mcsllalenledartislscllhelime,

suchasVallherHullmann, cre
alcr cl lhe lamcus Ler cieger
Jhe \iclcr, 1Z0J, Lclle He-
i ni ger, lans Hi chler, Cuidc
eeber, Cskarlischinger,lans
lischerkcesen and Cecrgelal.
linschever gave an arlislic di
LmM1LLW
MenUuzz
Z
reclicnlcCermanadverlising, vhich ccnlinued
lcr lvent ears as lhe mcsl advanced vcrld
vide. Pller his escape lrcm lazi Cerman in
134,heccnlinuedhisaclivilinlheadverlising
andeducalicnallieldsinHerne, vilzerland.
Cuidceeber 18/140Jvasmullilalenledas
a lulllledged lilmmaker, direclcr cl phclc
graph, designer, edilcr cl lechnical and lrade
magazines, invenlcr, vriler clmanuals, leacher
and prcducer. Psadireclcrclphclcgraph, he
ccnlribuledlcmanlilms,includingc/uden/uon
Irog1hesludenlcllrague, 113J, severallilms
slarringPslalielsenandscmeclhersdirecledb
Cecrg Vilhelm labsl. ln lhelield clanimalicn,
eebercrealedadvertisingvcrkssuchasKipno,
crLu muss/ zur KipnoYcuMuslCclclinc
lhclc, 1ZbJ,anabslracllilm prcducedblin
schever lcr lhe Herlin lilm and phclcgraph
exhibilicn. ln lhis criginal vcrk, eeber ccm-
binedavaslrangeclcinemalcgraphiclricksvilh
accnslruclicnislrigcur.
Jhe vissnalicnal Hudcll llenninger, scn cl
painlerLmilllenninger,vasbcrninMunichcn
ZbCclcber18. Pscencgrapher,designerand
animalcr, his lalenl emerged mcre lhrcugh his
invenlicns lhan in his lilms (Lorgo, 1ZZ, con
nenerso/z, 1Z6J. le vas parlicularl nclable
lcr his snlhelic scund experimenls , called
1onende Iondscnri]/ scund vriling` J, vhich
heccnducled belveen 130 and 13Z. Oisap
pcinledba lackclreccgnilicn, hemadealev
mcreshcrllilms(Ii/scn undIo/scn , cerenode
andLorcoro||evilhlheOiehlbrclhersJ .Vilhlhe
risecllazism,lhearlislslidinlcancnmil. le
diedcn14 June1/6inHaldham,nearMunich.
nlhe1Z0s,lhealresshcvedtheseriesKo||ege
Io| and Mox und Mori /z, as vell as lilms b
lans lischerkcesen andla
Jaeger, lurlVcllramliesslic
vhc made naticnalisl prcpa
ganda vcrkJ, Lcuis ee pcss
i bl an PmericanJ and 1cni
HabcldclOeanlilm. JheOichl
brclhersbeganlheirlcnglasling
career, LcreHierling, aspecial
isl inChineseshadcvs, alscmade her debul. n
1Z8, thepresligicussaliricalcaricalurislCecrgc
Crcsz lilmed, lcr a slage perlcrmancebLrwin
liscalcr, Lie oen/euer des orouen co/do/e
ccnuei;kJhe Pdvenlures cllhe Cccd cldicr
chveikJ. Pmcng prcduclicn ccmpanies, lhc
cmnipclenlHerlinbasedLlPdeserves menlicn
aslheinilialcrcllhegrealCermancinema,vi
ils lulure prcduclicn cl special ellecls, educa
licnallilms,mcvielillesandavanlgardevcrk.ln
lhe lcllcvingears cl lazism, Vcrld Var Ph anc
lhepcslvar,lheanimatcrs` impcrlancesleadil
veakenedand the public lcsl inlereslinlheve
samelilmsilhad applaudedcnlalevearsear
lier.
RC D0llIX
lnlermsclarlisliclreedcm,Cermanandlrancc
ledlhevainLurcpe.lcvever,ilvaslheavanl
gardeCerman lilm ccmmunil, unlikeils lrench
ccunlerparl, lhal lavcured expressing ilscll
lhrcugh animaled dravings. 1his prelerence is
perhaps a maller cl crigins. lhe lrench avanl
garde vas rccled in lhe Oada and urrealisn
mcvemenlsvhich drevupcn malerial lrcmreal
lileandlurned il insidecut. Cn lheclher hanc,
lheCermans paid allenlicnlc|esscnscllcrmal
and gecmelrical rigcur laughl in parl buprc
malism, Oe lijl, lhe Hauhaus and Lxpressicn
ism. ltis nclb chance lhallheCermandadaist
lans Hichler lumed lc lilms vilh a pcsl-Mlis
slanl, allerhavingallempledlclcllcvLggelings
lhecrclgecmelrand` puril` .1hepiclcrialanc
lilerar ccres cl expressicnism represenled b
lckcschka, Oix, 1cllerandJraklJ, lackeddirect
lcllcvers in animalicn, excepling perhaps Her
lhcld Harlcsch, vhc made his cnl arl lilm in
laris in lhe earl 130s. Likevise, lhe experi
nisl Cinema
nau Oupcnl,
inlluence cn
lheirda.
I Panst, compose
Z Mans Hichter, On
Crey Walls Press,
lcsscnscl lcrmal
inpart bupre-
and lxpressicn
ernan dadaisl
apcslMlis
lcllcvlggelings
.1hepiclcrialand
represenled b
lackeddirecl
perhaps Her
cnl art lilm in
lhe experi
encescllhesccalledLxpressic
nisl Cinema vilh Lang, Mur
nau, Oupcnl, labsl) had lillle
inlluence cn lhe animalcrs cl
theirda.
Luler d
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
Z
/o|-Ver/ico| Moss. Pllhe same
lime, Hichler crealed lre|ude
cn l he lheme oI Crs/o|-
| izo/ion. Clearl, lhe rclls in-
vcl ved mcvemenl and
mcvemenlinvclvedcinema.
UH5 hIC0lCl
lansHichler 18881/6Jvas
cnecllhemcslccnsislenl,lenacicuschampicns
clexperimenlal cinema. Me ccl|ecled his cvn
numercusvcrksinalcnglilm, explicillenlilled
+J Yeorso]Lxperimen/s}. Mebeganhiscareer
asaCubislpainler,andlalervilh1zaraandPrp,
heccnlribuledlclhelcundingclOadaisminZu
rich. ln lhal ebullienl, slimulaling envircnmenl,
he camelcleellheemplinessclslalic` painling
and lhe need lcr scmelhing nev and rhlhmic
like nusic. Pller having sludied lhe basics cl
ccunlerpcinlunderthedireclicncllerruccicHu
scni, he began painling in black and vhile in
crder lc reprcduce cppcsiles a lundamenlal
rhlhmic principle. Ccmmcn inleresls ledHich
lerlcbelriendlhelcnelvedishpainler\iking
lggeling, vhc had mcved lc Zurich during lhe
reign clOadaismandvasinvclvedinsimilarre
search. Jcgelher, lhelvc arlisls ccnlinuedlheir
experimenls,lirslinvilzerlandandlalerinCer-
nan.
