Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses (Dunia Melalui Deria Kita)

Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses (Dunia melalui deria kita) 1.1 Sensory Organs (Organ deria) Learning outcomes: Students were able to: Identify and relate a sensory organs to its stimulus State the pathway from stimulus to response 1. Our 5 senses are very important to us.(Kita mempunyai 5 organ deria yang utama) 2. They help us to be sensitive to the changes around us.(ia membantu kita mengesan rangsangan dari persekitaran) 3. These changes in the surrounding are known as _________________ .( 4. We use our ___________________ to detect stimuli (rangsangan). 5. Each sensory organ has special structures that are very sensitive to stimuli called ________________ . Sensory organs 1. Types of stimuli received Types of senses involved

______________ 2.

_______________ 3.

________________ 4.

______________ 5.

__________ Choose from the list of words given to fill in the blanks above. Sensory organs Nose Tongue Ear Eye Skin Types of stimuli received Light Sound Chemical substances in food Chemical substances in air Touch Pain Heat Cold Types of senses involved Hearing Taste Smell Sight Touch Pain Heat Cold

What happens after a stimulus is detected? (Refer text book pg 4)

Nerve impulses

Stimulus

receptor

nerve

Nerve impulses

Response

Nerve impulses

Nerve impulses

Brain

Pathway from stimulus to response Exercise (PMR key to success) 1. State the terms described by these statements. (a) Changes in the surroundings (b) Organs that detect stimuli :______________________ : _____________________

:______________________

(c) Electrical messages produced by receptors

(d) Reaction that occurs after receiving a stimulus: _____________________ 2. (a) State the stimuli detected while watching a movie. ____________________________________________________________________________

(b) Sani is enjoying a bowl of laksa. Which sensory organs does he use? ____________________________________________________________________________ 1.2 Sense of Touch Learning outcomes: Students were able to: Identify the structure of the human skin involved in stimuli detection State the function of different receptors Draw a conclusion on the sensitivity of the skin on different parts of the body The skin 1, The __________ is the sensory organ for touch. 2. It is the largest organ in the body. 3. The skin can detect changes in ___________________, __________________, ____________ and ______________ . 4. The skin has special receptors to detect each of these stimuli. 5. When the receptors in the skin are stimulated, they send impulses along the nerves to the brain. 6. The brain interprets the impulses as the sensation of touch. Label the diagram showing the cross-section of the human skin below. Heat receptor Pain receptor Touch receptor Cold receptor Pressure receptor Nerve

Receptor in the skin 1) Touch receptors

Type of stimuli detected Sensitive to ______________________ . Example: They can tell you whether an object is rough or smooth. Detect _________________ . Explanation: They lie very close to the skin surface so as to detect the slightest pain. Sensitive to ______________________ . Sensitive to ______________________ . Sensitive to ______________________ . Explanation : They lie deep within the skin Example: You feel the weight when you carry a heavy object

2) Pain receptors

3) Heat receptors 4) Cold receptors 5) Pressure receptors

Sensitivity of the skin 1. The sensitivity of the skin differs in different parts of the body. 2. The sensitivity of the skin depends on the: a) ______________________________________________________________________ . b) ______________________________________________________________________ . 3. The relationship between the thickness of the skin epidermis and the skin sensitivity to

stimuli. The _________________ the skin epidermis, the ______________ sensitive the skin will be to stimuli. 4. The relationship between the number of receptors in the skin and its sensitivity to stimuli. The ________________ receptors in the skin, the _____________ sensitive it is to stimuli. Classify the parts of the body which are very sensitive to touch stimuli and less sensitive to touch stimuli. Back of neck Lips Elbow Back of ear Fingertips Feet soles Knee Palm of hand

Very sensitive to touch stimuli

Less sensitive to touch stimuli

1.3 Sense of Smell Learning outcomes: Students were able to: Identify the structure of the nose Identify the position of the sensory cells in the detection of smell

1. The nose is the sensory organs of ___________________ . 2. Cells sensitive to smell (smell receptors) are found at the top of ______________________ .

3. Detection of smell by the nose. The roof of the nasal cavity produces a liquid called the _____________ .

Chemicals substances that dissolves in the mucus stimulates cells that are sensitive to smell.

The smell-sensitive cells send an impulse through the nerve to the _______________.

