Participation Part 1 MSDP 2012

MSDP
Participation
(Regional Development-Environment and Participation) Franz Brunner / Graz-Austria
April 19 21, 2012 Graz
Motto/Leading Idea of Participation and of our course

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad 2
Agenda
2012/04/19: Lecture Introduction, theory and history of participation, stages and models of participation; Excursion Landentwicklung Steiermark 2012/04/20: Excursion Umweltamt der Stadt Graz und Referat fr BrgerInnenbeteiligung der Stadt Graz; Lecture Beginning, succeeding and benefits of participation, fields of application and methods of participation 2012/04/21: Lecture and Excursion good practices (Graz, Austria, Serbia, Europe), Sonnenfelsplatz und Annenstrae); Instruction for Case Study (assessment)
These are Various Stages of Participation
Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad
Introduction1
Democracy
Aristotle (384-322 BC): democracy is rule by the many. The term comes from the Greek word demokratia and means rule of the people (5th-4th century BC) Equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy. Democracy is a government of, by and for people. Forms of democracy: Representative, parliamentary, presidential, constitutional, Participation is more direct (citizens participate in decision-making personally) and inclusive (more selfmanagement of people with a citizens-body) democracy, often called as parpolity (participapatory politics).
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Introduction 2
Participation is Democracy
Participation is a basic principle of democracy. Taking part in elections, referenda, official opinion polls and petitions are all forms of participation. They are all regulated by law (formal participation).
Introduction 3
Participation is Democracy
Today people are increasingly demanding and using ways of active participation in connection with projects and developments in the public sector, either as ordinary citizens or as representatives of an interest group (informal participation).
Introduction 4
Participation is Communication
An important pre-condition (key-factor) of participation is communication Communication means
Important is the right coding/ decoding (understanding and behaviour affecting)

Introduction 5
Participation is communication
Berlos (1960, based on Shannon & Weaver 1949) Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model

Introduction 6
UNO and EU and Participation

UN The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 21(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the governement of his country directly Council of Europe ECHR European Convention on Human Rights Article 10 Freedom of assembly and association EU White Paper European Governance 2001 3.1 Better involvement Democracy depends on people being able to take part in public debateregional and local democracy
Introduction 7
Definitions of Participation
Participation means helping to shape the future Participation is a pre-condition of sustainable development Participation is making better decisions Participation is realizing democracy in practice Participation is a bottom-up process Participation is an organized process for involving the public Participation is a continuum
Introduction 8
Participation is Power
Understanding of participation involves understanding of power: the ability of the different interest groups to achieve what thy want. Power will depend on who has information (and money). It will also depend on peoples confidence and skills. Many organisations are unwilling to allow people to participate because they fear loss of control and power.
Introduction 9
Participation needs Empowerment

Empowerment is increasing the spiritual, political, social and economic strength of individuals and communities the ability to learn skills for improving ones personal or group power having decision making power of their own the giving or delegation of power and authority
People need therefore help by experts, administration, politic,that means information, learnig, assistance and aid
Introduction 10
Participation is connected with

Communication Public information and public relations Visualizing Adult education and environmental education Lifelong learning Changing the behaviour of the citizens Political effectiveness Honory working Networking Working with press Local Agenda 21
Theory 1
Development of CitizensParticipation History 1

First Phase - 1960s: Citizens participation was seen poorly as the participation of the affected parties Second Phase 1970s: The right of the involvement of the affected parties was supplemented by popular participation. Information is directed to the whole population (e.g. community plans)
Theory 2
History 2
Third phase 1980s: Consultative participation; holding hearings, giving full access to information beyond the legally required minimum; activating and motivating people Fourth phase 1990s and later : Co-operation, joint consultation, using synergy effects. Involving citizens from start. New form of governance, third party within the political and administrative system, the public in the decision making process
Theory 3
History 3
Participation is deeply connected with Sustainable Development International agreements UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Rio 1992 (Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, Climate Convention,) European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns Aalborg 1994 (Aalborg Charta) Local Agenda 21 (LA 21) Aarhus Convention Aarhus 1998, in force 2001 (Regulation of access to information)
Theory 4
History 3
Aarhus Convention 3 pillars
1. Public access to information 2. Civic participation in certain decisions with environmental relevance 3. Acces to courts of law or tribunals
Theory 5
History 4
SDS Sustainable Development Strategies EU SDS Gothenburg 2001 / reviewed 2009 NSDS (e.g. Austria 2002/10 , Chapter 4 Communication and participation are core topics of SD
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Theory 6
History 5
Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (2007, 2009)
Code of Good Practice for Civil Participation in Decision Making Process

