Solutions to Problems in Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Third Edition

Homer Reid May 24, 2002

Chapter 8: Problems 1-8

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

Problem 8.2
A transmission line consisting of two concentric cylinders of metal with conductivity and skin depth , as shown, is lled with a uniform lossless dielectric (, ). A TEM mode is propagated along this line. (a) Show that the time-averaged power ow along the line is P = a2 |H0 |2 ln b a

where H0 is the peak value of the azimuthal magnetic eld at the surface of the inner conductor. (b) Show that the transmitted power is attenuated along the line as P (z) = P0 e2z where = 1 2
1 a

+
b a

1 b

ln

(c) The characteristic impedance Z0 of the line is dened as the ratio of the voltage between the cylinders to the axial current owing in one of them at any position z. Show that for this line Z0 = 1 2 ln b a .

(d) Show that the series resistance and inductance per unit length of the line are R= ln 2 1 2 b a + 1 1 + a b c 4 1 1 + a b .

L=

(a) For the TEM mode, the electric eld in the waveguide may be written E(x, y, z, t) = Et (x, y)eikz eit where Et has only x and y components and may be derived from a scalar potential, i.e. Et = t . Since satises the Laplace equation, we may write its general form immediately (neglecting an arbitrary constant):

(, ) = 0 ln +
l=1

(l l + l l ) sin(l + l ).

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

In this part of the problem well neglect dissipation in the waveguide walls, so the boundary condition on Et is that its components transverse to the walls vanish, i.e. = = 0. r=b r=a This yields no condition on 0 , since the derivative of that term vanishes anyway, but on the terms in the summation we obtain the conditions l al + l al = l bl + l bl = 0 which can only be satised if l = l = 0 for l = 0. Hence we have () = 0 ln 1 E = 0 . (1)

The magnetic eld is found from Jacksons (8.28): 1 H= B= 0 = . The time-averaged Poynting vector is S= 1 1 (E H ) = 2 2 |0 |2 1
2

(z E) (2)

Integrating over the cross section of the waveguide, we obtain the power transfer:
b 2 0

P =
a

S dA |0 |2
b

= = =

1 2

2 d 2 a b |0 |2 ln a (a2 ) ln b a |0 |2 a2

(3)

Referring back to (2) to rewrite the term in brackets, we obtain P = (a2 ) ln b a |H(a)|2 (4)

(b) Without going back and completely re-solving for the elds in the waveguide for the case of nite conductivity, we can calculate the power loss per unit length

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

approximately using Jacksons equation (8.58): dP 1 = dz 2 1 = 2 =

2 0

| H|2 dl 2b 1 1 + b a 0 b .
2

+ 2a

0 a

Dividing by (3), we obtain = 1 dP 1 = 2P dz 2

1 a

+
b a

1 b

ln

(c) The elds inside the waveguide are E(, z, t) = H(, z, t) = 0 i(kzt) e 0 i(kzt) e

From the E eld we can compute the voltage dierence between the cylinders: V (z, t) = 0 ei(kzt)
b a

b d = 0 ei(kzt) ln a

(5)

while from the H eld we can compute the axial current owing in, say, the outer cylinder: I = 2b|Kb | = 2b| H( = b)| = 2 Dividing (5) by (6), we have Z= V 1 = I 2 b ln . a 0 ei(kzt) . (6)

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

Problem 8.4
Transverse electric and magnetic waves are propagated along a hollow, right circular cylinder of brass with inner radius R. (a) Find the cuto frequencies of the various TE and TM modes. Determine numerically the lowest cuto frequency (the dominant mode) in terms of the tube radius and the ratio of cuto frequencies of the next four higher modes to that of the dominant mode. For this part assume that hte conductivity of brass is innite. (b) Calculate the attenuation constant of the waveguide as a function of frequency for the lowest two modes and plot it as a function of frequency.

(a) The equation we have to solve is (

2 t

+ 2 )(, ) = 0,

i.e. the Helmholtz equation. is Ez for the TM case and Hz for the TE case. The boundary conditions are ( = R) = 0 for the TM case, and (/)( = R) = 0 for the TE case. The general solution of Helmholtz in 2D is

(, ) =
L=0

JL ()(AL eiL + BL eiL ) + NL ()(CL eiL + DL eiL ).

