Name:

Answer Key

PHYSICS 1050 Mid-term Test 1 University of Wyoming 27 September 2007 This test is open-note and open-book. Any written, printed, or recorded material, calculators, and computers are permitted during the test. However, no collaboration, consultation, or communication with other people (other than the administrator) is allowed by any means, including but not limited to verbal, written, or electronic methods. If you have a question about the test, please raise your hand. If that does not get the administrators attention, perhaps you can jump up and down in place. Please do not open this test booklet until everyone has received a booklet and the test administrator has indicated for you to begin. While you are waiting, make sure that your name is written clearly at the top of this page. Conversion Factors and Constants: 12 in = 1 ft 5280 ft = 1 mi 2.54 cm = 1 in 39.37 in = 1 m 3.2804 ft = 1 m 1 lb = 4.4482 N 1 day = 24 h 1 h = 60 min 1 min = 60 s

gravitational acceleration at earths surface: g = 9.8 m/s2 = 9.8 N/kg Compound Units: velocity: m/s acceleration: m/s2 force: N = kg m/s2 Formulas:
r r Average velocity: v = x t r r Instantaneous velocity: v = lim x t t 0 r r Average acceleration: a = v t r r Instantaneous acceleration: a = lim v
t 0

momentum, impulse: kg m/s work, energy: J = N m = kg m2/s2 power: W = J/s = N m/s = kg m2/s3

Velocity change during constant r r acceleration: v = a t Distance traveled during constant r r r 2 acceleration: x = v 0 t + 1 a( t ) 2 r r r Acceleration from net force F : a = F /m A

r r Gravitational force on earth: F = mg Friction: F = N r r Momentum: p = mv r r Impulse: p = F t r r Work: w = F d = E Power: P = E t = w / t Kinetic energy: KE = 1 mv 2 2 Gravitational potential energy: PE = mgh

Short multiple choice

5 questions, 4 points each. Please circle the most correct answer from the choices given. 1. The units for every physical quantity presented in this class can be expressed in terms of the units for four fundamental indefinable quantities. What are these units? a. b. c. d. joule, newton, second, and ampere. meter, kilogram, second, and coulomb. millimeter, centimeter, meter, and kilometer. inch, pound, hour, and gallon.

2. Because they do not have girlfriends, group of young men drive down the road to hit mailboxes with a baseball bat. They swing the bat with a given speed v with respect to the car, but in different directions. Which direction of swinging the bat will give it the greatest speed with respect to a mailbox? velocity of car with respect to mailbox: a. Upward. c. Backward. b. Downward. d. Forward.

3. The following choices specify the mass of an object and the net force acting on it. In which case will the object accelerate the most? a. b. c. d. Mass = 1 kg, net force = 10 N. Mass = 1 kg, net force = 1 N. Mass = 10 kg, net force = 10 N. Mass = 10 kg, net force = 1 N. acceleration a = F/m. That's Newton's second law!

4. a. b. c. d.

Which process involves the most work? Applying a force of 1 N over a distance of 10 m. Applying a force of 1 N over a distance of 1 m. Applying a force of 10 N over a distance of 10 m. Applying a force of 10 N over a distance of 1 m.

Work is force times (actually dot) distance:

w = F d.

page 2 of 8

5. a. a. a. d.

Which process involves the most power? Applying a force of 40 N at a speed of 10 m/s. Applying a force of 100 N at a speed of 4 m/s. Applying a force of 400 N at a speed of 1 m/s. All of these involve exactly the same power.

Power is the rate of doing work: the change in energy with time or the applied force times (actually dot) velocity:

P = E/ t = F v

More involved multiple choice

7 questions, 6 points each. Unless stated otherwise in the question itself, each question has exactly one correct answer. Please circle it from the choices given. 6. An acceleration of one "g" is 9.8 m/s2. If an object accelerates at a rate of 19.6 m/s2, what is this acceleration in g's? (In other words, convert 19.6 m/s2 to g's.) a. 19.6 m s2 b. 19.6 m s2 c. 9.8 m s2 d. 9.8 m s2

9.8 m s2 = 192.08 g g
g = 2.0 g 9.8 m s2 g = 0.5 g 19.6 m s2

We need a value equal to 19.6 m/s2 but in g units. So, multiply 19.6 m/s2 by a conversion factor equal to 1 that will produce the correct units: 1 = g/(9.8 m/s2).

19.6 m s2 = 192.08 g g

7. A racer rides her bicycle at a constant speed in a straight line. The racer's force on the pedals causes the bicycle to push backward on the road, so the road pushes the bicycle forward. At the same time, the racer and her bicycle pushing forward on the air causes the air to push back. Finally, interactions within the tires, within the road surface, and between the tires and the road create a backward force of friction on the bicycle. What is the direction of the net force on the racer and her bicycle? a. b. c. d. A Forward. Backward. Upward. No directionthe net force is zero. Her velocity is constant, so she is not accelerating. This means that the net force on her is zero: the forces from the road, friction, and drag exactly cancel. page 3 of 8

8. If an object could have a negative mass, which of the following consequences would result, according to the formulas we have studied so far this semester? Select all correct answers. Scoring is correct minus incorrect choices, 1.5 points for each. a. An object with negative mass would accelerate in the direction opposite the net force acting on it. a = F/m: negative m means a and F opposite. b. An object with negative mass would experience an upwards force from the Earths gravity. F = mg: negative m means F and g in opposite directions. c. A moving object with negative mass would have a negative kinetic energy. KE = 1/2 mv2 d. A moving object with negative mass would have a momentum in the direction opposite its velocity. p = mv: negative m means p and v opposite.