the essential contribution made by NGOsthey form a crucial component of participation in an open democratic society
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Theory 7
Levels
Four levels of participation/steps of political involvement from low to high in the Code of Good Practice:
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Information, Consultaion, Dialogue (Broad Collaboration), Partnership Agenda setting, Drafting, Decision taking, Implementation, Monitoring, Reformulation
With six different steps of political decision-making:
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Theory 8
Public Participation & Citizens Participation

Citizen Participation: Individuals and citizens initiatives (private participation) Organized Public: Lobbyists and common intersest groups Public Participation: Participation by individuals, citizens initiatives, lobbyists and common intersest groups
As far as possible any process of participation should be open to all stakeholders and everyone interested (wide public) Why not? Resulting group is to large and therefore ineffectively
Theory 9
Formal and Informal Participation

Formal processes are mandatory by legal regulations (law) Who, how far, structure, findings, power of the effected party, approval procedures (e.g.environmental impact assessment, zoning plans, land use plans,) Informal processes are not rigidly regulated, structured in various ways, voluntary results consist of recommendations for decision reaching
Theory 10
Mixed Processes
Formal Initial stage of environmental impact assessment Informal Environmental mediation Formal Environmental impact assessment restarts
Theory 11
Stages of Participation Participation Models

Sherry R. Arnstein (1969)/USA: A Ladder of Citizen Participation David Wilcox (1994)/GB: 10 Key Ideas of Participation Klaus Selle & Maria Lttringhaus (1996/2000)/D: Stages of Participation Kerstin Arbter et al. (2007)/A: Stages of Public Participation
Theory 12
Arnstein: Ladder of Citizen Participation
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Theory 13
Steps 1 and 2 of Arnsteins Ladder _ Nonparticipation Nonparticipation:

Manipulation(1) and Therapy(2) both are not participative, are curation, education, planned is achieving public support by public relations
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Theory 14
Steps 3, 4 and 5 of Arnsteins Ladder Tokenism

Tokenism:
Informing(3): legitimation of participation, one way flow, no feedback Consultation(4): also legitimation, meetings, public enquiries; just a window dressing ritual Placation(5): like cooperation with hand-picked worthies, planning ad infinitum by citizens but right to judge by power holders
Theory 15
Steps 6, 7 and 8 of Arnsteins Ladder Citizen

Citizen Power:
Partnership(6): Redistributing power through negotiations between citicens and power holders. Planning and decision-making are shared e.g. joint committees Delegated Power(7): citizens hold a majority with delegated power to make decisions Citizen Control(8): policy making and managing by citizens e.g. neighbourhood corporations with no intermediaries between it and the source of funds
Theory 16
Wilcox The Levels of Participation

Different levels are appropriate in different circumstances, one level underpins the other level
Information tell people what is planned Consultation offer a number of options and listen to feedback Deciding together provide additional ideas and options and join in deciding the best way forward Acting together Form a partnership to carry it out Supporting independent community initiatives - Help other to do what they want within a framework of grants, advice and support by the ressource holder
Theory 17
Selle & Lttringhaus Stages of Participation

Information: informing the people what is planned Participation: a kind of consultation with feedback Co-operation: acting together for decision finding Delegation of Decision: decision finding or making in a framework of grants supported by administration
Theory 18
Arbter et al. Stages of Public Participation
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Theory-practice 1
Phases of Participation the Process

