3-1-2011tunisia - Template - 31 - 12 - 10 2003

Data support and urban analysis input for UN-HABITAT State of Arab Cities Report: Tunisia : page 1
Chris Horwood.
Templa te
Overview of data access & environment in Tunisia
The primary data sources are government data, collected at a national level and also developed by local bodes such as the Urban Agency of Greater Tunis (AUGT). There is some academic engagement with urban planning issues, particularly of Tunisias emerging metropolitanisation. NGO activity in Tunisia is generally constrained, so their contribution to the analysis may be limited.
Issues
1. Population & Urbanizatio n
Demographic & urban statistics: 1980-2010 & 2010-2030 forecasts. National totals (urban & rural) Urban growth rates City sizes & population distribution by country.
National indicators
Summary themes: analysis with statistical notes & additional sources
Population 10.374 million (5.2157 million male, 5.1582 million female) (UN DESA, 2010)1 10.4325 million (World Bank, 20092) 9,910,872 (4,965,435 male, 4,945,437) (2004, national census)3 10.3289 million (5.1563 million male, 5.1726 female) (2008)4 10.4396 million (2009)5 The National Institute of Statistics has also carried out population projections for the future: for instance, by 2029 it is projected to be 12.450 million, with 19.7% in the 0-14 age band6. Tunisias population density in 2008 was 66.3 persons/km2, compared to 64.4 persons/km2 in 2005.7 Population growth (20102015): Overall:1.0%8 Urban: 1.54% Rural: -0.28%9
The National Institute of Statistics is the main statistical portal of the government and posts data from, for instance, the 2004 census, the 2005 household survey, its more recent statistical yearbooks and summaries (for instance, its 2008 employment survey) and population projections up to 2034. Some of these (such as the 2005 household survey), in addition to the headline figures provided in French/English and listed in this document, appeared to have additional material in Arabic. There is also a 2008 summary of statistics in this report: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Tunisi e_chiffre_2008.pdf The 2009 report on infrastructure (in French) also gives a good overview of infrastructure capacities in areas such as telecommunications, water, sanitation, education and health. http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_ 2009.pdf
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UN DESA. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htm World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL 3 2006 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/vitstats/serATab2.pdf 4 National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, p.33. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf 5 National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 6 National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 7 National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 8 UN DESA. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/population.htm
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Urban population: 3.265 million (1980) 6.980 million (2010) 9.115 million (2030)10 (UN DESA). 6.979 million (2009)11 % of the total population resident in urban areas: 50.6 % (1980) 67.3 % (2010) 75.2 % (2030)12. 66.9% (2009)13 65.8% (2008)14 However, the World Bank World Development Report 2009 puts the 2005 urbanisation levels at 65.3% of the total population and projects that by 2015 it will be 69.1%15. The African Development Bank produces a 64.8% urbanisation figure for Tunisia and estimates that around 20% of the population reside in Greater Tunis16. Population of Tunis: 0. 577 million (1980) 0. 767 (2010) 0. 911 (2025)17 Tunis governorate (2004): 983,861 (496,922 male, 486,939 female)18. 2004 data (in an independent study, but cited as NIS data) puts the population of Tunis itself at 798,697 and the population of its surrounding suburban areas at 1,273,678, totalling 2,072,37519 figures that highlight the
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Importantly, the AUGT (see below) has a data bank of urban indicators under development. These were not listed on the website, but should be available on request. One issue is the blurred distinction between Tunis City (or the municipality) and Greater Tunis. These involve very different boundaries and population sizes and so cannot be used interchangeably. One of the classifications used by the National Institute of Statistics is municipal and non-municipal dwellings. This appears to denote urban areas. All the households within Tunis governorate are classified as municipal. National Institute of Statistics data is frequently reproduced here for Tunis governorate, all of which is classified as municipal. However, if the focus is on Greater Tunis, then this may need to include additional governorates (Ariana, Ben Arous and Manouba) that also comprise the territory of greater Tunis. However, not all of the households in these latter governorates are classified as municipal and so may need to be reduced to only municipal households to ensure a fully urban composition.
UN DESA. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup/index_panel3.html United Nations, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanisation Prospects: the 2009 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup/index_panel3.html 11 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL 12 United Nations, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanisation Prospects: the 2009 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup/index_panel3.html 13 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS? order=wbapi_data_value_2009+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc 14 National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 15 World Bank (2008), World Development Report 2009, p.335. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2009/Resources/4231006-1225840759068/WDR09_22_SWDIweb.pdf 16 African Development Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/north-africa/tunisia/ 17 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanisation Prospects: the 2009 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup/index_panel3.html. 18 National Institute of Statistics, 2004 Census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 19 Dlala, H.Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography, Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html
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substantial variability of how Tunis is defined. Another 2004 figure produced by the AUGT put the total population of Greater Tunis (Ariana, Tunis, Ben Arous and Manouba governorates) at 2,247,79220. The 2008 statistical yearbook puts the population of Tunis governorate at 993,900 and the population of Tunis district at 2,380,500. Sfax governorate is 905,000 (2008, July 1)21. National Institute of Statistics data for Tunis governorate puts the population at 2009 at 996,40022. National Institute of Statistics projected figures for 2010 put the Tunis governorate population at 1.0017 million23. One study (presumably using the expanded definition of Tunis district, as it cites a figure of 2.380.000 for the population in 2007) highlights the spatial expansion of Tunis from around a spatial magnitude of 10km at the beginning of the 1960s to around 40km from north to south by the late 2000s24. The Greater Tunis region, comprising Manouba, Ariana, Tunis and Ben Arous governorates, amounts to over 300,000 ha, 20,000 of which are urbanised, with an estimated population of 2.5 million25
20
NIS, cited by AUGT. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.augt.gov.tn/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=88&lang=fr 21 National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, p.33. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf 22 National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 23 National Institute of Statistics, Rapport Annuel sur les Indicateurs d'Infrastructure, p.113. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_2009.pdf 24 Chabbi, M. & Abid, H. (2008), La Mobilit Urbaine dans le Grand Tunis: Evolutions et Perspectives, p.2. Plan Bleu/UNEP, May 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Mobilite_urbaine/Tunis/rapport_mobilite_urbaineTunis.pdf 25 Bigio, A., Adapting for climate change and preparing for natural disasters in the coastal cities of North Africa, p.5. World Bank, June 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1256566800920/65052691268260567624/Bigio.pdf
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Country urbanization trends. Drivers of urbanization Where is the future heading?
Annual growth in urban areas: 3.82% (1975-80) 1.56% (2005-10) 1.54% (2010-15) 1.08% (2025-30)26. Annual growth in Tunis: 0.91% (1975-80) 0.87% (2005-10) 1.21%(2010-15) 1.04% (2020-25)27. Percentage of total population residing in Tunis: 8.9% (1980) 7.4% (2010) 7.7% (2025)28.
A general trend seems to be the disparity between larger urban centres, the coastal regions and the interior. For instance, a presentation at a UN HABITAT sponsored conference in 2009 has (undated) figures on education, water access, per capita spending and unemployment levels in Tunis, coastal areas and interior areas30. Rural-urban migration is now decreasing31. Najem Dharer, in this presentation, identified from around 1980 a slowing of migration to the major urban centres accompanied by the growing attraction of small and medium sized towns and the
26
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanisation Prospects: the 2009 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup/index_panel3.html. 27 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanisation Prospects: the 2009 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup/index_panel2.html 28 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanisation Prospects: the 2009 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup/index_panel2.html 30 Dhaher,N. (2009), Marginalit et intgration urbaines :Les quartiers populaires de la ville de Jendouba en Tunisie. International urban conference on La pauvret dans les villes moyennes et petites des pays en dveloppement, hosted by the Acadmie Royale des Sciences dOutre-Mer and UN HABITAT, 26, 27 et 28 October, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/pauvrete/Najem%20Dhaher_Marginalite_et_integration_urbaine.pdf 31 Plan Bleu (2005), A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean, p.200. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/red/pdf/Partie2_Urbain_uk.pdf
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Percentage of urban population residing in Tunis: 17.7% (1980) 11.0% (2010) 10.5% (2020-25)29.
strengthening of local influences through decentralising policies and new migratory patterns: urban communities of 2,000-30,000 inhabitants now represent more than 50% of towns32 - though other interpretations (such as N. Dharer, see below) identify a deterioration of urban centres in the interior and the growth of informal and peripheral settlements around major cities. Greater Tunis As urban sprawl has increased, the population density has lowered. The urbanised surface area has expanded from 9500 ha in 1975 to 23,458 ha in 2002: during the same period, the density has fallen from 101 persons/ha to 90 persons/ha. Note that these figures are for the whole of Tunis district33. One pronounced trend was the development of multiple centres in Tunis: this polynuclear pattern was the result both of planned and unplanned urban development forces34. Urban growth in Tunis between 1984 and 1994 was lower (2.75%) than the national average urban growth (3.83%): it reached 2.08% annually
29
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanisation Prospects: the 2009 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup/index_panel2.html 32 Dhaher,N. (2009), Marginalit et intgration urbaines :Les quartiers populaires de la ville de Jendouba en Tunisie. International urban conference on La pauvret dans les villes moyennes et petites des pays en dveloppement, hosted by the Acadmie Royale des Sciences dOutre-Mer and UN HABITAT, 26, 27 et 28 October, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/pauvrete/Najem%20Dhaher_Marginalite_et_integration_urbaine.pdf 33 Chabbi, M. & Abid, H. (2008), La Mobilit Urbaine dans le Grand Tunis: Evolutions et Perspectives, p.12. Plan Bleu/UNEP, May 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Mobilite_urbaine/Tunis/rapport_mobilite_urbaineTunis.pdf 34 Chabbi, M. & Abid, H. (2008), La Mobilit Urbaine dans le Grand Tunis: Evolutions et Perspectives, pp.12-13. Plan Bleu/UNEP, May 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Mobilite_urbaine/Tunis/rapport_mobilite_urbaineTunis.pdf
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between 1994 and 2004, compared to a 1.83% urban growth rate nationally. This moderate growth was primarily represented in the unmanaged growth of the peripheral urban fabric, particularly in the northern suburbs of Ariana Governorate, where the rise in the number of housing units (6.5% annually between 1994 and 2004, the highest rate in Greater Tunis) was considerably higher than the population growth rate of 3.81% during the same period, also the highest rate in Greater Tunis. In the Western suburbs during the same period, the annual growth of housing was also higher (3.60%) than the demographic growth (1.89%), though in the Southern suburbs of Ben Arias Governorate the housing growth (4.69%) and demographic growth (3.13%) are more closely aligned. This is the result of the deficit of residential and productive activity in the southern areas, the greater emphasis of the real estate market on the northern district and the higher concentration of services and facilities there an imbalance that has not been corrected by past urban plans and is unlikely, in the view of Habib Dlala, to be corrected by the current growth in the South Lake of Tunis35. Population growth in Tunis city between 1994 and 2004 (1.03% annually) was lower than the growth rate in Greater Tunis during the same period (2.08%). However, within the city centre there has been a marked trend of depopulation, with the population reducing by half in thirty years between 1975-2004. The neighbourhoods of the Medina (64,369 (1975) 26,703 (2004)) and Bab Bhar
35
Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography, Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html
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(82,809 (1975) 39,806 (2004)) were particularly pronounced during this period. All four central zones, and 4 out of 11 peri-central zones, exhibited negative growth between 1994 and 2004. There was also lower than average growth in the south and western suburbs of Tunis, where residential land is limited and demand among more solvent households is low, resulting in limited engagement from real estate agents and developers. The most pronounced growth was in the northern suburbs, in highly marketed neighbourhoods, in newly created communities as a result of urban development programs (such as the CUN, the Centre Urbaine Nord designed in 1977 by the regional Tunis land management plan) and in spontaneous urban settlements, often in agricultural territory and environmentally insecure areas vulnerable to flooding (such as the districts of Hine/Jayara/joumi ). There is also a marked trend of satellisation of neighbouring towns and centres around Tunis due to the expulsion of the insecure and precarious population by the high cost of land and housing. However, the land market has not been the only driver: transport infrastructure and the rising level of motorisation is also a factor36. Urban redistributions have also been a driver of urban growth: according to one estimate, around 70% of suburban households in Tunis came from the city centre37. While the city core such as the medina is given over to tourism or elite housing, Greater Tunis has witnessed the emergence of new centralities elsewhere, in the centre of old suburban districts some distance from
