FREQDOMAINANALYSISOFLTISYSTEM

FOURIERREPRESENTATIONOFSIGNALS
Signalsarelinearcombinationof
complexsinusoids.

Complexsinusoidsappliedtoan
LTIsystem,givescomplexsinusoids
asoutputwithmodificationin
amplitudeandphase.

LTIsystemspreservethe
frequenciesbutchangetheir
amplitudeandphase.
Thestudyofsignalsandsystems
usingsinusoidalrepresentationis
calledFourieranalysis.

FourFourierrepresentationas
pertimepropertiesoffourclassesof
signalsareasunder

TimePeriodicnonperiodic
Property
ContinuousFSFT
(t)

DiscreteDTFSDTFT
[n]
COMPLEXSINUSOIDSAND
FREQUENCYRESPONSEOFLTI
SYSTEMS

Likeimpulseresponseintime
domaintheresponseofLTI
systemtosinusoidalinputleads
toacharacterizationofsystem
behaviorintermsoffreq
response.

Letx[n]=
jun
betheinput
andh[n]betheimpulseresponse
ofthesystem,thentheoutput
y[n]ofthesystemwillbe

x[n]=
jun
y[n]

Y[n]=

k=-

=
ju(n-k)

k=-

=
jun -juk

k=-

=H(
ju
)
jun

Where,
H(
ju
)=
-juk

k=-
isnota
functionoftimenbutisa
functionoffreqandistermed
asfreqresponseofdiscretetime
LTIsystematfreq.
h[n]

Asimilarresultisobtainedfor
continuoustimesystem,inwhich
h(t)istheimpulseresponseand
x(t)=
jmt
istheinput,then

Y(t)=h(t)*x(t)

Y(t)=
jm(t-z)

-
d
=
jmt -jmz

-
d
=
jmt
H(j)
Where,H(j)=
-jmz

-
d

H(j)iscalledthefreqresponseof
thecontinuoustimesystematfreqw.

Eigenfuctionsandeigenvalues
Complexsinusoid
jmt
isan
eigenfunctionoftheLTIsystem
andH(j)istheeigenvalue.

InasystemifH{ (t)}= (t)

then (t)istheeigenfunctionand
istheeigenvalueofthesystem

Signalswhichcanbe
representedasalinear
combinationofeigenfunctions
playanimportantroleinLTI
systemsanalysis.

Byrepresentingarbitrary
signalsasweightedsuperposition
ofeigenfunctions,wetransform
theoperationofconvolutionto
multiplication.

x(t)=
k
M
k = 1
jw
k
t

y(t)=
k k
M
k = 1
jw
k
t

Theinputisaweighted
sumofMcomplexsinusoids
withtheinputweights
k
modifiedbythesystems
freqresponse
k

FOURIERSERIES
PERIODICSIGNALS

9 Aperiodicsigcanberepresented
asaweightedsuperpositionof
complexsinusoids.

9 Thecommontimeperiodofall
complexsinusoidsisthesameas
thatofthesig.
Theperiodicsigthushasa
fundamentalfreqandharmonics
withrespectiveweights.

DISCRETETIMEFOURIERSERIE

9 Ifx[n]hasfundamentalperiodN
thenx[n]=
jku

n
k

Where

=
2a
N
isthefundamental
freqofx[n]

9 Asinusoidwhosefreqisan
integermultipleofafundamental
freqistheharmonicofthatfreq.
Thus
jku

n
isthe
th
harmonic
of
ju

n
.

9 Recallthatcomplexsinusoids
withdistinctfreqarenotalways
distinctindiscretetimeasidentical
sigsappearwhichareinteger
multipleof2apart.
9 Thecomplexsinusoid
jku

n
are
Nperiodicinthefreqindexk.
9 HencethereareonlyNdistinct
complexsinusoidsofthe
form
jku

n

9 AuniquesetofNdistinctcomplex
sinusoidsisobtainedbylettingthe
freqindexkvaryfromk=0to
k=N .
Thusx[n]=
N-1
k=
jku

n
.
9 Incontrasttodiscretetimesigthe
conttimecomplexsinusoids
jkm

withdistinctfreq

arealways
distinct,hencethereareinfinite
numberoftermsintheFourier
series.

FormulaeDiscreteTime

X[n]=
N-1
k=
jku

Where

=2/N
TheformulaisusedtofindIDTFS
andiscalledthesynthesis
equation.

X[k]=1/N
N-1
n=
-jku

Where,X[k]aretheDTFS
coefficientsofthesigx[n].The
formulaisusedtofindDTFSi.e
thespectralinfoofx[n],andis
calledtheAnalysisequation.
fromNvaluesofX[k],x[n]is
constructedandfromNvaluesof
x[n],wecanfindX[k].

X[k]isthefreqdomain
representationofx[n]because
eachcoefficientisassociatedwith
acomplexsinusoidofadifferent
freq.

FormulaeContinuoustime

X(t)=

k=-
jkm

where

and2/

isthe
fundamentalTimeofsigx(t)
Synthesis
ICTFS
Where
x[k]=1/T
-jkm

t
T

iscalledtheCTFSortheCTFS
analysisequationwhichgives
thespectralinfoaboutthesig
x(t).