Participation is a process with four main phases
Initiation: the need to involve people and what are the reasonsto give them a say Preparation: Thinking through the process, contacts, agreeing an approach Participation: Using participation methods for decision-making Continuation: What happens is depending on the level of participation, reaching a higher level,selfrunning process
Theory-Practice 2
Guidelines to Participation
Anyone can take the initiative Stakeholders
Ordinary Citizens problems in their living area (e.g.noise abatement mesures along a road) Environmental organisations (organised public) campaining for preservation of a special ( e.g. amenity) area Administrators/Planners for gaining a broadly based decision by various stakeholders (e.g. land using plan) Local politicans for long term developing the community (e.g Local Agenda 21) Entrepreneurs expanding a production facility to get an agreement with the affected people
Theory-Practice 3
Stakeholders & Phases
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Theory-Practice 4
Levels of Applying
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Theory-Practice 5
How Public Participation Begins

Gather and spread Information Find out whether the conditions necessary for a formal participation process are fullfilled Weight the possible benefits of an informal participation process Develop ideas for a sequence of events in the participation process Clarify the possible forms of a participation process with other stakeholders, politicians and administration
Theory-Practice 6
Get and Spread Information

Gather full details of the circumstances of the conflict, about stakeholders and their ideas and suggestions. What are they concerned about. Look at media, internet, and meet local affected people, make inquiries at Citizens Guidance Bureau, Local Council, As citizien or lobbyist look for alliance, supporters for a campaign, make the issue public,organize meetings, visualize the goals, As an applicant for a project, politican or administrator communicate information obout the project actively to the public. Present both, the advantages or benefits and the drawbacks and risks,
Theory-Practice 7
Find out Conditions for a Formal Participation

If a matter of concern or a project is brought before the authorities, they will check whether public participation is mandatory, e.g. in an environmental audit, in strategic environmental assessment, in land use planning, As a lobbyist or representative of a common interest or ordinary citizen, find out when you can intervene and in what form, and watch out for deadlines. You can inquire about this at your local council offices,at the authority concerned or at the regional environmental ombudsmans office
Theory-Practice 8
Weigh out the Possible Benefits of Informal Participation

Consider what informal forms of participation are adequate for reaching the goal, e.g. sustainable development and better involving citizens, Think about what a suitable process for your particular issue might look like Post your ideas to other involved, convince that your aims make sense, think about the benefits for other stakeholder ( e.g. for politicians, administrators,), about opportunities and risks Get useful tips and information from professional facilitators
Theory-Practice 9
Identification of Possible Forms of Participation with Other Stakeholders, Politicians, Administration,

As citizen or lobbyist get in touch with administration, politicians and find out whether they would support this participation process; present your approach and highlight the benefits, especially that a large number of citizens support the process Discuss the plan, the running and make a clear arrangement about who takes care of what, with whom, by when Agree coordination of process and how it will be financed Agree the basis approach to participation process with the other involved
Theory-Practice 10
How Public Participation Successds

Clarify aims and assignments Invite all stakeholders to take part Allow sufficient time and money Make it clear how much influence the participants have and what will be done with the results Tie the process in with existing decisions procedures Make shure that information reaches whoever needs it
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Theory-Practice 11
Clarify Aims and Assignments
It must be clear to everyone involved what the aim of the participation process is and what the actual assignment is. Spotlight the importance and how did people get involved If decisions have already been taken it is important that everyone involoved is aware which issues are to be discussed and which are not!
Theory-Practice 12
Invite All Stakeholders to Take Part

The participation process should bee open to all (interested and affected, organized or as a single person). It is important for invitations to go out to all groups of stakeholders. Look out for women and men, youngsters and oldies, immigrants, Collaboration rules for the process are needed how to treat one another and how to handle information Taking part is voluntary but a structured and long time collaboration is beneficial
Theory-Practice 13
Allow Sufficient Time and Money

The participation process needs time! (time schedule): taking part in events and meetings, studying documents, aquiring information, organizing meetings (avoid time pressure) Persons who take part in their spare time ought to receive a token appreciaten of their involvement (awards, public honours, mediapresence,) Make shure the necessary cash; expenses depend on the selected method; find quotations from possible partners or who personal benefits. But ensure the idependence of the process
Theory-Practice 14
Clearing the Influence of Participants and Doing with Results
All those take part must be aware from beginning how much influence they have and how and who takes what decision; what say they have It must be also clear what will happen with the results, how binding they are and how they will be incorporated in subsequent formal decision structures. Are they a recommendation for a decision in the local council or are they embodied in a private agreement
Theory-Practice 15
Tie the Process in with Existing Decision Procedures

