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ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY TO THE SERVICE OF THE NATION

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INTRODUCTION

Technology, simply defined as knowledge pertaining to the production of goods and services, is now generally accepted as being crucial to the development of any nation. Electronics and telecommunications technology is central to the discussion in this lecture. It is concerned with the design, fabrication, and applications of electronic devices on the one hand and the development and usage of equipment, systems, and techniques for electrical conversion, processing and transmission of information on the other. This inaugural lecture highlights the lecturers modest but significant contributions to the field of electronics and telecommunications technology over the past three decades as the roles of Electronics and Telecommunications technology in national development are discussed. These contributions essentially and expectedly involve educational training for human-capacity development, research and development, and rendering of engineering professional services. In discussing the roles of technology in national development, issues on technological capability and economic competitiveness are usually raised and addressed. As a result, this lecture examines Nigerias capability in electronics and telecommunications technology as well as assesses the competitiveness of the country in the manufacture of electronics and telecommunications goods and services. It is said (Halty-Carrere, 1979; Dahlman, 1990) that the three principal agents of technological development are government, industry, and educational/research institutions. Based on this concept, governments main role is to formulate policy and strategy for promotion of technological development while educational/research institutions are to generate scientific and technological knowledge, which is to be applied by industry to produce goods and services. Consequently, the examination of Nigerias capability in electronics and telecommunications technology in this lecture begins with a review of the countrys industrial policies on electronics and telecommunications. This review is

followed by a discussion of Nigerian electronics and telecommunications industrial sectors manufacturing activities and its significance to the national economy. Because modern technology involves the application of scientific knowledge, any discussion of a countrys technological capability would also naturally include an examination of the quality of university and polytechnic education in the country. This lecture therefore examines the performance of the nations polytechnics and colleges of technology in the field of electronics and telecommunications technology. Also examined are the impacts of these institutions on the industrial sector of the economy. The above presentations are followed by a discussion of the roles of electronics and telecommunications technology in national development that involves an examination of the real and perceived contributions of key areas of electronics and telecommunications, as presented in the open literature. Against the backdrop of the above discussions, the lecture in the concluding sections suggests strategic actions that Nigeria may adapt to harnessing the potentials of electronics and telecommunications technology for national development. 2. NIGERIAS POLICY ON ELECTRONICS

The lecturer in the last two decades devoted a lot of his time to the study of government policies on Electronics and Telecommunications technology (Olubajo, 1987, 1996 and 2008) and participated in two nationwide surveys of the electronics sector of the Nigerian manufacturing industry (RMRDC Industrial Surveys, 1996 and 2006). The outcomes and recommendations of these studies/surveys form the basis of the discussions in this and the next two sections. Electronics technology as indicated in the preceding section is concerned with the design, fabrication, and applications of electronic devices. The first generation of electronic devices referred to as vacuum-tube devices or valves include the triode, which was invented in 1904 by Fleming. Because of the limitations experienced with the applications of vacuum-tube components, Brattain, Bardeen, and Shockley spearheaded the development of semiconductor devices, which, it can be said, has led to the information revolution that the world is currently experiencing.

Electronic devices are used in the production of electronic circuits, which are employed as key components in the manufacture of all types of electronic products including consumer electronic products, communications equipment, control systems and computers, to mention but a few. Though the advent of electronics technology is relatively recent, important developments in this area are many and varied to the extent that the developed countries now regard electronics technology as crucial to their future socio-economic development. Accordingly, they have initiated numerous programmes involving the expenditure of huge sums of money for its development in their respective countries (Dahlman, 1990). The principal rationale for government involvement in the development of electronics is that electronics is a key input into many other areas of economic activity and therefore has the potential for spurring economic progress across a broad front. It is also considered to be a strategic input in advanced defense, and in a broad sense, a base for national economic strength and international competitiveness. The importance attached to electronics technology by the developed countries attracted the attention of some researchers in the early 1980s. Of particular interest are the works of researchers who investigated its nature and effects (Jacobsson and Sigurdson, 1983). Though these studies were limited to the experiences of the developed countries, they revealed, among other things, the potential manufacturing applications of electronics technology. These applications were such that some development experts believe their realization by the developed countries would enhance significantly their international competitiveness and worsen the already unequal world economic order (Hoffman, 1985). In order to prevent the latter, some international development agencies, particularly the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), sponsored a number of programmes meant to sensitise the developing countries about the then emerging scenario, urging them to also regard electronics technology as strategic to their development efforts and, to formulate long-term and elaborate policies and strategy for its development in their respective countries. The main areas of the technology currently engaging the attention of the developed countries are:

Microelectronics Software engineering Computers Telecommunications Optoelectronics (Fiber Optics) Information processing Computer integrated manufacturing

Developments in the areas listed above constitute the much talked about state-of-the-art of electronics technology. It would appear that it was in response to the afore-mentioned sensitisation from the international development agencies that Nigeria came to recognize the electronics industry as a strategic industry (Nigerian Government, Federal Ministry of Industries, 1980). A study of Nigerian government policy on electronics technology (Olubajo, 1987) indicates that it entails essentially the use of industrial incentives involving tax holidays, protective tariff regimes, import licenses for inputs and production equipment, etc. to promote the development of the electronics industry with investments in the sector left essentially to the private sector of the economy. In addition to controlling and regulating the industrial environment, government has also been involved in the establishment of educational and research infrastructure for the training of the required manpower for the sector and for conducting research and development in electronics technology. However, the weak link that exists between the educational/research institutions and the electronics industrial sector has meant that the former play only a marginal role in the technological development of the electronics industrial sector. More details about the performance of the educational/research institutions will be provided later in the lecture. 3. NIGERIAS TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY

