Tip: Healing Mentally After a Heart Attack Birth Control for Brain Injuries? More... Tachycardia Definition of Tachycardia Description of Tachycardia Causes and Risk Factors of Tachycardia Symptoms of Tachycardia Diagnosis of Tachycardia Treatment of Tachycardia What Questions To Ask Your Doctor About Tachycardia Definition of Tachycardia The heart normally beats at a rate of about 60 to 100 beats per minute at rest. A rate faster than 100 beats a minute in an adult is called tachycardia. Most pe ople experience transient rapid heartbeats, called sinus tachycardia, as a norma l response to excitement, anxiety, stress, or exercise. If tachycardia occurs at rest or without a logical cause, however, it is considered abnormal. Top^ Description of Tachycardia The two main types of tachycardia are abnormal supraventricular tachycardias (wh ich originate in the upper chambers of the heart, the atria) and ventricular tac hycardias (which originate in the lower chambers of the heart, the ventricles). The most common forms of tachycardias are: 1. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, which generally has a rate of 140 to 200 beats per minute, develops spontaneously, and stops and starts suddenly, bu t may recur 2. Atrial flutter, in which the atria beat at 240 to 300 beats per minute, altho ugh the actual pulse rate is much slower, because not all of these impulses are translated into contractions of the ventricles 3. Ventricular tachycardia, a very serious arrhythmia initiated in the ventricle s, in which the heart rate is usually between 150 and 250 4. Atrial fibrillation (see Health Profile on Atrial Fibrillation). text continues below --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Top^ Causes and Risk Factors of Tachycardia Sinus tachycardias are most likely to occur in those who are easily excitable, s uffer anxiety, or drink a lot of caffeine-containing beverages. They may also be en seen in people with thyroid disease, with fevers, or with certain drugs (espe cially asthma and allergy medications). The occurrence of tachycardias under any of these circumstances does not necessa rily imply underlying heart disease. More severe types of tachycardia tend to occur in those who have underlying hear t disease. They may be caused by an electrical disturbance within the heart with

out an anatomic deformity, or by congenital defects, coronary artery disease, ch ronic disease of the heart valves, or chronic lung disease. Tachycardias may also occur in the course of a heart attack (or myocardial infar ction). Top^ Symptoms of Tachycardia The main symptom is awareness of a rapid heartbeat, commonly called "palpitation s." Depending on the cause and extent of the tachycardia, other symptoms may inc lude shortness of breath, dizziness, actual syncope (fainting), chest pain, and severe anxiety. Top^ Diagnosis of Tachycardia Your physician will take a complete medical history and perform a physical exami nation. Blood tests may be done. He or she may perform an electrocardiogram (EKG ) or use a heart monitor to assess your heart's electrical activity. Top^ Treatment of Tachycardia Medical treatment depends on the cause and type of the tachycardia. Sinus tachyc ardias usually do not require treatment other than therapy for the underlying ca use, if any. A supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia may respond to certain si mple maneuvers that your physician will explain to you. This may involve holding one's breath for a minute, bathing the face in cold water, or massaging the car otid artery in the neck. In other cases, medication may be prescribed to slow th e heartbeat on a continual basis. If tachycardia is severe, or arises from the ventricle, immediate injectable med ication or electric shock (electroconversion) may be required to stimulate the h eart to return to a normal rate. In rare, severe and resistant cases of ventricu lar tachycardias, a defibrillation device (AICD, similar to a pacemaker) may be implanted surgically to help maintain a normal heart rhythm. In elderly people or those with underlying heart disease, it is important to tre at tachycardias within a few hours, if at all possible, because a prolonged rapi d rate may result in decreased heart function and complications. Top^ What Questions To Ask Your Doctor About Tachycardia What tests need to be done to determine the cause of the tachycardia? How serious is this? What are the chances of having a heart attack? What treatment will you be recommending? Will any medication need to be prescribed? What are the side effects? Top^ Search Site Get our free newsletter Health Tools Mood Tracker Learn about an Effective Alzheimer's Medication Bipolar Education Health Center Heart Valve Disease Health Center