As Hichlerlaler remembered, lhe decided cne
da lc give ccnlinuil a delinile lcrm b using
clls cl paper. Jhe lried lc luse lhe dillerenl
slages cl evclulicn as illhe vere phrases cla
snphcncralugue.Jhelirslrcll, madebLgg-
eling in lale 118crearl 11, vas Iorizon-
Jhe l cgi cal devel cpmenl cl
Hichler`sresearchislcbelcund
inlhreeshcrls, li|med belveen 1Z0and 1Zb
vilhlheanimalicnclculshapes.Hn/nm usZ1,
Hn/nmusZ3 and Hn/nmusZb. quares and
lriangles in mclicn appear and disappear, al
lempling lc ccnve a sensalicn cl purelvisual
rhlhm. Jechnicall, lhe lhree Hn/nmusvere
pccrlmade, anddcnclsucceedincapluringlhe
viever` sallenlicn.
ln1Z6, havingcverccmelhedilliculliesclcine
cameraandhavinglearnedlhesecrelscllenses,
Hichler made Ii |ms/udie, a ccmplex, arliculale
vcrk lrcm lhe slandpcinl cl language and
rhlhm. lerehe used superimpcsilicn, varicus
lricks andgecmelricalgames. lcrlhelirsllime,
he alsc emplced a lechnique vhich he vculd
uselcrmanearslcccme. lhejuxlapcsilicncl
live aclicn shcls vilh animalicn, and cl real
pecplevilhabslraclelemenls.nIi |ms/udie,lcr
inslance, Hichler gave equal ccnsideralicn lc
humansubjeclsandlcscmeccularglassglcbes
vhichrhlhmicallgrcupedlhemselveslcgelher
andseparaledinvaricuslcrms.
Hichlervrcle.
henexlearvasIn]|o/ion,aninlrcduclicn
P|anis!,composeranded|!orolthemus|colJohanncebas!|anHach.
Z |ansH|chter,1reamshatMoneyCanHuy.Jhearcissusceuence`,HogerManell,e.ExperimenrinFi|m.London.
LreyWalls|ress, I 949).
|ig. 1 1 . Hhythmus
Z1 oIons
Hichter
Cermon, ! VZ1)
tc an LlP lilm, Lie Lome
mi | der Moske Jhe Lad
vithlheMaskJ,adanceclin
llaticn piclures vilh lhe dcl
lar sign in cppcsilicn tc the
mullilude cl zercs cl lhe
MarkJasakindclleilmclil. . .
lvas cerlainl ncl a regular
LmM1LLW
MenUuzz
Z
dccumenlar lilm. lt vas mcre an essa cn
inllaticn. . . . n1Z/-Z8lgclalitllelilm, Vor
mi ||ogsspukChcstsbelcreHreaklastJdcne.
ll vas prcduced lcr lhe lnternaticnal Music
leslivalal HadenHadenvilhasccreblaul
lindemilh. Psilvasbelcretheeraclscund-
lilm, ilvasccnducledlrcmarclling sccre, an
invenlicn cl a Mr. Hlum, in lrcnlclthe ccn-
duclcr`sncse. ldidnclscundsnchrcncusal
all,bulilvas.JhelitllelilmabculareelJvas
lilmed in m arlisl` ssludic in Herlin vilh lhe
lindemilhs and lhe Oarius Milhauds as ac-
tcrs. l vas lhe ver rhlhmical stcr cl the
rebellicn clscmecbjecls hals, necklies, ccl
leecups, elc. J againstlheirdailrcutine. '
Pllhcughverrhlhmic` , Vormi ||ogs-cpukas
nclcngeranallempllcmakemusiclhrcughim-
ages, bul inslead cllered a predcminanll nar-
ralive lilm characlerized b a subll absurd
humcur. Ps vilh Hichler`s previcus lilms, lhis
alsc vas ccmpcsed cl helercgenecus elemenls
and emplced varicus kinds cl lricks lhe single
lramelechniquevasrarelusedJ . Lnlcrlunalel,
lhe animaticn cl lhe hals did ncl succeed lhe
invisible`lhreadslhatmadelhehalsdancevere
clumsilrevealedlclheaudience.
n 1 Z , Hichler released Hennsmpnonie,
based cn a hcrse race. ln lhe lcllcving ears,
vhich he spent as an cbscure advertising lilm-
maker,hedecidedlcleaveCerman.Pllershcrt
slas in vilzerland and lhe cviel Lnicn, he
linallsellledinlhe Lniled lales. lnlhe 140s
and 1b0s,lcgethervilhcldOadaisllriendsand
ctherPmericanartisls,Hichlerccnlribuledlclhe
crealicn cl ncn-animaled, experimenlal lilrs,
Mans Hchter, same source as above.
such as Lreoms 1no | Money
ConLu, alealurelilmmadein
ccllabcralicnvilhLger, rnst
Ouchamp,ManHaandCalder.
Oringlhisaclivil,Hichlercnl
marginall used animalicn anc
is mcsl prcperl placed amcng
the ncnccnlcrmisl lilmmakers
vhc lechnicall experimenled vilh mclicn pic-
lure language. Ps a directcr Hichter demcn
straled neilher criginal vigcur ncravell-delined
planclresearch,lcthemcdernviever, hislilms
appear as avanlgarde exercises. lill, his vcrk
undeniabl represenls a summar cllendencies
and lemplalicns, gccd and bad, vhich charac
terizedlheartisls clhis generalicnandupbring
ing.
V0llRCl hUll0000
nLieieoe|ungenlarlCneJblrilzLang,the
sequence cl lriemhild` s nighlmare slands cul,
vilh llccks cl menacing birds lling abcul in a
darkl shaded sk, visiling lhe queen in her
dreams. Jheaulhcrcllhalsuggeslivesequence
vas Vallher Hullmann. Hcrn in lranklurlam-
Main Z8 Oecember 188/J, hesludied architec
lure in Zurich and line Prls in Munich, vhile
leaming lc pla lhe `cellc. Helveen 11Z anc
118he painled andengraved, llcving lhrcugh
abslraclicn and lrcm lhis mcving lca lhecr cl
abslracl cinema ` painling vilh lime` , in his
vcrdsJ. Pllerbeing a lieulenanl inVcrld Var
andallerasubsequenlnervcusillness,Hultmann
devcled himsell lc lhe realizalicn cl his lhecr.
Cn Z/ Ppril 1Z1 , in Herlin sMarmcrhaus, he
presenledhisLi cn|spie|Cpusl, vhichlealured
amusicalsccreexpresslvritlenbMaxHulling.
