Differentiate artificial intelligence and mis?

Artificial intelligence The ability of a computer or other machine to perform those activities that are normally thought to require intelligence. Artificial intelligence would not need any sleep. This would be an advantage because it would not be interrupted from its tasks for sleep, as well as other issues that plague biological minds like restroom breaks and eating. Unemotional consideration of problems. While an artificial mind could theoretically have emotions, it would be better for performance if it were programmed for unemotional reasoning. When people make decisions, sometimes those decisions are based on emotion rather than logic. This is not always the best way to make decisions. artificial intelligence is impossible because a human must program a computer for it to do the commands APPLICATIONS of AI o game playing eg. chess, speech recognition, understanding natural language, computer vision, expert systems(branch of AI) o games playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms) natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimulie

MIS(Management information system) A management information system (MIS) provides information that is needed to manage organizations efficiently and effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources: people, technology, and information or decision making. Management information systems are distinct from other information systems in that they are used to analyze operational activities in the organization. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. decision support systems, expert systems, and executive information systems.

Different types of MIS are Transaction-Processing Systems Decision support systems (DSS) Executive information systems (EIS) Marketing information systems are MIS Office automation systems (OAS) School management information systems Differentiate between information and knowledge? Information: "Information" is "raw", i.e. un-acted upon by any receiver; Information consists of facts and data organized to describe a particular situation or condition. "Information is not knowledge until and unless it is applied effectively."

Knowledge: "Knowledge" is information acted upon cognitively, i.e. transformed into some conceptual framework and hence manipulable and usable for other cognitive uses; Knowledge is anything that can be known or believed about a real or hypothetical world. "Knowledge consists of facts, truths, and beliefs, perspectives and concepts, judgments and expectations, methodologies and know-how. Knowledge is accumulated and integrated and held over time to handle specific situations and challenges. Example: To illustrate, a customer contacts his/her broker to conduct a transaction and the distinctions between information and knowledge for this interchange are:

Customer: "I have an account with you, its number is 4567. What is my balance?"

-- this is INFORMATION The customer representative (CR) possesses KNOWLEDGE on: How to operate her worksation, how to talk to customer,

how to verify that caller is authorized person, how to interpret customer request, how to interpret account data, how to explain it to customer -This is knowledge Information Tangible - informs humans Processing changes representation Physical objects Context independent Entity Easily transferable Reproducible at low cost Knowledge Human process - thinking/awarenesses Processing changes consciousness Mental objects Context affects meaning Awareness and intuition Transfer requires learning Not identically reproducible

Inmon definition of data warehousing? Bill Inmon's paradigm: Data warehouse is one part of the overall business intelligence system. An enterprise has one data warehouse, and data marts source their information from the data warehouse. In the data warehouse, information is stored in 3rd normal form. Different people have different definitions for a data warehouse. The most popular definition came from Bill Inmon, who provided the following: A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant and non-volatile collection of data in support of management's decision making process. Subject-Oriented: A data warehouse can be used to analyze a particular subject area. For example, "sales" can be a particular subject. Integrated: A data warehouse integrates data from multiple data sources. For example, source A and source B may have different ways of identifying a product, but in a data warehouse, there will be only a single way of identifying a product. Time-Variant: Historical data is kept in a data warehouse. For example, one can retrieve data from 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, or even older data from a data warehouse. This contrasts with a transactions system, where often only the most recent data is kept. For example, a transaction system may hold the most recent address of a customer, where a data warehouse can hold all addresses associated with a customer. Non-volatile: Once data is in the data warehouse, it will not change. So, historical data in a data warehouse should never be altered

Types of meta-data in data warehouse? Classification of metadata types

1.Data acquisition 2.data storage 3.information delivery Data acquisition: data extraction data transformation data cleansing data integration data staging

Data storage data loading data archiving data management

Information delivery Report generation query processing

complex analysis

Objective of data mining and characteristics?

There are various steps that are involved in mining data as shown in the picture. 1. Data Integration: First of all the data are collected and integrated from all the different sources. 2. Data Selection: We may not all the data we have collected in the first step. So in this step we select only those data which we think useful for data mining. 3. Data Cleaning: The data we have collected are not clean and may contain errors, missing values, noisy or inconsistent data. So we need to apply different techniques to get rid of such anomalies. 4. Data Transformation: The data even after cleaning are not ready for mining as we need to transform them into forms appropriate for mining. The techniques used to accomplish this are smoothing, aggregation, normalization etc. 5. Data Mining: Now we are ready to apply data mining techniques on the data to discover the interesting patterns. Techniques like clustering and association analysis are among the many different techniques used for data mining. 6. Pattern Evaluation and Knowledge Presentation: This step involves visualization, transformation, removing redundant patterns etc from the patterns we generated. 7. Decisions / Use of Discovered Knowledge: This step helps user to make use of the knowledge acquired to take better decisions.

