Wireless Proj

Contents
History of Wireless Communications............................................................................. Radio............................................................................................................................ Electromagnetic Spectrum............................................................................................ Applications of Wireless technology.............................................................................. Mobile telephones................................................................................................... Wireless data communications...................................................................................... Wireless energy transfer............................................................................................... Computer interface devices.......................................................................................... Wireless Networks:........................................................................................................ Bluetooth...................................................................................................................... Infrared Data Association.............................................................................................. Wireless LAN................................................................................................................. Wireless Network Components...................................................................................... Access Point.................................................................................................................. Wireless LAN performance:........................................................................................... PCI Adapter................................................................................................................ Wireless mesh network.................................................................................................
Network structure......................................................................................................... Management................................................................................................................. Uses:............................................................................................................................. Low Cost:...................................................................................................................... Low Complexity:........................................................................................................... Scalability:.................................................................................................................... Reliability:..................................................................................................................... Flexibility...................................................................................................................... Bi-directional:................................................................................................................ Applications.................................................................................................................. Operation...................................................................................................................... Multi-radio mesh........................................................................................................... Connecting options of WAN........................................................................................... Mobile devices networks............................................................................................... Building a wireless Network.......................................................................................... To keep your network private, you can use one of the following methods:.................... Wireless Services.......................................................................................................... Wireless Networks.........................................................................................................
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS
Wireless Network Connections...................................................................................... Types of Network Connections...................................................................................... Wireless - Local Area Network....................................................................................... WAN - Wide Area Network............................................................................................. PAN- Personal Area Networks........................................................................................ MAN - Metropolitan Area Network................................................................................. CAN - Campus Area Network......................................................................................... SAN - Storage Area Network.......................................................................................... Differences between LAN, WLAN, PAN and MAN............................................................ LAN & WLAN Differences............................................................................................... Differences for all the Network Connections:................................................................. Wireless Technology..................................................................................................... Economic Models.......................................................................................................... Underwriting spots vs. commercials.............................................................................. Social Impact................................................................................................................ Wi- Fi............................................................................................................................ 1G................................................................................................................................. 2G.................................................................................................................................
3G, 3.5G, 3.75G... oh, and 2.75G, too............................................................................ Lies, damn lies, and 4G................................................................................................. Wrap up........................................................................................................................ History.......................................................................................................................... What is Wireless Phone (Cell Phone)?............................................................................ Early Pioneers of the Cell Phone.................................................................................... Cell Phone Use in 2011................................................................................................. Conclusion.................................................................................................................... References:...................................................................................................................
History of Wireless Communications The world's first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented and patented the photo phone, a telephone that conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams (which are narrow projections of electromagnetic waves). In that distant era when utilities did not yet exist to provide electricity, and lasers had not even been conceived of in science fiction, there were no practical applications for their invention, which was highly limited by the availability of both sunlight and good weather. Similar to free space optical communication, the photo phone also required a clear line of sight between its transmitter and its receiver. It would be several decades before the photophone's principles found their first practical applications in military communications and later in fiber-optic communications.
Radio The term "wireless" came into public use to refer to a radio receiver or transceiver (a dual purpose receiver and transmitter device), establishing its usage in the field of wireless telegraphy early on; now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet. It is also used in a general sense to refer to any type of operation that is implemented without the use of wires, such as "wireless remote control" or "wireless energy transfer", regardless of the specific technology (e.g. radio, infrared, ultrasonic) used. Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for their contribution to wireless telegraphy.
Electromagnetic Spectrum Light, colors, AM and FM radio and electronic devices make use of the electromagnetic spectrum. The frequencies of the radio spectrum that are available for use for communication are treated as a public resource and are regulated by national organizations such as the Federal Communications Commission in the USA, or Ofcom in the United Kingdom. This determines which frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such control or alternative arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum, chaos might result if, for example, airlines didn't have specific frequencies to work under and an amateur radio operator were interfering with the pilot's ability to land an aircraft. Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz. Henreich Hertz was the discoverer of the electromagnetic wave, it gave a platform for further inventions in wireless communication
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Applications of Wireless technology Mobile telephones
One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end of 2010. These wireless phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide. They can be used within range of the mobile telephone site used to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.
Wireless data communications Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance, and in some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used, or a mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network. Supporting technologies include: Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect easily to the Internet. Standardized as IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches speeds of some types of wired Ethernet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods.
Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cell site. Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as GSM,
CDMA and GPRS, to 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000.
Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are unavailable, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations. Satellite communications are especially important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military use.
Wireless energy transfer Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires.
Computer interface devices Answering the call of customers frustrated with cord clutter, many manufactures of computer peripherals turned to wireless technology to satisfy their consumer base. Originally these units used bulky, highly limited transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and mouse, however more recent generations have used small, high quality devices, some even incorporating Bluetooth. These systems have become so ubiquitous that some users have begun complaining about a lack of wired peripherals. Wireless devices tend to have a slightly slower response time than their wired counterparts, however the gap is decreasing. Concerns about the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007, when it was revealed that Microsoft's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models was highly insecure.
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Wireless Networks:
A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Here's what happens: A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna. A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information from the Internet, translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's wireless adapter. The radios used for WiFi communication are very similar to the radios used for walkie-talkies, cell phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive radio waves, and they can convert 1s and 0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves back into 1s and 0s. But WiFi radios have a few notable differences from other radios: They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is considerably higher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data. They use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavors: 802.11a transmits at 5 GHz and can move up to 54 megabits of data per second. It also uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), a more efficient coding technique that splits that radio signal into several sub-signals before they reach a receiver. This greatly reduces interference. 802.11b is the slowest and least expensive standard. For a while, its cost made it popular, but now it's becoming less common as faster standards become less expensive. 802.11b transmits in the 2.4 GHz frequency