36
Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography, Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html 37 Plan Bleu (2005), A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean, p.245. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/red/pdf/Partie2_Urbain_uk.pdf
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the historic city centre and also the emergence of informal centralities in areas such as Mnihla, dEttadhamen et de Sidi Hcine, with the development of legal and informal activities and the densification of housing. Real estate developments such as supermarkets and transport infrastructure have also created new centralities38. One major project at the moment is the development of Tunis Lake. This has involved the cleaning of the lake (until recently a dump for used water) and the reconstruction of the sanitation network. The plan envisages 4.7 million m2 of residential area for 27,000 housing units and a population of 120,000, as well as 4.7 million m2 to accommodate businesses and offices. 30% of the total surface area is designated for green space.39 Habib Dlala has written on the growing metropolitanisation of Tunis and the surrounding towns in the North-East, driven not only by tourism and industry, but also by projects and developments in sports & leisure, knowledge centres and transport & logistics. This will result in an increasing concentration around the central metropolitan zone of a triangle containing the countrys most productive activities40.
38
Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography , Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html 39 Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography,
Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at:
http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography , Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html
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Existing & desirable urbanization policies. National urban policy development.
Planning history and development A general trend in Tunisia from 1956 to around 1980 was an absence of urban master plans, weak institutional capacity, a poor understanding of city functions, a lack of citizenoriented considerations in major state interventions and accelerated urbanisation41. Urban planning in Tunisia developed from the 1970s, with the creation of multiple institutional planning bodies and the development of urban development policies. The early 1970s to the late 1980s witnessed the movement of the population from the centre to the periphery: the middle classes to the inner edge of the city and the concentration of poorer social groups in the outer margins, often in the form of informal settlements. Together, this contributed to the development of substantial urban sprawl. In 1994, a land management and urban development policy was announced: in subsequent years, numerous planning frameworks were put in place including coastal protection programs, regional plans and urban development plans for a large number of communes42. The 1994 xxxxx outlined a number of guiding principles, including the use of a master plan to ensure balanced urban development, protection of agricultural lands, heritage conservation and designated land use, with a balance between master plan conformity developed by the Ministry of Planning and an active role of local authorities43: for instance, following on from the 1994 law, in 1995 a legislative decree established regional
Heritage and conservation In November 2010, in a meeting with the Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning, the Prime Minister emphasised the importance of respecting Tunisian architectural traditions in housing development58. A regeneration program in the centre of Tunis, led by the Association of the Preservation of Tunis Medina, was one of five architectural programs to receive the 2010 Aga Khan Award59. Metropolitansiation An overview of urban development policies in Tunisia by a faculty researcher at the National School of Architecture and Urbanism (see below) highlights the ongoing challenge of uneven development between different regions and the continued process in recent years of rural-urban migration. The latter process has increased the level of informal settlements around major cities and also accelerated the deterioration of the already debilitated towns of the interior. However, in recent years this dynamic has reduced while interurban migration and internal relocation have become the primary drivers of urban growth60. Hatem Kahloun, of the ISTEUB (as of 2007), has written on the vulnerability of small urban centres around Tunis to the capitals metropolitan growth and strength61. International influences and privatisation Nhajem Daher (see below) has argued that international institutions such as UNDP are playing an increasingly influential role in urban planning roles, supported by recent official policies, such as the 11th Development Plan, underlining selective development and metropolitanisation. This has been
41
Dhaher,N. (2009), Marginalit et intgration urbaines :Les quartiers populaires de la ville de Jendouba en Tunisie. International urban conference on La pauvret dans les villes moyennes et petites des pays en dveloppement, hosted by the Acadmie Royale des Sciences dOutre-Mer and UN HABITAT, 26, 27 et 28 October, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/pauvrete/Najem%20Dhaher_Marginalite_et_integration_urbaine.pdf 42 Chabbi, M. & Abid, H. (2008), La Mobilit Urbaine dans le Grand Tunis: Evolutions et Perspectives, p.3. Plan Bleu/UNEP, May 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Mobilite_urbaine/Tunis/rapport_mobilite_urbaineTunis.pdf 43 Republic of Tunisia (1994), Code de l'Amnagement du Territoire et de l'Urbanisme. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/catu/catu1020.htm
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technical commissions for land plot and housing development at governorate and also commune level44. Urban policy is a central state function: between 1994 and 2004 urban planning powers were devolved to the communes, but this period of decentralisation was subsequently brought to an end as a result of numerous local distortions. After 2004, urban planning responsibilities were reallocated from the Ministry of the Environment to the Ministry of Equipment and Housing45. Despite substantial urban planning instruments such as the Land and Town Planning Code and the Greater Tunis Urban Development Plan (launched in 1995 with a horizon up to 2021), programs in Tunis have been undermined by the proliferation of multiple bodies and agencies charged with various responsibilities and spheres of activity. For instance, there are three real estate agencies dealing with housing, industrial and tourist developments, while the transport network in Greater Tunis is divided between 5 different ministries46. Between 1994 and 2003, territorial and urban planning functions were divided into separate ministries, a decision that resulted on occasions in institutional
44
accompanied by a strong privatizing trend of formerly public assets and responsibilities: the granting of a GSM network to an Egyptian firm, the development of the Southern lake in Tunis by a UAE business, the management of Ariana Lake to the north of Tunis by another group, and so on. This represents the elevation of efficiency over the axiom of balanced regional development and reinforces the tendency to concentrate the countrys economic, political and cultural resources in the major coastal cities.62
Republic of Tunisia (1995), Arrt du ministre de l'quipement et de l'habitat du 19 octobre 1995, fixant la composition et les modalits de fonctionnement des commissions techniques des lotissements. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/catu/95-1910A.htm 46 Houpin, S., Urban mobility and sustainable development in the Mediterranean: regional diagnostic outlook. UNEP/Plan Bleu, April 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Synthese_moburb_Damas_EN.pdf 61 Kahloun, H., Quelles capacits de rsistance des petites villes face la mtropolisation?. URBAMAG, 2 Logique institutionnelle et logique citadine dans les villes du Maghreb, 16 April 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.urbamag.net/document.php?id=185 60 Dhaher, N. (2010), Lamnagement du territoire tunisien : 50 ans de politiques lpreuve de la mondialisation. EchoGo, 13. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://echogeo.revues.org/12055 59 Tunisia Online News, Tunisian project receives Aga Khan Award for Architecture. November 29, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisiaonlinenews.com/tunisian-project-receives-aga-khanaward-for-architecture/ 58 Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning, Le Prsident Ben Ali s'intresse aux projets d'infrastructure routire et d'habitat. November 25, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/actualiterFr.php?id=128 45 Chabbi, M. & Abid, H. (2008), La Mobilit Urbaine dans le Grand Tunis: Evolutions et Perspectives, p.15. Plan Bleu/UNEP, May 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Mobilite_urbaine/Tunis/rapport_mobilite_urbaineTunis.pdf
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conflict47. The general principles of the countrys land management strategy (Schma Directeur dAmnagement du Territoire) were set out in 1997, building on the principles of Agenda 21 with the aim of securing effective, sustainable and equitable development in the next twenty years. As well as environmental
47
Dhaher, N. (2010), Lamnagement du territoire tunisien : 50 ans de politiques lpreuve de la mondialisation. Sur le Champ, 13. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://echogeo.revues.org/12055 62 Dhaher, N. (2010), Lamnagement du territoire tunisien : 50 ans de politiques lpreuve de la mondialisation. EchoGo, 13. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://echogeo.revues.org/12055
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protection and efficient waste management, the program also aimed to facilitate infrastructural development in larger cities and also support the development of smaller urban centers. It also aimed to tackle increasing urban density, particularly in coastal areas, with well-planned urban development and integrated transport networks linking road and rail48.
48
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.environnement.nat.tn/schema.htm
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Governance adaptations for urban & regional spatial planning
Current and future urban development In 2000, Tunis municipality launched a city development strategy (SDV, Les stratgies de Dveloppement de Ville) in partnership with the World Bank and the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, with added input from the Fdration Nationale des Villes Tunisiennes. This has progressed and has the
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for the future.
staed aim of steering Tunis towards a future city that is open, clean, healthy, wellplanned and forward-looking. It includes a comprehensive urban development plan for the coity centre and redevelopment projects around the lakes49. The Schma Directeur dAmnagement du Territoire for Greater Tunis (2008-2021) outlines future residential expansion in Greater Tunis towards the west, in higher altitude areas, away from the coastal regions, which are more vulnerable to flooding. 5 major urban development initiatives are
49
Municipality of Tunis. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=479
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also planned in and around the city, worth around $50 billion and funded substantially by Gulf investment. These include resorts, leisure facilities, commercial and financial districts and will be located around Sebkah Ariana, the north coast, and the North and South lakes of Tunis50. Urban planning in Tunis is also governed by different zones51.
50
Bigio, A., Adapting for climate change and preparing for natural disasters in the coastal cities of North Africa, p.5. World Bank, June 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1256566800920/65052691268260567624/Bigio.pdf 51 Municipality of Tunis. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=773
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The National Fund for Housing Development, initiated in 2004, focuses on urban regeneration, the eradication of primitive buildings and the rehabilitation of housing and their accompanying infrastructure. A 1992-2006 program to enhance the living conditions of the urban poor rehabilitated 719 neighbourhoods with 1.6 million inhabitants. The presidential outklas rehabilitation,
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in Tunis, moved 2,200 families out of dangerous structures and into new homes52. A 2007-2009 program to improve living conditions in neighbourhoods, covering 166,000 residents and 26 neighbourhoods (14 in Greater Tunis and 12 in the other 11 governorates). Among other achievements, the program facilitated the construction of 329 km of roads, 70 km of canals and sewage networks, a light
52
Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/indexFr.php? id=21
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network, the rehabilitation of thousands of homes, the development of sports and leisure centres, and the creation of industrial estates and thousands of micro-projects, creating an estimated 7,500 jobs. There is now a 2009-2012 component underway and the program aims to rehabilitate 56 neighbourhoods in 21regions and covering 260,000 inhabitants53. The 11th economic development plan (2007-11)
53
Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning, Rsultats positifs du programme de promotion des quartiers populaires dans les grandes villes. December 15, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/actualiterFr.php?id=132
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aims to rehabilitate medinas in Tunis, Sfax, Souisse, Kairouan and to restore the fabric other medians too. It also plans to oversee the construction of 300,323 new housing units. The government has the stated aim of raising family ownership levels (currently around 80%) and raise living condition through the construction of new dwellings, provision of land and the development of new mechanisms to assist low income families to improve their homes54. The plan
54
Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/indexFr.php? id=21
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contained a number of stated policies relating to urban planning, including enhanced utilities and basic services such as generalised sanitation in urban areas, the creation and improvement of parks and urban reforestation. It also outlined the need for updating regional and local urban development plans to achieve balanced and harmonious growth, as well as
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the development of green spaces and leisure amenities. Digital services, environmental protection and improved cleanliness were also specified in the plan. Furthermore, architectural aesthetics, heritage conservation and quality of life enhancement were also underlined in the strategy, with an emphasis on urban master plans that would satisfy the long term needs and desires of residents. It also highlighted the