The brain interprets the smell

1.4 Sense of Taste(pg.10) Learning outcomes: Students were able to: Identify the different areas of the tongue that respond to different tastes Relate the sense of taste to the sense of smell 1. The tongue is the sensory organ of ___________________ . 2. The surface of the tongue has groups of cells known as _________________ which are sensitive to taste. 3. Our tongue can detect four basic tastes which are ______________ , _______________ , _______________ and ________________ . 4. Detection of taste by the tongue. Chemical substance in the food dissolves in the saliva and stimulates the taste bud.

The taste bud sends the impulse to the brain

The brain interprets the taste 5. The sense of smell helps the sense of taste. This explains why food does not taste appetising when we have a cold or flu because we cannot smell effectively. Fill in the taste areas on the tongue shown in the diagram below. Give one example of food that can be detected at the taste areas.

1.5 Sense of Hearing Learning outcomes: Students were able to: Identify the structure of the human ear Explain the function of the different parts of the ear Describe how we hear 1. The ear is the sensory organ of ____________________ . 2. The semicircular canal and the Eustachian tube do not play any role in the hearing mechanism.

3. Functions of the part of the ear. (pg.13) Part of the ear 1) Ear pinna 2) Auditory canal 3) Eardrum 4) Ossicles 5) Oval window 6) Cochlea 7) Auditory nerve 8) Eustachian tube 9) Semicircular canal 4. The pathway of sound movement in the ear. Ear pinna Ear canal

Function

Ear drum

ossicles

Brain

Auditory nerve

cochlea

Oval window

Exercise (PMR key to success) 1. Label the structure of ear.

2. Vocabulary: 1) Senses 2) Stimuli 3) Sensory organ 4) Detect 5) Relate 6) Nerve impulses 7) Response 8) Glands 9) Sensitivity 10) Sensation : ______________________________ : ______________________________ : ______________________________ : ______________________________ : ______________________________ : ______________________________ : ______________________________ : ______________________________ :______________________________ : ______________________________

1.6 Sense of Sight Learning outcomes: Students were able to: Identify the structure of the human eye Explain the function of the different parts of the eye Describe how we see 1. The eye is the sensory organ of __________________ . 2. Each eye is a slightly flattened ball. 3. The ____________, a thin layer of skin, protects in front of the eye. 4. The eyeball is held in the eye sockets of the skulls by ________________ .

5. The wall of the eyeball is made up of three layers: ______________, ________________ and ________________ . 6. Light is reflected off an object into our eyes. 7. The light travels through the pupil and eye lens. 8. Finally, the light is focussed onto the retina. 9. The optic nerve than sends the nerve impulses from the retina to the _____________ . The brain interprets the image as upright.

10. Functions of the part of the eye. Part of the eye 1) Cornea 2) Iris 3) Sclera 4) Choroid 5) Pupil 6)Aqueous humour 7) Eye lens 8) Suspensory Function

ligament 9) Ciliary muscle 10)Vitreous humour 11) Retina 12) Blind spot 13) Optic nerve 14) Yellow spot 11. The pathway of light from the cornea in the eye to the brain.. Cornea

Brain

12. The image formed on the retina is _____________ , ______________ and ________________ than the actual object.

13. If we are to see clearly, our eye must be able to focus the light rays onto the retina. 14. To do this, the lens needs to change its thickness by the action of the ciliary body. 15. If we look at near objects, the eye lens becomes ________________ . 16. If we look at distant objects, the eye lens becomes ________________ .

1.7 Light and Sight Learning outcomes: Students were able to: Describe the properties of light State the various defects of vision Explain ways to correct vision defects State and give examples of the limitations of sight Relate stereoscopic and monocular vision to the survival of animals Identify the appropriate devices used to overcome the limitations of sight Reflection of light 1. Reflection of light occurs when light bounces off the surface of an object. 2. A smooth, flat and shiny opaque surface, like a plane mirror, reflects nearly all the light rays that fall on it.

3. The law of reflection a) The angle of incidence is the ______same______ as the angle of reflection. b) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal are on the ______same_____ plane. 4. The reflected rays for both smooth and rough surfaces.