Pslhelirslpublicpresenlalicnclanabslracllilm,
lheevenlvassensaticnallreceivedblhepublic
andpress nevspapershadalreadrepcrledlhe
praisesclprevicusprivaleprcjeclicnsJ . CpusIis
slriking nctcnllcr ils lrical sensilivil and im-
aginalive capacil, bul alsc lcr ils stlislic ma-
lurilintechniqueandlcrmseeCclcurllales 1
Z 'Lchtspel', whch can be translated as 'lght play', s also the word Ior 'move` .
and ZJ.
encerevardig.
clherslageclh
imagershculd
pul aside Pbsl
himselllcprcjec
lied as dccu
reallileccmbinc
ln1Z/, hepu
der Cros|od|
CilJ , vhich be
I Jhs change was
Hullnann
olhis lhecr.
Marnorhaus, he
whichlealured
bMaxHulling.
anabslracltiln,
blhepublic
reporledlhe
(pus is
k>niIIvu andin
Luler d
and ZJ. Pncebcid lcrns ccn
lrasl vilh sharp cbjecls curvili
near shapes anlicipaling lhcse
b Cskarlischinger, crcss lhe
screen diagcnall, vhile slripes
wilh a pendulun-like nclicn
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
ZV
aninalicn a larevell b lhe
lilnnaker lc his earlier arlislic
phas e. Me/ odi e de r We| /
Melcd c l lhe Vcrld, I ZJ,
and Wocnenende Veekend,
eenlcbealline.nlhelcllcv
ing ears, Hullnann prcduced
lhree clher shcrls, each called Cpus and prc
gressivelnunbered,vhichveresuccesslullre-
leased alhcneand abrcad. JheLcndcn 1imes
wrclein1ZblhalHullnann` sshcrllilnsvculd
belcngrenenbered.
Hullnann` s ccnlacls vilhin lhe liln induslr
besides lhe sequence lcr Lang, he crealed an
olher nighlnare sequence lcr laul Vegener`s
Leoende Luddnos Living HuddhaJ, in IZ3J,
inlrcduced hi n lc Lclle Heiniger` s lean.
Hullnann ccllabcraled vilh lhen cn a lealure
liln, lrincecnmed,buldidncllindlheexperi
encerevarding.Jhearlislvaslhenenleringan
olherslageclhiscrealiveevclulicn. lhenusiccl
inagershculdncvhavelinkslchislcr.Maving
pul aside Pbslraclicnisn, Hullnann devcled
hinselllcprcjeclsvhichvereinprcperlclassi
tied as `dccunenlaries` , in vhich elenenls cl
reallileccnbinedrhlhnicallvilheachclher.
lnIZ/, hepulhisnarkcnLer|in,Lie ci n]onie
der Cros/od/ Herlin, nphcn cl a Creal
ilJ, vhich began vilh 30 seccnds clabslracl
I30, a tiln `vilhcul inages ,
cnllhescundlrackvasediledJ
lcllcved. ln 133, Hullnann
venllclallcrlheshcclingclccioioleelJ, a
hbridbelveenadccunenlarandaliclicn tiln
basedcnalexlbLuigilirandellc. HackinCer
nan,heccnlinuedalcnghispalhasarhthni
caldccunenlarlilnnaker. Me died cn IbJul
141 in Herlin, clvcunds he sutlered as a var
phclcccrrespcndenl.
Hullnannliguresas alalenledarlisland a ccn
lradiclcr inlelleclual a lcllcver cl lhe lett, he
laler unccndilicnallsuppcrled MillerJ. Mis ccn
lribulicns lc aninalicn vere liniled in nunber,
bul inpcrlanl in lheir qualil as vell as in lhe
inlluencelheexerledcnclherartisls. cneele
nenls cl lhe slles cl ggeling, Hichler, lisch
i nger and even McLaren, can be lraced lc
Hutlnann`spicneeringlilns.
VIKI0Q LQQClI0Q
\iking Lggelingvasbcrnin Lund, veden, cn
ZI Cclcber I 880, lhe scn cl a Cernaninni
granl and a vedish nclher. Pller having al
I Jhs change was prcbably nIluenced by Huttmann` s admratcn Icr Isenstens Iums ad Icr ther 'ntellectual edtng .
|ig. !Z. Lagcnal
CymphOnie oy
VikingLggeing
Cermony, 1 VZb).
lended public schccl vilhcul
LmM1LLW
dislinguishing himsell, Lggeling MenUuzz
vaslcrcedbeccncmicdillicul-
lieslcleaveLundlcrCerman,
d
vilzerlandandlalallheend
cl lhe cenlur veden vas an
impcverished ccunlr, vilh a
highlevelclemigralicnJ. lcrsix
ears, lrcm 101 lc 10/, he lived in Milan,
vcrking cccasicnall and allending lhe Hrera
Pcadem cl line Prls. Me reluned lc vilzer-
land vhere helaughl ina bcarding schccl, and
laler spenl lcur ears in laris. n 116, cnce
again in Zurich, Lggeling eslablished ccnlacls
vilh lhe nevl-bcrn Ladaism, bul he never
jcinedlhemcvemenl. lnHichler`sccmpan, he
relurnedlcCermanandlivedlirslinHerlin,lhen
in leinclzig, lhe hcme cl Hichler` s birlh.
Vhen his lriendship vilh Hichler ended, he
mcvedcnceagainlcHerlin.
Plterlilmingalevexperimenls in 'visual music
vhichhadbeenmadepcssiblebLlP,Lggeling
decidedlcccnlinuelilmingcnhiscvn,vilhver
limiledmeans. Lcanslrcmrelalives allcved him
lc bu a cine-camera, vhich he inslalled in his
basemenlaparlmenl. lcrlhreeears, hecarried
cn his experimenls, lilming lhe dravings cl his
`lcngreel` enlilled Iorizon/o|- Ver/iko|Crcnes-
/ro. P lev pecple sav lhe lilm, including lhe
vedishjcumalisl Hirger Hrinckvhc described
vhal he sav as a len-minule sequence dealing
vilh a rhlhmic verlical lheme beginning lrcm
lhelcp. ' Hepcrledl, Lggeling neverccnsidered
Iorizon/o |- Ver/ i ko | Crcnes/ ro (Iorizon/o |-
Ver/i ko| Crcnes/ro) a linished lilm, unhapp
vilh lhe resulls, he abandcned lhe prcjecl and
beganvcrkingcnLiogono|cmpnonie.
VilhlhehelpclhisccmpanicnLrnaliemeer,
Lggeling began Liogono| cmpnonie in lhe
summercl1Z3andccmpleledi lcneearlaler,
allerexperiencinglinancial, asvellasclherdilli
cullies. lriendsandccllabcralcrssavlhelilmcn
b lcvember 1Z4. Cn 3 Ma 1Zb, lhe lilm
cpened lc lhe public vilh lhe
suppcrl cl Ll P, vhich vishec
lc mainlain ils image as a lar
sighledlilmccmpanallunedlc
lheavanlgarde.1heslellarprc
gramme i ncl uded Mirschleld-
Mack`s experimenls, Hichler`s
sequences cl Hn/nmus,
Lger`s Lo||e/ mconique, Hullmannsvaricus
Cpus,HenClairsn/roc/evilh screenplab
lrancis licabiaJ and Lggeling` s lilm. Lnlcrlu
nalel, Lggelingvasnclablelcallendlheshcv.
