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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Sustainability of available water resource in many reason of the word is now dominant issue. This problem is quietly related to poor water allocation, inefficient use, and lack of adequate and integrated water management. Water is commonly used for agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. Therefore, efficient use and water monitoring are potential constraint for home or office water management system. Last few decades several monitoring system integrated with water level detection have become accepted. Measuring water level is an essential task for government and residence perspective. In this way, it would be possible to track the actual implementation of such initiatives with integration of various controlling activities. Therefore, water controlling system implementation makes potential significance in home applications. The existing automated method of level detection is described and that can be used to make a device on/off. Moreover, the common method of level control for home appliance is simply to start the feed pump at a low level and allow it to run until a higher water level is reached in the water tank. This is not properly supported for adequate controlling system. Besides this, liquid level control systems are widely used for monitoring of liquid levels, reservoirs, silos, and dams etc. Usually, this kind of systems provides visual multi level as well as continuous level indication. Audio visual alarms at desired levels and automatic control of pumps based on users requirements can be included in this management system. Proper monitoring is needed to ensure water sustainability is actually being reached, with disbursement linked to sensing and automation. Such programmatic approach entails Integrated circuit (IC) based automated water level sensing and

CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION

The circuit mainly depends on the IC CD4049. This is a IC with 6 inverter. The pin no.1 of IC is positive supply pin and pin no.8 is negative supply pin. The cathode of LED are connected at pin no.2,4,6,10 and 12. The anode of the LED is connected to the ground through the resistance 100E. Generally the output of the inverter gates are kept high through all these pins. The input pins of the inverter are connected to the sensor connect wire through the pins 3,5,7 and 11. All these wires are touching at different level of water in the boiler feed water tank. This is shown in the diagram. Beside this a connector wire from positive supply goes to the deepest level of water in feed water tank. The LED a starts glowing when output at pin no.2 is low due to high lave at the pin no.3. This happens when water level in boiler feed water tank is at a and sensor connector wire works. In the same way LED B, LEDC, LED D and LED E gets on reaching the water level at B, C, D and E. The sensor connector wires from A to E and Q should be thin metallic rod and this should be on a non conduction frame tied closely with a clamp.

CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLE & WORKING


PRINCIPLE

The physical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Faraday's law of induction, was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed from 1821 through the end of the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on a large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks. The first commercially successful motors were made around 1873. Some devices convert electricity into motion but do not generate usable mechanical power as a primary objective, and so are not generally referred to as electric motors. For example, magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers are usually described as actuators and transducers, respectively, instead of motors. Some electric motors are used to produce torque or force.

WORKING
Some basic parts which are softly aggregated The technique of water level monitoring and controlling system concentrated with together in our proposed method. Basic descriptions of some parts are described below. A. Water Level Indicator- For water level indication unit we can use LED light which will work for water level indication. By touching different water levels through water level sensor, LED should be indicated as on/off (i.e. on: yes sensor senses water). B. Water Level Sensor-To make special water level sensor we would like to introduce some convenient materials such as copper plate, resistance, insulator etc. A connecting plate made by copper and magnesium which should be connected with ground and we need connecting plate get electric connection using water conductivity . C. Water Pump Controlling System We can control the water pump by connecting it with an output pin of IC via a motor driver circuit. When IC sends a positive signal (+5v) or a ground signal (0v) to the motor driver circuit, then the water pump become on or off respectively. We also would like to use a manual switch on the motor driver circuit which is supposed to use for controlling it manually. It makes this system more users friendly. D. Integrated Circuit (IC)-IC is a computer on a chip that is programmed to perform almost any control, sequencing, monitoring and display the function. Because of its relatively low cost, it becomes the natural choice to the designer. IC is designed to be all of that in one. Its great advantage is no other external components are needed for its application because all necessary peripherals are already built into it. Thus, we can save the time, space and cost which is needed to construct low cost devices. E. Others to control motor with a IC we need interface devices between the IC pins and the motor. Mechanical relays sometimes called contactors are available to switch currents from mille ampere to several thousands of amperes. In this system we should use a relay circuit with the water pump to adapt with high voltage ac current. The output of relay circuit should be connected with motors negative side of the cable. The positive side of the cable should be connected with 230v ac current. So, we can use electromagnetic relay as an electrical amplifier.