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Presentation Transcript Slide 1Factors modifying drug actions A multitude of ho st & environmental factors influence drug response. These factors modify drug ac tion either: Quantitatively plasma concentration/the action of the drug is incre ased or decreased Qualitatively the type of response is altered. E.g. drug aller gy/ idiosyncrasy Slide 2Factors modifying drug actions Body size Age Sex Species and race Genetic s Route of drug administration Time of administration Environmental factors Slide 3Psychological factor Pathological states Interaction of drugs Accumulatio n of drug Tolerance Dependence Slide 4Drug dependence State in which use of drugs for personal satisfaction is accorded a higher priority than other basic needs, often when the risks to healt h are known Drugs capable of altering mood & feelings are liable to repetitive u se to derive euphoria, withdrawal from reality, social adjustment, etc. Slide 5Psychological dependence when the individual believes that optimal state of wellbeing is achieved only through the actions of the drug. It may start as l iking for the drug effects & may progress to compulsive drug use. Reinforcement ability of a drug to produce effects that make the user wish to take it again. E .g. opioids, cocaine Slide 6Physical dependence it is an altered physiological state produced by repe ated administration of a drug which necessitates the continued presence of that drug to maintain physiological equilibrium. Discontinuation of the drug results in a characteristic withdrawal (abstinence) syndrome. This is due to neuro adapt ation to the drug. E.g. opioids, barbiturates, alcohol, amphetamine Slide 7Drug abuse refers to use of a drug by self medication in a manner & amoun t that deviates from the approved medical & social patterns in a given culture a t a given time Drug addiction it is a pattern of compulsive drug use characteriz ed by overwhelming involvement with the use of a drug. Procuring the drug & usin g it takes priority than any other activities. even after withdrawal most of the addicts tend to relapse. Physical dependence is NOT an essential feature for ad diction Slide 8Drug habituation it denotes less intensive involvement with the drug, so that its withdrawal produces only mild discomfort Consumption of tea, coffee, to

bacco, social drinking are regarded as habituation Physical dependence is absent Basically, habituation & addiction imply different degrees of psychological dep endence Slide 9Drug tolerance Requirement of higher dose of a drug to produce a given re sponse It s an adaptive biological phenomenon Drug tolerance may be: Natural Acqui red Natural the individual is inherently less sensitive to the drug. E.g. black races are tolerant to mydriatics Slide 10Acquired developed by repeated use of a drug in an individual who was in itially responsive Tolerance may not develop equally to all actions of a drug : Tolerance develops to analgesic & euphoric action of morphine but not to its con stipating & miotic actions Tolerance occurs to the sedative action of phenobarbi tone but not to its antiepileptic action Slide 11Cross tolerance It is the development of tolerance to pharmacologically related drugs E.g. alcoholics are relatively tolerant to barbiturates & general anaesthetics Tachyphylaxis rapid development of tolerance ( as in doses repeated at quick successions) Slide 12Drug resistance Refers to tolerance of microorganisms to inhibitory acti on of antimicrobials e.g. P.falciparum shows resistance to Chloroquin at certain geographical areas

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Self-Help Index News Article Forum Disclaimer Contact Factors Modifying The Dose and Actions of Drugs Advertisement The nature of the systemic effects of drugs depend on the amount of drug, route of its administration and amount of its absorption and the following other facto rs. Advertisement