Characteristics of a data mining system??

Large quantities of data The volume of data so great it has to be analyzed by automated techniques e.g. satellite information, credit card transactions etc. Noisy, incomplete data Imprecise data is the characteristic of all data collection. Complex data structure conventional statistical analysis not possible Heterogeneous data stored in legacy systems

Mechanism of knowledge engineering>?? KE is an engineering discipline that involves integrating knowledge into computer systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise. Various activities of KE specific for the development of a knowledge-based system: Assessment of the problem Development of a knowledge-based system shell/structure Acquisition and structuring of the related information, knowledge and specific preferences (IPK model) Implementation of the structured knowledge into knowledge bases Testing and validation of the inserted knowledge Integration and maintenance of the system

Revision and evaluation of the system.Web2.0

Web 2.0 is a loosely defined intersection of web application features that facilitate participatory information sharing, interoperability, user-cantered design,[1] and

collaboration on the World Wide Web. A Web 2.0 site allows users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators (prosumers) of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to websites where users (consumers) are limited to the passive viewing of content that was created for them.

 Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites, blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, hosted services, web applications, mashups and folksonomies. The client-side/web browser technologies used in Web 2.0 development are Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax), Adobe Flash and the Adobe Flex framework, and JavaScript/Ajax frameworks such as YUI Library, Dojo Toolkit, MooTools, jQuery and Prototype JavaScript Framework. Ajax programming uses JavaScript to upload and download new data from the web server without undergoing a full page reload. Web 2.0 can be described in 3 parts, which are as follows: 1. Rich Internet application (RIA) defines the experience brought from desktop to browser whether it is from a graphical point of view or usability point of view. Some buzzwords related to RIA are Ajax and Flash. 2. Web-oriented architecture (WOA) is a key piece in Web 2.0, which defines how Web 2.0 applications expose their functionality so that other applications can leverage and integrate the functionality providing a set of much richer applications (Examples are: Feeds, RSS, Web Services, Mash-ups) 3. Social Web defines how Web 2.0 tends to interact much more with the end user and make the end-user an integral part. Web 2.0 websites include the following features and techniques: Andrew McAfee used the acronym SLATES to refer to them: ODD 11. characteristics of BI? Align With Strategy Drive Value Ensure Accountability

Can Be Easily Executed Maintain Quality and Consistency Manage Interdependencies

12 characteristics of data warehousing?

There are four key characteristics which separate the data warehouse from other major operational systems: 1. 2. 3. 4. Subject Orientation: Data organized by subject Integration: Consistency of defining parameters Non-volatility: Stable data storage medium Time-variance: Timeliness of data and access terms

Need for data mining?? Data mining consists of five major elements:

Extract, transform, and load transaction data onto the data warehouse system. Store and manage the data in a multidimensional database system. Provide data access to business analysts and information technology professionals. Analyze the data by application software. Present the data in a useful format, such as a graph or table.

And also 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Market segmentation Customer churn Fraud detection Direct marketing Interactive marketing Market basket analysis Trend analysis -

COMPONENTS OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM? An expert system has 3 components:

The Knowledge Base - Where the information is stored in the expert system in the form of facts and rules (basically a series of IF statements). This is where the programmer writes the code for the expert system.

The User Interface - Where the user interacts with the expert system. In other words where questions are asked, and advice is produced. As well as the advice that is output, the user interface can output the justification features of an expert system. This is either How justification - where the system justifies its reasoning for providing a piece of advice or Why justification - where the system justifies why a particular question is being asked. Justification allows the user piece of mind about why a question is asked or a piece of advice is provided, and can increase their confidence in taking such advice. It also makes it easier for the programmer of the system to ensure that it works correctly as it will flag up areas where the expert system provides advice that is not intended by the programmer. Inference Engine - This applies the facts to the rules and determines the questions to be asked of the user in the user interface and in which order to ask them. This is the 'invisible' part of the expert system, which is active during a consultaion of the system (when the user chooses to run the program).