2008 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation

A Classification Method for the Dirty Factor of Banknotes Based on Neural Network with Sine Basis Functions
Kexue HE1,2, Shurong PENG1,2, Shutao Li2 1 College of Electrical and Information EngineeringChangsha University of Science & Technology, 410076 Changsha, Hunan Province, China 2 College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University 410082 Changsha, Hunan Province, China hekexue@126.com Abstract
The classification on the dirty factor of the new and used banknotes is an important function of the note sorter. This paper proposes a classification method based on neural network with sine basis functions. The gray level histogram of banknote image is used as the characteristic vector to train the neural network. The classification effect is satisfying by this method. of the high gray level in the histogram. In other words, the pixel probability distribution of the new banknote in the part of the high gray level in the histogram is much more than the old banknote. The gray level histogram of the face sides of two pieces of RMB note with different dirty levels is shown in the following Figure 1.

1. Introduction
Many countries raise some higher requirements for the integrity and cleanness of paper currency, because it represents the countrys development level in the economy and the culture [1]. To ensure the good integrity and cleanness of banknotes in currency, banknote sorting is the important service of the bank. The main functions of banknote sorting include the classification of the integrity and cleanness among the new and used banknotes, the classification of the banknote orientations, the identification of banknote denomination and so on. The identification of the new and used banknotes is based on the gray level of the surface, which is one of the important functions of the note sorter. Then the exceeding damaged and old banknotes are picked out. In order to perform the rejecting job of the damaged and old banknotes, this paper proposes an identification and classification method based on the characteristics of the gray level histogram of banknote image and neural network with sine basis functions.

2. Feature extraction
The dirty factor of the used banknote can be shown in the gray level histogram. The newer the banknote is, the more the pixel probability distribution is in the part

Figure 1. Gray level histogram of the face sides of the old RMB note and the new RMB note In the histogram of the old banknote and the new banknote, the distinct difference exists in the high gray level part. The number of the high gray level part of the new banknote is more than the old. But little difference exists in the part of the low gray level less than a threshold. The low gray level data in the above histogram cannot be used to judge the banknote dirty factor. Therefore selecting the proper threshold is extremely necessary. According to the characteristics of the pixel distribution in the gray level histogram, although the image segmentation threshold can be got by the bipolar method, the threshold is not suitable for the banknote identification and classification. It is because the bipolar method omits a lot of information

978-0-7695-3357-5/08 $25.00 2008 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICICTA.2008.35

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that represent the dirty factor. Thus, another calculation method for getting threshold must be adopted. Suppose that the gray level set is S=(0,1,2,i,L). When the gray level value of the pixel is i , the number of the pixel is n and the total number of the pixel is N. Therefore the pixel probability of every gray level is

1 3 C1 (1 ) = sin( 1 ) , C 2 ( 2 ) = sin( 2 ) ,, 2 2 1 C n ( ) = sin[(n ) n ] (4) 2

The neuron input is the gray level distribution probability value in the interval [T,T+1,,255]. The input is the vector =[1,2,n ]T, i [0,1]. In this paper, i of the input vector is the gray level distribution probability value in the interval [161,255]. As there are 95 elements in the input vector, the number of input layer and hidden layer neurons is N=95. As the dirty factor of banknote is a value from 0 to 1, the number of output neuron is 1. Neural network output Y() is given by
N 1 Y () = wn sin[(n ) n ] . 2 n =1

n pi = i . The average value of the image gray level is N

T . Suppose that the gray level threshold of image segmentation is T, the pixels of image are segmented to two parts S1=(1,2,T)S2=(T+1T+2,L). Then the probability of S1 and the probability of S2 are P1 and P2 given by

P1 = pi , P2 =
iS1

p
jS 2

= 1 - P1 . (1)

The average values 12 of two parts are given by

in = n
iS 1 iS 1

2 =

jS 2

jn
jS 2

(5)

.
j

(2)

Thus, from the above formula, between- cluster variance B is defined as B=P1(1-T)2+ P2(2-T)2 . (3) If the threshold is T=[B]max, the most difference exists between S1 and S2 [3]. Therefore, the probability data of the gray level in the interval [T,T+1,255] can be used as the classification characteristics. By analyzing the gray level histogram of the new banknote in the Figure 1, we can get 161 as the threshold. Thus, for the classification method in this paper, the characteristic data are in the interval [161,255].

