of Format the presentation

by DavidAthersmith

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. Start with my work and interests- just a few photographs . The hazardsof petroleum/flammable substances . lntroduction HazardousArea to Classification ' Can you identifyhazards? . The importanceof Area Classification

Format Continued
. Safety distances . Whereare permit worksystems to in with essentiaf working flammabfe substances? . Permit works examples [frompetroleum controll . QandAsession

Theme
. How can safety be assured? ' Safetycultureengagesall membersof an enterprise . Does assurancstart with management and professionalism? . Responsibility can be a complicatedentity - some want it, some avoid it. With hazardousinstallations absoluteclarityis essential.

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Hazards petroleum of
. ' . . Characteristics Aviationkerosene- Jet A1 of Classification petroleumproducts Discussionon hazards

Characfensfibs:
. . ' . . . . . Specific gravrtyof liquid Vapour density comparedto air Boilingpoint Vapour pressure Freezingpoint Flashpoint Lorr flammablelimit Auto ignitiontemperature
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. ln the context of today's subject what do you think are the mostimpoftant characteristics?

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. . . . . .

Petroleum classesare determined

by FlashPoint[P ClassificationJ
>21 Deg C Class | Class ll (f ) 21 to 55 * Class ll (2) >55 to 100 Class lll (1) * Class lll (2) Unclassified > 100

. So......which characteristicftpetroleum of productfthat is in liquidformaLgmbient temperaturel youthinkdeterpines do its flammability? o

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. * As Class 1 if held above flash point

Explosive Limits
. Theseare also knownas Flammable Limits . Thereie a rangefor eachproduct comprising Lowerand Upper the Flammable Limits [LFLandUFL] . The LFLforjet fuelis 48 gm percubic metre[b also48 millegramsper litre]ot air

Why are explosivelimitsimportant?

. We mustavoidexplosive atnospheres . 1o/o LFL is a limitation tank entry oR of for conditione hotuork . Butit is nottheonlylimitation... ......if thereis low LELbut thercis fuelpresent thereis sf/ an explosive hazad - see fhe next slide

Introductionto Area Classification..., ..r

. lf a fuel is heatedabove its flash point it will presentthe same explosivehazardas does petrof . lt is thereforeessentialto avoid introducingheat and sourcesof ignitionto fuels, e.g. by welding on a tank or containerthat containsfuel residues or enclosedpocketsof fuel
. Thn slrdeGptacstie "oldoil sncFq/e i,nk"pictumusedrn tie pe,sentation

' . . . ,

Why area clesslfication? An airfieldexample The importanceof Area Classification Approachesto arca classlficatlon Who ls rcsponsiblefor arca classification? . Continuityof compliancewith the DangercusSubstanceExploeive AtmospheresRegulations IDSEARI

Why Area Classification?

. To helpto prevent Firesand Explosions occurring . DSEAR Regulation 5: . employers mustconsider riskscaused the by the release dangerous of substances intotheworking environment

Whenconsidering risks employers should include:

. Unavoidable releases . lntentional releases . Foreseeable releases

Employers must:
. ldentify possible all ignition in sources wheredangerous areas substances are present . Assesswhereignilionsources have potential causefire, explosion to or chemical decomposition whichcould adversely affectthe safetyof people

must Employers afso... .

. Introdu@ measures prevent to those ignition sources occuringwherethey couldcauseharmto peopleand ensure thattheydo not comeintocontactwith dangerous substances explosive or atmospheres

Please see it you can identifyany potential sourcesof release and , any possible/potential ignition sources
. An airfield ... example... .

The importance area of classification. ..

. lt is the foundation for safe opention of potentially hazardous arcaa . enablEsDSEARcompllance to be achieved ' Under classiftcation pub people and facilities at risk . Over classification spends money on unneceasaryequipment, inspectione, maintenance and prooess downtime

Areaclassification explosive for atmospheres consisting a mixture of with air of dangerous substances the in form of gas vapouror mist. . Zorte atmospherepresent 0is continuousry, bng perbdsor @uenfy br . Zone - atmospherelikely occur 1 is to occaslonally . T'olne- atmospherenotlkelyto occur is 2 in nonnal openatlon if it dos, will hrt" persist a shortperbdonly for

Practice be challenging..... can

. Therecan be pressures overclassify to through insufficient an understanding of the consequences doingso - for of generic example, non-specific classification, rather thana bespoke technically basedapproach . But,a failure classify potentially to a explosive atmosphere be fatalto can people the enterprise and . . . . ,

Theapproaches Area to Classification

Introduction Classification directexample by Individual PointSources Influence ventilation of Riskbasedapproach