Mcspilalizedalevmcnlhs earlier, veakened b
deprivalicn, hedied cl seplic angina, al lheage
cl4b, cn Ma 1Zb, six das aller lhe prem
iere.
Mis remaining lilm, Liogono| cmpnonie, is
based cn lhe mcvemenl and melamcrphcsis cl
a vhile abslracl lcrm cn a black backgrcund.
Vhilelhemainmcvemenlisdiagcnal, hcrizcnlal
and verlical mcvemenls alsc lake place, ccnlri-
buling lc lhe lilm` s ccmplex ccnlenl. 1here is
greal arlislr in Liogono| cmpnonie. Lggel
ingspuregraphics mcveharmcnicuslandrig
crcusl lcr seven minules. Jhe liguralicn cn
vhich cmpnonie is based presumes a `lime
dimensicn. 1helilmisapainlingvhichlivesand
develcpsinlimeand space, and vhichcculdncl
beapprecialedvhenccnsideredin ils slaliclrag-
menls.
Phermilvilhanearlcrienlalmslicism,Lggel
inglhcughllhalarlshculdinvclveaeslhelicsand
pclilics, elhics and melaphsics. Mis search lcr
puriladdressedlileslleasvellaspiclcrialvcrk.
Pbslraclarlvasvalidbecauseilclleredanunccr
rupled language lhrcugh vhich human beings
cculd ccmmunicale. Jhe abslracl arlisl, he be
lieved, gave an unlimiled amplilicalicn cl lhe
human lee|ing lcr lreedcm, and lhe gcal cl arl
vaslcrellecllhespirilcleversingleindividual .
P lcrmenled arlisl, slcv lc malure sllislicall
andideclcgicall, hedied lcc earllcbeable lc
lullexpresshislalenl.
1 Hrger Hrnck, 'Lnjemusk p vta duken. 'Konstruktv Ilm,` ett ntressant experment av en svensk konstnr,' Fi|mourno|en,
Vol. b, o. 4 Stockholm 19Z3), p. bU
Z L. C'Konor, VikingEgge|ing1U1 VZbrrisrondFi|m-MokerLi]eondWork,(Stockholm. lmqvst &Wksell, 1911).
1
Z
3
4
ing lhere,
lhem in
ver gccd
mensel. n
pubished.
Letter receved Irc
LerCo/em, un
Ler Sudenr uon
LerHorren]dnge
LerCo|eerensr
liguralicn cn
a `lime'
vhichlivesand
vhichcculdncl
inilsslaliclrag-
lOllC hCI0IQCl
Hcncn`June18, LclleHe
inigerslarledlcvcrkincinema
alan earl age. l all began in
theear 11 , ' shevrcle.'
`l lhen vas an enlhusiaslic
maiden vhc cculd reall dc
nclhingalallvellbulculcul
Luler d
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
d1
silhcueltes,bulvhcdesperalelvanledl cgel
inlclilms.Vhenlvaslilleenearscld,lheard
a lecture b laul Vegener, vhc b lhis lime
vaslhelcremcslchampicnlcrlantasliclilms
inCermanandvhcselilms, lhelirslCo/em
andlhelirslc/uden/o]lrogue,hadmadea
prclcund impressicncnme. cvenllcthis
leclure, andlhalsellledillcrjlheleclurevas
dedicaled mcsll lc lhe lanlaslic pcssibililies
cllricklilms,clvhichveplilllevaskncvn.
lrcm lhis mcmenl cnvard l had nclhing in
mmindbulc gelnearthalman.
Pshe vas cne cllhe leading aclcrs cl lhe
lhealreclMaxHeinhardl,lpersuadedmun-
lcrlunale parenls lc lel me gc lc lhe acting
schcclatachedlcthallhealre.ltvasncleas
lcr lhem lcr lhe vcrld cl lhealre vas mcsl
alienlc lhem. Hul lhe lel me gc. vas ver
happ.Hulasvepupilscltheschcclverencl
allcved lc bepresental rehearsals, did ncl
kncvhcvlc apprcach m herc. ln crder lc
drav lhe allenticn cllhe lamcus aclcrs pla-
ing lhere, l began lc cul cul silhcuelles cl
them in lheir rcles. Jhese silhcuelles vere
ver gccd and lhe aclcrs liked lhem im
nensel. n 11/, even a bcck cllhem vas
published. Lven lrcl. Max Heinhardl ap
prcved cllhem and allcved melcbecnlhe
slage.llriedverhardlcgelinlcaplavhere
Wegenervas acting. l cul cul silhcuettes cl
him likemad- andhelikedlhem. Misinleresl
in the visual arts vas ver greal and sc he
helped me encrmcusl and lel me alsc dc
I Letter received Irom lotte Heiniger, 1 ovember 191Z.
exlraslcrhislilms. ln 118 he
lel me dc lhe caplicns lcr his
li l m, Ler Ho //en]nger uon
Iome|in 1he lied liper cl
MamelinJ in lhis pericd the
li|ms vere shcvn in reels, and
lhebesllilmshadexlracaplicns
lcrlhesereelsJ.
`n lhe summer cl 11, vhen vas in the
studic inthe garb cla grandedame lcr 1ne
Co| |e c|oue," a lilm cl Halzac' sncvel Los/
I||usion,Vegenerpresenledmelcagrcupcl
inleresling cung men jvhc| vere abcut lc
cpen an experimenlal animalicn lilm studic,
as he explained lc me, and he said lc lhem
lcrheaven` ssakehelpmegelridcllhismad
silhcuelle girl. he makes ver gccd sil
hcuetes vhich cpcullcranimalicn. Can'l
culelhermakealilmvilhlhcsesilhcuetles
aslhemakecarlccns Pndlhedid.
`1hesegenllemenvere. Lr. MansCrlis, lhe
leader cllhegrcup lcbenamedlhenslilule
lcr Cullural LisccverJ vhc had sludied arl
hislcrandvas cllen seen inVegener`ssur-
rcundings. Mis lriend Carl cch, studied lhe
same subjecl, beccming a vellkncvn vriler
clarl bccks specializing inlhelar Lasl. Plsc
presenl vas Herlhcld Harlcsch, an animalcr
vhc had ccme cver lrcm \ienna vhere he
vcrkedvilhlrclesscrManslick. jlrcl. Man
slickhadalreadlcundedannslilulelikelhis
in \ienna, had made varicus cartcgraphical
lilms lhere, lhese vcrks emphasized lhe dil
lerencesbelveenlhenaluralccndilicnslcund
in Laslern and Veslen ccunlries. Me had
ccme cverlc lcrm a grcup vilh equal ambi-
licns in Herlin. 1he crealed an animalicn
lable in Herlin and allcved melc have a gc
therevilhsilhcuellelables.
`llirsl helped Harlcschvilhscmegecgraphi-
UerCo|em, unduieerindieWe|tkom1eColem, and Mow Me Came Into the World, I9Ib, directed by Paul Wegener):
UerSudentuonProg(Jhe Student oI Prague, I9I3, directed by Stellan Hye, starring Paul Wegener).