Telecommunications technology involves the development and usage of techniques for electrical conversion, processing, and transmission of information. Telecommunications plants, which constitute a major category of products manufactured by the electronics industry, are used by the telecommunications industry to provide telecommunications

services such as voice, data, and video communications. Nigerias telecommunications policy addresses the provision of telecommunications services in Nigeria. A study of Nigerias past and current telecommunications policies (Olubajo, et al, 2010) revealed that since independence, Nigerias telecommunications policies have mirrored those of the member countries of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) excluding the United States. Up to the late 1970s, most member countries of the ITU embraced telecommunications policies that foster a single telecommunications service provider in their respective countries. These telecommunications service providers were usually public utilities shortly referred to as PTTs (Post, Telephone, and Telegraph), which operated as monopolies. The conditions existing then were such that afforded well-run PTTs to provide effective and efficient telecommunications services. With the emergence of large telecommunications companies in the US in the late 1970s, which offer world-wide modern telecommunications services at highly competitive prices, most countries started to review their telecommunications policies to take advantage of this development. Nigeria, in particular, turned towards a policy that allows and encourages both Nigerian and foreign privately-owned companies to invest in the Nigerian telecommunications industry thereby breaking the monopoly of the Nigerian PTT utility, that is, Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL) (Nigerian Government, Federal Ministry of Communications, 2000; Alabi, 1996; and Owomero, 2007). Nigeria actually began the change from a monopolistic industrial regime to a competitive market-oriented policy in telecommunications with the establishment of the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) through the promulgation of the Nigerian Communications Commission Decree 75 of 1992. The objectives for establishing the NCC include: Creating a regulatory environment to facilitate the supply of telecommunications services and facilities; Facilitating the entry of private entrepreneurs into the telecommunications market; and Promoting fair competition and efficient market conduct among all players in the telecommunications industry.

The Nigerian Federal Ministry of Communications published the maiden edition of the Nigerian Policy on Telecommunications in 1998. A revised edition of this policy was launched in October 1999 by the Obasanjo administration. On 1st February 2000, the Chairman of the National Council on Privatization (NCP), the then Vice President Atiku Abubakar, inaugurated a 22-member Telecommunications Sector Reform Implementation Committee (TSRIC) that reviewed the existing Nigerian telecommunications policy. In May 2000, the Federal Government of Nigeria through TSRIC introduced a new Nigerian Telecommunications Policy (Nigerian Government, Federal Ministry of Communications, 2000). The overall objective of this policy is to foster a liberalized, competitive, and privately owned Nigerian telecommunications industry that is adequately developed to play its expected roles in the socio-economic development of the country. Perhaps, it needs to be mentioned that this new policy is also in agreement with current policy trends in most countries of the world. The new Nigerian telecommunications policy makes NCC the independent regulator of the telecommunications industry while at the same time subjecting it to the control of the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Communications and the Nigerian Federal Government, which makes one to ponder the meaning of the word independent. Another remarkable aspect of the policy is that it subjects NITEL to the full control of the NCC in an attempt to create a level playing field for all telecommunications service providers. Whether NCC will be able to do this is something most people are keenly waiting to see. The Policy listed the functions of NCC to include the following: Licensing of telecommunications operators; Assignment and registration of frequency to duly licensed operators; Administration of national numbering plan; Facilitating private sector participation and investment in the telecommunications sector of the Nigerian economy; Promoting and enforcing a fair competitive environment for all operators as outlined in the Policy;

Defining standards for economic regulation of dominant operators including tariff regulation as outlined in the Policy; Establishing mechanisms for promoting universal access to telecommunications services in Nigeria as outlined in the Policy; Establishing and enforcing technical operational standards and practices for all operators including the imposition of penalties for violations; and Ensuring that public interest is protected.

The NCC in discharging its functions as listed above has set out guidelines for private sector participation and issued licenses to a number of companies involved in the following telecommunications businesses: Installation and operation of public switched telephone networks (PSTN) Installation of subscriber terminals and related equipment; Provision and operation of public payphones; Provision and operation of private network links employing cable, radio communications or satellite within Nigeria; Provision and operation of public mobile communications systems; Provision and operation of community telephone systems; Provision and operation of value-added networks (including e-mail, voice mail, internet services, paging, etc); Repair and maintenance of telecommunications facilities; and Cabling services

In addition to these NCCs initiatives, the Federal Government through the Public Enterprises (Privatization and Commercialization) Decree 28 of 1999 changed the ownership structure of NITEL to allow for private participation as follows: Federal Government Strategic investor Nigerian public 40% 40% 20%

All concerned with the development of the Nigerian telecommunications industry currently appear satisfied with the new Nigerian Telecommunications Policy and other related government initiatives and they are quite optimistic that the measures will provide 7

the necessary regulatory environment for the rapid development of a Nigerian telecommunications industry that is able to provide modern, effective and reliable telecommunications services at affordable prices. 4. Electronic Product Manufacturing in Nigeria