Posology: The study of the dose is known as Posology. The dose is the amount of a drug whi ch gives the desired therapeutic effect in average number i.e., 50% of patients (ED50) - The minimal dose is the smallest amount which has therapeutic effect in 50% patient and maximal dose is the largest tolerated does in average patients without toxic symptoms. The therapeutic dose lies between these two doses. The m edian lethal dote (LD50) is the amount of drug which is fatal in the 50% of expe rimental animals. The Therapeutic Index (TI) is found by dividing the (LD50 ) by the therapeutic dose ((ED50) .The British Pharmacopoeia gives average dose for the adult person between eighteen to sixty years of age. The children below 18 a nd persons above 60 should be given a dose below the adult dose to avoid adverse effect .There are a few formulae for calculation of dose of the children under 12 years. 1.Clark's Rule= (Weight of the child in pounds /150) X Adult dose 2.Dilling's Formula= ( Age/20) X Adult dose 3.Young's Rule= (Age X Adult dose) / Age+12 Thus the does of sodium bicarbonate for a child of 6 years = Adult dose of sodiu m bicarbonate is 1 4 Gram. Hence, the required dose will be = 6 / (6+12) X 1 Gram =1/3 Gram i.e. 1/3 to 1 X 1/3 The dose required for the age between 12 to 16 years will be from to 2/3 of the adult dose. The children can tolerate iron, belladonna, and chloral preparations relatively better than adult but they can not tolerate opium and morphine preparations exce pt in very small doses. The dose for infant be calculated from their body surface and must not be calcul ated from the above formulae. Sex: Women usually, require a relatively smaller dose than man. Drugs should he avoid ed as far as possible during pregnancy and lactation to prevent harmful effect on the fetus and the baby. Time and route of administration The action of drugs taken by mouth is greatly modified due to the presence or ab sence of food, in the stomach and intestine. The irritant drugs, like iron is be

tter tolerated and absorbed when given after food. Adrenaline, Insulin, etc. sho uld be given by Injection for they are destroyed by the digestive enzymes when g iven by mouth. Magnesium sulphate acts as purgative when given by mouth but acts as sedative when given by I. V. Sleeping pills acts better when given at bed ti me than during day time. Tolerance & Addiction Body has the capacity to handle certain drugs even when given repeatedly. .As a result, their doses should be gradually increased to keep the action constant. T his condition is called tolerance. Morphine, alcohol etc . . . . show remarkable degree of tolerance in man. When taken for some time these drugs not only show tolerance but also produce a mental and physical condition of intense urge to co ntinue to take them. This is called addiction. If the drug is stopped the addict ed people show withdrawal sickness and may even die. Intolerance or Susceptibility In this condition, some patients may develop the usual symptoms of overdose even when a therapeutic dose is given to them. In other words, its means a greater re sponse than normal expected response to the ordinary dose. Idiosyncrasy This is an inherent peculiarity of the persons in responding to certain drugs in a way completely abnormal from the usual actions of that drug. Thus morphine ma y produce excitation instead of sedation. This reaction occurs usually from the very first dose of the drug. Some of these actions have been found to be due to genetic abnormality. Drug allergy or Hypersensitivity In this condition, the abnormal reaction occurs usually from the second or subse quent doses. The first dose (antigen) generally stimulates the body to produce s ome reactive substance (antibody), which sensitizes the tissues of the body. Whe n a second dose of that drug is given the reaction {antigen antibody reaction 1 oc curs in the tissue called allergic reaction. The reactions may be immediate (ana phylactic) or a delayed one (hypersensitivity). The anaphylactic reactions are fal l of blood pressure, shock, collapse, bronchospasm, cyanosis and even death. The hypersensitivity reactions are urticaria, skin rash, asthma, drug fever, dermatit is, hepatitis, hay fever etc. Antihistaminics, adrenaline and cortisone preparations are used to treat these r eactions. Synergism or Potentiation: When two similar drugs but not having action on the same site or do not cause sa me quality of action; are combined together, then one may enhance the response of the other. In that case, the combined effect of the two will produce response w hich is far greater than that of the either drug given alone in much larger dose and also greater than that could be expected from simple addition of their indi vidual effects. This type of synergism is particularly found in antibiotic combi nations, such as penicillin and streptomycin, cloxacillin and penicillin and sul phonamide and trimethoprim. Adrenaline and cocaine and Mersalyl and ammonium chl oride combinations show the other examples of potentiation. Pathological Condition: Pathological conditions of the body also modify the drug action. Digitalis glyco sides improve the cardiac functions and cause diuresis only in the patient with