3 UerHotten]ngeruon|ome|in,1918, drected by Paul Wegener.
1 UerCo|eerenstr]|ing(Jhe Calley Slave, 1919, drected by Hochus Clese, starrng Paul Wegener)
|ig. 1 d. Lie
Ceschichtedes
|rnzenPchmed
oLotreHeiniger
Cermon, 1 VZ6).
cal lilms lc l earn lhe lech-
niques clanimalicn. made
mlirslsilhcuellelilmcn 1Z
Lecember 1I, a kind cl
posdedeuxvilhlvcligures
and a mcvable crnamenl,
vhich lcllcved lhe mccdcl
lhedancers. 1hisvas called
LmM1LLW
MenUuzz
dZ
LosCrnomen/des uer|ieo/en Ierzens1he
Cnamenl cllhe Lnamcured MearlJ. 1here
aclicncllheaudiencevasscla-
vcurable lhal venl cn ever
since.
'n 1Z3, a cung Herlin ban
ker,Mr.LcuisMagen vhchad
seen me manipulaling m lillle
lairlale lilms in lhe lnslilule
asked me vhelher l vculd ncl
likelc prcducea lulllenglh lilm in lhis slle.
1hisvasabiglemplalicn,anunheardclcller
ve cculd ncl resisl. Mr. Magen did ncl vanl
lhal vcrklc be prcducedinlhe lnslilule, bul
clleredlcccnslruclasludicabcvehisgarage,
nearhis hcusein lclsdam. lnlhemeanlime,
had married Carl cch and ve vent lhere
and Hartcsch venl vilh us, lcr ve had de
ve|cped averclcselriendshiplc each clher
and velikedlcvcrklcgelher.
`hcrtl belcre lhese happenings, Hullmann
shcved his lirsl lilms in Herlin and ve vere
enlhusiaslic abcul lhem. 1c m jc, heliked
lhe silhcuelle lilms lcc and ve became
lriends. Ve all, lhe sc called avanlgarde
pecple, alvas vcrked culside lhe induslr
and cnl ver cccasicnallvere veaskedlc
dc scme lhings lcr ccmmercial lilms. Har
lcsch, lcr i nslance, made lhe lilles lcr
VegenersCo/em, anddidalillleshcrlsha
dcvscenelcrhis 1neLos/cnodou ' . Vhen
veveregivenlhechancelcprcducelhallull
lenglh lilm, veaskedHarlcschandHultmann
lcr lheir ccllabcralicn. 1he agreed. l vas
lhis cc|labcralicnvhich ledlclhemcslslri
ing parls cl lhis lilm needless lc sa, il vas
Irince cnmed}, lcr l plaed m silhcuelle
bils in blackandvhilecnlandhandedlhem
lcHullmavhccnhiscvnanimalicnlable
ccmpcsed and execuled lhe lanlaslic mcve
menls clhis magic. Ps laras remember, il
vas lhe earliesllimelhallvc animalcrs cla
quile dillerenl arlislic lemperamenl vcrked
lcgelhercnlhesameshcl.Vehadnegalives
and ncbcd can imagine lhe lensicn vilh
I Ler Co|em, unduieerindieWe|rKom,I9ZU, saremakeoItheIilmdentiIiedearlier,directedbandstarrng|aul
WegenerLerer|oreneSchrenLostchadow, I9ZI , directedbandstarring|aulWegenerJ.
Z Huttmanncreatedthebackgroundscener,hleHeinigerIilmedtheactionusingslhouettes.
vhi ch ve
markedprinl
Hullmann
ashamed lc
lair lale . . . .
lcdcvilh I
tures in lhe
entilled Lie
1he Pdvenlures
in a va vhich
genleness as
escapes b
lveenlhe gccd
devils are Dm tIt
paperaclcrs. '
ccupemade
ogeno prcbabl
cn Mczarl`s M
Luler d
vhi ch ve avai led l he
markedprinl.
Hull mann vas sl i ghll
ashamed lc vcrk cn such a
lair lale . . . . Vhal has lhis
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
Pllerlhedeclaralicnclvar,she
and herhusband,vhcvereun
pcpul ar vilh Miller s regime,
had lc relurn lc Cerman. Pn
altempllccrealealilmLiego|-
lc dc vith 1Z3 heasked
me cnce. l cnl cculd sa
lclhing , and il had ncl.
dd
1helilm|vaslinishedin j 1Z6 . `
1he lealure lilm cnecl lhe lirst animalicn lea
tres in lhevcrld and lhe lirsl in LurcpeJ, vas
enlilled Lie Cescni cn/e des Irinzen cnmed
1he Pdvenlures cl lrince PchmedJ. Jhelech
nique usedinvclved a parlicular lpe cl culcul
animalicn,thesilhcuelles, cullrcmblackpaper,
pcrtraed backlil pecple, animals and cbjecls.
1he vere alsc called ' Chinese shadcvs` . Jhe
lilm had greal success, especiall in lrance,
vhereJeanHencirandHenClairpassicnalel
reccmmendedil.everallableslrcm 1ne1nou
scndondCneign/svereadapledlcrthelilm
in a va vhich allempled lc mainlain lheir
genlleness as vell as lheir drama. Chases and
escapes b princesses, lcve slcries, lighls be
lveenlhegccdspirilcllhelampandmcnslrcus
cevils are narraled vilh a relined lasle bclh in
liguralicn and in lhe mcvemenls cl liligreed
paperaclcrs '
AllerHarlcschandHutlmannvenllheirseparale
vas, Heiniger and her husband Carl cch
vcrked in Cerman, lal and Creal Hrilain,
vherelhehadbeeninviledbJchnCrierscnlc
ccnlribule lc lhe advenlurcus lilm Lnil cl lhe
eneral lcsl Cllice. Helcre Vcrld Var l, lhe
ccuplemadelventsixlilms,amcnglhem,Iop
ceno prcbabl lheir besl kncvnvcrk, based
cn Mczart`s Mogic I|u/e, and lhe inserl cl sil-
hcuelleanimalicninJean Hencir`s LoMorsei|
cise.
When Vcrld Var l l brcke cul, Heinigervas in
llallilmingLe/isirdomore1heLlixirclLcveJ .
deneConsJheCcldenCccseJ
duringlhevarlailed.
ln 1 48, lhe ccuple resumed
lheiracliviliesinCrealHrilain.nlhe1b0s,lhe
cpenedlhelrimrcselrcduclicns ccmpan and
added abcullilleenmcrevcrks, scmecllhemin
cclcur, lclheiralread rich lilmcgraph. Cne cl
lhelirsllilms,basedcnlhesilhcuetlecclcurlech-
nique, vasJockond/neLeons/o|k 1bbJ, lcl
lcved b 1ne c/or o] Le/n|enem. Jhe earlier
1ne Co| |on/ Li //|e 1oi |orvcn a prize al lhe
\enicelilmleslivalcl1bb.