A study of the Nigerian electronics industrial sector (Olubajo, 1987) revealed that except for a few manufacturing firms producing gramophone records and assembling radio receivers, the Nigerian electronics industrial sector up to the late 1970s was mostly populated by firms that served as retail outlets for off-shore firms producing essentially consumer electronic products. In the early 80s, a combination of factors arising from the oil boom of the 70s, the Indigenisation Decree and the restrictions placed on the importation of consumer electronic goods provided an attractive business opportunity for local entrepreneurs in a market previously dominated by subsidiaries of multinational firms. Owing to the absence of local capabilities to establish manufacturing operations, entrepreneurs who had previous trade contacts with foreign firms quickly imported packaged technology from overseas. This includes assembly processes together with product specifications, production technology, technical personnel and component parts. The import of such a packaged technology led to the establishment of new productive units and an indigenous electronics manufacturing industry in Nigeria. However, before the new firms could assimilate and embark on the process of adaptation of imported technology and diversify into more sophisticated product lines, the foreign exchange crisis that started in the early 80s prompted government to introduce austerity measures which discouraged further production of consumer electronic goods locally. Recent policy measures initiated by the government to increase self-reliance within the manufacturing sector generally have continued to compound the problems facing the indigenous electronics industry. Majority of those concerned with the development of the sector now believe that some urgent measures should be taken by government to discourage the continuing flight of indigenous private capital from the sector (RMRDC, 2006). The foregoing review shows that with regards to the manufacture of electronic products, the Nigerian electronics industrial sector is involved essentially in the manufacture of consumer electronic products and has currently suspended almost all 8

manufacturing operations because of the harsh industrial climate prevailing in the country. As a result, Nigeria depends on imports for virtually all its electronic product needs. Though no data can be found on Nigerias electronic product imports, it is estimated to be on the order of trillions of Naira annually (RMRDC, 2006). The state of the Nigerian electronics industrial sector as discussed above is in sharp contrast to recent developments in the telecommunications and ICT sectors of the economy. Since 1999 Nigeria has experienced tremendous growth in these two sectors, which has impacted positively on virtually all aspects of the economy. However, the remarkable developments in the telecommunications and ICT sectors of the economy are not without some economic costs to the nation. The telecommunications and ICT sectors depend on imports for their plants/equipment. Since these are usually turnkey plants, the operation of these plants in the country does not provide much opportunity for technology transfer to the country. Furthermore, developments in the telecommunications and ICT sectors put considerable pressure on the countrys foreign exchange and pose a serious challenge to the countrys security on the one hand and its industrial policy on self-reliance on the other. 4. POLYTECHNIC EDUCATION IN ELECTRONICS

Apart from the lecturers involvement in the study of electronics policy and the electronics industrial sector, he has also been involved in the training of manpower in electronics and telecommunications technology. His experience in this respect is discussed in this section. Nigerias polytechnic educational setup includes about 71 polytechnics most of which offer educational programmes in electrical and electronics engineering technology. The objective of polytechnic education in Nigeria is to produce manpower in engineering technology, applied sciences, and management sciences. The programmes run by polytechnics lead to the awards of National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND) respectively. The entry requirement for ND is secondary school certificate and the programme has a normal duration of two years. Holders of ND are admitted into the HND programmes after acquiring a minimum of one-year relevant industrial work experience the normal duration of the programme is also two years.

The ND programme in Electronics and Electrical engineering is designed to produce engineering technicians in the field. The ND curriculum consists of course units in general studies, basic science, engineering science, and electrical and electronic engineering. A recent review of the curriculum increased the number of computer, and information and communications technology (ICT) course units and made entrepreneurship studies compulsory (NBTE, 2002). Holders of HND in electrical and electronics engineering are known as engineering technologists. The HND curriculum in electrical and electronics engineering provides for specialization in three areas including electronics and telecommunications, electrical power and machines, and electrical measurement and control. Though the curricula employed by Polytechnics are considered to be of good standard, their graduates are adjudged by industry to be of low quality (RMRDC, 2006). A myriad of factors euphemistically referred to as the Nigerian factor has been attributed to this. At the root of the Nigerian factor is corruption. According to some respected national affair commentators, corruption has rendered and continues to render all major activities geared towards national development ineffective. Other factors that have been adduced to the falling standard of education generally in the country include, poor funding, incessant industrial actions by workers in the education sector, unplanned expansion of education, and low-quality manpower resources. The nations polytechnics have also been weakened by the unnecessary and unproductive perennial national controversy over the caliber of polytechnic graduates as compared to university graduates that has led some Nigerians to regard polytechnic education with contempt thus denying the polytechnics of quality manpower and students. In order to put a stop to this, the government is taking steps that will lead to the conversion of polytechnics to universities. This is, by and large, the approach adopted by Britain, from which we inherited our educational system, when faced with a similar problem. The experience of the developed economies indicates that three categories of engineering professionals are required to perform the engineering function involved in national development. These are craftsmen/artisans/technicians, engineering technologists, and engineers. Engineers are usually required to plan engineering projects, technologists are needed during project implementation to supervise related engineering activities, and 10