Since this solution must be valid everywhere in the interior of the waveguide, including at = 0, the part of the solution involving NL must vanish. Also, for a physical solution we must have L an integer. But otherwise I dont think there are any constraints on AL and BL . I guess these guys are determined by the eld conguration one forces into the waveguide at one of its ends. The allowed values of are determined by the boundary conditions. These are TM case : TE case : |=R = 0 =0
=R

= =

JL (R) = 0 JL (R) = 0

(7) (8) (9)

Hence the allowable eigenvalues are given by i = xi R

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

where the xi are the roots of JL (x) = 0 and JL (x) = 0. Referring to Jacksons tables on pages 114 and 370, we can write down the ve lowest-lying eigenvalues: 1 = 2 = 3 = 4a = 4b = 1.841 , R 2.405 , R 3.054 , R 3.832 , R 3.832 , R TE, L = 1 TM, L = 0 TE, L = 2 TE, L = 1 TM, L = 0.

The last two eigenvalues are degenerate. The lowest cuto frequency is 1 1.841 c = = . R (b) The lowest-lying mode is the TE mode with L = 1. For this mode we have Hz (, , z, t) = H0 J1 (1 )ei ei(kzt) (10)

2 with k 2 = 2 1 . The tangential component of the eld, from Jackson (8.33), is k (11) H (, , z, t) = 2 Hz

Using (10) and (11), we can nd the current induced in the wall of the conductor at = R: k Ke = H( = R) = H0 J1 (1 R)ei ei(kzt ) + z 2 . R1 Then Jackson (8.58) is dP 1 = H 2 J 2 (1 R) 2R 1 + dz 2 0 1 k 2 R1
2

(12)

On the other hand, the transmitted power is given by Jackson (8.51): P = 1 2

2

1
2

2 1/2 A 2 1/2

Hz Hz dA R 0 2 J1 (1 ) d

2 = H0

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

The integral can be evaluated with Jackson (3.95):

2 = H0

2 1/2

R2 [J2 (1 R)]2 2

(13)

Dividing (12) by (13), we calculate the attenuation coecient: = = = 2 1 dP = 2P dz R 1 dP 2 = 2P dz R 1 dP 2 = 2P dz R J1 (1.841) J2 (1.841) J1 (1.841) J2 (1.841) J1 (1.841) J2 (1.841)
2

1+
2

k 2 R1

2 2 2
2

1/2

1+
2

Rk (1.841)2

2 2 2
1/2

1/2

R2 2 (1.841)2

2 2 2

Problem 8.5
A waveguide is constructed so that the cross section of the guide forms a right triangle with sides of length a, a, 2a, as shown. The medium inside has r = r = 1. (a) Assuming innite conductivity for the walls, determine the possible modes of propagation and their cuto frequencies. (b) For the lowest mode of each type calculate the attenuation constant, assuming that the walls have large, but nite, conductivity. Compare the result with that for a square guide of side a made from the same material.

(a) Well take the origin of coordinates at the lower left corner of the triangle. Then the boundary surfaces are dened by x = 0, y = a, and x = y. The task is to solve ( 2 + 2 ) = 0 subject to the vanishing of , or its normal t derivative, at the walls. In the text, Jackson nds the form of the solutions for a rectangular waveguide. A little bit of staring at the triangular waveguide reveals that appropriate solutions for this geometry can be assembled from linear combinations of the solutions for the rectangular case. For example, a term like sin kx x sin ky y, for suitable choices of kx and ky , already vanishes on the two legs of the triangle. To get it to vanish on the third boundary surface, i.e. the hypotenuse (x = y), we can simply subtract the same term with kx and ky swapped. In other words, we take Ez (x, y) = Hz (x, y) = Amn sin Bmn mx ny nx my sin sin sin a a a a mx ny nx my cos cos + cos cos a a a a (TM) (TE)

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

The TE case involves the plus sign because in the normal derivative on the diagonal boundary surface the x derivative comes in with the opposite sign as the y derivative. 2 These satisfy ( 2 + mn ) = 0, where t 2 2 (nx + n2 ). y a In contrast to the rectangular case, TM modes with m = n vanish identically. For both TM and TE modes, mode (m, n) is the same mode as (n, m). As in the case of the rectangular waveguide, the smallest value of is to be had for the TE1 , 0 mode, in which case 10 = a and the cuto frequency is c(1,0) = /(a ). For the TM case the lowest propagating mode is (m, n) = (2, 1), for which 21 = 5/a and c(2,1) = 5c(1,0) .
2 mn =