For most tasks in the public sphere formal statutory decision procedures exist, e.g. for an authority approving industrial plant. Informal participation processes are not regulated in this way, and the results thus generally count only as recommenditions. Public support can give the results more weight. In most cases no legal right exists for the results to be incorporated in actual decision. Therefore it is important for informal participation to be tied into the formal decision procedure. Ideally the politcians/administrators should agree to accept the results of the informal participation process. A commitment contributes to the success of process.
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Theory-Practice 16
Make Shure that Information Reaches Whoever Needs it

Ensure that the participation process proceedings reach all involved, affected and interested in time importance of public relations, press conferences, Proper documentation of process in form of reports, minutes of meetings, photos etc. makes the result intelligible even to people not involved and facilitates argumentation vis-a-vis politicians who you want to decide to implement the results of the completed process.
Theory-Practice 17
Benefits of Public Participation

Public participation can benefit everyone involved. They all gain from p.p., because...
Exchanging perspectives and tackling issues together make it possible to reconcile diverging interests Innovative ideas and new solutions to the problem on hand are born Willingness to engage in dialoge and find a consensus improves relations with the others taking part Personal relationship can be established, facilitating future contacts From the arguments and perspectives provided by others everyone can fill gaps in their knowledge Multiplied knowledge is a better basis for decisions Peoples competence in negotiating is improved for the future Each individual can gain recognition and sympathy
Theory-Practice 18
Benefits of Public Participation

As a decision-maker in politics you can benefit further from a participation process, because
Communication and the exchange of information with ordinary citizens and lobbyists are improved You promote a culture of collaboration and dialogue, thus strengthening democracy You obtain a clearer picture of the interests and needs of population You can reduce the pressure of expectations and the amount of backstairs intrigue You can integrate fringe-groups You can strenghten peoples confidence in political decision-making Participatory political decisions have more authority You can improve your image by getting closer to citizens You can get more of the local people to identify with community
Theory-Practice 19
Future Perspectives
From private intersts to the public interest One learns to understand other peoples standpoints by discussion. Individual demands and special interests can be merged into a harmonious whole of service to everyone. This process can give birth to a network of personal relationships that permanently reinforce the social fabric of neighbourhood or a community, too.
Theory-Practice 20
Future Perspectives
Small units and the global perspective Participation starts small-scale, in peoples immediate surroundings, in a neighbourhood, in the community. Here the individuals can detect what effect their own acticities have. People are more likely to want to participate. Small units are strengthened, without the overall perspective being lost. This acts as a counterweight to seemingly ineluctable progress of globalization
Theory-Practice 21
Future Perspectives
From administering to sharing in decisions The goal is to construct a mutually supportive partnership in which politicians, administrators, ordinary citizens and lobbyists from business and NGOs collaborate and everyone benefits. For this we need administrators with a new attitude towards the general public. What also needs to be clarified: how elected bodies such as the local council and the general public should collaborate. The responsibilities of elected representatives are not watered down, they remain the decision-makers. Participation is a way of improving both the quality of decisions and peoples willingness to accept them. The political process should be structured in a dialogue with the affected, so that projects worked out together are implemented.
Practice 1
Fields of Application of Participation

Transport and mobility (mobile communities, motorways,) Waste management (strategic environmental assessment, waste incineration,) Water management (sustainabler iver landscape, returning in natural state,) Energy supply (hydro-power-station, energy concept,) Tourism and leisure (tourism strategy, golf-course project,) Community work (integration concept for migrants, conflicts between residents and night owls, taverns or sport activities, skating,) Regional / Urban / Community development (regional economy, Local Agenda 21, Land use plan, employment plan,) Political / social development (youth declaration, migrants integration,) Conservation / renovating housing (Natura 2000 area, biodiversity, or improving the surrounding of redidential areas,) Design and use of open space (arranging a park, redesigning a street, shared space,)
Practice 2
Methodes of Participation
There are numerous methods available for conducting public participation An appropriate method can contribute significally to: Conducting participation process in a structured and efficient way, Making them interesting and avoiding monotony, Tracking down new solutions off the beaten track
Practice 3
Methods of Information
Notice board Local newspaper Public relations Mailing Public meeting Community meeting Citizen panel Opportunity to inspect official documents plans, minutes, concepts,
Practice 3
Methods of Consultation
Activating Opinion Survey