technicians/artisans/craftsmen carry out the basic project activities. This approach to implementing the engineering function has been found over time to be effective and efficient. Therefore, if and when polytechnics are converted to universities, the government should ensure that the new universities continue to run engineering technology programmes in order that the country may not be denied the services of engineering technologists in future. 5. RESEARCH IN ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Research forms part of the duties of a lecturer in a Polytechnic. Therefore, the lecturer has been involved in the conduct of a number of researches in the last thirty years. These involved studies of electronics and telecommunications policies (Olubajo, 1987, 1996 and 2008) and surveys of the electronics industrial sector (RMRDC Industrial Surveys, 1996 and 2006). The other researches are on micro-controller applications (Adegbenro and Olubajo, 1990) and microelectronics devices particularly CMOS devices (Olubajo, 2000). Apart from researches, the lecturer has also been involved in the design of electrical, electronic, and telecommunication systems, as part of his professional duties as registered engineer. These designs include designs of electrical systems for buildings, designs of electronic gadgets (e.g. audio amplifiers, power supplies, inverters, mains stabilizers, traffic control systems, controllers, and fire/ burglar alarms) and designs of telecommunications facilities for business enterprises (Olubajo, 2010). The following discussion on the nature and significance of electronics and telecommunications research in Nigeria is based on the lecturers research experience. Research in electronics and telecommunications actually takes place in the countrys universities, polytechnics, and research institutes. University researches are, in most cases, basic research and are, by and large, not of direct/immediate interest to industry (RMRDC, 2006). The overarching objective of university research is to publish papers in internationally reputable journals. As a result, areas of research are determined by factors that are often far removed from national development goals. During the glorious period of polytechnic education in Nigeria, polytechnics engaged essentially in applied research. Then, polytechnic staff because they possessed 11

knowledge and skills related to equipment design and fabrication engaged in applied research that involved replication of imported equipment. The absence of a component or spare-part manufacturing sub-sector and good engineering companies, however, made most of these efforts to go unnoticed by prospective investors (RMRDC, 2006). The identity crisis that bedeviled polytechnics since the early 1980s has made the institutions to shift emphasis from applied research to basic research with the country being the loser. Both research types are required for national development, as the experiences of Japan and some of the Asian countries referred to as the Asian Tigers, for example, have very clearly demonstrated. Through applied research the country may adapt known and practicable solutions to solve local problems, for example, by adapting (copying) imported technology. Basic research, on the other hand, should, when directed at local problems, be useful for the purposes of bringing about improvements or innovations on indigenous and imported technology (Olubajo, 1996). The major research institutions that are involved in research and development in electronics are: Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) Electronics Development Institute (EDI), formerly, Center for Adaptation of Technology (CAT) The Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) conducted between 1989 and 2005 five surveys of the ten industrial groups of the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) including the Electrical and Electronics industrial group in which the lecturer served as a member of the 1996 and 2006 survey teams. Complementary to these were interactive sessions organized by the Council in conjunction with MAN at which challenges in the local development of raw materials for the Electrical and Electronics industrial sector were considered and solutions proffered. These surveys and interactive sessions afforded the Council the opportunity to obtain information on the manufacturing activities and raw materials utilization of firms in the manufacturing sector of the economy. The Council used this information as inputs to the process of formulating research plans for the local development of industrial raw materials for the manufacturing sector. In the case of the Electrical and Electronics sector, the projects that have been identified and sponsored

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by the Council included the local production of certain electronic components (i.e. resistors, inductors and capacitors), welding electrodes and printed circuit boards (pcbs). The Council also annually sponsors national competitions on process equipment design. Award-winning designs are sent to RMRDCs Computer-Aided Process Equipment Design (CAPED) Unit to be upgraded to the level of industrial designs. The lecturer was the electrical engineer on the CAPED team that upgraded the design that won the 2007 award. This design involved ball mills. CAPED after upgrading the 2007 design went further to fabricate a model plant based on the upgraded design and to publish materials on the design. One of such publications is titled Basic Concepts in Process Equipment & Plant Design, which the lecturer wrote two of the chapters. The chapters are on Electrical Power Design and Instrumentation Design (Olubajo, 2007). The Electronics Development Institute (EDI) is involved essentially in applied research in electronics. Some of the products that have been developed by the Institute include inverters, mains regulators, welding machines, audio systems, and so on. The Institute is also currently collaborating with RMRDC in developing national capability in printed circuit (PC) technology. In this respect, the lecturer is involved as a member of the training team set up by RMRDC to disseminate PC technology in Nigeria. So far, the team has conducted training in western and eastern Nigeria. The third and final edition of the training is scheduled for northern Nigeria and its expected to hold before the end of the year (2011). Though these efforts are in the right direction, it is doubtful if investors will take up the local manufacture of the items developed by EDI because of the following reasons: Weak national capabilities in the manufacture of industrial equipment, machinery and spare parts Weak local capability to un-package, adapt and possibly improve imported technology Lack of engineering companies that have capabilities to design and develop equipment, systems, process/manufacturing plants, etc.

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6.

ROLES OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

As mentioned earlier in this lecture, the developed countries have identified the following areas of electronics technology as having great potentials for their socio-economic development: Microelectronics Software engineering Computers Telecommunications Optoelectronics (fiber optics) Information processing Computer integrated manufacturing