Pllerlhedealhclherhusband, Heinigerdidncl
slcv her pace cl aclivit. n 1/6, shevenl lc
Canada,vhere she madeucossine/ico|e//e
lcrlhelalicnallilmHcard.healsclaughlsem
inarslcrcunganimalcrs inseveralcilies cllhe
vcrld. he died cn 1 June 181 in Lellen-
hausen, Cerman. Jhe revievers have unani
mcusl praised lhe genlleness and precicus
lraill cl her vcrk. Jhe almcsphere vhich her
minule animaled silhcuetles ccnve exisls as a
separalerealmlhalhasncrelalicnlcahislcrical
perspeclive, ncrlccurrenllimesHullmannvas
righlinlhisJ, herligurinesbelcnglcanabsclulel
calm, abslracl vcrld cl lanlas vhich is made
nearldreamlikeblheundelinablenalureclsil
hcuelles vhc canl have lacial expressicnsJ.
uch a chciceclliguralicn ma seem eccenlric
vhen ccmpared lclhmajcrarlislic currenls cl
lhe1Z0s. nlacl,ilbelcngslclhepassagelrcm
liberllcmcdernismlcart dcc, vhich had lhe
lrenchmen Hcurdelle and Maurice Lenis as ils
mcsl rencvned expcnenls . Heiniger`s lech-
niqueshaveinspiredseveralmcdernlilmmakers,
parlicularl lhe lcrmer Lasl Cermans. Lven sc,
ncbcdhasever equalled lhelluidil clherani-
heeventssurroundingth|sI|lmaretortuous.1hebomb|ngoIHer|indes!roedthenegat|veandal|!heposi!ives.lnI9b4,a
posi!ivecopwasIoundin!heHr|tishl||mInst|tu!eIi|es,bu!theI|ne-gra|nprin!smadeIromi!didno!pemi!!hereproduct|on
oItheorig|nalco|ours(wh|chhadbeenobta|nedb|mbib|t|onJ.La!er,acopoIthe!echnil |ns!ruc!ionsIor!heco|ouring
process,wr|tten|n19Z6,wasIound. l|nal|, in197U!heI|lmwasshowntothepub||cini!sor|g|nalIom.
|ig. !4. LS!OrC
UC M. VICU OIS
oLorrocond
Cou(|ronc
cuirzer|ond,
! VZZ).
malicnandlheplasliclinessecl
herligures.
FfBRCB'5 C0RfflDUfl0R5
lO|l0C
lrancevasnctcnlthelirstLu
rcpean ccunlr lc prcvide a
LmM1LLW
MenUuzz
d9
spavning grcund lcr animaled cinema, it vas
alsclhesilecllhelirslcrganizedanimalicnstu
dic. n 11, Hcbert Ccllard, bestkcvn under
lhe pseudcnm Lcrlac, lcunded his cvn sludic
cl animalicn in Mcnlrcuge. P line arls sludenl
and laler a scldier vhc vas vcunded and dis
chargedin 11b, LcrlacsludiedunderCchland
vcrkedvilhhimcnshcllilmslcbeinserted in
lhe nevsreels cl Lclair. Lclac`s leam included
animalcrssuch as Cav, Cheval, Hamcnd a
vignacinchargeclvashingcels,helalerbecame
avellkncvnccmmercialarlisl) andLmileCchl
himsell.
Lcrlac`sbusinesslhrivedunlilhispeacelulrelire
ment aller lhe end clVcrld Var l. Jhe majcr
part cl his prcduclicn vas adverlising, bul in
IZZ, he became invclved in the creaticn cl a
saliricalsupplemenllcnevsreels,itslille, Leco-
nord en cin, vas a pun relerring lc lhe hu
mcrcussali ri cal publ i cali cn Le Co n o rd
Lncnon.Pllervard, Lcrtacvcrkedcnaseries
based cn the advenlures clthe
prclesscri al character M-
canicas, and lhen cn lhe epi-
scdi c li l m adaplali cn cl
Monsi eur Vieux-Lois, b lhe
lamcus viss designer and hu-
mcri sl cl lhe 1 lh cenlur
Jcepller.
Lcrlacanimaled1cepller sdravingin ccllabcr
alicn vilh Cav, using lhe paslebcard culct
technique,bcullingimagesandmcvinglhemas
lheverevilhculanphsicgncmicalchanges,
herespecled 1cepller` svcrkandslle. Jhisre
specl emerges alsc in lhe chcice cl a llcving,
narralive slruclure. \ieux Hcis is a clumschar
acler slulled vilh Prcadian readings, vhc lacks
an sense cl realil. Vilhcul lail, he emerges
bealenandridiculedlrcmallkindscladvenlures,
bulnevergivesupand neverleans lrcmhisex
periences. Misunique pcver lies in his abi|ittc
ccnlinuall summcn all his ccurage lc begin
anev b simpl changing his undergarments.
Lcrlacand Cavs seriesrepresenlsan example
cl Lurcpean-slle ccmic animalicn, delached
lrcm lhe Pmeican slapslick lhal vas sccn tc
dcminale. 1his kindclhumcur, ncl lcunded cn
rhlhm bul cn characler, and vilh underlcnes
clcserlcccmedthanlclhecircus, reappeared
cnlinlhe 1b0sinLo oergre e| |e romoneur
Mr Vcnderbird) b Crimaulllrverl. Lcrlac
died cn I 0Ppril I /3, al the age cl8.
CvC|lI5C|5 00C IllU5l|0lO|5
P large number cl arlisls vilh dillerenl back
grcunds crealed adverlising lilms and mcream
bilicusvcrk.HenjaminHabier 1864-I3)vas
a brillianl illuslralcr and cartccnist, vhcsevcrk
vas published in magazines such as Ci | Los,
Hi re and I|e-M|e. P specialisl in animal
slcries, in 116hevcrked vilh LmileCchlcn
shcrls, lhemcsl lamcus cl vhich is Les]ion
oi | |esdeI|omoeoullambeau` sLngagemenl),
lealuring a dcg named llambeau. Pller|eaving
Cchl, Habiermadescme clherlilmscnhiscvn.
C` Calcp Marius Hcssillcn, I8/b-146), vhc
made his debul in lhe 11s as an adverlising
pcsler designe
seresbasedcn
Hcassclle I
adaplalicn cl
lcnlane. n
Plberl
mconique
pcurriclive
classical
lhe mcst ve
nlures cllhe
aracler M
cnlhe epi-
aplalicn cl
Bo|s, b lhe
andhu
cladvenlures,
lrcmhisex
his abilillc
lc begin
underlcnes
reappeared
e//eromoneur
. Lcrlac
cl8'.
and mcre am-
8'3'Jvas
vhcsevcrk
as C|| Bos,
isl in anima
lmile ch cn
lilmscn his cvn.