CHAPTER 4 FLOW CONTROL TECHNOLOGY


Overview
Successful flow control may be defined as the achievement of making a flow behave in a way that it would not ordinarily do so by the application of a minimum amount of energy or effort. The aim of the Flow Control Technology subgroup is to develop the means by which flow control capability is transitioned from laboratory demonstrations to practical flight hardware. This work encompasses both understanding of fundamental fluid mechanics and understanding of the engineering constraints that dictate the practical, commercial and regulatory viability of new aerospace technologies. As such, expertise within the group includes elements of advanced manufacturing, aircraft design and aircraft systems, as well as more traditional theoretical and experimental fluid dynamics expertise. Flow control application areas: Separation delay for improved deflected surface controls (high lift system, hinged flight controls) (EU, Airbus, BAESYSTEMS) Flapless flight controls for low observable flight vehicles based on flow control (Fluidic Thrust Vectoring, Circulation Control, Flow Control Spoiler Systems Turbulent skin friction reduction Aero acoustic noise reduction Flow control actuator technology expertise Momentum injection devices powered by remote external air supply, e.g. air jet vortex generators, Circulation Control slots electrically powered devices that use mechanical transduction to deliver local fluid momentum, e.g. Synthetic Jet Actuators (SJAs) Geometric devices micro flow disrupters for promotion of separation, e.g. micro tabs micro flow mixers for delay of separation, e.g. vane vortex generators Flow control sensor systems expertise Wireless distributed pressure sensors (BAESYSTEMS) MEMS hot film shear stress sensors (BAESYSTEMS) Acoustic tomography for non intrusive boundary layer measurement (Airbus UK) Flow control implementation experience Evaluation and characterisation of MEMS flow control sensors and actuators under transonic conditions relevant to civil transport aircraft (Airbus UK) Development of micro gas turbine based pneumatic power systems for flow control applications (BAESYSTEMS/EPSRC)
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Flight demonstration of fluidic thrust vectoring and circulation control systems for low observable flight vehicles (BAESYSTEMS/EPSRC) Evaluation of systems and certification issues of MEMS-based flow control systems for civil transport aircraft (work in conjunction with Airbus, sponsored by EU Laws applied on flow of water In many engineering applications, devices such as turbines, pumps, compressors, heat exchangers and boilers are operated under steady ow conditions for long periods of time. A steady ow process is a process in which matter and energy ow in and out of an open system at steady rates. Moreover, an open system undergoing a steady ow process does not experience any change in the mass and energy of the system. Application of the rst law of thermodynamics to steady ow processes What is Steady? The term steady implies no change with time. We say that a person is running at a steady speed of 5 km per hour, as shown in Figure 10.1, if the speed does not change with time. 5 km per hour Figure 10.1 A person running at a steady speed of 5 km per hour. 10.2 What is a Steady Flow Process? A steady ow process is one in which matter and energy ow steadily in and out of an open system. In a steady ow process, the properties of the ow remain unchanged with time, that is, the properties are frozen in time. But, the properties need not be the same in all points of the ow. It is very common for a beginner to confuse the term steady with the term equilibrium. But, they are not the same. When a system is at a steady state, the properties at any point in the system are steady in time, but may vary from one point to another point. The temperature at the inlet, for example, may dier from that at the outlet. But, each temperature, whatever its value, remains constant in time in a steady ow process. When a system is at an equilibrium state, the properties are steady in
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time and uniform in space. By properties being uniform in space, we mean that a property, such as pressure, has the same value at each and every point in the system. An example of steady ow of water through a pipe is shown in Figure 10.2. Pressure measurements taken along the pipe at two dierent times The First Law applied to Steady Flow Processes 213 of a day, shown in the gure, remain the same since the ow is steady. But, observe that the values of pressure vary along the pipe illustrating the no uniform nature of the steady ow. 10.3 Characteristics of a Steady Flow Process A steady ow is one that remains unchanged with time, and therefore a steady ow has the following characteristics: Characteristic 1: No property at any given location within the system boundary changes with time. That also means, during an entire steady ow process, the total volume of the system remains a constant, the total mass ms214 Chapter 10 of the system remains a constant, and that the total energy content Es of the system remains a constant. Characteristic 2: Since the system remains unchanged with time during a steady ow process, the system boundary also remains the same. Characteristic 3: No property at an inlet or at an exit to the open system changes with time. That means that during a steady ow process, the mass
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ow rate, the energy ow rate, pressure, temperature, specic (or molar) volume, specic (or molar) internal energy, specic (or molar) enthalpy, and the velocity of ow at an inlet or at an exit remain constant. Characteristic 4: Rates at which heat and work are transferred across the boundary of the system remain unchanged. 10.4 Mass Balance for a Steady Flow Process Since a steady ow process can be considered as a special process experienced by the open system discussed in Chapter 9, we may start from the mass balance for open systems, which is given by (9.1). Characteristic 1 of the steady ow process is that the mass of the open system experiencing a steady ow process remains constant. This is achieved if the mass ow rate at the inlet equals the mass ow rate at the exit. Therefore, (9.1) reduces to m i = me (10.1) where the subscript i denotes the inlet and the subscript e denotes the exit