In an activating opinion survey ordinary citizens are asked about their views and attitudes; at the same time they are encouraged to stand up for their interests and to join in working out improvements to the area where they live
Suitable for: investigating the interests and needs of people living in a particular area; promoting the selfdetermined involvements of ordinary citizens Sequence: Questionnaire, Trained interviewers interview citizens, analysis, action-group forming Duration: 1 day to some weeks Numbers involved: also large groups
Practice 4
Activating Opinion Survey
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Practice 5
Citizen Panel
A citizen panel provides a way of informing those interested and/or affected about a project and of discussing the various aspects of the project in public Suitable for: informing the public about a project or plan at community level if it is intended to gather points of view and suggestions from ordinary citizens Sequence: information about the project/plan to public; discussion, possibly small working group Duration: max. 1 day Numbers involved: also large groups
Practice 6
Citizen Panel
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Practice 7
Internet Forum
Internet fora are one-line discussion platforms which offer ordinary citizens a way of expressing views on and discussing a particular issue with others Suitable for: as an additional channel of information and communication forcitizens, with no restriction on time or place; sounding out public opinion on a particular question Sequence: set up a forum, users input their views online and can comment on contributions of others Duration: for a longer run Numbers involved: large groups
Practice 8
Internet Forum
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Practice 9
Methods of Consultation (Decision-Influencing)
World Cafe
World cafe is a creative process for facilitating collaborative dialogue and the sharing of knowledge and ideas to greate a living network of conversation and action. In this process acafe-ambiance is created, in which participants discuss aquestion or issue in small groups. Groups are changing, the main ideas are summarised
Suitable for: an authentic dialogue and collecting ideas and knowledge transfer; not suitable for detailed planning Sequence: namethe cafe and the questions, explain the logistics of the cafe, tablehosts and guests, encourage everyone to participate,make shure that insights are recorded visually and presented Duration: 2-6 hours Numbers involved: up to ten large groups
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Practice 10
World Cafe
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Practice 11
Methods of Consultaion / Decision Influencing

In a consensus conference mixed composition groups of selected citizens work out an answer to a politically or socially controversal question in direct dialogue with experts
Suitable for: handling explosive issues, where interested non experts are supported by experts. Sounding out public opinion on a particular question Sequence: 10-30 interested citizens are selcted, thy familiarize themselves with the issue; a 3 days conference with expert input follows a detailed report where consnsus is reached and presented to politicians Duration: 3 days Numbers involved: citizens, experts, politicians, administrators
Consensus Conference
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Practice 12
Consensus Conference
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Practice 13
Decision Influencing
Citizen Jury
In a citizen jury unorganized citizens selected at random draw up a citizens assessment in responses to a specific question, based on their own experience and knowledge. In specialized areas they receive assistance from experts
Suitable for: planning assignments, overall concepts (local, regional); where it is important, that as many segments of population as possible are represented; where stakeholders everyday experience and experts knowledge are needed Sequence: around 25 citizens are selected and disengaged from their routine; detailed informed, talking to stakeholders, specialists and authorities, written results (citizens assessment) go to politicians Duration: 3 days week Number involved: middle and large groups
Practice 14
Citizen Jury
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Practice 15
Decision Influencing
Future Workshop
In a future workshop the participants are stimulated by an atmosphere designed to promote creativity, so as to develop imaginative unconventional solutions to current problems
Suitable for: where visions are to be developed, e.g. in producing mission statements, development scenarios, projects to shape the future, Sequence: Criticism phase (problem analyzing), fantasy phase (developing (utopian) ideas), Back to reality phase (Investigates how these suggestions can be made for implementation) Duration: 1-2 days Numbers involved: max. 30 persons
Practice 16
Future Workshop
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Phases of Practice 1
Protest-Demonstration-Formation Involved PeopleCivil Society
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Phases of Practice 2
Information-Consultation-Decision Making
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Good Practicies 1
Local Agenda 21
What is Local Agenda 21?