8I'J, vhc
as anadvelising
Luler d
pcsler designer, vcrked cn a
seriesbasedcnlhecharaclercl
Hcassclle 1'I'Jandcnalilm
adaplalicn cl the lables cl La
lcnlaine. ln lhe earl I 'Z0s,
Alberl Mcurlan I88/I '4J
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
accesscries,cculdbuildalilmb
ilsell, vilh ils cvn slrenglh,
vilhcul scenaric and ccnside
ringlhe mouingi moge /necen-
/ro| cnoroc/er` '
d
crealedaseriesdedicaledlclc
lircn. nI 'Z3, hedevcledhim
sell lc Cu|| iuer cnez |es Li | |ipu/iens Culliver
and lhe Lillipulians), a lealure lilm vhich em
plced mixedlechnique live aclicn and anima
licn). Pller cne ear cl vcrk, hcvever, a lire
ceslrcedlheegalivesasvellaspcsiliveccpies
clthelilm. linall, LidierLaixlilmed lheseries
Zu/, I|/e e/ 1ro//e I'Z'J, lealuringZul as a
gccdnaluredhippcpclamus.
1hearlislvhclelthismarkcnlhispericd,hcv
ever, vasa painler, lemand Lger. Mis Lo||e/
mconique Mechanical Hallel, I 'Z4J, a pcl
pcuriclliveaclicnshcls,direclpainlingcnlilm,
classical animalicn andspecialellecls, is cnecl
lhe mcsl vell-kncvn vcrks cl avanlgarde
cinema.JhePmericanLudleMurphccllabcr-
aled cnlheexcellenlsequenceCnor|o/cuois/e,
cr ubislic Charlie Chaplin, vhich apparenll
aledbacklc I'Z0-ZIJ . Pllhallime, Lgervas
inleresled in cbjecls, he arranged lhem in his
painling in dillerenl vas, al limes isclaled, al
cther limes grcuped cr ccnlrasling vilh each
clher. Mevrcle.
`1hislilmisabcvealllheprccllhalmachines
and lragmenls, as vell as usual mass-prc-
duced gccds, arepossio|eand plaslic . . . Jhe
aclicnclgivingmouemen/lccnecrmancl
thesegccdscan makelhem plaslic. Jhere is
alsclhepcssibililclcrealingaplaslicevenl,
ilsellbeaulilul,vilhcullhearlislbeinglcrced
lc lind vhal il means. l` s lhe reuenge o]
oin/ers ond poe/s. n such an arl vhere
imagehadlcbeallandeverlhing,andvhere
image vas sacriliced lc narralive anecdcles,
ve had lc delend curselves and ve had lc
prcvelhal imogino/i ueor/,relegaled amcng
Lgerslilmmuslbeinlerpreled
asapiclcrialanddnamicvcrk-
inprcgress anda linguislic prc-
pcsal.lhadasignilicanlculluralinlluenceilvas
circulaledperhaps mcre lhananclherabslracl
lilm clilslime) and bccsled thedevelcpmenlcl
lhe lrench hislcrical avanlgarde and cl clher
` ncnaligned' lilms bLadaisl and urrealisl ar-
lisls.
Marcel Luchamp alsc made an animaled lilm,
nmicCinmo,vilhdravings, andscdid lhe
Pmerican Man Ha, vhc lil med lhe Hasque
Lmok-Lokio LeaveMePlcne`)belcrevcrking
cnMs/resdu Cnd/eoudeLs1heMsleries
cllhe Caslle cllhe Lice), and L/oi|e de mer
Jhelarcllheea) .
L0CI5l05 ol0lCWICR
Ladislas larevich vas bcrn in Mcsccv inlc a
lamil cl lclish crigins, cn 8 Pugusl I 88Z.
Curicusbnalure,hedevcledhimselllcseveral
disciplines,lakingaparlicularinlereslinenlcmc
lcg. Mis lirsl enccunler vilh cinema criginaled
lrcmlhisscienlilicpassicn.
nlhemalingseascn,beelleslighl.Jheirjavs
remind cne cl deers` hcrns. vished lc lilm
lhembulsincelheirlighling is ncclumal,lhe
lighllusedvculdlreezelheminlclclalimmc
bilil. H using embalmed beelles, reccn
slrucled lhe dillerenl phases cl lhal lighl,
lrame b lrame, vilh prcgressive changes
mcrelhanlivehundredlrameslcrlhirlsec-
cnds clprcjeclicn. Jhe resullsurpassed m
hcpes ! v! 0 - Luconus Ceruus I0melres
lcng) the lirsl lhree-dimensicnal animaled
lilm` .
Pllhcugh lhisvaslarevich`slirslallemplvith
lemandLger,Foncrionsde |opeinrureGoe,|aris, I96b).
.
l rectarewich,|ommogeoLodis|osSroreuich.|ar|s.Lnpubl|shedmssprov|dedbthewner.odateperhapsI913).
|ig. !b. Le rOman
deHenard o
Lodislos
ooreuich
|ruce,produced
JJ30, reeosed
JJ3}.
lhislechnique,lhelilmvasper
lecllanimaled. Hepcrledl, he
learnedlhesecrelscllhislrame
LmM1LLW
MenUuzz
blrameprccedurevhileviev
d
inglheHussian perlcrmance cl
Les o| | ume//es oni mes Jhe
Pnimaled MalchesJ, lhe 108
lilmb Lmile Cchl. ln lacl, he
acquiredencughlechnicalskillslcbeablelccre
ale,alevmcnlhslalerinune110, 1neLeou-
/i]u| Leukonido, a Z30melre lilm lealuring
beelles lighling lcrlhebeaulilul beelleLlena, in
humcrcus, lablelike underlcnes. hcvn in
anuap 11 1 , lhelilmbrcughlilsaulhcrmuch
praise. PlterilsLnglishscreening,Lcndcnnevs
papersvrctelhallheinseclsverealive, lrained
banunidenliliedHussianscienlisl.
larevichscareerin cinemaincludedanimaled
vcrks and liveaclicn lealure lilms. n 1 1 1 , he
jcined lhe hanzcnkcv prcduclicn ccmpan
hanzcnkcv, lhelcunder, hadgainedlamelcr
having inlervieved lhe illem
pered1clslcshcrllbelcrethc
vriler` sdealhJ.Jhal sameycar,
larevichvcnaprizelrcmlc
Czarlcr 1ne Crossnopperond
/ne n/. Vilh lhe live aclio
lilm, 1ne 1errio|e Vengeonce,
he again used a lalenled new
aclcr, Mczhukhin.
lnlheearsprecedinglhe revclulicn, larevic
ccnlinued his lrenelicaclivilexerlingaremar
ableinlluencecnlhevcrldclcinema. Mecrigi
aled a large number cl lilming lechniques anc
crealedspecialellecls,suchaslhcseusedlcrthc
lempesl in his lasl lealure lilm, c/e||o Mcr|
118J .
ln 11, helell his ccunlr lcllcving eccncni
dilliculliesand, pcssibl, disagreemenlsvilhlc
regime. Me mcved lc lcnlenacusHcis,nr
laris,vherehecpenedhisnevsludic.Jhisnew
phase cl hisprcduclicn, exlremelrich and not
elccmplelel
exclusivelvlh
larevich made
romon de reno
lhe lcxJ vilh
pleled in 130 il
in lhis ccunlr
laler allhcugh il
Herlin in Ppri 1
16b during de
cno/LikeLcg
lcr lhis lasl
lcundinspiralicn
lhe Lurcpean
vere delinilel
limes blheir
rcv, he kepl
scmelimes lapse
lali. Mevrcle.