CHAPTER 5 MOTOR DISCRIPTION


Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction An electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate force. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo; some electric motors can also be used as generators, for example, a traction motor on a vehicle may perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines. Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may be powered by direct current, e.g., a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle, or by alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid or inverter. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of ships, pipeline compressors, and water pumps with ratings in the, by their application, or by the type of motion they give. The physical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Faraday's law of induction, was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed from 1821 through the end of the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on a large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks. The first commercially successful motors were made around 1873. Some devices convert electricity into motion but do not generate usable mechanical power as a primary objective, and so are not generally referred to as electric motors. For example, magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers are usually described as actuators and transducers,[1]respectively, instead of motors. Some electric motors are used to produce torque or force.[2]

CHAPTER 6 LIST OF ELECTRICAL PARTS


TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils or "windings". Except for air-core transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically-coupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual induction. If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge will flow in the secondary winding of the transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit to the load connected in the secondary circuit. The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings: By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up by making NS more than NP or stepped down, by making it BASIC PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER In its most basic form a transformer consists of: A primary coil or winding. A secondary coil or winding. A core that supports the coils or windings. Refer to the transformer circuit in figure as you read the following explanation: The primary winding is connected to a 60-hertz ac voltage source. The magnetic field (flux) builds up (expands) and collapses (contracts) about the primary winding. The expanding and contracting magnetic field around the primary winding cuts the secondary winding and induces an alternating voltage into the winding. This voltage causes alternating current to flow through the load. The voltage may be stepped up or down depending on the design of the primary and secondary windings.

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THE COMPONENTS OF A TRANSFORMER Two coils of wire (called windings) are wound on some type of core material. In some cases the coils of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular cardboard form. In effect, the core material is air and the transformer is called an AIR-CORE TRANSFORMER. Transformers used at low frequencies, such as 60 hertz and 400 hertz, require a core of lowreluctance magnetic material, usually iron. This type of transformer is called an IRON-CORE TRANSFORMER. Most power transformers are of the iron-core type. The principle parts of a transformer and their functions are: The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux. The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the ac source. The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary winding and delivers it to the load. The ENCLOSURE, which protects the above components from dirt, moisture, and mechanical damage.