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importance of a balanced urban structure that reconciled the expansion of macrodevelopments such as shopping malls with the ongoing viability of SMEs, as well as controlled urban expansion in general, rational land use and densification55. The government recently completed its 2016-2021 horizon and is now initiating a study into the 2030-2050 timeframe56. The government is also aiming to develop its urban observatories and GIS capacities, and also
55
Ministry of Development and International Cooperation (2006), The 11th Plan and the 2007-2016 Decade. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisieinfo.com/note-orinetation2007-2016/Note_Orientation_Eng.pdf 56 Gnet, Amnagement du territoire, la Tunisie pense dj 2050. September 19, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.gnet.tn/temps-fort/amenagement-du-territoire-la-tunisiepense-deja-a-2050/id-menu-325.html
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Details of & impact of migrants, refugees & IDPs on urbanization. Policy
monitor and curb uncontrolled growth. It also plans to promote collective housing development and a density of 40 dwellings per hectare57. No. of international migrants: 33 591 (2010)63 No. of refugees: 97 (2010)64 International migrants as % of population: 0.3% (2010)65.
Refugees are entitled to health care access and law enforcement services, but due to labour laws the majority work within the informal sector69.
57
Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/indexFr.php?id=21 63 UN DESA, Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/migration 64 UN DESA, Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/migration/ 65 UN DESA, Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://esa.un.org/migration/ 69 United States Government, Department of State, 2009 Human Rights Report: Tunisia. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136081.htm
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implications. (For Magreb, Mashreq & LDCs only)
Remittance inflows (2007): $1,716 million66 Remittance outflows (2007): $15million67 The 2004 census has data on internal migration. For example, in Tunis governorate there were 116,149 entries and 143,349 exists: it does not specify the timeframe these occurred in. Of those entering Tunis governorate, 14.4% did so for work, 17.8% for home buying, 54.5% for family support, 11.2% for studies and 2.0% for other reasons. Of those outgoing from Tunis governorate,
66
UNDP, 2009 Human Development Report. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf 67 UNDP, 2009 Human Development Report. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf
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58.0% were for work, 10.7% for marriage, 29.5% for studies and 1.7% for other reasons68. 2. The Growing Economic Role of Cities The economic role of urban networks & systems of cities.
GDP (current US$): 28,967,848,882 (2005) 39,560,912,390 (2009) World Bank)70 39.415 billion (2008, UN)71 GDP per capita (current US$): $2,888 (2005) 3,792 (2009)72 $3876 (2008)73
In recent decades Tunisia has implemented a range of measures to facilitate its integration into the global market. As a result, exports account for 47% of GDP. However, according to the World Bank, by substantial government interventions in the economy. To maintain growth in the
68
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php World Bank. Retrieved October 30, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries 71 United Nations. Retrieved October 30, 2010 at: http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Tunisia 72 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD/countries 73 United Nations. Retrieved October 30, 2010 at: http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Tunisia
70
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Countrys cities role in global markets, the rise of global & regional cities. Changing role of countries cities under economic globalization. City marketing, related fiscal
Foreign direct investment inflows (BoP, current US$): $723,042,931 (2005) 1,595,452,778 (2009)74 Foreign Direct Investment (annual flow): $0.779 billion (2000) $2.758 billion (2008) $1.688 billion (2009)75
long term it will need to deepen its integration in the global economy and develop into a higher-value added, knowledge-based industries. This is a stated aim of the 11th National Development Plan (2007-11) 76. The government has opened up the economy by promoting investment and business through incentives and in 2008 established a Free Trade Zone with the EU: the EU accounts for around 80% of its exports77.
74 75
World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD/countries UNCTAD. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://unctadstat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx 76 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/TUNISIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20149720~menuP K:4209811~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:310015,00.html 77 African Development Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/north-africa/tunisia/
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policy, exportoriented industrial cities. What are the most dynamic urban sectors?
The growing metropolitan areas of Greater Tunis (see above) is partly fuelled by the intensification of specific agriculture linked to urban markets and where the farm workers control over agriculture has been superseded by urban-led speculation and investment, and also the growth of industrial and export-driven activity in the smaller satellite towns around Greater Tunis78.
78
Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography, Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html
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Services & infrastructure (supporting global or international functions.) Policy implications.
Mobile cellular subscription/100 people: 57 (2005) 83 (2008)79 Internet users, number per 100 population: 9.5 (2005) 27.1 (2008)80 According to the 2004 census, 50.9% of households in Tunis governorate had a fixed line, 60.5% at least one mobile phone and 14.0% a computer. This compares to 35.3%, 46.3% and
In November 2010, the Tunisia Internet and Multimedia Association hosted a conference to promote the concept of the smart digital city with its activities in the economy, culture and other sectors supported by digital technologies. The participants also focussed ion the integration of Tunisias network of eight digital cities85.
79 80
World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2 85 Tunisia Online News, Tunisia aims at promoting smart city concept. November 9, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisiaonlinenews.com/tunisia-aims-at-promoting-%e2%80%9csmart-city%e2%80%9d-concept/
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7% respectively in Tunisia as a whole and 47.1%, 54.3% and 9.9% respectively in the communal areas of the country.81 The number of fixed and mobile lines has risen from 5.3 lines per 100 inhabitants in 1994 to 105.6 lines per 100 inhabitants in 2009. The density in Tunis governorate was anticipated to reach 168.7 lines (24.3 fixed) per 100 inhabitants in 201082. In Tunis governorate it was estimated that
81 82
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Institute of Statistics, Rapport Annuel sur les Indicateurs d'Infrastructure, pp. 33-37. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_2009.pdf
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Cities, mobility & transportation
50.9% of households were connected to the fixed telephone network83. According to the 2004 census, 14.5% of households in Tunis governorate have one or more members using the internet. 13.6% of households in Tunis governorate have a computer. 6.0% (compared to 2.8% for Tunisia as a whole) of the 5+ population use the internet84.
83
National Institute of Statistics, Rapport Annuel sur les Indicateurs d'Infrastructure, p. 46. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_2009.pdf 84 National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
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infrastructures (facts & trends).
See below for details on urban transport networks.
Urban productivity & employment facts & trends.
Labour participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+): 48% (2008)86 Labor participation rate, male (15+): 71% (2008)87
Informal jobs have been estimated at around 45% of Tunisias urban employment97.
86 87
World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.ZS World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.MA.ZS 97 Plan Bleu (2005), A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean, p.202. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/red/pdf/Partie2_Urbain_uk.pdf
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Labor participation, female (15+): 26% (2008)88 Employment-to-population ratio (2008): 41.0% - M/F 60.9% male 21.2%- female89 Total labour force (2010): 3.769 million Active labour force (2010): 3.2774
88 89
World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS UN MDG indicators. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx
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Total activity rate (2010): 46.9% (69.5% male, 24.8% female) Unemployment rate (2010): 13.0% In 2010, 49.3% of the active labour force were in trade and services, 33.0% were in industry, mines, energy, construction and public works and 17.7% in agriculture and fishing.90 While the unemployment rate was 13.3% in 2009, for 20-24 year olds it was as high as 30% and 25% for graduates91. 565,907 applications for
90 91
National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/TUNISIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20149720~menuP K:4209811~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:310015,00.html
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employment registered with the government, 47 970 in Tunis. In the same year, there were 147,466 offers of work received by the government, 15,431 in Tunis governorate92. 2004 census data According to the 2004 census, the activity rate of the +15 population was 47.2% (64.8% male, 29.4% female) in Tunis governorate93. In Tunis governorate, according to the 2004 census, of the
92
National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, pp.107-108. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf 93 National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
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312,372 economically active population, 26.1% were in administration and education, 17.0% in manufacturing industries, 15.8% in trade, 8.0% in transport and communications, 7.2% in construction industry and public works, 1.5% in mining and energy, 0.9% in agriculture, forestry and fishing. 22.2% were in other services and 1.3% in the undeclared sector. 94
94
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
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According to the 2004 census, the 15+ unemployment rate in Tunis governorate was 14.1% (13.0% male, 16.6% female). Among the 18-59 age group, the unemployment rate in Tunis governorate was 13.9% (12.8% male, 16.3% female). This group totalled 48805 persons: of these, 34.0% were in the 18-24 age band95. According to the 2004 census, 11.0% of the active population and 11.3% of the unemployed were in Tunis governorate96.
95 96
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 Census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Institute of Statistics, 2004 Census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
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Urban & national education & health details & trends.
HDI Rank (2007): 98th98 HDI value (2007): 0.76999 Life expectancy, years (2007 data): 73.8 (total), 71. 8 (male), 76.0 (female)100 Life expectancy (2009): 74.5 years (72.5 years male, 76.5 years female)101 Under-5 mortality rate: 50 (1990) 21 (2008)102 Infant mortality rate (<1): 40 (1990) 18 (2008)103 As of 2008, Tunisia had 174 hospitals and 2083 basic health
98
2007 figure, from UNDP (2009), Human Development Report 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf 99 UNDP, Human Development Report 2009, p.172. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf 100 UNDP, 2009 Human Development Report, p.172, 182. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf 101 National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 102 UNICEF. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Tunisia_statistics.html 103 UNICEF. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Tunisia_statistics.html
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centres. In that year, 6.5% of the state budget and 1.6% of GDP went towards public health104. Number of inhabitants per 1 surgeon: 1013.0 (2004) 865 (2008) Number of inhabitants per 1 pharmacist: 4800.6 (2004) 3386 (2008) Number of inhabitants per 1 paramedic: 336.0 (2004) 252 (2008)105 In Tunis governorate, there are only 49 of the countrys 2083 basic health centres, but 5 of the 11 general hospitals and 14 of the 21 specialised institutes,
104 105
National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
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centres and hospitals. It had 3.8 beds/1000 inhabitants, compared to a 1.8 national average and also 1.8 in Sfax governorate106. There is also data on the number of medical staff and clinic, dentist practices, etc. in different governorates. If required, there is infrastructure data on areas such as health. For instance, in Tunis governorate, it
106
National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, p.87. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf
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was forecast that in 2010 there would be 50 basic health care centres and 4083 hospital beds107 Combined gross enrolment ratio in education (2007): 76.2%108 School life expectancy, years: 15 (overall), 14 (male), 15 (female) (2008, UIS est.)109 Adult (15+) literacy (2008): 77.6% (M/F)
107
National Institute of Statistics, Rapport Annuel sur les Indicateurs d'Infrastructure, p. 84. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_2009.pdf 108 UNDP, 2009 Human Development Report, p.171. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf 109 UN DESA. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/education.htm
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86.4% (male) 71.0% (female) Youth (15-24) literacy (2008): 96.8% (M/F) 98.1% (male) 95.8% (female)110 Education - Primary enrolment, gross enrolment rate: 107% (2008) (M/F) 108% (2008) (male) 106% (2008) (female)
110
UNESCO. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx? ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7880&BR_Region=40525
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Education - Primary enrolment, net enrolment rate: 98% (2008) (M/F) 97% (2008) (male) 98% (2008) (female) Education Secondary enrolment, gross enrolment rate: 92% (2008) (M/F) 88% (2008) (male) 96% (2008) (female)111
111
UNESCO. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: UNESCO. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx? ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7880&BR_Region=40525
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Education Secondary enrolment, net enrolment rate: 71% (2008) (M/F) 67% (2008) (male) 76% (2008) (female)112 Tertiary enrolment gross enrolment rate: 34% (2008) (M/F) 27% (2008) (male) 40% (2008) (female)113 In the 2008/9 school year, there were 39,485 boys and 36,899 girls enrolled in primary school in
112
UNESCO. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: UNESCO. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx? ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7880&BR_Region=40525 113 UNESCO. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx? ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7880&BR_Region=40525