5. Mark and calculate the angle of incidence (i) and the angle of reflection (r) for the diagram below.

6. Reflection of light that can be observed in our daily life. a) Vehicles with a rear-view mirror enable the driver to see things behind the vehicle. b) Diamond sparkle because they reflect light falling on them. Refraction of light 1. Light can travel through transparent media such as air, water, glass and plastic. 2. Refraction of light takes place when light travels at an angle through two different media, each with different densities. 3. The_speed of light changes when it moves through media with different medium causing the light to be refracted (bent).

4. The reflection of light rays when it travels from one medium to another with different densities. a) From a denser medium to a less dense medium The light ray is refracted/bends ___away__________ from the normal.

b) From a less dense medium to a denser medium

The light ray is refracted/bends __near___________ from the normal.

c) At right angles from one medium to another different density medium

The light ray will move ____straight_________ through the glass block.

5) Refraction of light that can be observed in our daily life. a) Phenomenon that cause a stick to appear bent in water b) Phenomenon that cause a swimming pool to appear shallower

Defects of vision and ways to correct them Short-sightedness 1. A short-sightedness person can see near objects clearly but cannot focus on distant object. 2. Light from a distant object is focused in front of the retina, so the image is a blur. 3. This is either the lens is too ____thick________ or the eyeball is too ____long_________. 4. Short-sightedness can be corrected using a ____concave___________ lens. 5. The lens diverges the light before it enters the eye so that the image is formed exactly on the retina.

Long-sightedness 1. A long-sightedness person can see distant objects clearly but cannot focus on near objects. 2. Light from a near object converges to a point behind the retina, so the image is a blur. 3. This is either the lens is too _thin____________ or the eyeball is too ___short__________ . 4. Long-sightedness can be corrected using a _________convex______ lens. 5. The lens converges the light before it enters the eye so that the image is formed exactly on the retina.

Astigmatism 1. Astigmatism is a common vision defect caused by the irregular surface on the cornea. 2. A person with minor to moderate astigmatism sees some parts of an object more clearly than other parts. 3. Astigmatism can be corrected using ___cylindricall_____________ lens. Limitations of sight Optical illusions(pg 24) 1. Sometimes what we see may not appear to be the real thing. 2. This is because the brain cannot interpret accurately what is actually seen by the eye. 3. This limitation of the sense of sight is known as ____optical illusion_______________ (confusion of the brain)

The blind spot

1. The ________________ is a point on the retina of the eye that cannot detect any images. 2. The blind spot does not have any receptors sensitive to light and is found at the beginning of the nerve optic. 3. We cannot see an object if its image is formed on the blind spot. Types of vision Stereoscopic vision(pg 25) 1. Stereoscopic vision is a vision involving both eyes, the visual fields of both eyes overlap. 2. This vision enables us to estimate _____distance___________ accurately. 3. The stereoscopic field of vision is _______ovelapping______. 4. Predators such as ________tiger______, ________eagle_________ and _________owl________ usually have stereoscopic vision.

Monocular vision 1. Monocular vision is a vision involving only one eye, the visual fields have little or no overlapping. 2. This makes it difficult to estimate distances accurately. 3. The monocular field of vision is _________wider_____. 4. Prey such as _owl_____, ______eagle_ and __lion___ usually has monocular vision.

1.8 Sound and Hearing Learning outcomes: Students were able to: Describe the properties of sound Explain the reflection and absorption of sound Explain the defects of hearing Explain ways of correcting the defects in hearing State the limitations of hearing State the devices used to overcome the limitations of hearing Explain stereophonic hearing Production of sound 1. Sound is a form of _______energy________. 2. Sound is produced from ________vibration__________. 3. The change of energy that takes place during the production of sound is as follows: Kinetic energy Sound energy Transmission of sound 1. The transmission of sound requires a ______________. 2. Sound can travel through ____________ , ______________ and _______________ . 3. Sound travels fastest through ___________ and slowest through ____________. 4. This is due to the compact arrangement of the particles in a solid which enables vibrations to be transmitted effectively. 5. Sound cannot travel through a __vacuum____. 6. This is why when air is pumped out of the bell jar, no sound is heard. 7. When sound hits a surface, it can be reflected or absorbed. 8. Hard and smooth surfaces like walls are________reflector__________________ of sound. 9. Soft and rough surfaces like curtains are _______________absorber_____ of sound. 10. Reflected sound is called an ______echo_______________ .