9. A crate sliding along the ground slows to a stop from the force of friction. What else is true about this scenario? Choose the one most correct answer. a. Friction pushes on the floor in the opposite direction that it pushes on the crate. b. The floor accelerates in the direction opposite the acceleration of the crate. c. After the crate comes to rest on the floor, the total momentum of the (crate + earth) is the same as when the crate was moving. a. Newtons first law. b. Newtons second law. d. All of the above are true. c. Conservation of momentum. e. None of the above are true.

10. The lever illustrated at the right has a mechanical advantage of 2. What does that mean in terms of its input and output forces and distances?

output (load)

input (effort)

a. Its input force is 1/2 its output force and its input distance is twice its output distance. b. Its input force is 1/2 its output force and its input distance is 1/2 its output distance. c. Its input force is twice its output force and its input distance is twice its output distance. d. Its input force is twice its output force and its input distance is 1/2 its output distance. Energy conservation: work = (force) (distance) is the same on both sides.

page 4 of 8

11. A car drives at a constant speed along a circular path. Which one of the following statements correctly describes its momentum and kinetic energy along its path? a. b. c. d. Both its momentum and its kinetic energy are constant throughout the circular path. Its momentum is constant, but its kinetic energy changes along the path. Its momentum changes, but its kinetic energy is constant throughout the path. Both its momentum and its kinetic energy change along the path. Velocity reverses each half-cycle, so momentum does too. Kinetic energy depends on speed, which is constant.

F d = mg d= 980 J. a. Lifting a 10-kg chair 10 m. mgh = 980 J. b. Pushing a 10-kg chair with a coefficient of friction = 0.5 20 m along the floor. 2 c. Accelerating a 40-kg cart from rest to a speed of 7 m/s. 1/2 mv = 980 J.
d. Pedaling a bicycle at 100 W for 1 minute. w = (w/ t) t = 6000 J.

12.

Which process involves the most work?

Matching
Two questions, 18 points total. 13. (8 points) The motion of an object over time can often be communicated by graphs of its distance, velocity, or acceleration with time. Different features of these graphs correspond to quantities of the motion. Match each quantity in the left column with its graphical manifestation in the right column. Each quantity on the left should match with exactly one quantity on the right, and vice versa. Quantity distance traveled d velocity change v velocity v acceleration a Manifestation slope of a distance-time graph slope of a velocity-time graph area under a velocity-time graph area under an acceleration-time graph

page 5 of 8

14. (10 points) A military HALO paratrooper (high-altitude jump, low-altitude deployment of the parachute) jumps out of an airplane, falls under the influence of gravity, and approaches terminal velocity as a result of wind resistance. A graph of the paratrooper's downward velocity over time is shown below to the right. Specific times in the paratrooper's descent are indicated on the graph. The list on the left describes characteristics of the paratrooper's trajectory at certain times. Match each characteristic on the left with an indicated time on the right. Each characteristic on the left corresponds to exactly one time on the graph. Each time on the graph may correspond to zero, one, or more than one characteristic on the left. Characteristic least speed greatest acceleration greatest speed farthest distance traveled least acceleration C B terminal velocity Time A velocity A time B C

Short answer
2 questions, 10 points each. Please provide complete answers to each question. Show all work so that partial credit can be assigned. 15. Prove that the units are consistent in the kinetic energy formula KE = 1 mv 2 . Plug 2 the units for mass m and velocity v into the formula, and simplify the expression to show that the units are energy units. Mass units are kg; velocity units are m/s. 1/2 mv2 gives units of kg (m/s)2 = (kg m2)/s2 = J J are energy units.

page 6 of 8

16. A water balloon is fired from a catapult in a diagonally upward direction. The only force that acts on the water balloon after it is released from the catapult is gravity; in other words, the balloon is in free fall. Draw one graph of the vertical component of the velocity of the balloon over the time of its trajectory, from its release from the catapult until its splattery landing in a physics lecturer's ground-floor office. Below it, draw another graph of its horizontal component of the velocity during the same time period. Be sure that both graphs show the proper signs and trends of the velocity components.

vertical velocity

0 time

horizontal velocity

0 time

page 7 of 8

Extra credit
17. (5 points) In class, when I sang What's a guy gotta do to change his motion around? If I'm going straight, I'll go straight through town. And if I'm going up, how will I ever come down? What's a guy gotta do to change his motion around? I was stating a law of physics. Name the law. Newtons first law.

page 8 of 8