TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Issue A

Slide 1

Causes of failure:
Environment System Mal operation Wrong design Manufacture Material Maintenance

Issue A

Slide 2

Transformer failures classification :

1. Internal failure
Causes:

Winding & terminal faults Core faults Onload tap changer faults Overheating faults

Issue A

Slide 3

Transformer failures classification :

2. External failure
Causes:

Abnormal operating condition sustained or unclear faults

Issue A

Slide 4

Vector Groups
Group 1 0 Phase displacement Group 2 180 Phase displacement Group 3 30 Lag phase displacement Group 4 30 Lead phase displacement
Yy0 Dd0 Zd0 Yy6 Dd6 Dz6 Yd1 Dy1 Yz1 Yd11 Dy11 Yz11

Issue A

Slide 5

Fault current distribution

Earth fault on Transformer winding

T2 T1

V2

V1

X R Fig.3 If Fig.N

Issue A

Slide 10

Fault current distribution

Therefore C.T.secondary current ( on primary side of transformer) =, X2 If differential setting =20% For relay operation X2 3 59% ie. Thus X > 59% ie. 59% of winding is unprotected. Differential relay setting 10% 10% 20% 20% 30% 30% 40% 40% 50%.
Issue A

>

20%

% of winding protected 58% 41% 28% 17% 7%

Slide 11

Basic Protection
Differential Restricted Earthfault Overfluxing Overcurrent & Earthfault

Issue A

Slide 13

Differential Protection
Works on Merz-price current comparison principle Relays with bias characteristic should only be used

Applied
Where protection co-ordination is difficult / not possible using time delayed elements For fast fault clearance For zone of protection

Issue A

Slide 14

Differential Protection
Consideration for applying differential protection Phase correction Filtering of zero sequence currents Ratio correction Magnetizing inrush during energisation Overfluxing
Issue A

Slide 15

Differential Protection - Principle

Nominal current through the protected equipment I Diff = 0 : No tripping

R I diff = 0

Issue A

Slide 16

Differential Protection Principle

Through fault current

I Diff = 0 : No tripping

R I diff = 0

Issue A

Slide 17

Differential Protection Principle

Internal Fault
I Diff = 0 : Tripping

I diff = 0

Issue A

Slide 18

Biased differential protection

Fast operation Adjustable characteristic High through fault stability CT ratio compensation Magnetising inrush restraint Overfluxing 5th harmonic restraint
Issue A

Slide 19

Biased differential protection

Why bias characteristic ?
100 / 1 1A 100/50 KV 200 / 1 1A LOAD = 200 A

0A
I2

I1

OLTC Setting is at mid tap

Issue A

Slide 20

Biased differential protection

100 / 1 0.9 A 100/50 KV 200 / 1 1A

LOAD = 200 A

0.1 A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10% Differential current = 0.1 A Relay pickup setting = O.2 A, So the Relay restrains
Issue A

Slide 21

Biased differential protection

100 / 1 9A 100/50 KV 200 / 1 10 A

2000 A

1A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10% Relay Pickup Setting is O.2 A So the Relay Operates
Issue A

Slide 22

Role of Bias
3

2 Differential current (x In) = I1+ I2 + I3 + I 4 1 Setting range (0.1 - 0.5) 0

Operate
80 %

e op Sl

Restrain
lo 20% S pe

Effective bias (x In) = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 2

Issue A

Slide 23

High Impedance Principle

resistor Based on Current operated relay with an external stabilising resistor Requires matched current transformers of low reactance design, typically class X or equivalent Equal CT ratios Non-linear resistor may be required to limit voltage across relay Noncircuit during internal faults Suitable for zones up to 200 - 300 metres (typically)

Issue A

Slide 24

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM

ZM

RCT 2RL M 2RL

TC satur RCT
Slide 25

Issue A

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM

ZM

Issue A

Slide 26

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM

ZM

TC satur
Issue A

Slide 27

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM

ZM

Issue A

Slide 28

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM

ZM

TC satur
Issue A

Slide 29

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM

ZM

Issue A

Slide 30

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM

ZM

Issue A

TC satur
Slide 31

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

ZM

ZM=0

False tripping
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

CT Saturation
TC satur

Issue A

Slide 32

High Impedance Principle

M RCT 2RL RS ZM A ZM=0 2RL RCT

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

TC satur
Issue A

Slide 33

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M RS ZM A ZM=0 2RL RCT

Stabilising resistor

RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT

TC satur

Issue A

Slide 34

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M RS ZM A ZM 2RL RCT

RCT 2RL M

Vset

2RL

RCT

Issue A

Slide 35

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M RS ZM A ZM=0 2RL RCT

RCT 2RL M Vset 2RL RCT

(CT "short circuited" )