congestive heart failure. Aspirin and other antipyretic reduce body temperature only when there is fever. Genetic factor: It also affects drug action due to genetic differences among the races and certa in persons in the same population. Isoniazid may be acetylated either rapidly or slowly according to genetic difference in the person. In American black and whit e population 50% are rapid and 50% are slow acetylates and in Latin Americans 35 % slow acetylates and hence more toxicity in them. Primaquine causes hemolytic a nemia in those persons whose R.B.C, lacks the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydro genase. Antagonism: The combined effect of the two drugs may be less than that of the effect of thei r individual dose, as one may oppose the action of the other. This condition is called antagonism. The important examples are the acetylcholine to atropine, his tamine to antihistamine, morphine to nalorphine etc. This phenomenon of drug ant agonism is utilized in the treatment of poisoning or overdose of the drugs by gi ving the appropriate antagonist called antidote. Nalorphine & Naloxone are the a ntidotes in morphine poisoning. Cumulative action: Some drugs are excreted so slowly from the body such that therapeutic dose taken in 24 hours is not fully excreted by that time and if their daily administratio n is continued even in therapeutic doses for some time, the drug concentration i n the body is gradually increased and suddenly the toxic symptoms develop. Emeti ne and glycosides of digitalis are important examples to produce this phenomenon . Plasma half life: The falling of plasma concentration of a drug to its half of the initial level t akes a constant or fixed time called half life. Longer the half life; the drug r equires less frequent administration.

Drug Action Drug Receptors Drugs of C.N.S Elmhurst College Enzyme Inhibition Sulfa Drugs Cancer Drugs I Chemistry Department Penicillin Other Antibiotics Cancer Drugs II Virtual ChemBook

Drug Classification: Drugs can be classified according to various criteria including chemical structu re or pharmacological action. The preferred classification is the latter one whi ch may be divided into main groups as follows: a) Chemotherapeutic agents - used to cure infectious diseases and cancer. (Sulfa drugs, Antibiotics) b) Pharmacodynamic agents - used in non-infectious diseases (Cholinergic, Adrene rgic, Hallucinogenic, Sedatives) c) Miscellaneous agents (Narcotic Analgesics, Local Anesthetics) Drug Names: Drugs have three or more names including a: chemical name, brand or trade name, and generic or common name. The chemical name is assigned according to rules of nomenclature of chemical compounds. The brand name is always capitalized and is selected by the manufacturer. The generic name refers to a common established na me irrespective of its manufacturer.

In most cases, a drug bearing a generic name is equivalent to the same drug with a brand name. However, this equivalency is not always true. Although drugs are chemically equivalent, different manufacturing processes may cause differences i n pharmacological action. Several differences may be crystal size or form, isome rs, crystal hydration, purity-(type and number of impurities), vehicles, binders , coatings, dissolution rate, and storage stability. Introduction to Drug Action Definition: A very broad definition of a drug would include "all chemicals other than food t hat affect living processes." If the affect helps the body, the drug is a medici ne. However, if a drug causes a harmful effect on the body, the drug is a poison . The same chemical can be a medicine and a poison depending on conditions of us e and the person using it. Another definition would be "medicinal agents used for diagnosis, prevention, tr eatment of symptoms, and cure of diseases." Contraceptives would be outside of t his definition unless pregnancy were considered a disease. Disease Classification: A disease is a condition of impaired health resulting from a disturbance in the structure or function of the body. Diseases may be classified into the following major categories: 1) 2) 3) al 4) 5) 6) Infections caused by viruses, ricketsia, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and worms Allergic diseases caused by antigens and foreign substances Metabolic disorders caused by defects in the body's ability to carry out norm reactions - these may be hereditary, deficiency, and congenital defects Cancer Toxic diseases caused by poisons Psychosomatic and mental diseases

Chemotherapy, broadly defined, means the treatment of any disease by chemicals i ncluding infectious and non-infectious diseases. The original definition applied only to drugs which were used in the treatment of infectious diseases. The prop er term for the treatment of non-infectious diseases is pharmacodynamics.

Sites of Drug Action: l. Enzyme Inhibition: Drugs act within the cell by modifying normal biochemical reactions. Enzyme inhi bition may be reversible or non reversible; competitive or non-competitive. Anti metabolites may be used which mimic natural metabolites. Gene functions may be s uppressed. 2. Drug-Receptor Interaction: Drugs act on the cell membrane by physical and/or chemical interactions. This is usually through specific drug receptor sites known to be located on the membran e. A receptor is the specific chemical constituents of the cell with which a dru g interacts to produce its pharmacological effects. Some receptor sites have bee n identified with specific parts of proteins and nucleic acids. In most cases, t he chemical nature of the receptor site remains obscure.