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RELAY The relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through a coil, it becomes an electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So the switch's motion (ON and OFF) is controlled by the current flowing to the coil, or not, respectively. A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different parts of a circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e.g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage circuit (e.g. 100 VAC or more). The relay operates mechanically, so it can not operate at high speed. There are many kind of relays. You can select one according to your needs. The various things to consider when selecting a relay are its size, voltage and current capacity of the contact points, drive voltage, impedance, number of contacts, resistance of the contacts, etc. The resistance voltage of the contacts is the maximum voltage that can be conducted at the point of contact in the switch. When the maximum is exceeded, the contacts will spark and melt, sometimes fusing together. The relay will fail. The value is printed on the relay.

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CHAPTER 7 LIST OF ELECTRONICS PARTS


DIODES
A diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow through it in only one direction. Although a transistor is also a semiconductor device, it does not operate the way a diode does. A diode is specifically made to allow current to flow through it in only one direction. Some ways in which the diode can be used are listed here. A diode can be used as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current) for a power supply device. Diodes can be used to separate the signal from radio frequencies. Diodes can be used as an on/off switch that controls current. This symbol is used to indicate a diode in a circuit diagram. The meaning of the symbol is (Anode) (Cathode). Current flows from the anode side to the cathode side. Although all diodes operate with the same general principle, there are different types suited to different applications. For example, the following devices are best used for the applications noted. Voltage regulation diode (Zener Diode) The circuit symbol is . It is used to regulate voltage, by taking advantage of the fact that Zener diodes tend to stabilize at a certain voltage when that voltage is applied in the opposite direction. Light emitting diode The circuit symbol is . This type of diode emits light when current flows through it in the forward direction. (Forward biased) The graph above shows the electrical characteristics of a typical diode. When a small voltage is applied to the diode in the forward direction, current flows easily. Because the diode has a certain amount of resistance, the voltage will drop slightly as current flows through the diode. A typical diode causes a voltage drop of about 0.6 1V (VF) (In the case of silicon diode, almost 0.6V) This voltage drop needs to be taken into consideration in a circuit which uses many diodes in series.
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Also, the amount of current passing through the diodes must be considered. When voltage is applied in the reverse direction through a diode, the diode will have a great resistance to current flow. Different diodes have different characteristics when reverse-biased. A given diode should be selected depending on how it will be used in the circuit. The current that will flow through a diode biased in the reverse direction will vary from several mA to just A, which is very small. The limiting voltages and currents permissible must be considered on a case by case basis. For example, when using diodes for rectification, part of the time they will be required to withstand a reverse voltage. If the diodes are not chosen carefully, they will break down.

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RESISTORS The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. There are two classes of resistors; fixed resistors and the variable resistors. They are also classified according to the material from which they are made. The typical resistor is made of either carbon film or metal film. There are other types as well, but these are the most common. The resistance value of the resistor is not the only thing to consider when selecting a resistor for use in a circuit. The "tolerance" and the electric power ratings of the resistor are also important. The tolerance of a resistor denotes how close it is to the actual rated resistance value. For example, a 5% tolerance would indicate a resistor that is within 5% of the specified resistance value. Fixed Resistors A fixed resistor is one in which the value of its resistance cannot change. Carbon film resistors This is the most general purpose, cheap resistor. Usually the tolerance of the resistance value is 5%. Power ratings of 1/8W, 1/4W and 1/2W are frequently used. Carbon film resistors have a disadvantage; they tend to be electrically noisy. Metal film resistors are recommended for use in analog circuits. However, I have never experienced any problems with this noise. The physical size of the different resistors is as follows. From the top of the photograph 1/8W 1/4W 1/2W Rough size Rating power (W) Thickness (mm) Length (mm) 1/8 2 1/4 2 1/2 3 3 6 9