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Tunis governorate. At the secondary level, there were 41,780 boys and 47,444 girls enrolled in Tunis governorate. In the same year, there were 45,505 boys and 41,982 girls enrolled in primary level in Sfax governorate. At the secondary level, there were 37,983 boys and 42,239114. School rate of the population at 6 (2008/2009): 99.2% (total, male, female)
114
National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, pp.61-62, 66-67. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf
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Schooling rate of the population aged 6-14 (2008/2009): 97.7% (97.4% male, 98.0% female)115 According to the 2004 census, of the 10+ population in Tunis governorate, 14.7% were unschooled, 30.9% had an elementary education, 39.7% had a secondary education and 14.6% had a higher education116. The schooling rate of the 6-14 population in Tunis governorate in 2004 was 97.8% (97.5% male,
115 116
National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Institute of Statistics, 2004 Census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
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98.0% female). The higher education rate among the 19-24 population in Tunis governorate was 30.7% (28.4% male, 33.2% female)117. The 2004 census also has data on literacy. In the 10-29 age band, the illiteracy rate (it actually lists it as the literacy rate, but if so then the data does not make sense) is 14.5% (8.7% male, 20.4% female) in Tunis governorate. 118
117 118
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 Census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Institute of Statistics, 2004 Census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
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Tourism- details & trends.
Tunisia is 29th in the World Tourism Organisations top 40 destinations, with the tourism sector employing 400,000 people and contributing 6.5% of GDP. However, though the number of overnight stays increased during 2010, the overall receipts declined. Tunisia is planning to improve its image and market as a tourist venue119. Coastal urbanisation is accelerated by tourism. A 2004 analysis estimated that the urbanised coastal area of Tunisia extended to 140 km and that tourist areas comprising resorts and second homes amounted to another 80km: the total 220km amounted to 18% of the total coastline. Furthermore, when current and projected development was factored in, the total tourist coastal areas came to around 150km120. The 11th
119
Oxford Business Group, Tunisia: Tourism upgrades. December 22, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20101223034046/Tourism%20Upgrades 120 Stefano (2004) in Hall, C.M., Tourism urbanisation and global environmental change, pp.147-148, in Gosling, S. & Hall, C.M. (eds.) (2006), Tourism & Global Environmental Change: Ecological, Social, Economic and Political Interrelationships. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://books.google.co.uk/books? id=nCLRWj7nEusC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=tunisia+urbanisation&source=bl&ots=vOSYeCy60D&sig=EZdIo66Vj7qeM0 91fvURWVsYHmk&hl=en&ei=hGQTTfGFJcy4hAfJ0O22Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDgQ6AE wBA#v=onepage&q=tunisia%20&f=false
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development plan document stated that around 75% of tourist accommodation was coastal. Among the stated aims of the plan was the remarketing of Tunisias brand and consumer diversification to incorporate groups such as elderly winter vacationers121. One critique of urban development in Tunisia has highlighted the weak environmental regulations in tourist areas, the environmentally destructive
121
Ministry of Development and International Cooperation (2006), The 11th Plan and the 2007-2016 Decade, p.126. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisieinfo.com/note-orinetation2007-2016/Note_Orientation_Eng.pdf
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effect of many resorts and their tendency to disrupt the established character of urban settlements and create a clean slate on rural landscapes122. However, tourism has also had an impact in the south of the country, particularly relating to heritage sites: the historic city of Tozeur, in the Sahara, has witnessed a second life as a result of tourism-related restoration123. The 2008 statistical year book has data
122
Dhaher, N. (2010), Lamnagement du territoire tunisien : 50 ans de politiques lpreuve de la mondialisation. Sur le Champ, 13. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://echogeo.revues.org/12055 123 Dhaher, N. (2010), Espaces traditionnels et fonctions contemporaines : Le cas de la mise en tourisme des quartiers historiques de la ville de Tozeur en Tunisie. Presentation at the international conference, Les quartiers historiques : Pressions, enjeux, actions at the Institut du Nouveau Monde (Montral, Canada),Qubec, 20-21 May, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mursmurs.info/documents/etats-generaux/colloque-textes/3-1-Dhaher.pdf
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(chapter 10) on tourism revenues, with longitudinal data for the past few years, if required. http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anun aire_2008.pdf 3. Urban development & Housing Conditions How do cities of this country relate to the
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region? (either Mashreq, Margeb, LDC or Gulf) Urban poverty, inequality & vulnerable groups (youth, gender, migrants, refugees, IDPs).
Human Poverty Index: 0.752 (2009, HDR) Rank: 84124 Youth unemployment (15-24) (2005): 30.7% (31.4% for males, 29.3% for females)125 Ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate (2005): 3.0 (3.4 male, 2.2 female)126
Tunisias economic growth has been accompanied by improved welfare, resulting in one of the lowest poverty rates in the region (7%). Around 60% of state spending goes on state sectors such as housing. Food subsidies have also supported the urban poor138. The African Development Bank cites poverty data of 2.4% (2004), compared to 4.2% in 2000139.
124
UNDP, 2009 Human Development Report. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf 125 UN MDG indicators. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx 126 UN MDG indicators. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx 138 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/TUNISIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20149720~menuP K:4209811~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:310015,00.html 139 African Development Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/north-africa/tunisia/
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Share of youth unemployed to total unemployed (2005): 42.3% (43.0% for males, 41.0% for females)127 Household and per capita expenditure Average annual household expenditure: 6450 (2000) 8211 (2005)128 Average annual expenditure per person: 1329 (2000) 1820 (2005)129 Annual expenditure growth per
Though poverty levels remain high in some areas, particularly rural parts of the country, due to political commitment the countrys growth has been strongly pro-poor. Poverty levels went from 20.1% in the country and 4.3% in Greater Tunis in 1980 to 4.1% in the country and 1.0% in Greater Tunis in 2000. GINI coefficient values in the country went from 0.455 (total) and 0.418 (urban) in 1980 to 0.409 (total) and 0.391 (urban) in 2000140.
127 128
UN MDG indicators. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 129 National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 140 Lahouel, M.H., The success of pro-poor growth in rural and urban Tunisia, in Besley, T. & Cord, L.J. (eds.) (2006), Delivering on the Promise of Pro-Poor Growth, pp.199-218. World Bank/Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPGI/Resources/PPG_eBook.pdf
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person: 6.5% (2005) Poverty rate: 3.8% (2005)130 Household expenditure by item (2005): Nutrition: 34.8% Housing: 22.8% Apparel: 8.8% Hygiene and treatment: 10.3% Transport: 10.7% Telecommunication: 3.7% Education: 2.8% Culture and entertainment: 5.6% Other expenditures: 0.5%131
130 131
National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
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Percentage of slum & informal settlements dwellers.
Slum population (2001): 3.7% of urban population132 Slum to urban population: 9.0% (1990)133 4% (2001 est.)134 Urban growth rate 3%, slum growth rate -5% (2001 est.)135 Slum population (1990): 425,340136 The 2004 census also has data on the availability of particular household goods (such as radio, tv, oven, fridge, etc.) by governorate137.
132 133
United Nations. Retrieved November 8, 2010 at: http://www.devinfo.info/urbaninfo/ UN Statistics Division. Retrieved December 2, 2010 at: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=slum&d=MDG&f=seriesRowID:710 134 UN HABITAT. Retrieved December 2, 2010 at: http://www.un-habitat.org/categories.asp?catid=239 135 UN HABITAT. Retrieved December 2, 2010 at: http://www.un-habitat.org/categories.asp?catid=239 136 United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved December 2, 2010 at: http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=MDG&f=seriesRowID:711 137 National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
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Informal urbanization: The role/impacts of lacking or restrictive legislation.
From the late 1970s, Tunisia progressed from a policy of slum eradication to slum upgrading, with service provision and infrastructure development. A 2003 World Bank review of Tunisias slum upgrading program concluded that the initiatives had succeeded in raising the quality of life of around 1.5 million people and improved the economic vitality and
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environment of hundreds of neighbourhoods, reducing the proportion of slum housing of total housing stock from 44% in 1966 and 23.7% in 1975 to 2.2% in 1994 and less than 1% by 2002, with a government target of 0% by 2004. However, it also highlighted the limited availability or urban land and affordable housing for low income families, and identified the emergence of a new type of slum on urban outskirts, comprising well-built housing on illegal land. It estimated that the contribution of
Chris Horwood.
the private informal sector had reached around 30% of production (while the public sector had contributed around 16% of total housing output between 1992 and 2001). Informal settlements, primarily concentrated around Tunis, were triggered by rapid urban growth, encouraged in part by rural-urban migration and the failure of social housing and urban infrastructure programs to respond to this growing population141. Spontaneous housing has decreased in recent years: from 34% in 1993 to 22-25% in 2000142. The Director General of Planning at the Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Planning recently stated in an interview that Tunisia had no slums, but conceded that informal settlements were an ongoing phenomenon143. According to Tunis municipality, between a quarter and a third of the urbanised area of Tunis is made up of informal settlements144. (This latter figure
141
Cities Alliance/World Bank (2003), Tunisie: Evaluation does Programmes de Rehabilitation Urbaines. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/03/16/000090341_20060316132747/Rendered/PDF/354 890TUN0MNA11cess071710501PUBLIC1.pdf 142 Plan Bleu, A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean, p.206. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/red/pdf/Partie2_Urbain_uk.pdf 143 Gnet, Amnagement du territoire, la Tunisie pense dj 2050. September 19, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.gnet.tn/temps-fort/amenagement-du-territoire-la-tunisiepense-deja-a-2050/id-menu-325.html 144 Municipality of Tunis. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=479
Chris Horwood.
Housing supply, housing finance, mortgage markets & affordability. Rental housing:
is the sort of statement that needs to be used with caution, as it may only denote Tunis municipality or the full extent of Greater Tunis). Number of dwelling units: 2.5008 million (2004) 2.8868 million (2009) 145 Average number of persons by occupied dwelling unit: 4.68 (2004) 4.33 (2009)146 Dwelling type:
From 1988, housing became a important component of its national strategy, with an emphasis on reforming the finance system, particularly relating to social housing, diversifying the housing stock and promoting the effective management
145 146
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
Chris Horwood.
policies & restrictive legislation.
45.1% modern dwelling units (individual houses, flats), 54.1% traditional dwelling units (Arab house, borj, houch), 0.8% rudimentary dwellings (2004) 33.8% modern dwelling units (individual houses, flats), 65.9% traditional dwelling units (Arab house, borj, houch), 0.3% rudimentary dwellings (2009)147 According to the 2004 census, in
and rehabilitation of existing stock. The 1990 Law on Property Development was passed to encourage developers to invest in social housing projects and to develop subdivisions for housing. This was followed in 1994 by a new law to enhance land management, particularly in urban contexts. Among other measures, finance for affordable housing has been provided through the Fund for the Promotion of Social Housing and by reforming credit requirements for loans in the general banking sector. Furthermore, through a review of the urban development plans
147
National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
Chris Horwood.
Tunis governorate 39.3% were studios, 22.0% flats, 37.1% villa or villa floor and 1.6% traditional housing. This compared to 54.3% studios, 6.9% flats, 38% villa or villa floor and 0.8% traditional housing. Of the 10701 rudimentary dwelling units in Tunisia, 4150 (38.8%) were in Tunis governorate148.
of various municipalities and the Real Estate Housing Agency, providing more land for development156. The Banque de lHabitat helps finance and develop housing157. The Housing Promotion Fund for Employees (FOPROLOS) was also established by law in 1977, funded from loans and a 1% tax on public and private employee salaries158. It aims to provide employees with between 1-4.5 times the minimum wages with affordable housing loans, with particular provisos on the size and type
148 156
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/indexFr.php? id=21 157 Bandue de lHabitat. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.bh.com.tn/la_banque.asp 158 Tunisie.Com. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisie.com/economie/FOPROLOS.html
Chris Horwood.
Number of households: 2.4746 million (2009) Average number of persons by household: 4.47 (2005) 4.21 (2009)149 Share of households owning a car (%): 20.2% (2005) 23.1% (2009) Share of households owning a television set (%):92.4% (2005) 96.7% (2009)150 Share of households owning a
of housing unit, depending on the nature of the loan159. The absence of a transparent land market has encouraged illegal settlements and urban sprawl. A 2006 URBACONSULT study concluded that neither communes, land agencies or government departments were able to provide the land necessary to satisfy present and future housing, infrastructure and business needs160. A 2003 World Bank review identified a growing shortfall of affordable land for
149 150
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 159 Banque de lHabitat. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.bh.com.tn/credit_foprolos.asp 160 Dhaher, N. (2010), Lamnagement du territoire tunisien : 50 ans de politiques lpreuve de la mondialisation. Sur le Champ, 13. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://echogeo.revues.org/12055