band of the radio spectrum. It can handle up to 11 megabits of data per second, and it uses complementary code keying (CCK) modulation to improve speeds. 802.11g transmits at 2.4 GHz like 802.11b, but it's a lot faster -- it can handle up to 54 megabits of data per second. 802.11g is faster because it uses the same OFDM coding as 802.11a. 802.11n is the newest standard that is widely available. This standard significantly improves speed and range. For instance, although 802.11g theoretically moves 54 megabits of data per second, it only achieves real-world speeds of about 24 megabits of data per second because of network congestion. 802.11n, however, reportedly can achieve speeds as high as 140 megabits per second. The standard is currently in draft form -the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) plans to formally ratify 802.11n by the end of 2009. Other 802.11 standards focus on specific applications of wireless networks, like wide area networks (WANs) inside vehicles or technology that lets you move from one wireless network to another seamlessly. WiFi radios can transmit on any of three frequency bands. Or, they can "frequency hop" rapidly between the different bands. Frequency hopping helps reduce interference and lets multiple devices use the same wireless connection simultaneously. As long as they all have wireless adapters, several devices can use one router to connect to the Internet. This connection is convenient, virtually invisible and fairly reliable; however, if the router fails or if too many people try to use high-bandwidth applications at the same time, users can experience interference or lose their connections. Different wireless Networks Wireless PAN
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Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) interconnect devices within a relatively small area, that is generally within a person's reach.[3] For example, both Bluetooth radio and invisible infrared light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop. ZigBee also supports WPAN applications. Wi-Fi PANs are becoming commonplace (2010) as equipment designers start to integrate Wi-Fi into a variety of consumer electronic devices. Intel "My WiFi" and Windows 7 "virtual Wi-Fi" capabilities have made Wi-Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure. A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a personal area network - a network for interconnecting devices centered around an individual person's workspace - in which the connections are wireless. Wireless PAN is based on the standard IEEE 802.15. The three kinds of wireless technologies used for WPAN are Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association, and Wi-Fi. A WPAN could serve to interconnect all the ordinary computing and communicating devices that many people have on their desk or carry with them today - or it could serve a more specialized purpose such as allowing the surgeon and other team members to communicate during an operation. A key concept in WPAN technology is known as "plugging in". In the ideal scenario, when any two WPAN-equipped devices come into close proximity (within several meters of each other) or within a few kilometers of a central server, they can communicate as if connected by a cable. Another important feature is the ability of each device to lock out other devices selectively, preventing needless interference or unauthorized access to information. The technology for WPANs is in its infancy and is undergoing rapid development. Proposed operating frequencies are around 2.4 GHz in digital modes. The objective is to facilitate seamless operation among home or business devices and systems. Every device in a WPAN will be able to
plug in to any other device in the same WPAN, provided they are within physical range of one another. In addition, WPANs worldwide will be interconnected. Thus, for example, an archeologist on site in Greece might use a PDA to directly access databases at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, and to transmit findings to that database.
Bluetooth Bluetooth uses short-range radio waves over distances up to approximately 10 metres. For example, Bluetooth devices such as a keyboards, pointing devices, audio head sets, printers may connect to Personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, or computers wirelessly. A Bluetooth PAN is also called a piconet (combination of the prefix "pico," meaning very small or one trillionth, and network), and is composed of up to 8 active devices in a master-slave relationship (a very large number of devices can be connected in "parked" mode). The first Bluetooth device in the piconet is the master, and all other devices are slaves that communicate with the master. A piconet typically has a range of 10 metres (33 ft), although ranges of up to 100 metres (330 ft) can be reached under ideal circumstances. Recent innovations in Bluetooth antennas have allowed these devices to greatly exceed the range for which they were originally designed. At DEF CON 12, a group of hackers known as "Flexilis" successfully connected two Bluetooth devices more than half a mile (800 m) away. They used an antenna with a scope and Yagi antenna, all attached to a rifle stock. A cable attached the antenna to a Bluetooth card in a computer. They later named the antenna "The BlueSniper."[citation needed]
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Infrared Data Association
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Infrared Data Association uses infrared light, which has a frequency below the human eye's sensitivity. It is used, for instance, in cell phones, TV remotes and ps3 controllers. Typical WPAN devices that use IrDA include printers, keyboards, and other serial data interfaces.[1] WiFi WiFi uses radio waves for connection over distances up to around 91 metres, usually in a local area network (LAN) environment. Wifi can be used to connect local area networks, to connect cellphones to the Internet to download music and other multimedia, to allow PC multimedia content to be stream to the TV (Wireless Multimedia Adapter), and to connect video game consoles to their networks
Wireless LAN A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point for Internet access. The use of spread-spectrum or OFDM technologies may allow users to move around within a local coverage area, and still remain connected to the network. Products using the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards are marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name. Fixed wireless technology implements point-to-point links between computers or networks at two distant locations, often using dedicated microwave or modulated laser light beams over line of sight paths. It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link. Norman Abramson, a professor at the University of Hawaii, developed the worlds first wireless
computer communication network, ALOHAnet, using low-cost ham-like radios. The system included seven computers deployed over four islands to communicate with the central computer on the Oahu Island without using phone lines. "In 1979, F.R. Gfeller and U. Bapst published a paper in the IEEE Proceedings reporting an experimental wireless local area network using diffused infrared communications. Shortly thereafter, in 1980, P. Ferrert reported on an experimental application of a single code spread spectrum radio for wireless terminal communications in the IEEE National Telecommunications Conference. In 1984, a comparison between infrared and CDMA spread spectrum communications for wireless office information networks was published by Kaveh Pahlavan in IEEE Computer Networking Symposium which appeared later in the IEEE Communication Society Magazine. In May 1985, the efforts of Marcus led the FCC to announce experimental ISM bands for commercial application of spread spectrum technology. Later on, M. Kavehrad reported on an experimental wireless PBX system using code division multiple access. These efforts prompted significant industrial activities in the development of a new generation of wireless local area networks and it updated several old discussions in the portable and mobile radio industry. The first generation of wireless data modems was developed in the early 1980s by amateur radio operators, who commonly referred to this as packet radio. They added a voice band data communication modem, with data rates below 9600-bit/s, to an existing short distance radio system, typically in the two meter amateur band. The second generation of wireless modems was developed immediately after the FCC announcement in the experimental bands for non-military use of the spread spectrum technology. These modems provided data rates on the order of hundreds of kbit/s. The third generation of wireless modem then aimed at compatibility with the existing LANs with data rates on the order of Mbit/s. Several companies developed the third
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generation products with data rates above 1 Mbit/s and a couple of products had already been announced by the time of the first IEEE Workshop on Wireless LANs." "The first of the IEEE Workshops on Wireless LAN was held in 1991. At that time early wireless LAN products had just appeared in the market and the IEEE 802.11 committee had just started its activities to develop a standard for wireless LANs. The focus of that first workshop was evaluation of the alternative technologies. By 1996, the technology was relatively mature, a variety of applications had been identified and addressed and technologies that enable these applications were well understood. Chip sets aimed at wireless LAN implementations and applications, a key enabling technology for rapid market growth, were emerging in the market. Wireless LANs were being used in hospitals, stock exchanges, and other in building and campus settings for nomadic access, point-to-point LAN bridges, ad-hoc networking, and even larger applications through internetworking. The IEEE 802.11 standard and variants and alternatives, such as the wireless LAN interoperability forum and the European HiperLAN specification had made rapid progress, and the unlicensed PCS Unlicensed Personal Communications Services and the proposed SUPERNet, later on renamed as U-NII, bands also presented new opportunities." WLAN hardware was initially so expensive that it was only used as an alternative to cabled LAN in places where cabling was difficult or impossible. Early development included industry-specific solutions and proprietary protocols, but at the end of the 1990s these were replaced by standards, primarily the various versions of IEEE 802.11 (in products using the Wi-Fi brand name). An alternative ATM-like 5 GHz standardized technology, HiperLAN/2, has so far not succeeded in the market, and with the release of the faster 54 Mbit/s 802.11a (5 GHz) and 802.11g (2.4 GHz) standards, it is even more unlikely that it will ever succeed. Since 2002 there has been newer standard added to 802.11; 802.11n which operates on both the 5Ghz and 2.4Ghz bands at 300
Mbit/s, most newer routers including those manufactured by Apple Inc. can broadcast a wireless network on both wireless bands, this is called dualband. A HomeRF group was formed in 1997 to promote a technology aimed for residential use, but disbanded at the end of 2002
Wireless Network Components Much like a traditional wired LAN, a WLAN is a grouping of computers and peripheraldevices that share a common communications backbone. As is implied by the name, a WLANallows users to connect to the LAN wirelessly via radio transmission. The following are the most common components of a WLAN.
Access Point The access point is a device that links a wireless network to a wired LAN. It increases the effective range of a wireless network and provides additional network management andsecurity features. Wireless networks of three or fewer PCs do not require an access point for ad hoc networking. Access points are useful for larger networks, and they are particularly well-suited for adding wireless capability to an existing wired network.The U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Access Point connects via an RJ-45 cable to a LAN and can support up to 20 wireless users at an effective range of up to 1500 feet in open spaces. It also enables additional security features such as MAC address authentication. PC Card A wireless PC card enables laptop users to connect wirelessly to the LAN. U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless PC Cards allow for ad hoc networking of up to three computers at an effective range of
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS up to 1000 feet in open spaces. Router:
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A router is a device used for sharing a single Internet connection across multiple computers.This is ideal in the home or office where multiple computers and devices can be online at the same time with only a single Internet connection. The U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Cable/DSL Router includes built-in wireless access point capabilities.Wireless networking users should keep the following in mind: One wireless PC card (U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless PC Card, model 2210) is needed for each laptop and one wireless PCI adapter(U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless PCI Adapter,model 2215 or 2216) is needed for each desktop computer to be wirelessly networked. An ad hoc network of up to three computers can be created with wireless PC cards or PCIadapters. To connect more than three computers, include an access point or router(U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Access Point, model 2249, or U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Cable/DSL Router, model 8022) in the network design. Ad hoc wireless networks using U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps wireless networking products have an effective range of up to 300 feet in any direction, indoors or out, and even on different levels of a building. As with any wireless product, ad hoc networks work best when closer together and in an open environment. Wireless networks that use either a U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Access Point or a U.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Cable/DSL Router have an effective range of up to 1500 feet, with the same considerations as ad hoc networks.