3. Non-specific Interactions: Drugs act exclusively by physical means outside of cells. These sites include ex ternal surfaces of skin and gastrointestinal tract. Drugs also act outside of ce ll membranes by chemical interactions. Neutralization ofstomach acid by antacids is a good example. Mode of Drug Action: It is important to distinguish between actions of drugs and their effects. Actio ns of drugs are the biochemical physiological mechanisms by which the chemical p roduces a response in living organisms. The effect is the observable consequence of a drug action. For example, the action of penicillin is to interfere with ce ll wall synthesis in bacteria and the effect is the death of the bacteria. One major problem of pharmacology is that no drug produces a single effect. The primary effect is the desired therapeutic effect. Secondary effects are all othe r effects beside the desired effect which may be either beneficial or harmful. D rugs are chosen to exploit differences between normal metabolic processes and an y abnormalities which may be present. Since the differences may not be very grea t, drugs may be nonspecific in action and alter normal functions as well as the undesirable ones. This leads to undesirable side effects. The biological effects observed after a drug has been administered are the resul t of an interaction between that chemical and some part of the organism. Mechani sms of drug action can be viewed from different perspectives, namely, the site o f action and the general nature of the drug-cell interaction. l. Killing Foreign Organisms: Chemotherapeutic agents act by killing or weakening foreign organisms such as ba cteria, worms, viruses. The main principle of action is selective toxicity, i.e. the drug must be more toxic to the parasite than to the host. 2. Stimulation and Depression: Drugs act by stimulating or depressing normal physiological functions. Stimulati on increases the rate of activity while depression reduces the rate of activity.

Transcript MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION : MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION By Dr.K.Chandrakala Assistan

t professor What is Pharmacodynamics? : 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 2 What is Pharm acodynamics? What the drug does to the body when it enters? Defn: It is the stud y of biochemical and physiological effects of drug and their mechanism of action at organ level as well as cellular level. PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION : PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION Do NOT impart new function s on any system, organ or cell Only alter the PACE of ongoing activity STIMULATI ON DEPRESSION IRRITATION REPLACEMENT CYTOTOXIC ACTION 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTem plates.com 3 Slide 4: Enhancement of level of activity of specialised cells Pilocarpine stimul ates salivary glands, Picrotoxin CNS stimulant Depression - Barbiturates depress CNS, Quinidine depresses Heart Certain drugs stimulate one cell type and depres s others Ex: Ach stimulates smooth muscle but depresses SA node 9/26/2010 Thepow erpointTemplates.com 4 Slide 5: Excessive stimulation is often followed by depression of that function Certain drug depression coma Irritation-- Non-selective often noxious effect appl ied to less specialised cells (epithelium, connective tissue) Replacement-- Use of natural metabolites, hormones or their congeners in deficiency states Levodop a in parkinsonism, Iron in anaemia 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 5 convul sions death Slide 6: Cytotoxic action--Selective cytotoxic action for invading parasites or cancer cells for attenuating them without affecting the host cells Penicillin, c hloroquine Counterirritants-- increase blood flow to a site 9/26/2010 Thepowerpo intTemplates.com 6 Slide 7: MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION MAJORITY OF DRUGS INTERACT WITH TARGET BIOMOLE CULES: Usually a Protein ENZYMES ION CHANNELS TRANSPORTERS RECEPTORS Slide 8: 1. Enzymes drug targets All Biological reactions are carried out under catalytic influence of enzymes major drug target Drugs increases/decreases enzym e mediated reactions In physiological system enzyme activities are optimally set Enzyme stimulation is less common by drugs common by endogenous substrates Pyri doxine (cofactor in decarboxylase activity) Adrenaline stimulates hepatic glycog en phosphorylase (hyperglycaemia) Enzyme inhibition common mode of drug action Slide 9: Enzyme Inhibition - Examples Equilibrium: Physostigmine Vs Acetylcholin e (cholinesterase) Sulfonamides Vs PABA (folate synthetase) Moclobemide Vs Catec holamines (MAO-A) Captopril Vs Angiotensin 1 (ACE) Nonequilibrium: Orgnophosphor ous compounds/Nerve gases (cholinesterase) Non-competitive: Acetazolamide (carbo nic anhydrase), Omeprazole (HKATPase) , Aspirin (cyclooxygenase) Slide 10: Ion Channnels Proteins take part in transmembrane signaling and regula tes ionic composition Drugs also target these channels: Ligand gated channels Gprotein operated channels Direct action on channels Examples: Local anaethetics and Class I anti arrythmics act/depress Na+ channels