Chris Horwood.
fixed line (%):34.4% (2005) 26.1% (2009) However, in seeming contrast to the figures above, according to the 2008 statistical abstract, the number of fixed line subscribers has risen from 1.204 million (2004) to 1.239 million in 2008, while the number of mobile phone subscribers has risen from 3,736 in 2004 to 8,602 in 2008151. In Tunis governorate, the number of fixed line subscribers has risen from 215,963 in 2004 to 218,625 in 2008.152
development and concluded that housing production, though sufficient in quantity, was not adequately diversified and unsuitable for low income families. The financing system was also unsuited to the changing circumstances of many some households, particularly low income households161. Morched Chabbi has argued that the primarily middle class housing policies initiated in the 1970s have neglected the needs of the very poor and relegated them to informal settlements on the urban periphery162. Around 80% of Tunisians build their
151
National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, p.197. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf 152 National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, p.198. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf 161 Cities Alliance/World Bank (2003), Tunisie: Evaluation does Programmes de Rehabilitation Urbaines, p.12. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/03/16/000090341_20060316132747/Rendered/PDF/354 890TUN0MNA11cess071710501PUBLIC1.pdf
162
Chabbi, M. (2010), Focus. Comment Tunis sest mal loge, in Regards sur la Terre. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.cairn.info/regards-sur-la-terre-2010--9782724611403-p210.htm
Chris Horwood.
There is also data showing the number of new subscriptions of various types between Greater Tunis and the Interior153. According to the 2004 census, 50.7% of dwellings have bathroom equipment in Tunis governorate. This compares to 43.9% of dwelling in a municipal milieu and 5.6% of dwellings in a
own home, with the government constructing another 15% (mainly social housing) and the remaining 5% falling to property developers in the country163.
153
National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, p.199. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf 163 Arabian Business.Com, citing the Oxford Business Group. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.arabianbusiness.com/property/guides/country/estate-profile/17-tunisia
Chris Horwood.
non-municipal milieu in Tunisia as a whole154. According to the 2004 census, the average household size in Tunis governorate was 4.03 persons, compared to 4.32 in municipal areas of Tunisia as a whole and 4.99 persons in nonmunicipal areas.155 % of population aged (0-14): 23% (2009)164
Impacts of the youth bulge,
154 155
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 164 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS
Chris Horwood.
household formation rates, gender issues.
% population, 0-24 (2010): 40.8% % population, 15-24 (2010): 18.7% % population, 0-24 (2025): 32% % population, 15-24 (2025):12.8%165 % population, 0-14 (2009): 23.9% % population, 15-29 (2009): 29.0%166
165 166
US Census Bureau, International Data Base. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/groups.php National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
Chris Horwood.
The 2008 statistical yearbook has data breakdowns on the age composition of various governorates and districts in year bands (and also disaggregated by gender, if required). The figures below have been reached using the raw figures and do not appear directly in the report. Obviously percentages could be processed for any age band and any
Chris Horwood.
governorate. For Tunis governorate (2008): 0-24:37% 0-14:19.7% 15-24: 17.3% For Tunis district (2008): 0-24:39.2% 0-14:21.2% 15-24: 18%167 Tunis governorate (2004) 0-14: 21.7% 15-19: 8.9% 20-29: 19.9%168
167
National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, pp.32-33. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf 168 National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
Chris Horwood.
Urban tenure, property rights & titling. Urban land markets, tenure, property rights & titling. Urban land & fiscal policy (relating to property speculation,
According to the 2004 census, in Tunis governorate 89.0% of dwellings were inhabited, 2.4% secondary and 8.5% vacant. This compared to 84.6% inhabited dwellings, 5% secondary and 10.4% vacant in the country as a whole169. 79.2% of households in the country were owner occupied in 2009, compared to 78.3% in 1994170.
169 170
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php qq. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/pdf/dgh_indicat2010_fr.pdf
Chris Horwood.
property tax etc). Land issues in conflict & occupied area (where relevant). 4. Urban Environmental Challenges
Chris Horwood.
Urban water security (facts & trends). Impacts of water scarcity on urban form, growth & health issues. Addressing systemic water
% of population using improved drinking water source: 94% (total) 99% (urban) 84% (rural) (2008)171 Drinking water connection rate: 84.1% (2005) 85.3% (2009) Drinking water supply rate: 96.1% (2005) 98.0% (2009)172 According to the 2004 census,
Tunisia has limited freshwater reserves of around 400 m3 per capita, subject to fluctuations and substantial variations, depending on geography and the particular year. Nevertheless, despite these challenges, it has faced multiple droughts without being forced into emergency measures, such as servicing cities with barges. This is due to its development of substantial dam networks and other infrastructure, including in marginal areas, and
171 172
UN MDGS. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
Chris Horwood.
losses (facts & trends).
97.0% of dwellings in Tunis governorate were connected to drinking water and 92.6% to the sewage network. This compared to 77.7% and 53.5% respectively in the country as a whole173. According to the 2004 census, 99.7% of households in Tunis governorate use running water as their main water source and 0.2% public water : this compares to 83.5% of households
effective and considered water management. For instance, Tunisia treats and reuses around a third of its urban wastewater in agriculture182. As part of the countrys sanitation improvement program, there is a 2014 target to achieve 50% reuse of waste water, compared to 30% currently183.
173 182
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php World Bank (2010), World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change, p.143. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2010/Resources/5287678-1226014527953/WDR10-Full-Text.pdf 183 Tunisia Online News, Tunisia records encouraging results in the environment sector. November 9, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisiaonlinenews.com/tunisia-records-encouraging-results-in-the-environment-sector/
Chris Horwood.
using running water and 9.8% public water in Tunisia as a whole though within communal areas of the country, the proportion is 98.4% and 0.6% respectively174. Note that these sets of figures do not add up to 100%. The government anticipated in 2009 that by 2010 the water coverage would have extended to 10.4 million people, 98.3% of the
174
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php
Chris Horwood.
Urban sanitation & waste management.
population. It puts the service rate of drinkable water at 100% in Tunis governorate, though it puts the household connection rate at 99.7% (provisionally) in Tunis governorate175. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (cubic metres): 406 (2008)176 The 2008 statistical yearbook also has highly detailed data on water consumption by sector and
The sanitation structure in the west of the city of Tunis is currently being renovated by the government with
175
National Institute of Statistics, Rapport Annuel sur les Indicateurs d'Infrastructure, pp.3-5, 10. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_2009.pdf 176 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.INTR.PC
Chris Horwood.
Policy for recycling if any, & actual practice.
usage, if required (chapter 18). http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/ Anunaire_2008.pdf# % of population using improved sanitation facilities: 85% (total) 96% (urban) 64% (rural) (2008)177 Sewage network connection rate (communal areas %): 80.0% (2005) 83.6% (2009)178 (communal areas presumably represent urban areas: in a news article elsewhere, these figure is cited as the urban access rate)179. The government in 2009 put sanitation in urban areas provisionally at 83.6% of households, up from 59.9% of households in 1994, 15 years before, and anticipated that in 2010 the household access would
international support. There are concerns that if water treatment is not improved in that part of the city, it may be in danger of becoming ghettoised in the future184.
In 1998, the state handed the management of the first comprehensively controlled waste site to a private contractor. A national
177 178
UN MDGS. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 179 Tunisia Online News, Tunisias National Statistics Institute reports improvement in basic infrastructure indicators. December 18, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisiaonlinenews.com/tunisia%e2%80%99s-national-statistics-institute-reports-improvementin-basic-infrastructure-indicators/ 184 Al Sasfi, A., Sustainable development in the Tunisian suburbs. Eurojar, December 31, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.eurojar.org/en/euromed-articles/sustainable-development-tunisian-suburbs/7073
Chris Horwood.
reach 84.6% in urban areas. In Tunis governorate, household access rates were forecast 95.9%180.
Yearly urban waste production in Tunisia 184 hg/inhabitant/year between 1990 and 2000181. (It seems from the context that this is for urban waste specifically, though it is not explicitly stated
review listed 400 sites used for illegal storage of household waste that would need to be reclaimed185. Significant progress has been reported in waste management in the country. 10 landfills created as part of the 11th Development Plan helped raise the proportion of domestic waste treated to over 93%186.
180
National Institute of Statistics, Rapport Annuel sur les Indicateurs d'Infrastructure, pp.17-19. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_2009.pdf 181 Plan Bleu (2005), A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean, p.228. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/red/pdf/Partie2_Urbain_uk.pdf 185 Plan Bleu (2005), A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean, p.228. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/red/pdf/Partie2_Urbain_uk.pdf 186 Tunisia Online News, Tunisia records encouraging results in the environment sector. November 9, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisiaonlinenews.com/tunisia-records-encouraging-results-in-the-environment-sector/
Chris Horwood.
Urban energy issues (facts & trends).
for Tunisia so should perhaps be checked). Electric power consumption (KWh/capita): 1,205 (2005) 1,248 (2007)187 The national connection rate to the electricity network is 99.5% (2009)188. In Tunis governorate, the connection rate is 99.9% (up to 2010)189. According to the 2004 census, 98.8% of dwellings were connected to electricity and
In 2009, the country passed legislation to promote energy conservation and renewable energy through the construction of 70,000 new buildings in line with energy efficiency regulations by 2014 and 5,000 homes on solar power210.
187 188
World Bank . Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 189 National Institute of Statistics, Rapport Annuel sur les Indicateurs d'Infrastructure, p.25. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_2009.pdf 210 Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/indexFr.php? id=21
Chris Horwood.
30.6% to natural gas. This compared to 95.7% and 8.5% respectively in the country as a whole190. Energy use (kg oil equivalent/capita): 821 (2005) 864 (2007)191 An alternative figure puts 2007 consumption at 765 kg oil equivalent/capita192. National energy production in 2008 was 6759 equivalent tonnes
190 191
National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php World Bank . Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE 192 UN Statistical Division. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/pocketbook/country_profiles.pdf
Chris Horwood.
of petrol, while consumption was 7959 tonnes equivalent of petrol193. According to the 2004 census, 98.9% of households in Tunisia used electricity for lighting, compared to 85.9% in 1994194. In 2008, Tunis region (Tunis city, Ariana & Ben Rous governorates) used 3,336.0 million KW, 28.1% of the national total of 11,874 million KW195.
193
National Institute of Statistics, La Tunisie en Chiffres, p.59. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Tunisie_chiffre_2008.pdf 194 National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 195 National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, p.127. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf
Chris Horwood.
Urban mobility & transport congestion, pollution, public transport.
Fossil fuel use (% of energy consumption): 86.3% (2007)196 Combustible renewables and waste (as %) of energy use): 13.6% (2007)197 Co2 emissions ( metric tonnes per capita): 2.3 (2007)198 Road and private motor ownerships According to the 2004 census, 29.4% of households in Tunis governorate owned a car. This compared to 21% overall in the country and 25.4% within a municipal environment199.
Urban public transport and the strengthening of inter-urban links are components of the 11th Development Plan. This includes decentralised management, enhanced coordination between land and transport planning agencies, privatisation and private sector participation and the promotion of merchandise freight through revised tariffs and incentives. In urban settings the policies include designated transport corridors for public buses211. It is a stated priority of the 11th plan in part because of a relative decline in the use of collective transportation: the
196 197
World Bank . Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.COMM.FO.ZS World Bank . Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.CRNW.ZS 198 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC 199 National Institute of Statistics, 2004 census. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php 211 Republic of Tunisia, Transport Portal. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.transport.tn/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=58:orientations-tansport-terrestre&catid=36:transport-terrestre&Itemid=155&lang=fr
Chris Horwood.
The state is developing the road network, with the aim if linking up different regions200. As of 2008, there were 18380 km of road: 6497km of regional road, 5888km of local road, 4738km of national road, 1887km not yet classified and 360km of motorway201. Another estimate by the Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning puts it at 19,750 km202.
share of urban collection transportation reduced from 50% during the 9th development plan to 40% during the 10th development plan, while collective inter-urban transportation reduced from 38% in 1985 to 35% in 2002. Private transportation showed a general increase, on the other hand212. Another figure puts the transport in Greater Tunis at 3 million trips per day in 2002, 40% provided by public
200
Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/indexFr.php? id=17 201 National Institute of Statistics, Rapport Annuel sur les Indicateurs d'Infrastructure, p.viii. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_2009.pdf 202 Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/indexFr.php? id=17 212 Ministry of Development and International Cooperation (2006), The 11th Plan and the 2007-2016 Decade, p.126. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisieinfo.com/note-orinetation2007-2016/Note_Orientation_Eng.pdf