- Energy Introduction Institute

Publications
- Model code of safe practicefor the petroleum industry: Part 15 3rd Edition: CODE FOR AREA CLASSIFICATION HANDLING INSTALLATIONS FLAIUTABLEFLUIDS - Calculations in Support of lP 15: Nov 2001 - A RISK BASED APPROACHTO AREA CLASSIFICATIONNov. 1998 :

Classification direct by example

. Glassification solutionsare coveredin lP 15 for many commonoperations: . Bottomloadingof a petroltankeris shown as an example

.. Bottom Loading...
s . . .. ,
t;

The methodology to : is
. Thistopicis covered lP 15 Chapter in 5 radiifor pointsource andgivestypical releases using dispersion calculation methods
. ldentiff point sources . Determinethe grade of releaseand fluid category . Establishzone classification . Determinehazard radius . Determinethe hazardousarea

Grade of release
Continuous over1000Hrs/year Primary 10 to 1000Hrs/year Secondary below10 Hrslyear

FluidCategories

liquidthat forms a Flammable Flammabfeliquid,not Cat. A, at a temperaturefor boilingon release Flammableliquid,not Cat. A or B, above its flash point, or in

Influenceof Ventilation :
Oategory
G(i) G(ii)

BriefDascription rich Methane naturalgas Refinery hydrogen

. Ventilation be designed difute can to a potential release a flammable of suchthatthe Zonethatwould substance is be assigned withoutventilation, reduced

Riskbasedapproach
. Thisdoesnot applyto continuous or primary releases areassigned Zone0 that or Zone1

Riskbasedapproach
. lt applies Zone2 andenables extent to the of the Zone2 hazardous areato be outsideof calculated of [sources ignition the hazardous area,couldthenbe albwedJ . lt is the riskto individuals is assessed that andso the timepeople spendin the hazardous areais a factor

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include Factors
. Riskto individual 1.OE&ear an for of plantuorker[based 10olo onshore on of Risk to the tndividual figureas reported industryl applyin the offshore . Probabilityof lgnition at the Zone2 boundary . The Exposureof the workerto potential sources release of

frequency Release
. The riskbasedapproach allowsa checkto be madeon a chartof: . ignitlon probabilrtyat the Zone 2 boundaryagainst: . the Probabilityof Exposureof a person

Area Classification
. Tablesof HazardRadiifor various pointsource releases are equipment available. . Fromthisthe HazardRadiusdatacan be usedb definethe extentof the Zone2 area. . Who is responsibfe? . The"employer' responsible DSEAR for is ' ls the co-ordination design of and operationalfactors way to discharge the the responsibifities? . Can you helpthe responsibbpeson to his/her responsibilities? discharge full

Howis DSEAR compliance assured?

. . . . Engineeredarea classification Equipmentselection Equipmentinspectionand maintenance Reviewof area classification, have processes and/or operations changed? . Have DSEAR risk assessments been completed? ' Othelwise, how can w1B assur explosive safety?

to \Mreremightwe needpermit worksystems?

. For wotks on installafrbnswhere flammable goods arc processed or stored

of Whatarethe essentials the system:

. Management system . Competentpersonnel operating the system . Clear understanding responsibilities of

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Potol&ilt

Yellow BookSystem
. The managerresponsible a facilityis for not expectedto be a petroleumworks safety expert hence the need for: . PermitOfficerswho are trained in the hazardsof petroleumand who are selectedfor aptitudeand works experience

Yellowbook:
. Permitofficersknown as AuthorisedPersons technicians appointed tAPl- are experienced after petroleum training . Thev are selectedbv Authorisinq Enqineers Engin-eers]who IAEI usuallyProfessional inefiior,auciit and supporta n-umber AP's bf . AE's are assessedby a senior personfor for suitability the role,who also provides mentoring, supportand audit

YellowBookSystem:
. Consider impactof the work activityon other the processes activities discussion operations, or in with the AP ' The managerthen formallyauthorises the for work.....seeNotification List... ' The AP prepares work permits the . The Personin Chargeof the works receives the permitand complies with the requirements . Clear'end of permitactions"are implemented

Permit Example
' The permitexampleis the "Hazardous Area Permif of the yellowbook . The work controlled throughthis permitis nonhazardous maintenance work in the hazardous area.The work is underpermitcontrolto ensure that ignitionsourcesare not introduced and that actionsto releaseflammable substiances are prevented[See PDF aftachment] . A moredetailedpermitis used for "hazardous worksin hazardous areas"this is calleda Restricted Area Permit

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