Where W=[w1, w2, w3,wn]T, C()=[ C1(1), C2(2), Cn(n)]T. Then the formula 5can be rewritten as
N 1 Y () = wn sin[(n ) n ] = W T C () . (6) 2 n =1

3. Neural network with sine basis functions

1 2
1 1 1 1 C1 C2 1 Ci

The dirty levels of the banknote are roughly 10. Therefore the expected output of neuron is D ()= [1,0.9,0.8,,0.1]. Error function e(t) is defined as e(t)= D(t)-Y(t). (7) Where t=1,2,,m. The m is the number of training samples, and D() is the expected output of neural network, and Y() is the actual output of neural network. Performance index is defined as

J=
w1

1 m 2 e (t ) . 2 t =1

(8)

Weight value adjustment: According to the formula (6) (7) (8), the weight value adjustment W is defined as
y()

i
1 1

wi wN

W =

J J e(t ) Y ( t ) = W e(t ) Y ( t ) t = e (t )C ( t ) (9)

(10)

Figure 2. Structure of neural network In the neural network with sine basis functions shown in Figure 2, sine basis functions are C1(1), C2(2),Cn(n) given by

CN

W (t + 1) = W (t ) + e (t )C ( t )

Where is the learning rate, and 0<<1. Convergence of neural network: If the learning rate is set in 02/N, the calculation of neural network with sine basis functions is convergent, N of which is the number of hidden layer neurons. The convergence of neural network is demonstrated in Reference [5] in detail.

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4. Training the neural network with sine basis functions

To achieve the automatic sorting of banknote, firstly images of banknote samples are converted to gray level histograms correspondingly. The number of images is m. The segmentation threshold T is got by the method of the maximum between-cluster variance by analyzing the gray level histogram of the newest banknote image. The pixel distribution probability of the gray level in the interval [T,T+1,,255] is used as the training sample. According to the structure of neural network and the weight value revision method, the following training method is designed. Step 1: Neural network weight value wi is initialized by random number. The learning rate and a fixed sufficiently small positive number are set. Step 2: In the banknote image of the first level, the probability p161, p162,, p255 of gray level value in the interval [161,255] is used as the neural network input vector 1 given by 1=[1,2,n ]T=[ p161, p162,, p255]T. Step 3: Firstly, the output of the sine basis neuron is calculated, and the output is defined as C()=[ C1(1), C2(2),Cn(n)]Tand then the neural network output Y(1) is calculated. Step 4: The actual output is compared with the expected output D(1) , and then the error e(t) is given by e(t) = D(1)- Y(1). Step 5: The weight value adjustment e (t) C(i) is calculated according to e (t). The weight value W(t+1) of output neuron is adjusted by W(t+1)=W (t)+e (t) C(i) Step 6: In the banknote image of the second level, the gray level distribution probability 2 is used as the input vector, where 2=[1,2,n ]T=[ p161, p162,, p255]. Then continue to calculate Step 3, 4, 5. The training is not finished until data of m samples is calculated and the weight value is adjusted completely. Step 7: The total error J is given by

5. Experiment result and analysis

In the process of the project application of neural network, the sufficient training samples are used to ensure the accuracy of classification, which can cover the actual conditions in most banknote sorting cases. In the experiment there are the following test data shown in Figure 3. Three curves represent gray level histograms of three test banknotes in differently dirty factor correspondingly.

Figure 3. The histogram of three test banknotes When the test data are identified by the trained neural network, the output of the neural network is got as Table 1. From Table 1, the output of neural network converges to the expected level of banknote. The classifying result is satisfied Table 1.Classification results of three test banknotes
New Output of neural network expected level 0.7020 0.7 Older 0.3908 0.4 Oldest 0.2082 0.2

6. Summary
With the analysis of characteristics of pixel probability distribution in the gray level histogram of banknote image, the pixel distribution probabilities are divided into two types by the threshold segmentation method of maximum between-cluster variance. Then the pixel probability data higher than threshold are used as characteristic vectors that presents banknote dirty factor. The characteristic vectors of images are used as the training samples of neural network based on sine basis functions. Neural network accomplishes the identification and classification of banknote dirty factor through the study of neural network samples. In the banknote sorting experiments, the

J =

1 ei (t ) . 2 i =1

If J > , the training jumps to step 1,and continue to train the neural network. If J < , the training of neural network comes to an end. Therefore, the gray level distribution probability of banknote samples is used as characteristics to train neural network. After the repeated training, the output of neural network is converged to the expected output. Finally the training of neural network is accomplished.

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classification method based on neural network with sine basis functions has many merits, such as the suitable calculation amount, the high convergence speed of neural network, the effective classification and so on. The actual project problems in the note sorter are solved successfully.

7. Acknowledge
This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of education department of Hunan province of China (07C073).

Reference
[1] LI Li-jie, WU Le-nan, DONG Lu, The automatic recognition of disused paper money, Journal of Circuits and Systems, 2005. 6, pp.130~140. [2] LIU Jia-Feng, LIU Song-Bo, and TANG Xiang-Lon, An Algorithm of Real-Time Paper Currency Recongnition, Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2003.7,pp. 1057-1061. [3] Otsu N, A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms, IEEE Trans On System Man and Cybernetics, 1979. 9,pp. 62-66. [4] Ping-Sung Liao, Tse-Sheng Chen, Pau-Choo Chung (2001). A Fast Algorithm for Multilevel thresholding, J. Inf. Sci. Eng., 2001.17,pp. 713-727. [5] WANG Xiao_hua, HE Yi_gang, ZENG Zhe-zhao, Optimized Design of the Type-four FIR Filter Based on Neural Networks with Sine Basis Functions, Journal of Circuits and Systems, 2003.5, pp.97~100.

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