Sharing Internet access among multiple computers or laptops requires a router. TheU.S. Robotics 22 Mbps Wireless Cable/DSL Router is capable of supporting up to 253 clients (with additional hardware) for wired and wireless Internet sharing
Wireless LAN performance: Much the same way a cordless phone works better when it is close to its base, wirelesslynetworked computers function best when located relatively close together and in open sight of each other. The level of performance of an 802.11 WLAN is dependent on a number of important environmental and product-specific factors. Access points will automatically negotiate the appropriate signaling rate based upon environmental conditions, such as: Distance between WLAN devices (AP and NICs) Transmission power levels Building and home materials Radio frequency interference Signal propagation Antenna type and location
PCI Adapter Just as a wireless access PC card allows portable and laptop computers access to the LAN, a wireless access PCI adapter allows desktop PC users access to the LAN. U.S. Robotics 22
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MbpsWireless PCI Adapters allow for ad hoc networking of up to three computers at an effective range of up to 1000 feet in open spaces
Wireless mesh network A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a communications network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Wireless mesh networks often consist of mesh clients, mesh routers and gateways. The mesh clients are often laptops, cell phones and other wireless devices while the mesh routers forward traffic to and from the gateways which may but need not connect to the Internet. The coverage area of the radio nodes working as a single network is sometimes called a mesh cloud. Access to this mesh cloud is dependent on the radio nodes working in harmony with each other to create a radio network. A mesh network is reliable and offers redundancy. When one node can no longer operate, the rest of the nodes can still communicate with each other, directly or through one or more intermediate nodes. The animation below illustrates how wireless mesh networks can self form and self heal. Wireless mesh networks can be implemented with various wireless technology including 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, cellular technologies or combinations of more than one type. A wireless mesh network can be seen as a special type of wireless ad-hoc network. A wireless mesh network often has a more planned configuration, and may be deployed to provide dynamic and cost effective connectivity over a certain geographic area. An ad-hoc network, on the other hand, is formed ad hoc when wireless devices come within communication range of each other. The mesh routers may be mobile, and be moved according to specific demands arising in the network. Often the mesh routers are not limited in terms of resources compared to other nodes in the network and thus can be exploited to perform more resource intensive functions. In this way,
the wireless mesh network differs from an ad-hoc network, since these nodes are often constrained by resources. A wireless mesh network is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes. Mesh networks can "self heal", automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power.
Network structure Architecture: Wireless mesh architecture is a first step towards providing cost effective and dynamic highbandwidth networks over a specific coverage area. Wireless mesh architectures infrastructure is, in effect, a router network minus the cabling between nodes. It's built of peer radio devices that don't have to be cabled to a wired port like traditional WLAN access points (AP) do. Mesh architecture sustains signal strength by breaking long distances into a series of shorter hops. Intermediate nodes not only boost the signal, but cooperatively make forwarding decisions based on their knowledge of the network, i.e. perform routing. Such an architecture may with careful design provide high bandwidth, spectral efficiency, and economic advantage over the coverage area. Wireless mesh networks have a relatively stable topology except for the occasional failure of nodes or addition of new nodes. The path of traffic, being aggregated from a large number of end users, changes infrequently. Practically all the traffic in an infrastructure mesh network is either forwarded to or from a gateway, while in ad hoc networks or client mesh networks the traffic flows between arbitrary pairs of nodes.[1]
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Management
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This type of infrastructure can be decentralized (with no central server) or centrally managed (with a central server),[2] both are relatively inexpensive, and very reliable and resilient, as each node needs only transmit as far as the next node. Nodes act as routers to transmit data from nearby nodes to peers that are too far away to reach in a single hop, resulting in a network that can span larger distances. The topology of a mesh network is also reliable, as each node is connected to several other nodes. If one node drops out of the network, due to hardware failure or any other reason, its neighbors can quickly find another route using a routing protocol.
Uses: Wireless mesh networks provide many benefits for lighting control, including flexibility, reliability. and reduced installation costs. Some of the most important features of wireless mesh networking include the following: Low Cost: Installation and ongoing management costs are greatly reduced without the need to run control wires from each device back to the network's central controller. Although wireless sensors and control devices may have been more expensive than their wired counterparts in the past, the inclusion of open-standard ZigBee radios is minimizing any cost differential. Low Complexity: Wireless allows users to avoid the complexity of connecting wires from hundreds (or thousands) of devices back to a single controller. In addition, wireless lighting control solutions can provide tools to automate complex tasks such as commissioning. Scalability: Wireless mesh solutions can support more devices over greater distances per controller than wired ones, which makes wireless ideal for multi-room and multi-floor
installations. The nature of mesh networks means that simply adding new devices can extend the communication coverage of the network. And because devices are wireless, they can be placed in areas that were previously difficult, costly, or even impossible to access. Reliability: Both wired and wireless networks use mature technologies that offer great robustness and reliability. Wireless mesh networks like ZigBee add reliability by offering multiple communication routes for any message, rerouting messages if a device fails to ensure that all messages are received, and automatically switching to a new channel if wireless interference is detected. Flexibility: Flexibility is one of the biggest benefits of wireless. Devices can be installed where they will provide maximum benefit instead of where it is easiest to run control wires. Devices are also grouped into "zones" using software rather than hard wiring, which allows changes to be made at any time through simple software reconfiguration (no costly or disruptive rewiring required). Bi-directional: Bi-directional communications enables the capture and delivery of critical energy usage data. This allows measurement and verification of energy use, as well as advanced energy management applications. The ZigBee Alliance is a long-standing organization of leading manufacturers producing interoperable wireless products using the open-standard ZigBee communications protocol. ZigBee wireless communications (based on IEEE 802.15.4) use mesh networking, and are commonly used around the world.
Applications Mesh networks may involve either fixed or mobile devices. The solutions are as diverse as
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communication needs, for example in difficult environments such as emergency situations, tunnels, oil rigs, battlefield surveillance, high speed mobile video applications on board public transport or real time racing car telemetry. An important possible application for wireless mesh networks is VoIP. By using a Quality of Service scheme, the wireless mesh may support local telephone calls to be routed through the mesh. Some current applications: U.S. military forces are now using wireless mesh networking to connect their computers, mainly ruggedized laptops, in field operations. Electric meters now being deployed on residences transfer their readings from one to another and eventually to the central office for billing without the need for human meter readers or the need to connect the meters with cables. The laptops in the One Laptop per Child program use wireless mesh networking to enable students to exchange files and get on the Internet even though they lack wired or cell phone or other physical connections in their area. The 66-satellite Iridium constellation operates as a mesh network, with wireless links between adjacent satellites. Calls between two satellite phones are routed through the mesh, from one satellite to another across the constellation, without having to go through an earth station. This makes for a smaller travel distance for the signal, reducing latency, and also allows for the constellation to operate with far fewer earth stations that would be required for 66 traditional communications satellites.The Commotion Wireless Project proposes building a 'device-asinfrastrucure' distribution encrypted communications platform
Operation The principle is similar to the way packets travel around the wired Internet data will hop from
one device to another until it reaches its destination. Dynamic routing algorithms implemented in each device allow this to happen. To implement such dynamic routing protocols, each device needs to communicate routing information to other devices in the network. Each device then determines what to do with the data it receives either pass it on to the next device or keep it, depending on the protocol. The routing algorithm used should attempt to always ensure that the data takes the most appropriate (fastest) route to its destination.
Multi-radio mesh Multi-radio mesh refers to a unique pair of dedicated radios on each end of the link. This means there is a unique frequency used for each wireless hop and thus a dedicated CSMA collision domain. This is a true mesh link where you can achieve maximum performance without bandwidth degradation in the mesh and without adding latency. Thus voice and video applications work just as they would on a wired Ethernet network. In true 802.11 networks, there is no concept of a mesh. There are only Access Points (AP's) and Stations. A multi-radio wireless mesh node will dedicate one of the radios to act as a station, and connect to a neighbor node AP radio. Wireless MAN Wireless metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several wireless LANs.Fast communications of network within the vicinity of a metropolitan area is called WMAN, that put up an entire city or other related geographic area and can span up to 50km. WMAN designed for a larger geographical area than a LAN. The standard of MAN is DQDB which cover up to 30 miles with the speed of 34 Mbit/s to 155 Mbit/s.1t is more common in schools, colleges, and public services support a high-speed network backbone. WMAN is a certified name by the IEEE 802.16 that functioning on Broadband for its wireless metropolitan.
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WMAN have air interface and a single-carrier scheme intended to activate in the 10-66 GHz spectrum, supports incessantly unreliable transfer levels at many certified frequencies. WMAN opens the door for the creation and Provide high-speed Internet access to business subscribers.It can handle thousands of user stations with prevents collisions and support legacy voice systems, voice over IP, TCP/IP. WMAN offer different applications with different QoS requirements.The technology of WMAN consist of ATM, FDDI, and SMDS. WiMAX is a term used for Wireless metropolitan area network and plinth on the IEEE 802.16. is a contiguous cluster of Wi-Fi hotspots. Most cities set up downtown hotzones to promote themselves as business and high-tech centers. In some cities, public agencies, companies, hospitals, universities and community groups are knitting together hotspots into a network to provide broadband service to their members. The ambitions of these city projects are modest, but if they become popular, they encourage cities to expand the public access wireless network. A few cities deploy a wireless network over a larger area, for example, a disadvantaged neighborhood. The purpose is to provide broadband service to a people whom the cable and DSL providers have abandoned. An example is Manchester's EastServe which is deployed over a large neighborhood composed primarily of council houses and people on welfare. The ambitions of cities in building out these types of wireless broadband networks are modest and limited in scope. However, if they prove to be successful in revitalizing entire communities, they give cities another reason to invest in additional wireless broadband infrastructure. Municipalities are building wireless networks - some city-wide, others in downtown areas only for the following reasons: To promote the city as a high-tech, business center
