Beruflich Dokumente
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Centroids
x=
x A
i i=1 n
A
i=1
y=
y A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
z=
z A
i i=1 n
A
i=1
you know the moment of inertia about a centroidal axis of a figure, you can calculate the moment of inertia about any parallel axis to the centroidal axis using a simple formula
I z = I z + Ay 2
3 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
P07_045
P07_045
An Example
Lets
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
1 in 1in 3 in
6 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
An Example
We
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
1 in 1in 3 in
7 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
An Example
There
isnt much of a chance of developing a function that is easy to integrate in this case
x=
1 in
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
1 in 1in
8 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
3 in
An Example
We
can break this shape up into a series of shapes that we can find the centroid of
x=
1 in
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
1 in 1in
9 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations 3 in
An Example
There
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
1 in 1in 3 in
10 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
An Example
First,
we can develop a rectangle on the left side of the diagram, we will label that n as area 1, A1
x=
1 in
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
A1
1 in 1in
11 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
3 in
An Example
A
second rectangle will be placed in the bottom of the figure, we will label it A2
1 in
x=
x A
i =1 n i
1 in
A1 A2
A
i =1
1 in
1in 3 in
12 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
An Example
A
right triangle will complete the upper right side of the figure, label it A3
1 in
x=
A3 A2
1 in
x A
i =1 n i
1 in
A1
A
i =1
1in 3 in
13 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
An Example
Finally,
we will develop a negative area to remove the quarter circle in the lower left hand corner, label it A4
1 in
x=
A3 A2
x A
i =1 n i
1 in
A1
A4
A
i =1
1 in
1in
14
An Example
We
will begin to build a table so that keeping up with things will be easier The first column will be the areas
1 in
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
x=
x A
i =1 n i
1 in
A1 A4
A3 A2
3 in
A
i =1
1 in
1in
15
An Example
Now
we will calculate the distance to the local centroids from the y-axis (we are calculating an x-centroid)
Area (in ) 2 3 1.5
2
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
1 in
x=
x A
i =1 n i
1 in
A1 A4
A3 A2
3 in
A
i =1
-0.7854 0.42441
1 in
1in
16
An Example
To
calculate the top term in the expression we need to multiply the entries in the last two columns by one another
Area (in ) 2 3 1.5
2
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
1 in
x=
x A
i =1 n i
1 in
A1 A4
A3 A2
3 in
A
i =1
1 in
1in
17 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
An Example
If
we sum the second column, we have the bottom term in the division, the total area
Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
1 in
x=
A3 A2
3 in
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
A1 A4
1 in
1in
18
An Example
And
if we sum the fourth column, we have the top term, the area moment
Area (in ) 2 3 1.5
2
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
x=
A3 A2
3 in
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
A1 A4
1 in
1in
19
An Example
Dividing
the sum of the area moments by the total area we calculate the x-centroid
Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3
1 in 1 in
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
x=
A3 A2
3 in
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
A1 A4
1 in
1in
20
An Example
You
can always remember which to divide by if you look at the final units, remember that a centroid is a distance
Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3
1 in 1 in
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
x=
A3 A2
3 in
x A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
A1 A4
1 in
1in
21
An Example
We
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
y=
A3 A2
3 in
y A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
A1 A4
1 in
1in
22
An Example
Notice
that the bottom term doesnt change, the area of the figure hasnt changed
Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3
1 in 1 in
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
y=
A3 A2
3 in
y A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
A1 A4
1 in
1in
23
An Example
We
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
y=
y A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
A1 A4
A3 A2
3 in 1 in
1in
24
An Example
Calculate
the area moments about the xxi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3 yi (in) 1 0.5 1.333333 yi*Area (in3) 2 1.5 2
n
axis
ID A1 A2 A3 A4 Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2
y=
y A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
A1 A4
A3 A2
3 in 1 in
1in
25
An Example
Sum
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 5.166667 x bar 1.9541
1 in
y=
y A
i =1 n i
A
i =1
1 in
A1 A4
A3 A2
3 in 1 in
1in
26
An Example
And
ID A1 A2 A3 A4
y=
y A
i =1 n i
-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 5.166667 x bar y bar 1.9541 0.904117 1 in
1 in
A
i =1
A1 A4
A3 A2
3 in 1 in
1in
27
you know the moment of inertia about a centroidal axis of a figure, you can calculate the moment of inertia about any parallel axis to the centroidal axis using a simple formula
I y = I y + Ax I x = I x + Ay
Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
28
we usually use the bar over the centroidal axis, the moment of inertia about a centroidal axis also uses the bar over the axis designation
I y = I y + Ax 2 I x = I x + Ay
29 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
you look carefully at the expression, you should notice that the moment of inertia about a centroidal axis will always be the minimum moment of inertia about any axis that is parallel to the centroidal axis.