Slide 11: Transporters Substrates are translocated across membrane by binding to specific transporters (carriers) Solute Carrier Proteins (SLC),ATP binding cass ettes(ABC). Pump the metabolites/ions In the direction of concentration gradient or against it Drugs interact with these transport system Examples: Probenecid ( penicillin and uric acid), Furosmide (Na+K+2Cl- cotransport), Hemicholinium (cho line uptake) and Vesamicol (active transport of Ach to vesicles 9/26/2010 Thepow erpointTemplates.com 11 Slide 12: Receptors Drugs usually do not bind directly with enzymes, channels, t ransporters or structural proteins, but act through specific macromolecules RECE PTORS Definition: It is defined as a macromolecule or binding site located on ce ll surface or inside the effector cell that serves to recognize the signal molec ule/drug and initiate the response to it, but itself has no other function, e.g. G-protein coupled receptor 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 12 Slide 13: Some Definitions Agonist: An agent which activates a receptor to produ ce an effect similar to a that of the physiological signal molecule, e.g. Muscar ine and Nicotine) response Ra Ri RaA Ri Slide 14: Antagonist: an agent which prevents the action of an agonist on a rece ptor or the subsequent response, but does not have an effect of its own, e.g. at ropine and muscarine no response 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 14 Ra Ri R aB RiB Slide 15: Partial agonist: An agent which activates a receptor to produce submax imal effect but antagonizes the action of a full agonist, e.g. pentazocine Parti al response 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 15 RaC+Ra Ri+RiC Slide 16: Inverse agonist: an agent which activates receptors to produce an effe ct in the opposite direction to that of the agonist, e.g. DMCM on bzp receptors opposite response 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 16 Ra Ri+RiD Slide 17: Ligand: any molecule which attaches selectively to particular receptor s or sites (only binding or affinity) Affinity: Ability of a substrate to bind w ith receptor Intrinsic activity (IA): Capacity to induce functional change in th e receptor If explained Agonist: Affinity+ IA Antagonist: Affinity+ IA (0) Parti al agonist: Affinity + IA (0-1) Inverse agonist: Affinity + IA (0 to -1) Drug Mechanisms : Drug Mechanisms Receptor interactions Non-receptor mechanisms Receptor Interactions : Receptor Interactions Agonist Receptor Agonist-Receptor Interaction Lock and key mechanism Receptor Interactions : Receptor Interactions Receptor Perfect Fit! Induced Fit Receptor Interactions : Receptor Interactions Antagonist Receptor Antagonist-Rec eptor Complex DENIED! Competitive Inhibition

Receptor Interactions : Agonist Receptor Antagonist eptor Interactions Non-competitive Inhibition