Local Agenda is an international sustainable planning process that provides an opportunity to local governments to work with their communities to create a sustainable future.
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Good Practicies 2
Local Agenda 21
Where does Local Agenda comming from?
Chapter 28 of Agenda 21 notes the pivotal role of local government in fullfilling the objectives of sustainable development: Because so many of the problems and solutions beeing adressed by Agenda 21 have their roots in local activities, the participation and cooperation of local authorities will be a determining factor in fullfilling its objectives (Agenda 21, Chapter 28.1).
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Good Practicies 3
Local Agenda 21
The guiding principles of Local Agenda 21
A continuing process
Integration
Local solutions to global problems

A community partnership
Good Practicies 4
Local Agenda 21
Community partnership Participation: Part 1
There are a number of important reasons to ensure broad community participation in issue analysis and priority setting Experience has shown that without the early envolvement of the local community in planning, support for the resulting action recommendations is weak.
Participation helps local residents to learn about and

contribute to the management of their own communities.
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Good Practicies 5
Local Agenda 21
Community partnership Participation: Part 2 Participation assists in the identification of indigenous solutions which may be the most immediate and effective way to adress a problem.
Experience has shown that problem - ranking is

as strongly influenced by peoples perception as by hard scientific data. Priority setting should favour both.
Good Practicies 6
Local Agenda 21
Steps involved in developing Local Agenda 21
GETTING STARTED Make a commitment at a policy and budgetary level to undertake a LA 21 program.
Create a climate of support and awareness of what LA

21 is about.
Set in place the decision making structure and

processes to facilitate the program with full community participation.
Good Practicies 7
Local Agenda 21
SETTING PRIORITIES
Jointly define (Council and community) a vision of what
sustainability will mean to the area in the long term and what priority issues need to be addressed to achieve the vision.
Assess what the council and community are already doing or need
to do to address these issues.
Preparing Local Agenda 21 Policies and action plans:

Draft policy statements, management plans and action plans, which are integrated with the Councils corporate and strategic planning process and linked with other community environmental initiatives.
Good Practicies 8
Local Agenda 21
IMPLEMENTATION Build on existing initiatives.
Establish systems to ensure that the plan is

implemented, for example environmental management systems.
Set up and continue partnerships to maintain

the program in the long term.
Good Practicies 9
Local Agenda 21
EVALUATION Evaluation Reporting an Review Mechanisms
Set in place mechanisms and systems that ensure a long term commitment to the monitoring, review and evaluation of the LA 21 program
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Good Practices 10
Local Agenda 21
LA 21 Community Aflenz/Austria-Styria
Realized Projects: Reinvention of traditional festivities Neigbourhood Aid Sommerkindergarden Local farmers market Senior care home Grants for the local economy Drinking water fountain - Novi Sad Brunner - Participation
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Good Practicies 11
Citizen Jury Obere Neutorgasse Graz/Austria

Start: 2002 / 2003 Jan. 30 Feb. 2 and Feb. 6 8 Involved: 65 citizens & 16 experts Object area: Obere Neutorgasse Inner city one way road Questions: Traffic, pedestrian zone, parking area, public space design, green zones, Initiator/Client: City of Graz Moderation: Forum b (Germany) Realized: 2004/05
Good Practicies 12
Citizen Jury Obere Neutorgasse Graz/Austria
Results
River Mur balcony Fountain sculpture New paving Plaza design in front of church Street crossing construction Benches on green area Pavement cafe Visualisation oft the entrance area
Good Practices 13
Citizen Jury Obere Neutorgasse Graz Austria
The results
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Good Practice 14
Consensus Conference Zeit fr Graz (Time for Graz)
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Good Practice 15
Time for Graz

Start: 2006 Circumstances: Prevention of migration in surrounding districts and communities through enhancement of quality of life Client: City of Graz: Involved: All 17 urban districts direct as participants nearly 1300 citizens Object area: The whole city 17 districts Moderation/Organisation: Private consulter from Austria and Switzerland (Ecos) Evaluation and Scientific steering: University of Graz Questions and aims: drafted by involved people, like traffic, environment, river Mur, migration-integration, land use planning, bicycle routes, youth, Methods: Planning workshops & Consensus Conferences Results: 10 consensus papers and an action program Realized 2010: 20 projects; traffic calming , Annenstrae, brochure for migrants,
Good Practice 16
More Time for Graz Citizen Participation Advisory Borad
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Good Practices 17
History of Participation in Graz