ZM = 0

Issue A

Slide 36

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M RS ZM A ZM 2RL RCT

RCT 2RL M Vset 2RL

RCT

Issue A

Slide 37

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL M RS ZM A ZM 2RL RCT

RCT 2RL M 2RL

RCT

Vset

Issue A

Slide 38

High Impedance Principle

RCT 2RL 2RL RS ZM A ZM RCT

Metrosil may be required for voltage limitation

RCT 2RL

M M

RCT 2RL

Vset

Issue A

Slide 39

Restricted Earthfault Protection

Uses high impedance principle Increased sensitivity for earth faults REF elements for each transformer winding CTs may be shared with differential element

64

64

64
Slide 40

Issue A

Restricted Earthfault Protection

REF Case I : Normal Condition
transformer Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of transformer
P1 S1 P2 S2 P1 S1 P2 S2 P1 S1 P2 S2

P1

S1

P2

S2

Under normal conditions no current flows thro Relay So, No Operation

Issue A

Slide 41

Restricted Earthfault Protection

REF Case II : External Earth Fault

External earth fault - Current circulates between the phase & neutral CTs; no current thro the relay

So, No Operation
Issue A

Slide 42

Restricted Earthfault Protection

REF Case III : Internal Earth Fault

For an internal earth fault the unbalanced current flows thro the relay

So, Relay Operates

Issue A

Slide 43

Restricted Earthfault Protection

Restricted Earth Fault Protection Setting
1MVA (5%) 11000V 415V 80MVA 1600/1 RCT = 4.9

Setting will require calculation of : 1) Setting stability voltage (VS) 2) Value of stabilising resistor required

1600/1 RCT = 4.8

RS

MCAG14 IS = 0.1 Amp

2 Core 7/0.67mm (7.41/km) 100m Long

3) Peak voltage CT developed by CTs for internal fault

Issue A

Slide 44

Restricted Earthfault Protection

:Example : Earth fault calculation :Using 80MVA base Source impedance = 1 p.u.
1 P.U.

Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u. 1

1 1 4 I1 1

Total impedance = 14 p.u. I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u. 14 Base current = 80 x 106 3 x 415 = 111296 Amps IF = 3 x 0.0714 x 111296 = 23840 Amps (primary) = 14.9 Amps (secondary)
Slide 45

4 I2 4 I0

Issue A

Restricted Earthfault Protection

(1) Setting voltage VS = IF (RCT + 2RL) earth Assuming earth CT saturates, RCT = 4.8 ohms 2RL = 2 x 100 x 7.41 x 10-3 = 1.482 ohms Setting voltage = 14.9 (4.8 + 1.482) = 93.6 Volts (2) Stabilising Resistor (RS) RS = {Vs - [VA/(Is^2)]} /Is Where IS = relay current setting RS = {93.6 - [ 1/0.1^2]}/0.1

= 836 ohms

Issue A

Slide 46

Restricted Earthfault Protection

2 3) Peak voltage = 22 VK (VF - VK) VF = 14.9 x VS = 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts IS Earth For Earth CT, VK = 1.4 x 236 = 330 Volts (from graph) 2 VPEAK = 22 330 (13946 - 330) = 6kV Thus, metrosil voltage limiter will be required.