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Variable Resistors
There are two general ways in which variable resistors are used. One is the variable resistor which value is easily changed, like the volume adjustment of Radio. The other is semi-fixed resistor that is not meant to be adjusted by anyone but a technician. It is used to adjust the operating condition of the circuit by the technician. Semi-fixed resistors are used to compensate for the inaccuracies of the resistors, and to fine-tune a circuit. The rotation angle of the variable resistor is usually about 300 degrees. Some variable resistors must be turned many times to use the whole range of resistance they offer. This allows for very precise adjustments of their value. These are called "Potentiometers" or "Trimmer Potentiometers." In the photograph to the left, the variable resistor typically used for volume controls can e seen on the far right. Its value is very easy to adjust. The four resistors at the centre of the photograph are the semi-fixed type. These ones are mounted on the printed circuit board. The two resistors on the left are the trimmer potentiometers. There are three ways in which a variable resistor's value can change according to the rotation angle of its axis. When type "A" rotates clockwise, at first, the resistance value changes slowly and then in the second half of its axis, it changes very quickly. The "A" type variable resistor is typically used for the volume control of a radio, for example. It is well suited to adjust a low sound subtly. It suits the characteristics of the ear. The ear hears low sound changes well, but isn't as sensitive to small changes in loud sounds. A larger change is needed as the volume is increased. These "A" type variable resistors are sometimes called "audio taper" potentiometers. As for type "B", the rotation of the axis and the change of the resistance value are directly related. The rate of change is the same, or linear, throughout the sweep of the axis. This type suits a resistance value adjustment in a circuit, a balance circuit and so on. They are sometimes called "linear taper" potentiometers. Type "C" changes exactly the opposite way to type "A". In the early stages of the rotation of the axis, the resistance value changes rapidly, and in the second half, the change occurs more slowly. This type isn't too much used. It is a special use. As for the variable resistor, most are type "A" or type "B".

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CHAPTER 8 APPLICATION
It is useful for the prevention of overflow of water in:(1)water store tank in home. (2) water feed boiler tank . (3)washing machine . (4) water boiling tank . (5)municipal water purifier tank. (6) External components are not needed for its application because all necessary peripherals are already built into it. Thus, we can save the time, space and cost which is needed to construct low cost device.

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CHAPTER 9 ESTIMATING & COSTING


ESTIMATING AIMS OF ESTIMATING
(1)To help the factory owners in deciding the manufacturing and selling policy . (2)To help in filling up the tender Estimating is a highly technical knowledge about factory method and operations , times etc. It is an art of finding the cost which is likely to be incurred on the manufacture of an article , before it is actually manufactured . (3)To decide about the amount of overheads which helps in comparing and checking the actual overheads of the factory. (4)To decide about the wage rates of the workers after making (time study) It helps to decide whether a particular material should be purchased from the market or to be manufactured .

CONSTITUENTS OF ESTIMATION
01.Design time 02.Drafting time 03.Material 04.Labour 05.Overheads 06.Experimental works 07.Time and motion studies , planning and production control time . 08.Design and arrangement of special items.

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COSTING
It is the determination of an actual cost of an article after adding different expenses incurred in various departments.

AIMS OF COSTINGS
01.To determine the exact cost of each article. 02.To determine the cost incurred during each operation to keep control over workers wages. 03.To supply information for detection of wastages . 04.It helps in reducing the total cost of manufacturing. 05.It suggest change in design, when the cost is high . 06.To help in formulating the policies for charging the prices of the products .

PROCEDURE FOR COSTING


Actual expenditure incurred in various departments for different items are collected by the costing departments . The expenditures are then categorised under the following main heads :01.Direct material cost . 02.Direct labour cost . 03.Factory overheads . 04.Selling overheads . 05.Administrative overheads .

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CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION
Water is one of the most important basic needs for all living beings. But unfortunately a huge amount of water is being wasted by uncontrolled use. Some other automated water level monitoring system is also offered so far but most of the method has some shortness in practice. We tried to overcome these problems and implemented an efficient automated water level monitoring and controlling system. Our intension of this research work was to establish a flexible, economical and easy configurable system which can solve our water losing problem. We have been used a low cost integrated circuit (IC) in this system which is the key point to reduce cost. This could have a substantial benefit from this research work for efficient management of water.

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CHAPTER 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTERNET REFERENCE (1)www.electronicecrazy.com (2)www.electricalidea.com (3)www.google.com

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