To provide affordable access to disadvantaged neighborhoods To provide access where there is no viable alternative (cable or DSL) To generate revenue for the city
The most ambitious type of wireless metropolitan area network is one which covers an entire city. There are already several successful city-wide networks operating in Finland, albeit in very small cities such as Vantaa and Porvoo. Truly large-scale wireless metropolitan area networks over mega-cities such as New York or Paris do not exist. There are many reasons for this. Cities do not see why they, instead of private parties, should build the network. Moreover, the costs are astronomical. Nevertheless, with the launch of several hardware products that make metro-wide wireless networks much cheaper and easier to deploy, some cities, such as New York, see the deployment of a wireless broadband network as a means for lowering the city government's massive telecommunications costs and fulfilling social/economic goals. Wireless WAN Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public internet access system. The wireless connections between access points are usually point to point microwave links using parabolic dishes on the 2.4 GHz band, rather than omnidirectional antennas used with smaller networks. A typical system contains base station gateways, access points and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh systems where each access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy systems such as photo-voltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand alone system.As the
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term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth.A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address. A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management. WANs tend to use technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for connectivity over the longer distances.If you are at home reading this then you are most likely connected to the Internet. Whether it is by a wireless signal or physical Ethernet connection, you are a part of a network. Your home network all computers, routers, modems, etc is called a local area network (LAN).A wide area network (WAN) is a large telecommunications network that consists of a collection of LANs and other networks. WANs generally span a wide geographical area, and can be used to connect cities, states, or even countries.Although they appear like an upscaled version of a LAN, WANs are actually structured and operated quite differently. This wide area network tutorial serves to explain how WANs are designed/constructed and why their use is beneficial.
Connecting options of WAN Leased Lines: WANs are often built using leased lines. These leased lines involve a direct point-to-point connection between two sites. Point-to-point WAN service may involve either analog dial-up lines or dedicated leased digital private lines.
Analog Line : A modem is used to connect the computer to the telephone line. Analog lines may be part of a public-switched telephone network and are suitable for batch data transmissions. Dedicated line: digital phone lines that permit uninterrupted, secure transmission at fixed costs. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. Leased lines can get pretty expensive in the long run. Circuit Switching: Instead of using leased lines, WANs can be built using circuit switching. In telecommunications, a circuit switching network is one that establishes a circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an electrical circuit. In other words, a dedicated circuit path is created between end points. The best example of this is a dialup connection. Circuit switching is more difficult to setup, but it does have the advantage of being less expensive. Packet Switching Packet switching is a method that groups all transmitted data together into bits called packets. Devices transport packets via a shared single point-to-point/point-to-multipoint link across a carrier network. Sequences of packets are then delivered over a shared network.Similar to circuit switching, packet switching is relatively inexpensive, but because packets are buffered and queued,
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packet switching is characterized by a fee per unit of information, whereas circuit switching is characterized by a fee per time unit of connection time (even when no data is transferred). Cell Relay Cell relay is similar to packet switching but it uses fixed length cells instead of variable length packets. Data is divided into these cells and then transported across virtual circuits.This method is best for simultaneous voice and data but can cause considerable overhead. Differences between LAN & WAN the difference between LAN and WAN, is the speed of the network. The maximum speed of a LAN can be 1000 megabits per second, while the speed of a WAN can go up to 150 megabits per second. This means the speed of a WAN, is one-tenth of the speed of a LAN. A WAN is usually slower because it has lower bandwidth. Computers in a LAN can share a printer, if they are all in the same LAN. On the other hand, a WAN cannot share a printer, so a computer in one country cannot use a printer in another country. A LAN does not need a dedicated computer to direct traffic to and from the Internet, unlike a WAN that needsa special-purpose computer, whose only purpose is to send and receive data from the Internet. Another LAN vs. WAN comparison is the cost of the network. A WAN is more expensive than a LAN. It is easier to expand a LAN than a WAN. The equipment needed for a LAN is a network interface card (NIC), a switch and a hub. On the other hand, the equipment needed to connect a WAN to the Internet is a modem and a router. The modem may be a cable modem or a DSL modem that is connected to a wall jack, while the router should be configured so that itcan handle
the packets traveling between the WAN and the Internet. In LAN vs. WAN, there is a difference in the networking standard used. A LAN uses the Ethernet standard, while a WAN uses the T1 standard. Before Ethernet,the protocols used for LAN were Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNET) and Token Ring. The protocols used for WAN are Frame Relay and Asynchronous. Transfer Mode (ATM). Another protocol for WAN is Packet over SONET/SDH (PoS), where SONET stands for Synchronous Optical Networking and SDH stands for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. The first WAN protocol was X.25, while an advanced WAN protocol is Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). The hardware in a LAN is connected with 10Base-T cable connectors, while a WAN is connected via leased lines or satellites. Here is an explanation of LANs and WANs. A LAN is easy to set up, as you need to slip the NIC into the PCI slot (for desktop computers) or PCMCIA slot(for laptop computers). You also need to install the driver for the NIC. The NIC can be connected to the network using the RJ45 port. On the other hand, a WAN is very difficult to set up. There is often an appliance to optimize the WAN. There is also a device to cache WAN data, so workers in the branch office can quickly access documents. The router also has Quality of Service (QoS) built in, so that it gives priority to certain kinds of traffic. There are various topologies available in LAN and WAN networking. The most common topologies in LAN and WAN networks are ring and star. The ring topology is a network in which every node (every computer) is connected to exactly two other nodes. The star topology is a network in which all the nodes(called leaf nodes or peripheral nodes) are connected to a central node.
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Mobile devices networks Mobile telecommunications
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With the development of smartphones, cellular telephone networks routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system, the base station system, and the operation and support system. The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go. GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones. Personal Communications Service (PCS): PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia. Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS. D-AMPS: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service, an upgraded version of AMPS, is being phased out due to advancement in technology. The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system.
Building a wireless Network If you already have several computers networked in your home, you can create a wireless network with a wireless access point. If you have several computers that are not networked, or if you want to replace your Ethernet network, you'll need a wireless router. This is a single unit that contains: A port to connect to your cable or DSL modem A router
An Ethernet hub A firewall
A wireless access point: A wireless router allows you to use wireless signals or Ethernet cables to connect your computers to one another, to a printer and to the Internet. Most routers provide coverage for about 100 feet (30.5 meters) in all directions, although walls and doors can block the signal. If your home is very large, you can buy inexpensive range extenders or repeaters to increase your router's range. As with wireless adapters, many routers can use more than one 802.11 standard. 802.11b routers are slightly less expensive, but because the standard is older, they're slower than 802.11a, 802.11g and 802.11n routers. Most people select the 802.11g option for its speed and reliability. Once you plug in your router, it should start working at its default settings. Most routers let you use a Web interface to change your settings. You can select: The name of the network, known as its service set identifier (SSID) -- The default setting is usually the manufacturer's name. The channel that the router uses -- Most routers use channel 6 by default. If you live in an apartment and your neighbors are also using channel 6, you may experience interference. Switching to a different channel should eliminate the problem. Your router's security options -- Many routers use a standard, publicly available sign-on, so it's a good idea to set your own username and password. Security is an important part of a home wireless network, as well as public WiFi hotspots. If you
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set your router to create an open hotspot, anyone who has a wireless card will be able to use your signal. Most people would rather keep strangers out of their network, though. Doing so requires you to take a few security precautions. It's also important to make sure your security precautions are current. The Wired Equivalency Privacy (WEP) security measure was once the standard for WAN security. The idea behind WEP was to create a wireless security platform that would make any wireless network as secure as a traditional wired network. But hackers discovered vulnerabilities in the WEP approach, and today it's easy to find applications and programs that can compromise a WAN running WEP security.
To keep your network private, you can use one of the following methods: WiFi Protected Access (WPA) is a step up from WEP and is now part of the 802.11i wireless network security protocol. It uses temporal key integrity protocol (TKIP) encryption. As with WEP, WPA security involves signing on with a password. Most public hotspots are either open or use WPA or 128-bit WEP technology, though some still use the vulnerable WEP approach. Media Access Control (MAC) address filtering is a little different from WEP or WPA. It doesn't use a password to authenticate users -- it uses a computer's physical hardware. Each computer has its own unique MAC address. MAC address filtering allows only machines with specific MAC addresses to access the network. You must specify which addresses are allowed when you set up your router. This method is very secure, but if you buy a new computer or if visitors to your home want to use your network, you'll need to add the new machines' MAC addresses to the list of approved addresses. The system isn't foolproof. A clever hacker can spoof a MAC address -- that is, copy a known MAC address to fool the network that the computer he or she is using belongs on
the network. Wireless communications are being driven by the need for providing network access to mobile or nomadic computing devices. The need for wireless access to a network is evident in current work environments. The wireless technologies are an active area of research and applications. These technologies of wireless networking may save you from physical hassle connecting computer hardware but with consideration of standards, installation and security. Combine wireless anything with the daily activities and challenges of your business and understand the difficulties that have to be faced every day. In this paper, different wireless technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi etc are discussed .They have become the focus of great attention by both businessmen and consumer users with advent of low cost, efficient and high speed data transmission.