The roles of electronics and telecommunications technology in national development will be considered at this juncture from this perspective. Microelectronics Microelectronics is the state-of-the-art technique for designing and fabricating electronic devices. Microelectronic devices are in fact integrated circuits having different levels of integration that may range from a few tens to several millions of components. The advantages of microelectronic devices include small size, high functionality, high reliability and low cost (Olubajo, 2000). The availability of microelectronic devices has revolutionized every field of human endeavor especially computing, telecommunications, information processing and manufacturing. Nigeria needs to develop capability in microelectronics in order to achieve any meaningful success in the pursuit of its self-reliance economic development policy. This is because the microelectronics sub-sector supplies the raw materials or inputs required by the other sub-sectors of the electronics industry and its, therefore, regarded as the bedrock of the industry. Without capability in microelectronics, Nigeria cannot undertake the design and manufacture of any type of modern system whether electronic or not because microelectronic devices are at the hearts of all major modern systems used for computing, communications, information processing, manufacturing, and so on. For example, India, a 14

developing country like Nigeria, realized the need to develop capability in the development and manufacture of microelectronics devices in pursuant of its self-reliance industrial policy, and, as a result, established a number of public corporations to develop its electronics industry and also formulated detailed policies on electronics that laid the foundation for the liberalized growth of the industry. As a result, India witnessed a significant growth in the electronics sector during the 1980s and 1990s. In comparison, Nigeria, in spite of also realizing the strategic importance of the electronics industry, has left the development of the industry entirely to the private sector with the result that the industry is currently comatose. The importance of the microelectronics sub-sector is further demonstrated by the top three electronics producing countries, that is U.S., Japan, and France, respectively. The U.S. government has targeted heavy financing toward R&D in electronics. For example, the Department of Defense (DOD) funded Texas Instruments research on integrated chips and helped set up Motorola. In the 1960s, the whole development of CMOS and NMOS integrated circuits came from NASA programs. In 1984, the U.S. government enacted the National Cooperative Act that facilitated the establishment of the Microelectronics Computer Corporation, SEMATECH, and other research consortia. DOD contributed $600 million in matching funds to SEMATECH over six years in the 1990s. SEMATECHs objective was to develop advanced commercial production technology for standard integrated chips such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs). In the case of Japan, its Ministry of Trade and Industry (MITI) was responsible for the majority of funds devoted to microelectronics research since the late 1970s. One of such programs is the very large-scale integrated circuit program of the late 1970s. The French government used the R&D portion of the 1977 Le Plan des Composants to support research works on very largescale integrated chips (VLSICs) as well as microprocessor applications. The European Economic Community (now EU) also initiated and funded the four-year Microelectronics Program in 1981 to stimulate R&D for production and testing equipment for very large integrated circuit manufacture (Dahlman, 1990). It suffices to state at this juncture that a country with appropriate microelectronics policy and good educational and research institutions should not find it difficult to engage in integrated circuit (IC) design. Such a country would normally have to undertake IC

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manufacture overseas as done even by some developed countries because of the very capital-intensive nature of IC manufacturing. Concrete steps on how Nigeria may develop capability in microelectronics are discussed later. Software Engineering Modern systems consist of two main parts hardware and software. The software of a system controls the operations of the system. Capability in software engineering is required in the development and manufacture of all types of modern systems. In fact, microelectronics and software-engineering capabilities are related and are normally developed together. Another importance of software engineering is that it can be exploited to create economic growth, export, and employment. This is clearly demonstrated by India whose production and export of computer software and related IT enabling services was estimated to be 5% of the global market for IT enabling services in 2004 (Goldman Sachs Global Equity Research Report). The NASSCOM-McKinsey report projects about USD 87 billion in 2008 for Indian IT companies. More than 40 per cent of FORTUNE 500 companies use the services of Indian enablers. As a result of these projections, India has come to realize that IT would become strategically as important to the Indian economy as oil. India has therefore fostered the establishment of software development centers such as National Centre for Software Technology (NCST) and Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) (Indian Institute of Science, 2011). Like microelectronics, software engineering requires appropriate policies and good educational and research institutions for its development. Computers Nowadays, computers are used in great numbers in every segment of the economy. Though computer technology involves the design, manufacture, and applications of computers, most countries are contented with developing national capabilities in computer applications and the manufacture of computer peripherals/accessories. In Nigeria, there is increasing application of computers in most sectors of the economy including education, banking, insurance, government, communications, and so on. In all these applications, the computer is used to automate organizational processes so as to achieve prompt and quality services to customers. Most of these computer 16

applications are not developed locally but imported from the developed countries. As a result, the applications are often neither cost-effective nor well suited to operations of computer users. Furthermore, they constitute a drain of the countrys foreign exchange. In order for the country to derive optimum benefit from the use of computers, it would need to formulate appropriate policies that would promote computer-application studies and development in the country especially in the IT sector as this sector provides the most opportunities. The country would derive benefits in terms of economic growth and employment generation if it is able to successfully develop computer application software locally that are required by governments and corporate businesses in areas such as population census, elections into public offices, national identity card scheme, vehicle registration, taxation, immigration, education, health and so on. So far, Nigeria has allowed private interests to control development in the computer industry with the result that total available resources are insufficient to permit any meaningful Nigerian initiative in the design, development, and delivery of computers and computer applications. Telecommunications The impacts of telecommunications on human society are there for all to see. The global communications networks for voice, data, and video have turned the world into a global village where communications occurs readily and instantaneously. The INTERNET has provided revolutionary forms of social interaction that redefines the concept of global village. Though Nigeria has in place a telecommunications policy and a telecommunications industrial sub-sector, it still lags behind the developed countries in the quality and range of available telecommunications services. More serious is the fact that Nigerian participation in the sector is essentially financial rather than technical. For Nigeria to address the technical challenge posed by the telecommunications sub-sector it must also develop capability in telecommunications technology. This involves local development and manufacturing of all types of communications system and equipment including broadcast systems, industrial communication systems, satellite communication systems, microwave systems, optical systems, telephone systems and so on. Optoelectronics 17