Inhibited -Receptor DENIED! Rec

TYPES OF RECEPTORS : TYPES OF RECEPTORS 1.Ion gated channels 2.G- protein couple d receptors 3.Cellular receptors 4.Nuclear receptors 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemp lates.com 23 Ion channels : Ion channels Slide 25: Ligand gated ion chanels Fastest intracellular responce, ms Binding of ligand - opening of chanel - ion (K+, Na+) in or out of cell - responce Ligands Fast neurotransmittors ex. Acetylcholine (nicotinic reseptors) Nobel prize chem istry 2003, Roderick MacKinnon for structural and mechanistic studies of ion chan nels . http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/2003/press.html G-Protein coupled receptor : G-Protein coupled receptor Membrane bound receptors which are bound to effector system through G-proteins. These are hetero trimeri c molecules having 3 subunits a, and ?. Based on a-sub unit they are further clas sified into 3 main varieties Gs, Gi and Gq 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 26 Slide 27: G-Protein coupled receptors G-protein: Guanine nucleotide binding prot ein Slide 28: Subtypes of G-proteins s: G12 Na+ / H+ exchange Enzyms: cyclase Gq Stimul. Phospholipase G-prot. coupled receptors second - Targets (Second messenger systems) Ion chanel Gi Inhib. Adenylyl cyclase Gs Stimul. Adenylyl C One ligand can bind to more than one type of messenger pathways

Slide 29: Subtypes of G-proteins - Targets (Second messenger systems) Ion chanel s: G12 Na+ / H+ exchange Enzyms: Gi Inhib. Adenylyl cyclase Gs Stimul. Adenylyl cyclase Gq Stimul. Phospholipase C second messenger pathways ENZYME LINKED RECEPTORS : ENZYME LINKED RECEPTORS a. Intrinsic enzyme receptors intracellular domain is either protein kinase or guanyl cyclase Ex:Insulin,EGF,N GF b.JAK-STAT-Kinase binding receptors no intrinsic catalytic domain but agonist induced dimerization affinity for cytosolic tyrosine kinase protein Ex:cytokine s,growth hormone,IF 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 30 Slide 31: Enzyme coupled receptors - Catalytic receptors STAT: Signal transducer s and activators of transcription Ligands: Peptide hormones TRANSCRIPTION RECEPTORS : TRANSCRIPTION RECEPTORS Receptors regulating gene expr ession Intracellular- cytoplasmic or nuclear Ex:All steroid hormones,thyroxine, Vit A 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 32 Slide 33: Cytoplasmic receptors (not bound to cell membranes) (HSP-90: Heat shoc k protein)

Slide 34: Receptor subtypes Most receptor classes - several sub-types Each subty pes - differend A(nta)gonists Sub types cholinerge reseptors Nicotinerge recepto rs Muscarinerge receptors Acetylcholine M1: G-Protein coupled receptors Stimulat e phopholipase A M2: G-Protein coupled receptors Inhib. adenylyl cyclase Nmuscle : Ligand gated ion chanels Incr. Na+/Ca2+ Nneuro: Ligand gated ion chanels Incr. Na+/Ca2+ Slide 35: Spare receptors - Partial agonist Slide 36: Desensitizing Sensitizing FUNCTIONS OF RECEPTORS : FUNCTIONS OF RECEPTORS To propogate signals from outsid e to inside To amplify the signal To integrate various extracellular and intrace llular regulatory signals To adapt to long term changes in maintaining homeostas is 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 37 Non-receptor Mechanisms : Non-receptor Mechanisms Actions on Enzymes Enzymes = B iological catalysts Speed chemical reactions Are not changed themselves Drugs al tering enzyme activity alter processes catalyzed by the enzymes Examples Choline sterase inhibitors Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Non-receptor Mechanisms : Non-receptor Mechanisms Changing Physical Properties M annitol Changes osmotic balance across membranes Causes urine production (osmoti c diuresis) Non-receptor Mechanisms : Non-receptor Mechanisms Changing Cell Membrane Permeab ility Lidocaine Blocks sodium channels Verapamil, nefedipine Block calcium chann els Bretylium Blocks potassium channels Adenosine Opens potassium channels Non-receptor Mechanisms : Non-receptor Mechanisms Combining With Other Chemicals Antacids Antiseptic effects of alcohol, phenol Chelation of heavy metals Non-receptor Mechanisms : Non-receptor Mechanisms Anti-metabolites Enter biochem ical reactions in place of normal substrate competitors Result in biologically ina ctive product Examples Some anti-neoplastics Some anti-infectives THANKYOU : THANKYOU 9/26/2010 ThepowerpointTemplates.com 43 Read more: http://www.masonic-lodge-of-education.com/freemason-symbols.html#ixzz 1peIFbztN