Subject: stoichiometry and process application Prepared by: Dr Rashmi

BASICS OF CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Calculate the number of atoms in one cubic centimetre of gold. The density of gold is 19.32 g/cm3 and the atomic mass of gold is 197 g /mol.

Solution The number of entities (e.g. atoms, molecules, ions, particles etc.) in one mole of a substance is given by Avogadros number : N = n NA Where. n = quantity of substance [mol] NA = Avogadros number; NA = 6,0231023 [mol-1] N = number of entities [-] The atomic or molecular mass expresses the mass of one mole of atoms or molecules, respectively. m=nM m = mass of substance [g] n = quantity of substance [mol] A/M = atomic/molecular mass [g/mol] The relationship between the mass and the volume is given by the density of substance:

= density [g/cm3] m= mass of substance [g] V = volume of substance [cm3] Now the number of atoms of gold in one cubic centimeter is:

N = 5.91022 atoms

Subject: stoichiometry and process application Prepared by: Dr Rashmi

COMPOSITION OF SUBSTANCE AND MIXTURE (MASS PERCENT CALCULATIONS)

2. Calculate the content (mass %) of ZnSO4 ( M = 161.5 g/mol ) in ZnSO47H2O ( M = 287.6 g/mol ). Solution Content of an element or a compound (A) in a mixture (substance AB) is defined as:

One mole of heptahydrate weighs 287.6 g. This amount of heptahydrate contains one mole of zinc sulphate which weighs 161.5 g. The mass percent of ZnSO4 is then:

The content of ZnSO4 in ZnSO47H2O is 56.2%. 3. A mixture contains 78% of apatite ( 3Ca3(PO4)2CaF2 , M = 1007.4 g/mol ), the rest of the mixture does not contain phosphorus. Calculate the content (mass %) of phosphorus ( A = 31.0 g/mol ) in this mixture.

Solution We choose basis of the mixture, e.g., 1 kg. This amount contains only 78% of phosphorous substance (apatite):

Subject: stoichiometry and process application Prepared by: Dr Rashmi One mole of apatite contains 6 moles of phosphorus and the mass percent of phosphorus in apatite is:

The mass percent of phosphorus in the mixture is then

The mixture contains 14.4% of phosphorus.

4.

A mixture of NaOH ( M = 40.0 g/mol ) and KOH ( M = 56.1 g/mol ) contains 56 % of NaOH. Calculate the content of both components in the mixture in mol %.

Solution Composition in mole percent is defined as:

Conversion of mass percent to mole percent for two-component mixture is as follows:

Using eq. 8 we can calculate mol% of both KOH and NaOH:

Subject: stoichiometry and process application Prepared by: Dr Rashmi

5. How many grams of NH4Cl are there in 5 mol? Solution Molar mass of NH4Cl (M) = 14+4+35.5 = 53.5 g nNH4Cl = 5 mol of NH4Cl = 553.5 = 267.5 g NH4Cl

6. A saturated solution of salisilic acid in methanol contains 64 kg salicylic acid per 100 kg methanol at 25C (298.15K). find (a) mass % and (b) mol% composition of the solution. Solution Basis: 100 kg methanol Solution contains 64 kg salicylic acid Total mass of solution = m = 100+64= 164 kg Mass % salicylic acid = (64/164)100 = 39.02 Mass % methanol = 100-39.02 = 60.98 Molar mass methanol (CH3OH) , M1 = 32 Molar mass salicylic acid (HOC6H4COOH), M2 = 138 Moles of methanol, n1 = 100/32 = 3.125 kmol Moles of salicylic acid, n2 = 64/138 = 0.464 kmol Total amount, n = 3.125 + 0.464 = 3.589 kmol Mole % methanol = (3.125/3.589)100 = 87.07 Mole % salicylic acid = 100-87.07 = 12.93