Future wireless networks are projected to integrate not only the services (to provide multimedia), but also encompass an integration of technologies. The technology integration has two aspects, namely, the integration of the same technology from different parts of the world, and secondly, the integration of different technologies in the same country. Future generations of wireless communication systems, such as fourth generation (4G) mobile communication systems, broadband wireless access networks are expected to provide a wide variety of services (e.g. multimedia, broadcasting, etc.) through reliable high data rate wireless channels. The high data rate wireless channel can be obtained with wide signal bandwidth in high frequency bands such as microwave ka-band and millimeter wave. Recently smart antennas have been proposed as a promising solution that can significantly increase the data rate and improve the quality of wireless transmission which is limited by interference, local scattering, and multipath propagation.
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Wireless Telecommunications is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and Wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, Garage door openers or garage doors, wireless Computer mice, keyboards and headset (audio), headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones. Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also sometimes classified as wireless. The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century using radiotelegraphy (Morse code). Later, as modulation made it possible to transmit voices and music via wireless, the medium came to be called "radio." With the advent of television, fax, data communication, and the effective use of a larger portion of the spectrum, the term "wireless" has been resurrected. Wireless operations permit services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio frequency (RF),acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances.
Wireless Services
Common examples of wireless equipment include: Telemetry control and traffic control systems Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices Modulated laser light systems for point to point communications Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) and SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) typically used by business, industrial and Public Safety entities.
Consumer Two way radio including FRS Family Radio Service, GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios.
The Amateur Radio Service (Ham radio). Consumer and professional Marine VHF radios. Air band and radio navigation equipment used by aviators and air traffic control
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Cellular telephones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business.
Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.
Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless using technology such as Wireless USB or Bluetooth
Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell phones.
Satellite television: Is broadcast from satellites in geostationary orbit. Typical services use direct broadcast satellite to provide multiple television channels to viewers
Wireless technology is rapidly evolving, and is playing an increasing role in the lives of people throughout the world. In addition, ever-larger numbers of people are relying on the technology directly or indirectly. (It has been suggested that wireless is overused in some situations, creating a social nuisance.) More specialized and exotic examples of wireless communications and control include:
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) -- a digital mobile telephone system used in Europe and other parts of the world; the de facto wireless telephone standard in Europe
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) -- a packet-based wireless communication service that provides continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users
Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) -- a faster version of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) wireless service
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) -- a broadband, packet-based system offering a consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no matter where they are located in the world
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) -- a set of communication protocols to standardize the way that wireless devices, such as cellular telephones and radio transceivers, can be used for Internet access
I-Mode -- the world's first "smart phone" for Web browsing, first introduced in Japan; provides color and video over telephone sets.
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Wireless can be divided into:
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Fixed wireless -- the operation of wireless devices or systems in homes and offices, and in particular, equipment connected to the Internet via specialized modems
Mobile wireless -- the use of wireless devices or systems aboard motorized, moving vehicles; examples include the automotive cell phone and PCS (personal communications services)
Portable wireless -- the operation of autonomous, battery-powered wireless devices or systems outside the office, home, or vehicle; examples include handheld cell phones and PCS units
IR wireless -- the use of devices that convey data via IR (infrared) radiation; employed in certain limited-range communications and control systems
Wireless Networks
Wireless networking (i.e. the various types of unlicensed 2.4 GHz WiFi devices) is used to meet many needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect laptop users who travel from location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks that connect via satellite. A wireless transmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN segment that must frequently change locations. The following situations justify the use of wireless technology:
To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling, To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure, To link portable or temporary workstations,
Modes
To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or To remotely connect mobile users or networks.
Wireless communications can be via: radio frequency communication, microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional antennas, or short-range communication,
Infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from consumer IR devices such as remote controls or via Infrared Data Association (IrDA).
Applications
may
involve point-to-point
communication, point-to-multipoint
communication, broadcasting, cellular networks and other wireless networks. Cordless The term "wireless" should not be confused with the term "cordless", which is generally used to refer to powered electrical or electronic devices that are able to operate from a portable power source (e.g. a battery pack) without any cable or cord to limit the mobility of the cordless device through a connection to the mains power supply. Some cordless devices, such as cordless telephones, are also wireless in the sense that information is transferred from the cordless telephone to the telephone's base unit via some type of wireless communications. This has caused some disparity in the usage of the term "cordless", for example in Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications.
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Wireless Network Connections
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A wireless network technology is used to connect two or more devices and it provides a connection called an access point. The main task of access point is to transmit wireless signals which are found in computers and computers adjust the signals in them. Therefore wireless networks are normally linked to the wires; same as access point also work to associates to the accessible resources on the wired network, alike an internet connection. Computers must be prepared with their wireless network adapters to associate an access point. These are usually found right into the systems, but if it is not found into them then notebook can b created wireless- capable which can be used through an add-on adapter inserted into empty slots or port or any kind of card slots etc. Wireless Network is defined as a network which connects more computers to a wireless access point and will be able to send and receive data. We can expect that the proximate to the access point, becomes stronger the signal and the speed of the connection higher. The environment in which wireless network is operated is also effects on its range and speed. And it interferes in its progress.
Types of Network Connections
There are different types of network connections: 1. Wide Area Networks 2. Wireless Local Area Networks 3. Personal Area Networks 4. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks 5. Campus Area Network 6. Storage Area Network
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Wireless - Local Area Network
A LAN, local area networks based on wireless network technology mostly referred as Wi-Fi. Unlike LAN, in WLAN no wires are used, but radio signals are the medium for communication. Wireless network cards are required to be installed in the systems for accessing any wireless network around. Mostly wireless cards connect to wireless routers for communication among computers or accessing WAN, internet.
A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high speed and relatively inexpensive (e.g., token ring or Ethernet). Most Indiana University Bloomington departments are on LANs. A LAN connection is a high-speed connection to a LAN. On the IUB campus, most connections are either Ethernet (10Mbps) or Fast Ethernet (100Mbps), and a few locations have Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps) connections. LAN connects networking devices with in short spam of area, i.e. small offices, home, internet cafes etc. LAN uses TCP/IP network protocol for communication between computers. It is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet. Since LAN is operated in short area so It can be control and administrate by single person or organization. Early LAN (Local Area Network) networks were formed using coaxial cable, coax is an electric cable and it is used to carry radio signals. LAN (Local Area Network) setup is developed by connecting two or more than two computers with each other using a physical connection in order to share files and data overtime. The basic application of this cable is to connect the radio transmitters with their antennas. However it is also used for developing internet connections and for distributing cable channels. Most common type of developing LAN (Local Area Network) network is the Ethernet.
WAN - Wide Area Network A WAN (wide area network), in comparison to a MAN, is not restricted to a geographical location, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or country. A WAN connects
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several LANs, and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or accessible to the public. The technology is high speed and relatively expensive. The Internet is an example of a worldwide public WAN As word Wide implies, WAN, wide area network cover large distance for communication between computers. The Internet itself is the biggest example of Wide area network, WAN, which is covering the entire earth. WAN is distributed collection of geographically LANs. A network connecting device router connects LANs to WANs. WAN used network protocols like ATM, X.25, and Frame Relay for long distance connectivity.
PAN- Personal Area Networks These are networks that provide wireless connectivity over distances of up to 10m or so. At first this seems ridiculously small, but this range allows a computer to be connected wirelessly to a nearby printer, or a cell phone's hands-free headset to be connected wirelessly to the cell phone. The most talked about (and most hyped) technology is called Bluetooth. PAN technologies add value to other wireless technologies, although they wouldn't be the primary driver for a wireless business solution. For example, a wireless LAN in a hospital may allow a doctor to see a patient's chart on a handheld device. If the doctor's handheld was also Bluetooth enabled, he could walk to within range of the nearest Bluetooth enabled printer and print the chart.
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
This kind of network is not mostly used but it has its own importance for some government bodies
and organizations on larger scale. MAN, metropolitan area network falls in middle of LAN and WAN, It covers large span of physical area than LAN but smaller than WAN, such as a city. Most widely used technologies to develop a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) network are FDDI (fiber distribution data interface), ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and SMDS (switched multi megabit data service).ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is the most frequently used of all. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a digital data transfer technology. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) usually falls between LAN and WAN. It is generally applied to connect geographically dispersed LANs. Therefore the goal of MAN is to develop a communication link between two independent LAN nodes. A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is usually established using optical fiber. The network is established using routers and switches. A switch is a port which is active in handling the filtration of data usually coming in the form of frames. Any switch acts as a dual port, at one end it is handling filtration of data and at the other end managing connections.