Chris Horwood.
This link has data on the development of the road network through successive programs: http://www.mehat.gov.tn/pdf/dgp c_caract_reseau_fr.pdf Out of a total of 10,073 accidents in Tunisia in 2008, 2,240 (22.2%) were in Tunis governorate and 643 (6.4%) were in Sfax governorate. Of the 1,530 persons killed in road accidents in 2008, 101 (6.6%) were in Tunis governorate and 164 (10.7%) in Sfax governorate203. According to Tunis municipality, congestion
transport compared to 55% in 1999. This was partly due to public service stagnation, due to funding shortfalls, and also to the increased motorisation of the capital as a result of rising living standards, a growing middle class and the increased availability of affordable cars. The number of households in Greater Tunis owning a private car has risen from 16.4% in 1977 to around 30% in 2004. The proportion of urban households owning a car in 2005 varied by governorate, from 20.7% in La Manouba, to 39.0% in Ariana, 29.4% in Tunis and 32.1% in Ben Arous, compared to 25.4% for the urban
203
National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, pp.181-183. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf
Chris Horwood.
remains a problem and hundreds of traffic deaths occur every year204, though this may apply to the definition of Greater Tunis. Rail and public transport As of 2008, there were 1991 km of rail track: 360km of normal track and 1,631km of metric (narrow) rail205. An article by the Oxford Business Group put the total length of track at over 2100 km,: however, more than a
population of Tunisia as a whole. The household ownership rate is highest in districtswell serviced by metro, train and bus, and weak in district served only by bus213. Informal transport provision was comparatively low in Tunis compared to other cities in the region, though it is now growing following several years of weak institutional provision214. As of 2002, 65% of public transport in Greater Tunis was in autobus, 22% in
204 205
Municipality of Tunis. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=479 National Institute of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Tunisia 2008, p.184. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/Anunaire_2008.pdf 213 Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography, Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html 214 Houpin, S., Urban mobility and sustainable development in the Mediterranean: regional diagnostic outlook. UNEP/Plan Bleu, April 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Synthese_moburb_Damas_EN.pdf
Chris Horwood.
quarter of these are of a different gauge, reducing it connectivity, and only a small fraction of the track is electrified206. However, the state Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fers Tunisiens puts the total length of normal track at 469km and 1696km of metric track207. Maritime There are 8 commercial ports and 41 fishing ports in the country208. Developing and enhancing its ports and accompanying infrastructure is a central component of the 11th development plans strategy to strengthen Tunisias position as a regional trade and services hub209.
light metro and 6% in the train, with private buses comprising only 1%215. Tunis has multiple bus routes, 6 light railway metro (tram) lines and a rail line linking the city centre to Marsa via Goulotte216. (There may be some overlapping definition, however: the municipality of Tunis only lists 5 light metro routes and the TGM route to Marsa, as well as the rail ink to Erriadh, but this listing appears to be out of date)217. There is a 25 km line linking Tunis with its suburbs in Erriadh, transporting 80,000 passengers daily218 (though it is also referred to frequently as a 23 km line up to Borj Cedria, the previous stop before Erriadh219). These Marsa and Borj Cedria lines service the important urban corridors of the North and South coast respectively220. There are plans underway to electrify the line to Borj Cedria (in progress) and develop 4 other new lines into an 86 km rapid transit rail system linking Tunic city with its metropolitan surroundings, in anticipation of Tunis
206
Oxford Business Group, Tunisie: On ameliore les chemins de fer. August 10, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/economic_updates/tunisie-am%C3%A9liore-les-chemins-de-fer 207 Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fers Tunisiens. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.sncft.com.tn/fr/sncft/reseau.html 208 National Institute of Statistics, Rapport Annuel sur les Indicateurs d'Infrastructure, p.viii. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/publication/infra_2009.pdf 209 Ministry of Development and International Cooperation (2006), The 11th Plan and the 2007-2016 Decade, p.126. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisieinfo.com/note-orinetation2007-2016/Note_Orientation_Eng.pdf 215 Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography, Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html 216 Societe des Transports de Tunis. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.transtu.tn/itineraire/index.php?reseau=tgm 217 Municipality of Tunis, Ministry of the Interior and Local Development. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=168 218 Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fers Tunisiens. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.sncft.com.tn/fr/banlieue_tunis/presentation.html 219 Republic of Tunisia, Transport Portal. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.transport.tn/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=105&Itemid=108&lang=fr 220 Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography, Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html
Chris Horwood.
governorates metropolitan growth and expansion221. The master plan, with a target completion date of 2021, outlines the development of these 5 suburban lines, 7 light railway routes and three interchanges222. Bus services in Tunis struggle with fluctuating usage, strained to full capacity (90-100%) during rush hour and underused off peak (an average of 12 persons for the TUT). Traffic congestions frequently slows their speed down to less than 10 km/hours223. The region 8-15km from the city centre, where growth is fastest, is only served by buses in very poor conditions due to access
221
Republic of Tunisia, Transport Portal. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.transport.tn/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=105&Itemid=108&lang=fr 222 Railway Gazette International, Systra and Studa to manage Tunis suburban construction. November 9, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/systra-and-studi-to-manage-tunis-suburbanconstruction.html 223 Houpin, S., Urban mobility and sustainable development in the Mediterranean: regional diagnostic outlook. UNEP/Plan Bleu, April 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Synthese_moburb_Damas_EN.pdf
Chris Horwood.
difficulties and overcongestion on the rail and metro lines224. Tunisia also has rail lines linking to other parts of the country, on the Tunis-Gabes (415km) and TunisKasserine (314 km) lines225. Tunisia is planning to develop around 780 km of line as part of a high speed freight and passenger rail link with Algeria and Libya, linking Casablanca to Tripoli via Alger and Tunis226.
224
Dlala, H., Mtropolisation et recomposition territoriale du Nord-Est tunisien. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography, Environment, Nature, Landscape, Article 410. December 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://cybergeo.revues.org/index13863.html 225 Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fers Tunisiens. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.sncft.com.tn/fr/sncft/reseau.html 226 Oxford Business Group, Tunisie: On ameliore les chemins de fer. August 10, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/economic_updates/tunisie-am%C3%A9liore-les-chemins-de-fer
Chris Horwood.
Climate change, droughts, desertification & sea level rise Information on local level adaptation to climate change if any. Financial instruments for adaptation.
By 2030-50, projections suggest that Tunisia will experience a +1.35 C rise in temperature, a 9.26% decline in rainfall and 6 days of drought (with a 2/-5% run off range). Like neighbouring Morocco and Egypt, reduced fresh water reserves and demographic growth will put Tunisia in a state of absolute water scarcity. The country will be severely affected by coastal sea rises, increased drought, deteriorating urban air quality and intensified urban heat islands227 Tunis has taken active measures to reduce its urban flooding vulnerability by enhancing drainage infrastructure and managing informal settlement around some of its reservoirs. The citys master plan outlines the future development of residential areas of Tunis to the west, at higher altitudes and away from the coastal regions most vulnerable to flooding. Defence walls are under construction to protect the most vulnerable coastal neighbourhoods. Nevertheless, the city
227
Bigio, A., Adapting for climate change and preparing for natural disasters in the coastal cities of North Africa. World Bank, June 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1256566800920/65052691268260567624/Bigio.pdf
Chris Horwood.
Eco migration (facts & trends). Environmental management & human resources (facts, policies & trends).
centre is below sea level and is subsiding, and in addition key logistical facilities, its port infrastructure and power network are also at risk228. There are also concerns about the sustainability of the 5 planned urban development plans (see above) in and around the city. The Marseille Center for Mediterranean Integration (CMI), with Tunisia and a number of other countries as members as well as the World Bank, is conducted a initiative on Cities and Climate Change, with a WB-led focus on four urban centres, including Tunis. A preliminary World Bank report found that sea level rises, coastal erosion and urban flooding were particularly high-risk issues for Tunis: the city also has a comparatively high threat of earthquakes. These, as with other North African cities, have been aggravated by poorly calibrated drainage systems, inadequate
228
World Bank (2010), World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change, p.93. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2010/Resources/5287678-1226014527953/WDR10-Full-Text.pdf
Chris Horwood.
infrastructure to respond to run off and unplanned urbanisation, creeping into flood-prone regions. In particular, the informal neighbourhoods around the lakes in Tunis have already been badly impacted by flooding. Runoff from the Kebir-Meliane river in Greater Tunis is expected to reduce in the future229. The UN is leading a two year program to support, refine and strengthen coastal protection strategies in Tunisia through surveys and research230. Tunis city has an average of 10m2 of green space per capita, though this is unevenly distributed and therefore needs to be improved231. 5. Urban
229
Bigio, A., Adapting for climate change and preparing for natural disasters in the coastal cities of North Africa, pp.5-8. World Bank, June 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1256566800920/65052691268260567624/Bigio.pdf 230 Tunisia Online News, Tunisia launches coastline adaptation to clime change project. February 24, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.tunisiaonlinenews.com/tunisia-hosts-seminar-on-%E2%80%9Ccoastline-adaptation-to-climate-change %E2%80%9D/ 231 Municipality of Tunis. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=479
Chris Horwood.
Governance Systems Urban administrative structures / authority. Municipal management & administration.
Worldwide governance indicators (World Bank): Voice and accountability (2009): 11.4 Voice and accountability (1998): 26.0 Political stability (2009): 53.3 Political stability (1998): 54.8 Government effectiveness (2009): 65.2 Government effectiveness (1998): 67.0 Regulatory quality (2009): 54.3 Regulatory quality (1998): 53.7 Rule of law (2009): 60.8 Rule of law (1998): 54.3 Control of corruption (2009): 57.6 Control of corruption (1998): 62.6232
According to Freedom House, Tunisia is not an electoral democracy: though elections have been held for the membership of the Chamber of Deputies, these are tightly controlled and the constitution has been adapted to maintain the current president in office. The president appoints the prime minister, the cabinet and the regional governors. Of the 126 members of the Chamber of Advisors, 41 are appointed by the President and 85 indirectly elected by local officials234. Urban policy is a central state function: between 1994 and 2004urban planning powers were devolved to the communes, but this period of decentralisation was subsequently brought to an end as a result of numerous local distortions. After 2004, urban planning responsibilities were reallocated from the Ministry of the
232
World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators 1996-2008. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/sc_country.asp 234 Freedom House. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm? page=22&country=7936&year=2010
Chris Horwood.
Local government finance. Decentralization & local governance. Barriers to decentralization?
Environment to the Ministry of Equipment and Housing235. One critique of Tunisias urban governance has argued that despite some overt decentralisation, institutionally and financially central control remains strong. According to this critique, there is a need for more meaningful local participation, as initiated recently in Greater Sfax, where NGOs, citizens, academics, professionals and officials were engaged in the development planning process236. The proportion of transfers to local authorities of the government budget has fallen from 12.33% in 1990 to 6.56% in 2000. Government grants and transfers represented 37% of total budget in 2000, with the remaining 63% raised locally. Local expenditure in 2000 amounted to 9% of total public expenditure. In 1998, capital expenditure by local authorities (cities) in Tunisia amounted to 33% of total expenditure233. One predominant feature of urban management in Tunisia is the existence of multiple bodies with specific mandates relating to urban planning and development, an arrangement that has at time undermined the countrys planning processes237. Some of the different agencies are listed in the contacts directory at the bottom of the document. In addition to the Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Planning, urban management in the city of Tunis is also directed by Tunis Municipality. There is also the Agence Urbaine de Grand Tunis overseeing the development of Greater Tunis (comprising four governorates).
233
Plan Bleu (2005), A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean, p.235. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/red/pdf/Partie2_Urbain_uk.pdf 235 Chabbi, M. & Abid, H. (2008), La Mobilit Urbaine dans le Grand Tunis: Evolutions et Perspectives, p.15. Plan Bleu/UNEP, May 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Mobilite_urbaine/Tunis/rapport_mobilite_urbaineTunis.pdf 236 Dhaher, N. (2010), Lamnagement du territoire tunisien : 50 ans de politiques lpreuve de la mondialisation. Sur le Champ, 13. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://echogeo.revues.org/12055 237 Houpin, S., Urban mobility and sustainable development in the Mediterranean: regional diagnostic outlook. UNEP/Plan Bleu, April 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/Synthese_moburb_Damas_EN.pdf