Issue A

Slide 47

Magnetising Inrush
Transient condition - occurs when a transformer is energised Normal operating flux of a transformer is close to saturation level Residual flux can increase the mag-current In the case of three phase transformer, the point-on-wave at switch-on differs for each phase and hence, also the inrush currents

Issue A

Slide 48

Magnetising Inrush
Transformer Magnetising Characteristic
Twice Normal Flux

Normal Flux

Normal No Load Current No Load Current at Twice Normal Flux

Issue A

Slide 49

Magnetising Inrush
Inrush Current + m - m
Im V

Im

STEADY STATE

2 m
V

SWITCH ON AT VOLTAGE ZERO - NO RESIDUAL FLUX

Issue A

Slide 50

Magnetising Inrush

Issue A

Slide 51

Magnetising Inrush
Effect of magnetising current

Appears on one side of transformer only - Seen as fault by differential relay - Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay to operate Makes CT transient saturation - Can make mal-operation of Zero sequence relay at primary

Issue A

Slide 52

Magnetising Inrush

IR
P1 P2 S2 P1 S1 P2 S2 P1 S1 P2 S2

IS IT

S1

IR + IS + IT = 3Io = 0
Issue A

Slide 53

Magnetising Inrush
Effect of magnetising current

Example of disurbance records with detail

Issue A

Slide 54

Magnetising Inrush Restrain

2nd (and 5th) harmonic restraint
Makes relay immune to magnetising inrush Slow operation may result for genuine transformer faults if CT saturation occurs

Issue A

Slide 55

Overfluxing - Basic Theory

Overfluxing = V/F

Causes
Low frequency High voltage Geomagnetic disturbances
Issue A

Slide 57

Overfluxing - Basic Theory

V = kf
2m

m
Ie Effects Transient Overfluxing - Tripping of differential element Prolonged Overfluxing - Damage to transformers
Slide 58

Issue A

Overfluxing - Condition
Differential element should be blocked for transient overfluxing-+
25% OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION

Overfluxing waveform contains very high 5th Harmonic content

43% 5TH HARMONIC CONTENT

Issue A

Slide 59

Overfluxing - Protection
V

K f

Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action Trip : IT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Oil conservator

Bucholz Relay

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay Installation
To oil conservator 3 x internal pipe diameter (minimum) 5 x internal pipe diameter (minimum)

76 mm typical Transformer

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Petcock Alarm bucket

Mercury switch To oil conservator From transformer

Trip bucket

Deflector plate
Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buccholz Protection Application Accumulation of gaz Oil Leakage Severe winding faults

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Accumulation of Gaz Interturn faults Winding faults to earth with low (fault power (fault close to neutral for example) example)

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Inter-Turn Fault

CT Shorted turn Load

Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240 Fault turns ratio Current ratio : 11,000 / 1 :1 / 11,000 Primary
Issue A

Secondary
Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Inter-Turn Fault

CT Shorted turn

Nominal turns ratio : 11,000 / 240 Fault turns ratio Current ratio : 11,000 / 1 :1 / 11,000 Primary
Issue A

Secondary
Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Interturn Fault Current / Number of Turns Short Circuited
Primary current (multiples of rated current) 100 Fault current (multiples of rated current)

80

60

40

20

10

15

20

25

shortTurn short-circuited (percentage of winding)

Slide 60

Issue A

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Interturn Fault Current / Number of Turns Short Circuited
Primary current (multiples of rated current) 100 Fault current (multiples of rated current)

80

60

Fault current very high Detected by Bucholz relay

40

20

Primary phase current very low Not detected by current operated relays
Slide 60

10

15

20

25

Issue A

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Accumulation of Gaz Interturn faults Winding faults to earth with low (fault power (fault close to neutral for example) example)

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Earth Fault Current / Number of TurnsofShort Circuited multiples
max fault current Primary current 100

80 Fault current 60

40

20

5
Issue A

10

15

20

25

shortTurn short-circuited (percentage of winding)

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Accumulation of Gaz Operating principle

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay Accumulation of gaz

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay Accumulation of gaz

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Buchholz Relay Accumulation of gaz

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION

Accumulation of gaz

Color of gaz indicates the type of fault White or Yellow : Insulation burnt Grey : Dissociated oil

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay Accumulation of gaz

Gaz can be extracted for detailled analysis

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Effects of Oil Maintenance

After oil maintenance, false tripping may occur because Oil aeration
Bucholz relay tripping inhibited during suitable period

Need of electrical protection

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Bucholtz Protection Application Accumulation of gaz Oil Leakage Severe winding faults

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay Oil Leakage

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay Oil Leakage

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay Oil Leakage

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay Oil Leakage

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buccholz Protection Application Accumulation of gaz Oil Leakage Severe winding faults

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay Severe winding fault

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay Severe winding fault

Issue A

Slide 60

BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay Severe winding fault

Issue A

Slide 60