(b) The lowest-frequency TE mode has Hz = H0 cos Ht = The power loss is ik 2 H0 a10 y x + cos a a x y sin i + sin j . a a |n H|2 dl x +1 a
2

1 dP = dz 2 On the lower surface (y = 0) we have

2 2 2 |n H|2 = |Hy + Hz | = H0

(14)

cos

k2 2 2 x 4 sin a2 10 a

The contribution of the lower surface to the integral in (14) is thus lower
2 = aH0

k2 2 3 + 2 4 2 a 10

(15)

The contribution of the right (vertical) boundary surface is the same. On the diagonal boundary surface, we have 1 n = ( + i j) 2 with magnitude |n H|2 = 1 2 2 2 [H + Hy + Hz + 2Hx Hy ] 2 x k H2 +4 = 0 4 cos2 2 a a10 = 1 n H = [Hz + Hz (Hy + Hx )k] i j 2

sin2

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

where = x = y is the common coordinate as we move from (0, 0) to (a, a). In the integral in (14) we can put dl = 2d and integrate over from 0 to a to obtain k2 2 2 = 2aH0 1 + 2 4 . a 10 diagonal Adding this to two times (15) and inserting into (14), we have
2 k2 2 aH0 dP = 3 + 2 + (2 + 2) 2 4 . dz 2 a 10

(16)

On the other hand, from Jackson (8.51) we have P =

2 H0 2

a 0

y 0

2 2 x y x y cos2 + cos2 + 2 cos cos a a a a

1/2

dx dy

By symmetry, the integral is just half of what we would get from integrating the integrand over a square of side a, which, by inspection, is a2 . Hence P =
2 a 2 H0 4

2 2

.1/2

We could at this point proceed to write out the explicit form of the attenuation constant, but whats the point?

Problem 8.6
A resonant cavity of copper consists of a hollow, right circular cylinder of inner radius R and length L, with at end faces. (a) Determine the resonant frequencies of the cavity for all types of waves. With (1/ R) as a unit of frequency, plot the lowest four resonant frequencies of each type as a function of R/L for 0 < R/L < 2. Does the same mode have the lowest frequency for all R/L ? (b) If R=2 cm, L=3 cm, and the cavity is made of pure copper, what is the numerical value of Q for the lowest resonant mode?

(a) Taking the origin at the center of the cavity, the and components of the elds must vanish at z = L/2. Since the z dependence of all eld components is eikz , the allowed values of k are k = n/L, with E sin kz for k even and E cos kz for k odd.

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

10

The equation characterizing T M modes is (

2 t

+ 2 )Ez = 0,

Ez |S = 0.

Expanding this in cylindrical coordinates, we obtain 2 Ez 1 Ez 1 2 Ez + + 2 + 2 Ez = 0 2 2 We put Ez (, ) = R()P () to obtain 2P + P = 0 2 2 2 R 1 R + + 2 2 = 0. 2 The solutions are P () = ei R() = J (). For single-valuedness we require , and to ensure Ez ( = R) = 0 we require = xm /R where xm is the mth root of J (x) = 0. Hence Ez = AJ xm i it e e R

sin kz, cos kz,

keven kodd

(TM modes).

For TE modes the relevant equation is (

2 t

+ 2 )Bz = 0,

Bz n

= 0.
S

The general solution to the dierential equation is the same as above, but now the boundary condition requires J (R) = 0, so = ym /R where ym is the mth root of J (y) = 0. Then the solutions look like Bz = AJ ym i it e e R sin kz, cos kz, keven kodd (TE modes).

As we saw above, the allowed wavevectors are k = n/L. The frequency is related to the wavenumber according to
2 2 mn = cm m + kn cm 2 2 R xm + = cm 2 ym + 2 R

R L R L

n2 ,
2

(TM) (TE)

n2 ,

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

11

PSfrag replacements
9 TE modes TM modes 8

(units of c/R)

1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

R/L Figure 1: TM and TE mode frequencies for the resonant cavity of Problem 8.6.

Homer Reids Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 8

12

(The m subscript on cm is not related to the m subscripts on and ). The lowest four TM and TE mode frequencies are shown in Figure 1. (b) The lowest resonant mode is the TE1,1,1 mode.info