The ever-increasing demand for broadband communications systems has renewed the interest in the development of fiber optics. Optoelectronics is sometimes seen as the second phase of the Information revolution that the world is currently witnessing, with microelectronics being the first phase. The application of fiber optics is not limited to communications - they include data networks (e.g. SONETS, FDDI, etc), laser printers, optical data storage systems, CD/DVD players, etc. For Nigeria to develop and manufacture fiber optic systems it first needs to have know-how related to the design and manufacture of optic fibers, light-emitting (laser) diodes, and photo sensors/detectors, as these are the essential components of such systems. Information and Communications Technology Information and communications technology (ICT) deals with methods for acquisition, storage, processing, and dissemination of information. The technology represents a convergence of computer and telecommunications technologies. ICT is used by organizations (both private and public) for efficient and effective internal and external communications thereby achieving high-quality and competitive service delivery to all stakeholders. Nigerias usage of ICT is on the increase but it is still to be mastered so that the country can derive the desired benefits from the emerging digital economy. Elsewhere, governments have taken effective steps for the development of information systems and utilization of information resources to facilitate planning and programme implementation in order to further the growth of economic and social development. These successes have been recorded through the efforts of essentially local IT enablers. Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Computer-integrated manufacturing is a modern method of manufacturing in which a distributed computer system and a communications network (i.e. ICT) are used to provide seamless communication among the various layers in a manufacturing establishment. The management layer, which is the topmost layer, receives and processes orders for the companys products. The result of the processing is sent to the production layer, which determines how to optimally satisfy the order. Information from the production layer is routed to the lower layers, that is, the regulatory and plant layers where computercontrolled plants do the actual production. Though computer-integrated manufacturing is a

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complex method of manufacturing, it has several benefits that include automation of plant processes that results in uniform product quality, fast response to customers orders, etc. Examples of computer-integrated manufacturing plants exist in Nigeria. These include the steel plants, the cement plants, the power plants, the petrochemical plants, the liquefied natural gas plants and the oil refineries. Since these are usually turnkey plants, the operations of these plants in the country have not impacted significantly on Nigerias capability in the design, construction, and operation of this type of plants. Recently, Nigeria initiated measures to ensure that it benefits from these operations. The recently promulgated Petroleum Industry Law is one of such measures. 7. STRATEGY FOR HARNESSING THE POTENTIALS OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT The review of publications on the experiences of some countries in electronics technology [Lalor, 1984; Lalor, 1985; Morehouse and Chopra, 1983; UNIDO, 1984(a); UNIDO, 1984(b); and Dahlman, 1990] revealed that there are three main approaches or strategies that these countries have adopted in developing their electronics industry. These are: Self-reliant strategy Export-promotion strategy Import-substitution strategy

Countries that adopt a self-reliant strategy to develop their electronics industry usually operate in such a way as to be self-sufficient in all the areas of electronics technology. Examples of such countries are U.S., France, China and India. The main governmental instruments used to implement this strategy include: Direct participation through state enterprises Trade protection Publicly financed research and development (R&D) Fiscal and financial incentives for industrial R&D or establishment of firms Government procurement Regulation of direct foreign investment

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Industrial organization instruments to prevent monopoly or to encourage concentration to increase international competitiveness; and Development of technical human resources

The extent to which each of the four countries mentioned above has used these instruments differs. The developed economies rely essentially on manpower development, public purchasing, public funding of R&D, and the fostering of a competitive industrial environment. The developing countries tend to use trade protection instruments, control of direct foreign investment and state enterprises to develop a self-reliant electronics industry. Countries that use an export-promotion strategy concentrate more on application of technological knowledge than on its generation since the overall objective is to gain access to foreign markets. This strategy appears to be the fastest way to develop an internationally competitive electronics industry. However, the success of the strategy depends on many other factors, including the level and quality of human resources, the quality of the supporting technological infrastructure, and the dynamism and quality of management and entrepreneurship in the private sector. Where these are of poor quality, the result is usually heavy reliance on foreign capital and technology. Countries using this strategy include Japan, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. A country that is at the initial stage of development will normally use importsubstitution industrialization strategy to promote local production of imported goods and services. Such a country will apply appropriate policy instruments (i.e. industrial incentives, restriction of imported goods and control of direct foreign investment) to protect and nurture local industries, while demanding improved performance by forcing firms to compete abroad and at home. In Nigeria, current government industrial policy places emphasis on increasing selfreliance in the manufacturing sector. Considering the present state of the technological infrastructure in the country, a strategy of self-sufficiency in electronics technology is not likely to succeed in the country. The approach that appears reasonable to follow is that which is referred to elsewhere (Olubajo, 1996) as selective self-reliance. This strategy requires the country to identify sectors of the electronics industry where it has comparative advantage and to deploy the needed resources to develop these sectors to a level that they are strong and internationally competitive. Thereafter, the undeveloped sectors are