Chris Horwood.
Roles of NGOs, CBOs & FBOs [Faith-based orgs]. Civil society participation, merging tradition & modernity.
NGOs are prohibited from political activities and human rights groups are frequently barred from legal registration. Furthermore, constraints on public and foreign funding mean that in practice it is very difficult for organisations to operate independent of the government238. Human rights activists have been the alleged victims of violent assault by security forces239. The government regularly withholds legal authorisation from independent NGOs and consequently forces them to operate illegally, vulnerable to forcible closure at any time. Of around 12 domestic NGOs, only around half are authorised. Investigations by both domestic and international NGOs are actively impeded by the authorities. This included legal obstructions and funding blockades240. Media freedom, despite constitutional protections, is repressed and vulnerable to libel laws. Academic freedom is permitted in private settings, but not in the public arena241. Outspoken journalists were frequently harassed, silenced or prosecuted, while academics engaged in selfcensorship ,were constrained by state control over research funding from studying sensitive issues and on occasion subject to surveillance242. Despite theoretical independence, in practice the judiciary is strongly influenced by the executive, with judges appointed and allocated by the state. The trials of perceived state opponents, including human rights activists and outspoken journalists, are frequently condemned as unjust by independent observers243.
238
Freedom House. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm? page=22&country=7936&year=2010 239 United States Government, Department of State, 2009 Human Rights Report: Tunisia. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136081.htm 240 United States Government, Department of State, 2009 Human Rights Report: Tunisia. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136081.htm 241 Freedom House. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm? page=22&country=7936&year=2010 242 United States Government, Department of State, 2009 Human Rights Report: Tunisia. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136081.htm 243 Freedom House. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm? page=22&country=7936&year=2010
Chris Horwood.
Women in politics & governance (facts & trends) Issues around demographic shifts, political & social fragmentation, increasing political instability, problematic fiscal decentralization etc. 6. Emerging Urban Issues & Innovation EMRs (Extended Metropolitan regions) & regional cities. Mega Urban Regions (MURs) & urban development corridors. Trans-national labour migration or imported labour etc. Issues of multiculturalism etc. Safe & liveable cities :issues & discussions . Intra-regional dynamics of cooperation or competition among cities.
244
Gender-related development index (GDI): 0.752 (2007 data)/84th out of 182244 Seats held by women in parliament (% 0f total): 27.6%% (2010)245
The governments gender policy is relatively progressive. For example, the personal code affords women equality in divorce proceedings and the right to pass citizenship to their children246. Tunisia is one of the most equitable countries in gender terms in the MENA region247.
UNDP, 2009 Human Development Report. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf 245 UN MDGS. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx 246 Freedom House. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm? page=22&country=7936&year=2010 247 World Bank. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/TUNISIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20149720~menuP K:4209811~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:310015,00.html
Chris Horwood.
Potentially relevant contact list Institution name National Institute of Statistics Institution type Government http://www.ins. nat.tn Comment Main national statistical body. There is also the National Statistics Council, which helps oversee data collection by different bodies: http://www.tunisiestatistiques.tn This is in turn has a directory of attached research bodies within different ministries, such as the Directorate of Studies and Planning in the Ministry of Public Health: http://www.tunisiestatistiques.tn/plateform e/ident_structure.php#li ste Responsible for urban construction and infrastructure development, urban water systems, road networks and shipping infrastructure, as well as town and city planning policy. It also has under its direction the Agence de Rehabilitation et Renovation Urbaine (ARRU, see below), the Reat Estate Housing Agency and the Under the supervision of the Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Planning and charged with producing housing and supporting a positive urban environment. Also develops land plots. Under the supermision of the Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning and responsible for the Contact information 70, Rue Ech-cham BP 265 CEDEX Tel: (216) 71 891 002 Fax: (216) 71 792 559 INS@mdci.gov.tn There are also regional departments: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexe n.php
Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning
Government http://www.me hat.gov.tn/
One mentioned research arim within the ministry is the Direction Gnrale de la Planification, de la Coopration et de la Formation des Cadres. Avenue Habib Chrita Cit jardins 1002 Le Belvdre Tunis +216 71 846 489 BOC.Equipement@email.ati. tn
Real Estate Housing Agency
Socit Nationale Immobilire de Tunisie
Public enterprise http://www.aug t.gov.tn/index.p hp? option=com_w eblinks&view= category&id=2: soustut&Itemid=57 &lang=fr Government http://www.snit. com.tn/html/pg en.html
30, Rue Hedi Karray, BP n 329 Tunis CEDEX 1080 +216 72 286 271 There is a generic email available through the website: http://www.afh.nat.tn/home. php? module=contact&lang=fr# Tl : +216 71 88 44 99 Email : snitdcom@snit.com.tn
Chris Horwood.
Agence dUrbanisme au Grand Tunis
Government http://www.aug t.gov.tn
Municipality of Tunis, Ministry of the Interior and Local Development
http://www.com munetunis.gov.tn/pu blish/content/
Ministry of the Environment and
http://www.envi ronnement.nat. tn/schema.htm
promotion of real estate. Part of the MEHP (above) and charged with developing studies and research on Tunis district, including Ariana, La Manouba and Ben Arous governorates. Has developed a bank of urban indicators to guide and inform planning. These includes information on roads, infrastructure, commune boundaries and water systems. http://www.augt.gov.tn/i ndex.php? option=com_content&vi ew=article&id=59&Itemi d=89&lang=fr It also lists all documentation relating to urban planning, housing, sanitation and so on. The AUGT also has a directory of the municipalities operating at a sub-level, including Tunis commune (see below). http://www.augt.gov.tn/i ndex.php? option=com_weblinks&v iew=category&id=47:co mmunes&Itemid=57&la ng=fr Involved in urban planning, environmental management, transport and other sectoral activities. Its website also had an interactive map of the projected urban plan of the city, though at the time of writing it was not fully functioning: http://www.communetunis.gov.tn/publish/cont ent/article.asp?id=670 Some of its policy focus extends to pollution and sound nuisances. Has some relevant functions in terms of quality of life and the urban environment. For
18-19 Avenue Mohamed Ali Akid, Cit Olympique 1003 Tunisue Tel: +216 71 287 411 - 71 287 006 General email: augt@augt.gov.tn
Place 7 Novembre, Avenue 2 Mars 1934 1008 La Kasbah, Tunis Tunisie Tel: (216) 71 57 11 98 Generic email: Webmaster@communetunis.gov.tn
Boulevard de la Terre Centre Urbain Nord - 1080 Tunis Tl. : (216) 70 728 455
Chris Horwood.
Sustainable Development
Association de Sauvegarde de la Mdina,
www.asmtunis. com
example, it manages the countrys National Program of Urban Parks, the development of green spaces in urban areas, and also oversees the sub-agencies responsible for sanitation, waste management and air pollution. Association partnered with the mayoralty of Tunis, responsible for heritage conservation, with a particular focus on the Medina in Tunis. The program focuses on rehabilitation in the centre, with the possibility of future replication across the city. It was one of the 2010 winners of an Aga Khan award. http://www.akdn.org/arc hitecture/pdf/Revitalisati on%20of%20the %20Recent%20Heritage %20of%20Tunis.pdf A detailed description is available at the link below: http://www.landscape.cn /Special/AgaKhan/images/0003.pdf
Fax : 70 728 655 E-mail : boc@mineat.gov.tn
Urban Development and Rehabilitatio n agency (Agence de Rnovation et de Rhabilitatio n Urbaines, ARRU)
Public enterprise http://www.arru .nat.tn/eng_pag es/mission_eng .htm
Fdration Nationale
Municipal
Public body with industrial/commercial character, focussed on implementing the Ministry of Equipment and Housings program on behalf of the state and municipalities. As well as real estate projects and rehabilitation initiatives, it has also overseen a variety of urban regeneration and upgrading programs, with financial support from the World Bank. The federation is based at the mayors office in
Madame Smia AKROUT YACHE is the director. Zouber Mouhli and Faka Bejaoui were also heavily involved as lead team architect-planners. 24, Rue du Tribunal - 1006 TUNIS Tl: (216) 71 56 08 96 / (216) 71 56 36 18 Fax: (216) 71 56 09 65 The organisation can be emailed through the website at: http://www.asmtunis.com/co ntact.php Jellal Abdelkafi is a landscape architect, commentator (he has written a piece on land property and urban planning law in Tunisia) and as well as having some involvement in this project, he has also played a role in the Taparura project (see below)and other coastal development projects in Sfax. Fathi Mansouri has given a lecture on the relationship between urban rehabilitation and the sustainable city in Tunisia.
Fdration nationale des villes tunisiennes
Chris Horwood.
des Villes Tunisiennes
Association Tunisienne des Urbanistes
Municipal
GTZ
Int. comm.. http://www.gtz. de/en/weltweit/ maghrebnaherosten/681.htm
Tunis and has been involved in a number of urban planning initiatives. It was also the Tunisian representative in an international Urban Management Program promoted with support from UNDP and the World Bank. Promotes urban studies and dialogue between urban planners, facilitates training and assisted in the design of the Development Strategy of the city of Tunis. Projects include climate change, renewable energy, municipal governance and sustainable development. http://www.gtz.de/en/wel tweit/maghreb-naherosten/1642.htm
Htel de Ville La Kasbah TUNIS Cedex 1080 (Tunisie) Tel: +216 71 571 198 The president is M. Mohamed Bji Ben Mami, mayor of Tunis.
M. Mohamed Salah Shili 130 rue Habib Bouguatfa 2000 Bardo Tel: +216 71 586 217 Email: atu@planet.tn
Institut Suprieur Ides Technologies de l'Environnem ent de l'Urbanisme et de Batiment (ISTEUB) University of 7th of November, Carthage
Academic http://www.iste ub.rnu.tn/
Part of the University of 7 of November, and engaged in research and training in architecture and urban studies.
Ecole Nationale d'Architectur e et d'Urbanisme de Tunis
Academic
Also part of the Unviersity of Carthage.
Bureau de la GTZ Centre Babel, Entree Olivier 12, rue du Lac Turkana 2045 Berges du Lac de Tunis Tunisie Postal address Bureau de la GTZ B.P. 753 10 80 Tunis-CEDEX Tunisie Tel: +216 71 860-320 Fax: +216 71 860-719 Email: gtz-tunesien@gtz.de Ben Medien Olfa Director He has written on a number of issues, including the changing actors in urban development. benmedien_olfa@yahoo.fr Sami Yassine Turki Leads on the GIS training of students. He has also written on green space, transport planning and urban base line indicators. As well as his affiliation with ISTEUB, he is based with the National School of Engineers of Tunis. http://enit.academia.edu/Sa miYassineTurki/Papers Rue El Kodes - Sidi Bou Sad - 2026. Tl.: (+216) 71 729 197 / 71 729 263 The website has only limited information and these listed faculty members may no
Chris Horwood.
Anthnoy G. Bigio World Bank
Int. comm. expert
Morched Chabbi, URBACONSU LT
Consultant urbanist
lnstitut de
Research
Leading on the World Bank assessment of North African coastal cities, including Tunis, Alexandria and Casablanca, so a good contact for more detail on future environmental threats to Tunis. He has had a long planning career in Tunisia, including the planning development of Tunis district. He is now the director of the priuvate consultancy URBACONSULT. He has authored a number of research pieces on urban development in Tunis, including its transportation networks, and participates regularly in urban planning conferences. He also wrote a 2010 article on How Tunisi is badly housed that is available online, but only for a fee. Research body, based in
longer be active, though the latter contact details should reach the general department. Moncef Ben Slimane (Design and uses of urban space) moncef.benslimane@enau.r nu.tn Taoufik Belhareth Cities, Urban planning and development +216 71729198 Najem Dhaher is based at the School as part of the Town, planning, development research unit. He recently authored an overview of planning policy in Tunisia (summarised in this document) and is participatingi n a conference on intangible heritage, government and municipalities in April 2011. One online email address for him is: najem_dhaher@yahoo.fr M. Anthony G. Bigio Project Manager Email: abigio@worldbank.org Tel: +1 202 473 6304
70, Avenue de l'Indpendance Tunisie Tl/Tel. Fax E-mail +(216) 71 507 665 +(216) 71 507 822 morched.chabbi@topnet.tn (externally sourced address)
20, rue Mohamed Ali Tahar
Chris Horwood.
Recherche sur le Maghreb Contemporain (IRMC)
http://www.irm cmaghreb.org/
Henda Gafsi
Urban and environmental Consultant
Habib Dlala Facult des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de Tunis
Academic http://www.fshs t.rnu.tn/enseig nant.php
Tunis with a focus on the entire Maghreb region. The IRMC organises conferences and outreach, so would be a good place to garner additional contacts with other urbanists and planners in Tunis. Henda Gafsi has been involved in the development of planning in Tunis, the creation of the 8th and 9th National Development Plans, the GTZ on sustainable development, the FNVT and now the Tapuara project (see below), so could be a valuable source of general insights of urbanisation in Tunisia. Habib Dlala specialises in urban change and has written on the increasing metropolitansiation of the city.
Mutuelleville 1002 Tunis Tunisie Tel : (216) 71 796 722 Fax : (216) 71 797 376
Lamia Zaki leads the Transformation of Public Action program for Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Can probably be contacted most easily through the Taparura program.
Adresse : 94, Avenue 9 Avril 1938 - 1007 Tunis Tl.: 71 564 797 / 71 564 713 - Fax : 71 567 551 71 569 416
University of Sfax
Academic http://www.uss. rnu.tn/
University of Sfax. Road of Aeroport Km 0.5 BP 1069 .3029 Sfax +216 74 244 423/74 248 233/74 242 951/74 247 954 universite@uss.rnu.tn Mohsen Dhieb is a geographer who undertakes mapping studies. His work has been used in land planning in Tunis, particularly Greater Sfax. Khaled Medhioub, of the Institut Prparatoire aux Etudes d'Ingnieurs de Sfax, is focussed on the growth of urban and coastal environments. Socit dEtudes et dAmnagement des Ctes Nord de la Ville de Sfax SEACNVS, 11 Rue Zamakchari, cit el Maaref
The Taparura Project
http://www.proj ettaparura.com
A depollution and urban regeneration program in Sfax, opening access to the sea and providing green space to the city.
Chris Horwood.
El Bosten 3002 Sfax Tel : +216 74 437 352 | Fax : +216 74 437 362