CAN - Campus Area Network Networking spanning with multiple LANs but smaller than a Metropolitan area network, MAN. This kind of network mostly used in relatively large universities or local business offices and buildings.
SAN - Storage Area Network SAN technology is used for data storage and it has no use for most of the organization but data oriented organizations. Storage area network connects servers to data storage devices by using
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Fiber channel technology. SAN, system area networks are also known as cluster area network and it connects high performance computers with high speed connections in cluster configuration.
Differences between LAN, WLAN, PAN and MAN LAN (Local area network) LAN stands for Local Area Network. Used Guided Media A communication network linking a number of stations in same local area. LAN generally provides a high-speed 100 Kbps to 100 Mbps. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a larger network that usually spans several buildings in the same city or town. The IUB network is an example of a MAN. MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. Use may be guided or may be unguided media. This network shares the characteristics of packet broadcasting networks. A MAN is optimized for a large geographical area than LAN. WAN WAN stands for Wide Area Network. Used Unguided media
A communication network distinguished from a Local Area Network Its long distance communications, which may or may not be provided by public packet network PAN PAN Personal area networks The wearable and portable computer devices communicate with each other It covers limited area A wireless PAN consists of a dynamic group of less than 255 devices that communicate within about a 33-foot range
LAN & WLAN Differences Maintenance costs: Because it covers a relatively small geographical area, LAN is easier to maintain at relatively low costs. Maintaining WAN is difficult because of its wider geographical coverage and higher maintenance costs. Fault Tolerance: LANs tend to have less problems associated with them, as there are a smaller amount of systems to deal with.
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WANs tend to be less fault tolerant. as it consists of a large amount of systems there is a lower amount of fault tolerance. Example: Network in an organization can be a LAN Internet is the best example of a WAN Geographical spread: Have a small geographical range and do not need any leased telecommunication lines Have a large geographical range generally spreading across boundaries and need leased telecommunication lines Set-up costs: If there is a need to set-up a couple of extra devices on the network, it is not very expensive to do that In this case since networks in remote areas have to be connected hence the set-up costs are higher. However WANs using public networks can be setup very cheaply, just software (VPN etc) Ownership: Typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management over long distances Definition:
LAN (Local Area Network) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, schools, or group of buildings. WAN (Wide Area Network) is a computer network that covers a broad area (e.g., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries over a long distance Components: Layer 2 devices like switches, bridges. Layer1 devices like hubs , repeaters Layers 3 devices Routers and Multi-layer Switches and Technology specific devices like ATM or Frame-relay Switches etc Data transmission Error: Experiences fewer data transmission errors Experiences more data transmission errors as compared to LAN Data transfer rates: LANs have a high data transfer rate WANs have a lower data transfer rate as compared to LANs Technology: Tend to use certain connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and Token Ring WANs tend to use technology like MPLS, ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for connectivity over the longer distances
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Connection:
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One LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites Speed: High speed (1000mbps) Less speed (150mbps)
Differences for all the Network Connections:
Personal Area Networks are a bit different than WANs and WLANs in one important aspect. In the WAN and WLAN cases, networks are set up first, which devices then use. In the Personal Area Network case, there is no independent pre-existing network. The participating devices establish an ad-hoc network when they are within range, and the network is dissolved when the devices pass out of range. If you ever use Infrared (IR) to exchange data between laptops, you will be doing something similar. This idea of wireless devices discovering each other is a very important one, and appears in many guises in the evolving wireless world.
LAN refers to a wired network while WLAN is used to refer to a wireless network.LAN is commonly used in fixed networks while WLAN is common in areas where computers are moved quite often. WLAN is more convenient to users compared to LAN.LAN is much faster compared
to WLAN.LAN is more secure compared to WLAN.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) falls in between the LAN and WAN. It therefore increases the efficiency of handling data while at the same time saves the cost attached to establish a wide area network. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) offers centralized management of data. It enables you to connect many fast LANs together. The goal of MAN is to develop a communication link between two independent LAN nodes. A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is usually established using optical fiber.
The initial cost of implementing any SAN (Storage Area Network)disaster recovery system can be huge, but its higher efficiency and quick results would cover the cost in no time. San uses very protective disk applications in order to make sure that that the data does not corrupt. The network of the DAN (Desk Area Network) is really complex but one can make use of ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) in order to simplify its working. The network interface of this network is simple and easy to operate once developed.
San allows the sharing of storage devices, and releases the user from the hassle of carrying physical cables and other storage devices. Servers can boot from SAN (Storage Area Network) on their own. This allows the replacement server to make use of the logical number unit of the defective layer. SAN (Storage Area Network) was initially really expensive that even major multinationals were afraid of employing it.
CAN (Campus Area Network) area is no doubt larger than a local area network but it is still smaller then a wide area network. These networks are designed for the particular place that hits the highest point level.
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Wireless Technology Broadcasting
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Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via any audio visual medium. Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset thereof. It has been used for purposes of private recreation, non-commercial exchange of messages, experimentation, self-training, and emergency communication such as amateur (ham) radio and amateur television (ATV) in addition to commercial purposes like popular radio or TV stations with advertisements.
Economic Models Economically there are a few ways in which stations are able to broadcast continually. Each differs in the method by which stations are funded: in-kind donations of time and skills by volunteers (common with community radio broadcasters) direct government payments or operation of public broadcasters indirect government payments, such as radio and television licenses grants from foundations or business entities selling advertising or sponsorships public subscription or membership
Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these business models. For example, National Public
Radio (NPR), a non-commercial educational (NCE) public radio media organization within the U.S., receives grants from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) (which, in turn, receives funding from the U.S. government), by public membership and by selling "extended credits" to corporations.
Underwriting spots vs. commercials In contrast with commercial broadcasting, NPR does not carry traditional radio commercials or television commercial. It offers major donors brief statements that are called underwriting spots and unlike commercials, are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to the truth-inadvertising laws; they cannot advocate a product or contain any "call to action" Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts The first regular television broadcasts began in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as "recorded" or "live". The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying slow-motion and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However, some live events like sports television can include some of the aspects including slowmotion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the live television telecast. American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone (See: Effects of time on North American broadcasting). This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German dirigible airship Hindenburg disaster at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. During World War II, prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS programs were recorded for playback by Armed Forces Radio radio stations around the world.
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A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may know the outcome of an event from another source, which may be a "spoiler". In addition, prerecording prevents live radio announcers from deviating from an officially approved script, as occurred with propaganda broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with Radio Moscow in the 1980s. Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often "recorded live" (sometimes called "live-to-tape"). This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio concert performance. Similar situations have occurred in television production ("The Cosby Show is recorded in front of a live television studio audience") and news broadcasting. A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the radio studio at a single station or television station, it is simply sent through the studio/transmitter link to the transmitter and thence from the television antenna located on the radio masts and towers out to the world. Programming may also come through a communications satellite, played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may simulcast the same programming at the same time, originally via microwave link, now usually by satellite. Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as magnetic tape, compact disc (CD), DVD, and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when electronic news gathering (ENG) returns a story to the station for inclusion on a news programme. The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a radio station or television station to an antenna and radio receiver, or may
come through cable television [1] or cable radio (or "wireless cable") via the station or directly from a network. The Internet may also bring either internet radio or streaming media television to the recipient, especially with multicasting allowing the signal and bandwidth to be shared. The term "broadcast network" is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over-the-air television signals that can be received using a tuner (television) inside a television set with a television antenna from so-called networks that are broadcast only via cable television (cablecast) or satellite television that uses a dish antenna. The term "broadcast television" can refer to the television programs of such networks.
Social Impact The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. As with all technological endeavors, a number of technical terms and slang have developed. A list of these terms can be found at List of broadcasting terms. Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having a cable converter box with decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels, pay-tv and payper-view services. In his essay, John Durham Peters wrote that communication is a tool used for dissemination. Durham stated, "Dissemination is a lens- sometimes a usefully distorting one- that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, and space and timeon the agenda of any future communication theory in general" (Durham, 211). Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large audience without the exchange of dialogue in between. There's chance for the message to be tweaked or corrupted once the main source releases it. There is really no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message.