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developed in turn until the entire electronics industry is developed - a sort of gradual development of the sector as opposed to the extreme approach that involves technological leapfrogging. This approach to industrial development involves the use of technological capacity complemented by selective imports of sophisticated technology from abroad to develop the industry. The strategy takes into consideration that no country is self-sufficient in its immediate or short-term technological needs. It, however, operates in such a way as to always reduce technology importation to a minimum. In fact, rather than regard this strategy as a distinct evolutionary process, Kim (1980) presented it as an advanced stage in an evolutionary process. Countries operating a selective reliance strategy direct most of their efforts to the supply and demand of indigenous technology. The four main goals of the strategy as identified elsewhere (Halty-Carrere, 1979) are: To promote the utilization of local technological supply by reinforcing the technological infrastructure and by improving the linkage between the technological and production systems. To regulate the flow of technology imports in order to make better evaluation of appropriate technology, more adequate selection of appropriate technologies, and more effective negotiation when purchasing foreign technology. To balance both inputs in a manner that will gradually incorporate more indigenous technology into the new technology mix. To promote the demand for technological change and to steer adequately its rate, concentration, and direction through proper mechanisms of technological diffusion. When specialized to electronics technology, a strategy of selective self-reliance should have as the main goals the following: To formulate plans and policies on electronics technology. To establish appropriate institutional arrangement and infrastructure for implementing plans and policies on electronics technology. To strengthen research and development and technological innovation in the field of electronics technology and to increase both the financial and human resources devoted to them.

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To establish an appropriate legal framework laws, regulations, and rules to regulate transfers of electronics technology and foster its national development. To promote technological co-operation with other countries in the area of electronic technology. To promote awareness on the uses and applications of electronics technology.

When these goals are translated into policies, the specific priority placed on each policy objective and the option chosen to realize each of them will altogether constitute the strategy for the technological development of the Nigerian electronics industry. At this juncture, each of these elements of the strategy is examined in more details so as to reveal the actions called for by each of them. Plans and Policies on Electronics Technology The formulation of plans and policies on electronics technology should, within the framework of the strategy, constitute activities of utmost priority. Furthermore, because of the socio-economic importance of electronics technology, these activities should form an integral part of the overall planning process in the country. Decision-making on technology generally should involve expressing the major components of the countrys development plan, which normally comprises of several projects, in terms of the technological options it entails at a given point in time as well as over a period and to delineate these options and to translate them into details for the near future and into broad directives for the medium- and long-term. This exercise when carried out specifically for electronics technology will yield plans and policies for the development of the technology in the country. This would lead to specific plans and policies that target the electronics industry as opposed to general industrial policies. Institutional Infrastructure Technology policies and plans require for their formulation the existence of appropriate national institutions entrusted with this task. A centre that has the responsibility to undertake such a task in the field of electronics technology, and which perhaps may also have the functional charge to implement the policies and plans is, therefore, essential. Such a centre has three broad functions to perform. These are:

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To formulate and where appropriate implement the technological plans and policies on electronics; To act as a clearing house and coordinating agency for the identification and selection of relevant technologies in the field of electronics, and of the sources of their supply and for the registering and monitoring of transfer of technology agreements in electronics; To evaluate specific electronic technologies with regard to their techno-economic feasibility in the particular instances facing the country and to render the necessary assistance to the recipient production units on their utilization.

What one is advocating here is similar to what India did in 1999 by creating a new Ministry of Information Technology (MIT) by merging the Department of Electronics (DOE), National Informatics Centre (NIC) and Electronics and Software Export Promotion Council. The Ministry has formulated plans, which it has taken steps to implement, that would make India an IT superpower in the nearest future. Research and Development, Manpower and Training The weakness of the present research and development (R&D) structure in the country is due to inadequate staffing and funding, its poor linkage with industry and its emphasis on basic research. Actions to strengthen R&D in the country must therefore be directed towards: Strengthening and improving the link and flow of information between the actual agents of R&D and its users. Increasing the emphasis on the technological development of R&D (i.e. developing the capability to un-package, adapt and possibly improve imported technology). Fostering the establishment of design and consulting organizations. Encouraging firms to engage in in-house R&D through the granting of tax incentives. Increasing substantially the funds devoted to R&D by imposing tax on corporate profits. Establishment of Appropriate Legal Framework Successful technological development depends crucially on the existence of an appropriate legal framework that will promote a favourable and beneficial environment for the 23

development, transfer and application of needed technologies. Such laws and regulations that currently exist in the country are operated with the objectives of: Reducing costs of importing technology through several types of transfer agreements; Eliminating restrictive clauses from transfer of technology contracts; Shortening of the terms of validity of agreements.

Because of the important effects this type of laws and regulations would have on the technological development of the country, particularly in the field of electronics technology, it will be necessary for the country to increase its understanding of the industrial property system with a view to identifying areas where further efforts are still required. Technological Co-operation with other Countries The experience of the developed countries in the field of electronics technology reveals that a lot of material and human resources are required for the technological development of the electronics industry. As a result, there will be a need for Nigeria to exploit cooperation with other countries in order to realize the necessary quality and quantity of these resources. Ways that have been identified through which assistance can be sought from the developed countries are discussed elsewhere (Lalor, 1985); they include: Training of engineers and technologists from the country in the universities, institutions and industrial laboratories of developed countries; Seeking assistance in establishing centers for training expert manpower and funding technological infrastructure in the country. Regional co-operation between Nigeria and other African countries should be exploited to achieve the critical mass of effort through sharing experience and information. Areas that have been identified (Lalor, 1985) as constituting possible areas of co-operation include: Regional facilities for integrated circuit (IC) design; Regional facilities for the fabrication of customized ICs; Centralized production and/or procurement of special or strategic raw materials and components; Regional centers for software development; 24

Regional centers for systems engineering and design; Networked centers for information, advice, feasibility studies and assistance to industry on electronics application;

