Living things: Respire: o Glucose + 02 -> CO2 + water + ATP (energy) o 02 used to make water Reproduction: o Purpose is to reproduce,

oduce, cannot produce forever = same genetic info o Need diversity Grow Response to stimulus Rid of waste Movement

Virus Characteristics: Acellular (no cytoplasm or cellular organelles) Cannot carry out grow or reproduce without host Has DNA or RNA, not both Non-cellular Do not respire Do not respond to stimuli Do not grow Reproduce only in host, but not directly from pre-existing form like itself Do have protein wrap Small amounts of enzyme material Features Is it Alive? Is it Dead? Has DNA/RNA, not both One kind of nucleic acid Does not have both Reproduction By using host organelles Not on its own Protein Just like cells No Can by crystallized No other life form can be Chemicals can be crystallized crystallized Parts of a Virus: Capsid Protects genetic material inside, react with cell wall of host cell Nucleic Acid Direct cells to make more viruses Sheath Help anchor virus onto cell, where it can inject genetic material Base plate Tail Fibers Spike allow virus to adhere to plasma membrane

Virus: Latin for toxin/poison Very specific because cell receptors on cell membrane, only lands on particular spot of cell membrane Do not arise from similar structure like cells Can be crystallized into tiny crystals and can still cause disease after thawing Grouped according to: o Cell type they infect (host specificity) o Shape o Nucleic Acid 3 types:

o Cause right away e.g. cold o Sit and show up later e.g herpes o Cause cancer/warts e.g. cancer Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle: Cell replicates millions of viruses and dies o Virulent if it goes into lytic cycle Lysogenic Cycle: Cell incorporates virus, but does not immediately die o Temperate virus

Lytic Cycle 1. Attachment -Attaches to cell receptor membrane, dissolves enzyme into membrane 2. Injection -Phage tail contracts, injecting viral RNA/DNA into cell (coat does not enter) 3. Synthesis -Phage DNA alters host DNA, directs host cell to replicate viral components 4. Assembly -Viral DNA/RNA uses ribosomes to make virus proteins, phage DNA, genetic info, enzymes 5. Lysis -Cell lyses by releasing enzyme, to release virus particles from infected cells Lysogenic Cycle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Attaches to cell receptor, dissolves enzyme into membrane Inject viral RNA/DNA DNA combines with host DNA and waits Cell divides normally, each new cell having viral DNA Many viruses being assembled in many cells Many cells lyse, releasing many more viruses

Tumor Forming 1. Cell produces abnormal tumor cells Body Protection Against Diseases Primary Lines of Defense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Skin protect immune system from bacteria and disease Mucus membranes (lysozymes) Cilia Stomach acids (kills microorganisms and toxins in food) Tears (contain lysozymes (digestive enzymes) that can destroy virus particles)

Secondary Lines: Phagocytic (engulf things) e.g. white blood cells o Detect invaders (foreign proteins) o Release enzymes to destroy invader and itself

Tertiary: Immune systems cellular response o Virus enters body

o Macrophages (white blood cells) engulf virus, push antigen markers to outer membrane o Helper T-cells identify antigens on outside of macrophages, release chemical called lymphokine (aids B cells to produce antibodies) o B-cells identify antigen, make specific antibodies (very specific proteins) Antibodies are very similar, variation only in outer edge of arms There is a specific complementary shape that binds to antigen on virus o Killer T-cells destroy cells infected by virus o Antibodies bind to antigens on other virus particles, deactivate and destroy them o Memory T-cells hold imprint of antigen, remain in bloodstream Can identify virus quickly if it returned and quickly signal B-cells Interferon (special protein) o 3 types: produced by white blood cells, produced by cells in connective tissue in skin/other organs, produced by bodys immune system o Pass through cell membrane, warn surrounding cells of invading virus o Healthy cells produce antiviral proteins, viruses not able to replicated in new cell If the virus can reproduce, interferon forces them to stay in cell o More important in initial stages of infection

Vaccines Virus must be isolated Virus is chemically weakened Weakened virus injected into organism, permanently stay in circulatory sys. o Binds and destroys virus if it were ever reintroduced

Active Immunity You produce antibodies E.g. Vaccine Passive Immunity Antibodies transferred from one person to another individual Temporary, short acting E.g. breastfeeding

Recombinant DNA Remove gene from DNA that may contain code to produce a certain protein Gene is spliced into DNA of bacterium o Programmed to produce something new