1970: Protest against motorway through the city (Eggenberg) petition from 37.000 inhabitants (Citizens Initiative)demission of the mayor 1973: Department of Citizen Participation / Citizens Initiatives 1975: Plebiscitenew planning (tunnel) 1980s: 213 citizen Initiatives 1990s: about 100 more basic democratic elements 2000s: top down and bottom up planning new local governance 2003: Citizens Jury 2007: Consensus Conference Zeit fr Graz 2009: Citizen Partcipation Advisory Borad 2010: 76 ; 45 active groups 2012: Development of guidlines for citizens participation
Good Practices 18
Various Examples (A, D)

Local Agenda 21 Graz (koprofit, G.O.A.L) Local Agenda 21 Vienna / Alsergrund Local Agenda 21 Ingolstadt (Bavaria/Germany) Regional Cluster Hartberg/Styria/A Waste Management Plan Vienna Development Concept Mll Valley/Carinthia/A
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Good Practicies 20
Shared Space Sonnenfelsplatz (Graz)
Method: Charette
2009 - 2011
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Good Practicies 21
Annenstrae Annenviertel (Graz)
Various levels and methods ! 1996, 2009-2012
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Good practicies 23
Examples from Serbia

Papers/Case Studies - Public Participation Local Agenda 21 Novi Sad (Marko Reba & Eleonora Kokai-Zivanov 2011 Youth participation Conf. Youth for Sustainable Development (Vesna Petrovic & Zorica Slijepcevic 2011; Tanja Bozic 2011) Waste management lets clean up Serbia (Vesna Petrovic & Zorica Slijepcevic 2011)
Practical Exercises 1
Participation
Launching participation process Preparing participation process Implementing participation process Public relations in participation process
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World Cafe
Cafe Etiquette
Focus on what matters Contribute your thoughts Speak your mind on heart Listen to unterstand Link and connect ideas Listen together for insights and deeper questions Play, Doodle, Draw writing on the tablecloth sheets is encouraged Have fun
World Cafe
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Thank you for your attention !

fr.brunner@uni-graz.at
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MSDP

Motto/Leading Idea of Participation and of our course

These are Various Stages of Participation

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Important is the right coding/ decoding (understanding and behaviour affecting)

Berlos (1960, based on Shannon & Weaver 1949) Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model

UNO and EU and Participation

Participation needs Empowerment

Participation is connected with

Development of CitizensParticipation History 1

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Code of Good Practice for Civil Participation in Decision Making Process

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

With six different steps of political decision-making:

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Public Participation & Citizens Participation

Formal and Informal Participation

Stages of Participation Participation Models

Arnstein: Ladder of Citizen Participation

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Steps 1 and 2 of Arnsteins Ladder _ Nonparticipation Nonparticipation:

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Steps 3, 4 and 5 of Arnsteins Ladder Tokenism

Steps 6, 7 and 8 of Arnsteins Ladder Citizen

Wilcox The Levels of Participation

Selle & Lttringhaus Stages of Participation

Arbter et al. Stages of Public Participation

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Phases of Participation the Process

Stakeholders & Phases

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

How Public Participation Begins

Get and Spread Information

Find out Conditions for a Formal Participation

Weigh out the Possible Benefits of Informal Participation

Identification of Possible Forms of Participation with Other Stakeholders, Politicians, Administration,

How Public Participation Successds

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Clarify Aims and Assignments

Invite All Stakeholders to Take Part

Allow Sufficient Time and Money

Clearing the Influence of Participants and Doing with Results

Tie the Process in with Existing Decision Procedures

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Make Shure that Information Reaches Whoever Needs it

Benefits of Public Participation

Benefits of Public Participation

Fields of Application of Participation

Activating Opinion Survey

Activating Opinion Survey

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Methods of Consultation (Decision-Influencing)

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Methods of Consultaion / Decision Influencing

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad

Brunner - Participation - Novi Sad