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Data support and urban analysis input for UN-HABITAT State of Arab Cities Report: Tunisia : page 1

Overview of data access & environment in Tunisia

Summary themes: analysis with statistical notes & additional sources

Country urbanization trends. Drivers of urbanization Where is the future heading?

Existing & desirable urbanization policies. National urban policy development.

Governance adaptations for urban & regional spatial planning

for the future.

Municipality of Tunis. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=479

Details of & impact of migrants, refugees & IDPs on urbanization. Policy

implications. (For Magreb, Mashreq & LDCs only)

Services & infrastructure (supporting global or international functions.) Policy implications.

Cities, mobility & transportation

infrastructures (facts & trends).

See below for details on urban transport networks.

Urban productivity & employment facts & trends.

Urban & national education & health details & trends.

UNESCO. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx? ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7880&BR_Region=40525

Tourism- details & trends.

Percentage of slum & informal settlements dwellers.

Informal urbanization: The role/impacts of lacking or restrictive legislation.

policies & restrictive legislation.

National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved December 31, 2010 at: http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php

Impacts of the youth bulge,

household formation rates, gender issues.

losses (facts & trends).

Urban sanitation & waste management.

Policy for recycling if any, & actual practice.

Urban energy issues (facts & trends).

Urban mobility & transport congestion, pollution, public transport.

Local government finance. Decentralization & local governance. Barriers to decentralization?

Ministry of Equipment, Housing and Land Planning

Government http://www.me hat.gov.tn/

Real Estate Housing Agency

Socit Nationale Immobilire de Tunisie

Agence dUrbanisme au Grand Tunis

Government http://www.aug t.gov.tn

Municipality of Tunis, Ministry of the Interior and Local Development

http://www.com munetunis.gov.tn/pu blish/content/

Ministry of the Environment and

http://www.envi ronnement.nat. tn/schema.htm

Association de Sauvegarde de la Mdina,

Fax : 70 728 655 E-mail : boc@mineat.gov.tn

Public enterprise http://www.arru .nat.tn/eng_pag es/mission_eng .htm

Fdration nationale des villes tunisiennes

des Villes Tunisiennes

Association Tunisienne des Urbanistes

Int. comm.. http://www.gtz. de/en/weltweit/ maghrebnaherosten/681.htm

Academic http://www.iste ub.rnu.tn/

Ecole Nationale d'Architectur e et d'Urbanisme de Tunis

Also part of the Unviersity of Carthage.

Anthnoy G. Bigio World Bank

Int. comm. expert

Morched Chabbi, URBACONSU LT

20, rue Mohamed Ali Tahar

Recherche sur le Maghreb Contemporain (IRMC)

Urban and environmental Consultant

Habib Dlala Facult des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de Tunis

Academic http://www.fshs t.rnu.tn/enseig nant.php

Academic http://www.uss. rnu.tn/

The Taparura Project

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