Ex/IT/PE/T/213/50/2010

BACHELOR

OF

INFORMATION TECH. ENGG. EXAMINATION, 2010

(2nd Year1st Semester) THERMODYNAMICS

Time : Three hours Answer any five questions.

Full Marks : 100

Missing data, if any, may be assumed.

1. (a) Discuss the salient features of Carnot cycle and reversed Carnot cycle with a perfect gas as the working substance. 10 (b) What are the conditions of reversibility? 2

(c) Show that the C.O.P. of a heat pump in greater than the C.O.P. of a refrigerator by unity, when both devices are associated with the same heat and work interactions. 4 (d) A cyclic machine receives 325 kJ from a 1000 K energy reservoir. It rejects 200 kJ to a 400 K energy reservoir, and the cycle produces 125 kJ of work output. If this cycle reversible, irreversible, or impossible? Justify. 4 2. (a) State Kelvin-Planck statement of 2nd law of thermodynamics. 2 (b) Write a brief note on entropy. 6 [ Turn over

( 2 ) (c) Prove that the change of specific entropy of a perfect gas when changing its state from p1, v1, T1 to a state p2, v2, T2 is S2S1 = Cp ln (T2/T1)R ln (p2 /p1), where the symbols have their usual meanings. 6 (d) Show that the change of specific entropy of an ideal gas during expansion or compression according to the general law pVn=constant is S2S1 = Cv

( 5 ) 7. (a) A two-stage reciprocating air compressor with perfect intercooling takes in air at 1 bar and 27C. The law of compression in both the stages in pV1.3 = constant. The compressed air is delivered at 9 bar from H.P. cylinder to an air reservoir. Calculate per kg of air (i) the minimum work done, (ii) the heat rejected to intercooler, (iii) the minimum work done in a three stage compressor working under the same operating conditions. 6 Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K. 12

n ln (T1/ T2). n 1

the symbols bear their usual meaning.

3. (a) A gas initially at 1 MPa, 300C is constrained in a frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement with an initial volume of 0.1 m3. The gas is expanded in a reversible process according to the relation pVn=constant, until a final pressure of 100 kPa is reached. Sketch the processes on a p-V diagram for the cases when n = 1, n=1.35, n=1.4 and n . 4 (b) When a gas expands in a cylinder polytropically to the general law pVn=constant, show that the heat interchanged through the cylinder-walls is given by

(b) What will be the loss in air standard efficiency of a diesel engine with compression ratio 14, if the fuel cut-off is delayed from 6% to 9% of stroke? 8

Q=

n polytropic work, 1

where = adiabatic index and n = polytropic index. 6

( 4 ) (c) A 4-stroke engine working on Otto cycle has a stroke volume of 0.1 m3. The compression ratio is 7. The condition at the start of the cycle is pressure 0.1 MPa and 90C. The heat addition at constant volume is 100 kJ/cycle. Determine (i) ideal efficiency, (ii) temperatures at key points in the cycle, and (iii) mean effective pressure. Assume air as the working substance with Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK and = 1.4. 10

( 3 ) (c) State Clausius Theorem and explain why heat transfer across a finite temperature difference makes a process irreversible. 6 (d) An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine which has the following particulars : Power developed = 76 KW Fuel consumption = 4 kg/hr C.V. of fuel = 75,000 kJ/kg

Temperature limits = 727C and 27C. Comment on his claim. 4

6. (a) Explain with the help of an indicator the working of a single stage reciprocating air compressor, and derive the equation for work done by the compressor without clearance when the law of compression followed is (i) pV n = constant, (ii) isothermal. 10 (b) Prove that for maximum efficiency of a two-state reciprocating air compressor with perfect intercooling pi = where

4. (a) Write the steady flow energy equation for a single stream entering and a single stream leaving a control volume and breifly explain the various terms in it. State the conditions to be satisfied for the validity of this equation. 10 (b) In a gas turbine the flow rate of air is 4 kg/s. The velocity and enthalpy of air at entrance are 250 m/s and 6910 kJ/kg respectively. At exit, the velocity is 170 m/s and the enthalpy is 5025 kJ/kg. As the air passes through the turbine a loss of heat equal to 40 kJ/kg occurs. Find the power developed by the turbine. 10 5. (a) Prove that for the same compression ratio and the same heat input, Otto cycle is more efficient than Diesel cycle. 4

ps pd ,

pi = intermediate pressure, ps = suction pressure, pd = delivery pressure. 10 (b) Briefly give a comparative analysis of the spark ignition and compression ignition engines. 6 [ Turn over