Two major types of hearing loss Involving the outer and middle ear 1. It usually results from wax blockage, a punctured eardrum, birth defects or ear infections. 2. The damage is often temporary and can be treated medically or corrected surgically. Involving damages to the inner ear 1. It can be caused by the process of aging, bacterial infections, a severe blow to the side of the head, extended exposure to loud sound or a tumour in the inner ear. 2. In such cases, receptors in the cochlea are permanently damaged. 3. This type of hearing loss cannot be treated medically but can be corrected with the use of hearing aids. Limitations of hearing 1. A person with a normal sense in hearing can only detect sounds between 20Hz and 20 000 Hz (hertz). 2. Different people have different ranges of hearing. 3. As we grow older, our range of hearing decreases. 4. There is also a limit to how far our ear is able to hear sounds from a distance. 5. We can overcome these limitations using devices such as ________________, _________________, _______________ and _________________. Name the hearing aids. Then match the hearing aids with their function. Hearing aid Function

Amplified the sound

_____stetoscope_

Amplified the sound of heartbeat

_____microphone_

Rectifies defects in hearing

_______loudspeaker__

Sends the weak sound to loudspeaker

_______earphone____

Stereophonic hearing 1. Hearing sounds from our surrounding with two ears is known as stereophonic hearing. 2. Stereophonic hearing enables us to distinguish the direction of sound. 1.9 Stimuli and Responses in Plants Learning outcomes: Students were able to: State the stimuli that cause responses in plants Identify the parts of plants sensitive to a specific stimulus Relate the response in plants to their survival 1. Plants do not have eyes, nose and ears like we do. 2. But they can detect stimuli too.

3. Like human and animals, plants also respond to stimuli. 4. However, their responses are not obvious. 5. They respond by growing in certain directions. 6. Such growth responses are known as ___________________ . 7. This kind of response is much slower and lasts longer than our responses. 8. Plants are sensitive to three main kinds of stimuli: _______________ , _______________ and ________________ . 9. Other stimuli include touch, temperature and chemicals. 10. There are two types of tropism: a) Positive tropism response by plants towards the stimulus. b) Negative tropism response by plants away from the stimulus. Hydrotropism Response to water 1. _______________________ is the growth movement of a plant in response to water. 2. _______________ tends to grow towards water. 3. They show positive hydrotropism. 4. Plants absorb water from the soil through their roots. 5. Minerals dissolve in water. 6. __________________________ shown by the roots ensures that plants get enough ____________ and _________________ to maintain the normal growth.

Geotropism Response to gravity 1. _____________________ is the growth movement shown by a plant in response to gravity. 2. No matter how a seed is planted in the soil, it can detect the pull of gravity and grow it in the correct direction. 3. The roots always grow downwards, in the direction of gravity, thus showing _________________________ .

4. This enables the roots to penetrate deep into the soil to find water and to anchor firmly into the soil for support. 5. On the other hand, the ______________ grows upwards away from gravity, showing ________________________ . 6. This ensures that shoots receive enough sunlight for________________________.

Phototropism Response to light 1. ______________________ is the growth movement shown by a plant in response to light. 2. Shoots are ____________________________, whereas roots are ________________________. 3. Positive phototropism in plants ensures that leaves receive enough ___________________ for photosynthesis.

Thigmotropism - Response to touch (contact) 1. ______________________ is a response by plants to contact with a solid structure. 2. Many climbing plants are too weak to support their own weight. 3. So, they rely on other objects to keep them upright. 4. Plants such as _________________ and ______________________ use ___________________ to wrap around a supporting structure. 5. When their tendrils make contact with an object, the tendril curl around it.

6. Other plants such as _____________________ and ______________________ twine their stems around other plants or structures.

Nastic movements 1. Actually, plants show two kinds of growth movements, namely tropism and nastic movements. 2. Tropisms or _______________ movements are responses to stimuli which come from ____________ direction. 3. ___________________________ are responses to stimuli which come from ______________ direction. 4. These responses do not depend on the direction of ___________________ . 5. Plants such as the _______________________ and the Venus fly trap respond very quickly to touch. 6. If you touch a Mimosa plant, its leaves quickly fold inwards.

Match the body part with the sense, and then find all of the words in the grid above. fingers ears eyes tongue nose
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hear see smell taste touch

blind deaf ears eyes feel fingers hear

light listen nerve noise nose see sense

sight smell sound taste tongue touch

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