I y = I y + Ax I x = I x + Ay
Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
30
Another Example
We
can use the parallel axis theorem to find the moment of inertia of a composite figure
31
Another Example
y
6" 6" 3"
x
6"
32
Another Example
We
can divide up the area into smaller areas with shapes from the table
y
6"
6"
3"
I II III
6"
33
Another Example
Since the parallel axis theorem will require the area for each section, that is a reasonable place to start
ID I II III Area (in2) 36 9 27
y
6"
6"
3"
I II III
6"
34
Another Example
We can locate the centroid of each area with respect the y axis.
ID I II III
Area (in2) 36 9 27
xbari (in) 3 7 6
y
6"
6"
3"
I II III
6"
35
Another Example
From the table in the back of the book we find that the moment of inertia of a rectangle about its y-centroid axis is 3 y 6" 3" y
1 I = bh 12
Area (in2) 36 9 27
ID I II III
36
xbari (in) 3 7 6
6"
I II III
6"
Another Example
In this example, for Area I, b=6 and h=6
y
6"
6"
3"
Area (in2) 36 9 27
xbari (in) 3 7 6
I II III
6"
Another Example
For the first triangle, the moment of inertia calculation isnt as obvious
y
6" 6" 3"
I II III
6"
38
Another Example
The way it is presented in the text, we can only find the Ix about the centroid
y
h
6"
3"
x 6"
b
I II III
6"
39
Another Example
The change may not seem obvious but it is just in how we orient our axis. Remember an axis is our decision.
h
x
b
y
6"
6"
3"
x
b
I II III
6"
h
40 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations
Another Example
So the moment of inertia of the II triangle can be calculated using the formula with the correct orientation.
y
6"
6"
3"
I II III
6"
41
Another Example
The same is true for the III triangle
y
6"
6"
3"
I II III
6"
42
Another Example
Now we can enter the Iybar for each sub-area into the table
SubArea I II III
Area (in2) 36 9 27
xbari (in) 3 7 6
y
6"
6"
3"
I II III
6"
43
Another Example
We can then sum the Iy and the A(dx)2 to get the moment of inertia for each sub-area y 6" 3"
6"
I II III x
6"
SubArea
Area (in2)
xbari (in) 3 7 6
I II III
36 9 27
44
I II III
(in2) 36 9 27
(in) 3 7 6
Another Example
And if we sum that last column, we have the Iy for the composite figure
y
6" 6" 3"
I II III x
6"
SubArea I II III
Area (in2) 36 9 27
xbari (in) 3 7 6
45
Another Example
We perform the same type analysis for the Ix
y
6" 6" 3"
I II III
6"
ID I II III
Area (in2) 36 9 27
46
Another Example
Locating the y-centroids from the x-axis
y
6" 6" 3"
Sub-Area I II III
Area (in2) 36 9 27
ybari (in) 3 2 -2
I II III
6"
47
Another Example
Determining the Ix for each sub-area
y
6" 6" 3"
I II III
6"
Sub-Area I II III
Area (in2) 36 9 27
ybari (in) 3 2 -2
48
Another Example
Making the A(dy)2 multiplications
y
6" 6" 3"
I II III
6"
SubArea
Area (in2)
ybari (in) 3 2 -2
A(dy
)2
I II III
49
36 9 27
Another Example
Summing and calculating Ix
y
6" 3"
SubArea I II III
Area (in2) 36 9 27
ybari (in) 3 2 -2
A(dy
)2
6"
I II III
6"
50
Homework Problem 1
Calculate the centroid of the composite shape in reference to the bottom of the shape and calculate the moment of inertia about the centroid z-axis.
51
Homework Problem 2
Calculate the centroid of the composite shape in reference to the bottom of the shape and calculate the moment of inertia about the centroid z-axis.
52
Homework Problem 3
Calculate the centroid of the composite shape in reference to the bottom of the shape and calculate the moment of inertia about the centroid z-axis.
53