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They can choose to listen, analyze, or simply ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting. Broadcasting focuses on getting one message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Durham also states that broadcasting is used to address an open ended destination (Durham, 212). There are many forms of broadcast, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target audience. Broadcasting can arrange audiences into entire assemblies (Durham, 213). In terms of media broadcasting, a radio show can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day to specifically listen to that specific disc jockey. The disc jockey follows the script for his or her radio show and just talks into the microphone. He or she does not expect immediate feedback from any listeners. The message is broadcast across airwaves throughout the community, but there the listeners cannot always respond immediately, especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time.
Wi- Fi It's hard to believe nowadays, but in a simpler time, cellphones really were called "cell phones," not dumbphones, smartphones, feature phones, or superphones. They bulged in your pocket -- if they fit in your pocket at all, that is -- and they made calls. That's it. None of this social networking, messaging, browsing, Instagramming, Flash 10.1 nonsense. They didn't upload 5 megapixel photos to Flickr, and they most certainly didn't turn into wireless hotspots. Of course, those bleak days are mercifully behind us now -- but as carriers around the world start to light up a promising new generation of high-speed wireless networks, things are beginning to
get a little confusing. Just what is "4G," anyway? It's one higher than 3G, sure, but does that necessarily mean it's better? Why are all four national carriers in the US suddenly calling their networks 4G? Is it all the same thing? Answering those questions requires that we take a take a little walk through wireless past, present, and future... but we think it's a walk you'll enjoy. First things first: "G" stands for "generation," so when you hear someone refer to a "4G network," that means they're talking about a wireless network based on fourth-generation technology. And actually, it's the definition of a "generation" in this context that has us in this whole pickle in the first place; it's the reason why there's so much confusion. But more on that in a bit -- first, let's take a trip down memory lane into the primordial ooze that gave rise to the first generation way back in the day.
1G Our journey begins in the early 1980s with the introduction of several groundbreaking network technologies: AMPS in the US and a combination of TACS and NMT in Europe. The meanings of those acronyms are unimportant -- there won't be a quiz later. All you really need to know is that unlike earlier systems, these new standards were given enough spectrum for reasonably heavy use by subscribers, were fully automated on the carrier's end without requiring any human operator intervention, and used electronics that could be miniaturized enough to fit into smallish packages (think Motorola DynaTAC -- early prototype pictured right). Though there were several generations of mobile telephone services before these that date all the way back to the 1950s, the trifecta of AMPS, TACS, and NMT is commonly considered to be the first generation -- "1G," if you will -- because they made cellphones practical to the masses for the very first time. They were robust, reliable, and would eventually come to blanket the entirety of many industrialized nations
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS around the world.
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Thing is, no one was thinking about data services in the 1G days; these were purely analog systems that were conceived and designed for voice calls and very little else. Modems existed that could communicate over these networks -- some handsets even had them built-in -- but because analog cellular connections were susceptible to far more noise than conventional landlines, transfer speeds were ridiculously slow. And even if they'd been fast, it wouldn't have really mattered; per-minute rates on AMPS networks in the 80s made cellphones luxuries and Wall Street powerbroker business necessities, not must-haves for the everyman. Besides, the technology didn't exist for an awesome smartphone that could consume that much data anyhow. Oh, and YouTube had yet to be invented. The stars simply hadn't yet aligned.
2G The early nineties saw the rise of the first digital cellular networks, which had a number of obvious benefits over the analog networks they were supplanting: improved sound quality, better security, and higher total capacity, just to name a few biggies. GSM got off to an early start in Europe, while D-AMPS and an early version of Qualcomm's CDMA known as IS-95 took hold in the US. (You might remember D-AMPS better as "TDMA," though that's technically not descriptive enough -GSM also employs the TDMA multiplexing scheme, even though the two standards are incompatible.) No one disputes that these systems collectively represented the second generation of wireless networks -- they were authentically different and revolutionary. Furthermore, a solid decade had gone by at that point since the first 1G networks had gone live. This stuff was definitely borne of a new generation.
Still, these nascent 2G standards didn't have intrinsic, tightly-coupled support for data services woven into them. Many such networks supported text messaging, though, so that was a start -- and they also supported something called CSD, circuit-switched data. CSD allowed you to place a dialup data call digitally, so that the network's switching station was receiving actual ones and zeroes from you rather than the screech of an analog modem. Put simply, it meant that you could transfer data faster -- up to 14.4kbps, in fact, which made it about as fast as an early- to mid-nineties landline modem. At the end of the day, though, CSD was a hack -- a way to repurpose these voice-centric networks for data. You still had to place a "call" to connect, so the service wasn't always available. The experience was very similar to using a dial-up modem at home: either you were online, or you weren't. Services like push email and instant messaging to your phone were basically science fiction. Furthermore, because a CSD connection was a call, you were burning minutes to get connected -- and these technologies were in play at a time when monthly minute buckets on cellular plans were measured in the dozens, not the hundreds or thousands. Unless you had a company writing a check for your wireless bill every month, using CSD for anything more than an occasional novelty wasn't practical. 2.5 G The 4G identity crisis we're dealing with today really started well over a decade ago, around the time that standards bodies were hard at work finalizing 3G technologies. The General Packet Radio Service -- GPRS -- marked a watershed moment in cellular history when it was hammered out in 1997, because it offered a bolt-on for GSM networks that permitted "always-on" data services. No more dial-up CSD silliness -- as long as your account and phone were appropriately
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configured, you could seamlessly use data whenever and however you needed it. For all practical purposes, your handset was permanently connected to the internet. It was also much faster than anything CSD could offer: over 100kbps in theory (though we don't recall ever getting anything much above 40kbps in practice during the service's heyday). GPRS also marked one of the first times that operators could effectively bill by the kilobyte, rather than by the minute. Kind of a good news / bad news situation there, we suppose. Needless to say, GPRS was a big deal -- especially since it came right at the time when people started really checking their email accounts incessantly. In fact, it was transformational. AT&T Wireless, Cingular, and VoiceStream (which would later become T-Mobile USA) all deployed the service, as did virtually every GSM operator in the world. It didn't earn the right to add a generational notch, though. You see, by the time GPRS was on the market, the UN's International Telecommunications Union had already put together its IMT-2000 standard, an official list of specifications that a "true" 3G technology would have to meet. Most importantly, IMT-2000 required stationary speeds of 2Mbps and mobile speeds of 384kbps -- benchmarks that GPRS couldn't meet even on its best day. And that's the story of how GPRS got stuck as a tweener: better than 2G, not good enough to be 3G. It was important enough so that it might have earned the right to be called 3G had the ITU not already drawn the line, but that's how the cookie crumbles. Turns out it would just be the first of many, many generational schisms over the next decade.
3G, 3.5G, 3.75G... oh, and 2.75G, too In addition to the aforementioned speed requirements, the ITU's official 3G specification also
called out that compatible technologies should offer smooth migration paths from 2G networks. To that end, a standard called UMTS rose to the top as the 3G choice for GSM operators, and CDMA2000 came about as the backward-compatible successor to IS-95. Following the precedent set by GPRS, CDMA2000 offered CDMA networks an "always-on" data connection in the form of a technology called 1xRTT. Here's where it gets a little confusing: even though CDMA2000 on the whole is officially a 3G standard, 1xRTT is only slightly faster than GPRS in real-world use -- 100kbps or so -- and therefore is usually lumped in with GPRS as a 2.5G standard. Fortunately, CDMA2000 also defined the more advanced 1xEV-DO protocol, and that's where the real 3G money was at, topping out at around 2.5Mbps. The first CDMA2000 and UMTS networks launched between 2001 and 2003, but that wasn't to say that manufacturers and standards organizations were standing still with the 2G technology path, either. EDGE -- Enhanced Data-rates for GSM Evolution -- was conceived as an easy way for operators of GSM networks to squeeze some extra juice out of their 2.5G rigs without investing serious money on UMTS hardware upgrades and spectrum. With an EDGE-compatible phone, you could get speeds over double what you got on GPRS; not bad at the time. Many European operators didn't bother with EDGE, having already committed to going big with UMTS, but Cingular -- likely looking to buy itself time -- jumped at the opportunity and became the first network to roll it out in 2003. So where would EDGE fit, then? Depends who you ask. It's not as fast as UMTS or EV-DO, so you might say it's not 3G. But it's clearly faster than GPRS, which means it should be better than 2.5G, right? Indeed, many folks would call EDGE a 2.75G technology, eliciting sighs from fraction-haters everywhere. The ITU doesn't help matters, officially referring to EDGE as an ITU-
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS 2000 Narrowband technology -- basically, a 2G standard capable of eking 3G-esque speeds.
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As the decade rolled on, CDMA2000 networks would get a nifty software upgrade to EV-DO Revision A, offering slightly faster downlink speeds and significantly faster uplink speeds -- the original specification (called EV-DO Revision 0) only allowed for uploads of about 150kbps, impractical for the rampant picture and video sharing we're all doing with our phones and laptops these days. Revision A can do about ten times that. Can't very well lump an upgrade that big in with 3G, can you? 3.5G it is, then! Ditto for UMTS: HSDPA would add significantly faster downlink speeds, and HSUPA would do the same for the uplink. Further refinements to UMTS would produce HSPA+, dual-carrier HSPA+, and HSPA+ Evolution, ranging in theoretical speeds from 14Mbps all the way past a mind-boggling 600Mbps. So, what's the deal? Is it safe to say we've hit a new generation yet, or is this just 3.75G the same way that EDGE was 2.75G?
Lies, damn lies, and 4G Just as it did with the 3G standard -- IMT-2000 -- the ITU has taken ownership of 4G, bundling it into a specification known as IMT-Advanced. It's no slouch, either: the document calls for 4G technologies to deliver downlink speeds of 1Gbps when stationary and 100Mbps when mobile, roughly 500-fold and 250-fold improvements over IMT-2000, respectively. Those are truly wild speeds that would easily outstrip the average DSL or cable broadband connection, which is why the FCC has been so insistent that wireless technology plays a key role in getting broadband data to rural areas -- it's more cost-effective to plant a single 4G tower that can cover several dozen miles than it is to blanket farmland with fiber optics.
Unfortunately, those specs are so aggressive that no commercialized standard in the world currently meets them. Historically, WiMAX and Long-Term Evolution (LTE), the standard generally accepted to succeed both CDMA2000 and GSM, have been thought of as "4G technologies," but that's only partially true: they both make use of a newer, extremely efficient multiplexing scheme called orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA, as opposed to the older CDMA or TDMA we've been using for the past twenty years) and they both lack a dedicated voice network -- 100 percent of their spectrum is used for data services, which means that voice calls would be treated as VoIP (not unlike Skype or Vonage). Considering how heavily data-centric our mobile society has become, that's a good thing. Where WiMAX and LTE fall short, though, is in raw speed. The former tops out at around 40Mbps and the latter around 100Mbps theoretical, while practical, real-world speeds on commercial networks so far have tended to range between around 4Mbps and 30Mbps -- well short of IMT-Advanced's lofty (and, arguably, most important) goal. Updates to these standards -WiMAX 2 and LTE-Advanced, respectively -- promise to do the job, but neither has been finalized yet... and production networks that make use of them are still years away. That said, you could still easily argue that the original WiMAX and LTE standards are authentically different enough from the classically-defined 3G standards to call them a true generational upgrade -- and indeed, most (if not all) of the carriers around the world that have deployed them have referred to them as "4G." It's an obvious marketing advantage for them, and the ITU -- for all the good it's trying to do -- has no jurisdiction to stop it. Both technologies (LTE in particular) will be deployed to many, many more carriers around the globe over the next several years, and the use of the "4G" moniker is only going to grow. It can't be stopped.