Promotion of Awareness In order to promote the appropriate application of electronics technology throughout the industry, commerce and administration in the country, it will be necessary to establish state-supported institutions to raise awareness, provide information, assist in feasibility analysis and sometimes implement applications in particular environments. 8. CONCLUSION

This lecture has reviewed past and present activities of Nigeria in electronics and telecommunications technology especially as they concern government policies, industrial production, human resource development, and research and development in some vital areas of electronics including microelectronics, software engineering, computer, telecommunications, optoelectronics, computer-integrated manufacturing, and information and communications technology. The review reveals that despite the fact that Nigerias efforts in these areas have been below expectation judging from its manpower resources and the achievements of fellow developing countries such as Brazil, India, Singapore, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Korea, Nigeria needs to urgently develop these areas because most countries including Nigeria regard electronics technology as strategic to their countrys overall development. This is because of their perception that electronics is a strategic input to advanced defense, and in a broad sense, a base for national economic strength and international competitiveness. In this respect, the lecture has provided an outline of the main elements of a strategy that can be adopted for the technological development of the Nigerian electronics industry. Each of these elements has also been examined in details to reveal the actions that they call for. What remains is for policy makers to translate these elements to policy objectives and to determine the basic priorities and major options required in realizing the actions that they call for. These basic priorities and major options that will be determined by the resource base of the country, its socio-economic conditions and its environment will

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constitute the strategy for the technological development of the Nigerian electronics industry.

REFERENCES Adegbenro, O. and O. O. Olubajo, (1990): A simple Microprocessor-based Temperature Controller, Journal of Engineering Research, Vol. JER No. 2, Oct. 1990

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Alabi, G. A., (1996): Telecommunications in Nigeria, University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center, 45 p, 1996 Dahlman, C. J. (1990): Electronics Development Strategy The Role of Government, Industry and Energy Department Working Paper, Industry series paper no. 37, The World Bank Industry and Energy Department, June 1990. Halty-Carrere, H. (1979): Technological Development Strategies for Developing Countries A Review for Policy Makers, Lund, Institute for Research on Public Policy, 303 p, 1979. Hoffman, K., (1985): Microelectronics, International Competition and Development Strategies: The Unavoidable Issues, World Development, Great Britain, vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 263-272, 1985. Indian Institute of Science (2011): Pursuit and Promotion of Science: The Indian Experience @ http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch36.pdf Jacobsson, S. and J. Sigurdson, (eds.), (1983): Technological Trends and Challenges in Electronics, Sweden, University of Lund, Research Policy Institute, 314 p, 1983. Kim, L., (1980): Stages of Development of Industrial Technology in a Developing Country: A Model, Research Policy, North Holland, No. 9, pp. 254 277, 1980. Lalor, S. E., (1984): Overview of Microelectronics Industry in Selected Developing Countries, United Nations Industrial and Development Organization (UNIDO), 50 p, 1984. Lalor, S. E., (1985): The Use of Public Purchasing as a Tool to develop Competence in Microelectronics, United Nations Industrial and Development Organization (UNIDO), 52 p, 1985. Morehouse, W. and R. Chopra, (1983): Chicken and Egg: Electronics and Social Change in India, Technology and Culture Occasional Report Series, Research Policy Studies, Lund, No. 10, 100 p, 1983.

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National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) (2002): Electrical Engineering Technology, National Diploma (ND) Curriculum and Course Specifications, 2002. Nigerian Government, Federal Ministry of Communications, (2000): National Policy on Telecommunications, 33 p, 2000 Nigerian Government, Federal Ministry of Industries, (1980): Nigeria Industrial Policy and Strategy: Guidelines, 27 p, 1980. Olubajo, O. O., (1987): Government Policies and the Technological Development of the Nigerian Electronics Industry, M. Sc. Thesis, 1987. Olubajo, O. O., (1996): A strategy for the Technological Development of the Nigerian Electronics Industry, paper presented at the maiden National Engineering Conference of the Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, April 17-19, 1996. Olubajo, O. O., (2000): Characterization of the Effects of CMOS Device Miniaturization in Future VLSI Circuits, paper presented at the National Conference of School of Applied Science, Engineering and Environmental Studies of the Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State, August 2, 2000. Olubajo, O. O., (2007): Chs. 8 & 9 in Basic Concepts in Process Equipment & Plant Design: edited by Prof. A. Kuye & Dr. D. B. Ayo, Pub. RMRDC Abuja, 2007 Olubajo, O. O., (2008): Recommendations on Strategy for Promoting the local Development of Raw Materials for the Nigerian Electrical/Electronics Industry, recommendations submitted to RMRDC as a member of the 2008 Expert Group on Electrical & Electronics Industrial Sector (2008). Olubajo, O. O. et al (2010): Design of a cost-effective telecommunications facility for small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs), HND Project, 2010. Owomero, S. O. (2007): Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Telecommunication Coverage in Nigeria, Owomero Stanley Odezis blog, 20 pp., 2007 Raw Materials Research & Development Council (RMRDC) (1996), Report on 1996 Techno-Economic Survey of the Electrical & Electronics Industry Sector, 1996. 28

Raw Materials Research & Development Council (RMRDC) (2006), Report on 2006 Techno-Economic Survey of the Electrical & Electronics Industry Sector, 2006. United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), (1984a): State-of-the-Art Series on Microelectronics: Venezuela, 42 p, 1984. United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), (1984b): State-of-the-Art Series on Microelectronics: The Republic of Korea, 56 p, 1984.

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