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The story's not over, though. T-Mobile USA, which has no publicly-announced plans to upgrade its HSPA network to LTE any time soon, decided late last year to start branding its HSPA+ upgrade as "4G," too. In principle, the move makes some sense: the 3G technology path will ultimately scale to speeds well beyond what mere LTE can achieve today, eventually coming within spitting distance of IMT-Advanced. There are many markets where T-Mobile's 21Mbps HSPA+ network is faster than Sprint's WiMAX network. And neither Sprint, Verizon, nor MetroPCS -- the three American carriers with live WiMAX / LTE networks -- are offering VoIP yet; they're still falling back on their 3G airwaves for voice, and will continue to do so for some time. Furthermore, T-Mobile will upgrade to 42Mbps this year, still without touching LTE! Arguably, it was T-Mobile's move that really sparked a fundamental rethinking of what "4G" means to the phone-buying public. AT&T, which is in the process of upgrading to HSPA+ and will start offering LTE in some markets later this year, is calling both of these networks 4G -- and naturally, neither Sprint nor Verizon have even thought about backing down on their end. All four US national carriers seem entrenched at this point, having successfully stolen the 4G label from the ITU -- they've taken it, run with it, and reshaped it.
Wrap up So where does this all leave us? In short, carriers seem to have won this battle: the ITU recently backed down, saying that the term 4G "may also be applied to the forerunners of these technologies, LTE and WiMAX, and to other evolved 3G technologies providing a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed." And in a way, we think that's fair -- no one would argue that the so-called "4G" network of today resembles the 3G network of 2001. We can stream extremely high-quality
video, upload huge files in the blink of an eye, and given the right circumstances even use some of these networks as DSL replacements. Sounds like a generational leap to us. Whether WiMAX 2 and LTE-Advanced will ultimately be called "4G" by the time they're available is unclear, but our guess is that they won't -- the experience you'll have on those networks will be vastly different than the 4G of today. And let's be honest: the world's marketing departments have no shortage of Gs at their disposal.
History Cell phones have evolved immensely since 1983, both in design and function. From the Motorola DynaTAC, that power symbol that Michael Douglas wielded so forcefully in the movie Wall Street, to the iPhone 3G, which can take a picture, play a video, or run one of the thousands applications available from the Apple Store. There are thousands of models of cell phones that have hit the streets between 1983 and now. Weve picked a few of the more popular and unusual ones to take you through the history of this device that most of us consider a part of our everyday lives. Mobile phones are just now beginning to be as vital to North Americans as they have been to Asians. You can always see what is coming to store shelves in the next six months to a year by looking at the models that are currently available in Japan. North America also had a spotty 3G network that has only really been revamped recently in order to deal with increasing demands for faster loading speeds from mobile customers, whereas Asia and most of Europe have had proper 3G networks in place for some time. This has led to a revolution in 3G phones from 2007 until now, with more due to come out in 2013. The list does not include any phones that were not portable handhelds. Car phones and some handhelds that were the size of a small briefcase were in use in the 1970s and 1980s, but since this is more about design than function we chose not to
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS include them here.
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Wireless services started with a blueprint that relied on cellular technology. Cellular's name connotes that each geographic region of coverage is broken up into cells. Within each of these cells is both a radio transmitter as well as control equipment. The first cellular services, which operate at 800 MHz, used analog signals. Analog sends signals using a continuous stream or wave. When a cellular phone customer turns on his phone, a signal is sent that identifies him as a customer, makes sure he is a paying customer, then searches out a free channel to fit his call. PCS, or personal communications services which operates at 1900 MHz, on the other hand, followed years later. New entrants into the wireless market chose digital technology instead of analog. These companies saw the promise in building out PCS (personal communications services) systems based on digital, and hope to benefit from continued growth. Unlike analog which sends signals using a continuous stream, digital technology works by sampling pieces of the wave, chopping it up and then sending it in bursts of data. Digital technology basically encodes the voice into bit streams. It is this delivery that makes digital more suitable to carry data, say fans of the technology, not to mention more secure. Other benefits of digital include better usage of "bandwidth," or the power of the frequency, and a less chance of a corrupted call. One of digital's drawbacks, however is its host of different technologies. There are three digital wireless technologies: CDMA (code-division multiple access), TDMA (time-division multiple access), and GSM (global system for mobile communication), so phones that work with one technology may not necessarily work on another network that supports another technology. Drawbacks aside, digital is shaping up to be the technology of the future. If customers switch in their landline phones
for one phone--their wireless phone--it will most likely be based on digital technology. This phenomenon, called wireless local loop--or using wireless as one would use a fixed phone--is especially taking off internationally where telephone infrastructure is scarce and very expensive to install. Wireless phones are the quick and easy way for a wireless operator to get phones and phone services out to customers. And with the tidal wave of new data applications being designed and implemented for digital networks, digital looks like the next-generation technology title winner.
What is Wireless Phone (Cell Phone)? In a nutshell, a cell phone is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does this by connecting to a cellular network that is provided by a mobile network operator. The calls are to and from the public telephone network, which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones across the world. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station, typically inside a house. In addition to telephony, modern cell / mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, Internet access, email, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.
Early Pioneers of the Cell Phone The history of the cell phone can initially be traced back to 1843 when Michael Faraday began his research into whether space could conduct electricity or not. In 1865, a dentist from Virginia, Dr Mahlon Loomis was perhaps the first person to transmit a message without the use of a wire. He claimed to have managed to transmit a telegraphic message within a distance of 14 miles, although there were no independent witnesses available to verify the claim. Later, in 1900, inventor Reginald Fessenden carried out the what was possibly the first radio transmissions of voice and
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS music.
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By 1930, telephone customers in the United States could place a call to a passenger on a liner in the Atlantic Ocean. Air time charges were extremely high though: in 1930, the cost was $7/minute, which would equate to about $92.50/minute in 2011!
It was not, however, until the 1940s that technology started to progress sufficiently to enable
advances that have led to the cell / mobile phone we have today. Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered "Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1950s. Early devices were very bulky though and consumed a lot of power and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of cell phones for voice and data communications. It was not until 1973 that the first handset was made by a team led by Dr Martin Cooper - a former
general manager of Motorola's Systems Division. Dr Martin Cooper was the first person to talk through a cell phone when Motorola installed a base station to handle the first public demonstration of a phone call over the cellular network. Within a few years, testing of cell phones had begun using volunteers in the United States and later in Japan. By 1988 the cellular technology industry was starting to take shape and to lay down the goals for the future of the cell phone industry.
Cell Phone Use in 2011 Here are a few facts and figures to demostrate how, in the space of a few years, the cell phone has become such a big part of our lives:
In 2011 there were 5.3 billion mobile subscribers (that's 77 percent of the world's population). Growth is led by China and India.
In 2009, half a billion people accessed the mobile Internet worldwide. Usage is expected to double within five years as mobile overtakes the PC as the most popular way to get on the Web.
Many mobile Web users rarely, or never, use a desktop, laptop or tablet to access the Web. Even in the US, 25 percent of mobile Web users are mobile-only. By 2011, over 85 percent of new handsets are able to access the mobile Web.
WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Conclusion Todays Cell-phone Invention:
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April 2012: Chip Shortage for Smartphones: In April 2012, Qualcomm - the world's best-selling mobile phone chipmaker - warned that it cannot meet demand for its Snapdragon S4 processors. The company said that the third-party factories that manufacture the "28 nanometre" chips would not be able to create enough supply until the end of 2012. The shortage will impact android and Windows-based phone makers who had planned to use the chips.
April 2012: First Intel-Powered Smartphone Launched: April 2012 sees the release of the first Intel-powered smartphone. The phone, called the Lava XOLO X900, runs Google's Android operating system and will go on sale in India on 23 April priced at about 22,000 rupees ($500). Lava has teamed up with Indian retail chain Croma to distribute the device across the country.
April 2012: Push for Roll-Out of 4G Data Services in the UK: Mobile network Everything Everywhere is urging business leaders and consumer champions across the United Kingdom to join 4GBritain - a campaign calling on the UK's Conservative government "to do whatever is necessary to move forward" with the roll-out of 4G data services.
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References:
http://www.cities.lyon.fr/en/wi-man.html http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wireless-network1.htm http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/technology-explained-wide-area-network-wan-tutorial/ http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/lanvlanwan/g/bldef_wan.htm http://www.daintree.net/wireless-lighting-control/what-is-wireless-mesh-network.php`

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Contents

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Applications of Wireless technology Mobile telephones

CDMA and GPRS, to 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000.

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Wireless Networks:

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Infrared Data Association

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS up to 1000 feet in open spaces. Router:

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Management

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Mobile devices networks Mobile telecommunications

An Ethernet hub A firewall

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Wireless can be divided into:

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Wireless Network Connections

Types of Network Connections

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

Wireless - Local Area Network

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Connection:

Differences for all the Network Connections:

to WLAN.LAN is more secure compared to WLAN.

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Wireless Technology Broadcasting

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS around the world.

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS include them here.

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS music.

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS Conclusion Todays Cell-phone Invention:

WIRELESS TELE COMMUNICATIONS

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