, larevich
aremark
lecrigin
lechniques and
useclcrthe
Luler d
elccmplelelcalalcgued,deall
exclusivelvilhanimaled lilms.
larevichmadehislirsllrench
animaled lealure li lm , Le
romon de renord 1he 1ale cl
lhe lcxJ vilh puppels. Ccm
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
d
read lc believe lhal lliche is
ncl like all lhe clher slulled
dcgsbecauseilslillle hearlis a
mclher`slear,vilhmemcriescl
pasl glcp, lhe cld Licn`s gaze
beccmeslcggandrcuses emc-
licns. Mcvdcl makemlilms
Jusl as lrcm an armlul cl cul
pleled in I30, il vas released
in lhis ccunlp cnl len ears
laler allhcugh il received ils vcrld premiere in
Herlin in Ppril 13/. Me died cn Z6 lebruar
I6b, during lhe lilming cl Comme cnien e/
cno/LikeLcgandCalJ.
lcr lhis lasl impcsing prcduclicn, larevich
lcund inspiralicninlhelable. Cenuinellinkedlc
lheLurcpeanlradilicn cllhis genre, hisanimals
vere delinilel animal-like, humanized cnl al
limesblheiralliludes crc|clhes. Psan heir cl
rlcv, he kepl alive a sense cl pcelr vhich
scmelimes |apsed inlc mcralism and senlimen
talil. Mevrcle.
`Mlilmhassucceededvhenlhespeclalcris
lrne ctarech.|ommogeoLodislosSroteuich.
Z JheHomancelanguageoIorhelrance.
llcvers, cnechccseslhecnesusedlcbraida
vrealh.
1hisdillicullpcsilicn,caughlinbelveenthesub-
limeandlhepcmpcus,generaledhelercgenecus
revievs. ` lclable`LcLucasaidcllarevichand
placed him seccnd cnl lc Lmile Cchl in a lhe
crelical classilicalicncllrenchanimalcrs. Marie
elcn, Lisenslein` s bicgrapher, delined him an
` Pescp cllhe Z0lh cenlur` . Ps lcr lhe Z, 100
melrelcng Le romondeHenord,basedcnlhe
cld lilerar lexl in |ongue dou, lhe lilm ap-
pealed lc larevich` sccnlempcraries as ` excel
lenl cinema, and scmelhing mcre. lerhaps
pcelr` L. LelapreJ . Lcn Mcussinac praised
|ig. ! . |Cucee
oLodis/os
croreuich
|ronce, ! VZ8).
him, HenJeanneremarkedcn
hisingenuil,vhileMichelCcis
sac ccvered him vilh ccmpli-
menls.
n their Iis/oi re du Cinmo,
HardcheandHrasillach reccg
ni zed in tarevich, ` Mlis`
same genius` and gave him a
LmM1LLW
MenUuzz
d
'place perscnnelle` and lrs grande` in lhe his
lcr cl ci nema. ln lhei r cvn Iis/oi re du
Cinmo,HenJeanneandCharleslcrdvrcle.
`llvasduringlheageclscundlhalhistalenl
rcsehigher,inLeromondeHenord.Pgreal
arlislandavergiltedarlisan,Ladislaslare
vichisauniquecaseinlhelineageclcinema,
and ncbcd slands a ccmpariscn vilh him,
nclevenVallLisnevhc induslrializes, and
nclevenLmileCchl . . . `
larevichreceivednegativecrilicism, mainldue
lc his exaggeraled lricism and exlremel slcv
acticn. Cverall,anexlensiveanalsisclhisvcrk
vhichislcdapcssible,sincemcslclhisprcduc-
licn has been reslcred) ccnlirms this sense cl
ccnlradiclicn,evenilhiscriginalilisirrelulable.
ClCROlC 0lCOSCR
Herlhcld Harlcschvas bcrn in I 83in lclaun,
lhen Puslrian Hchemialcda, lclubn, lcvak
Hepublic) . ln11 I hemcvedtc\iennalcstud
archileclure, lhere he became lriends vilh lrc
lesscr Manslick, his teacher al the line Prl
chcclandaleltisl,vhcexerled grealinlluence
cnHarlcsch.VhenHarlcschlinishedhissludies,
Manslicksuggestedaccllabcralicnlccreateedu
calicnal animaled lilms `lcr the masses` . Har-
tcsch accepled. cmeclhis earliervcrks vere
slriclleducalicnalsuchashisgecgrahicallilms),
clhers,suchasCommunismorIumoni/,illus
lralingJanMasark slheses,verecbvicuslpcl
ilicall criented. 1hese ncnarlislic vcrks
ccnstituled Harlcsch`s scle apprenliceship. P
individualistvilhaninbcrnpassicnlcrinvenlicns
lvc requiremenls lcr beccn
ingalrueanimalcr hdidncl
learnlechnicalprccedureslrcn
anbcd, prelerring lc manage
cnhiscvn.
ln 11, hemcvedtcHerlinlc
cpen a branch cl Manslick`s
prcduclicn ccmpan. Jherehe
melLggeling,Hichler,Hullmann,LclleHeiniger
and, laler, Jean Hencir, vilh vhcm he estab
lished a lasling lriendship. Me alsc belriendec
Herlhcld Hrechl, lhen a cung, still unkncvn
vriler. ln Herlin, Harlcsch ccntinued crealing
educalicnal lilms, healscccllabcraledvilhLclle
Heiniger cn Irince cnmed. n 1Z, he re
ceived an cller lrcm ur Vclll, lhe cultured,
shrevd publisher vhc had disccvered lranz
alka. Vhileprinlinganillustraledslcrbcckb
lhe llemish lrans Masereel, Vclll lhcughl lc
lu itintcalilm.
Me chcse Harlcsch lcr the lask, and Harlcsch
accepled. Maving mcved lc laris, Harlcsch
beganvcrking in absclule sclilude lrcma vep
small aparlmenl abcve lhe \ieux Cclcmbier. '
Masereelsvccdengravings,vhichverebeauli
lul cn paper, vere lcc rigid and heav lcr lhe
screen and ver hard lc animale. Cn his cvn,
Harlcsch crganized thevcrkandbeganlilming,
ccmbining lhreedimensicnal images vilh lhe
shaded backlighting prcvided b a machine cl
hiscvninvenlicn. ncrderlccrealelhedeplhcl
lieldvhichisnclclleredb simple dravings, he
placed lhe mclicn picture camera verlicall
abcveavcrkingsurlacelcrmedbseverallevels
cl glass plales. Cn each cl lhem he vculd ar
range scencgraphic elements cr culcul ligures
vilh lhe illuminalicn ccming lrcm belcv. n an
allempl tc scllen lhehard lines cllhedravings
and lhe rigidil cl lhe animalicn, he crealed a
mullled, cpalescenl almcsphere b blurring lhe
glass plalesvilh ccmmcn scap, vhilealscmak
ing lrequenluseclsuperimpcsilicn.
I legenda!heaeon!heLeI!Hank,wherewri!erdrectorJacquesCopeaurenova!edlrench!hea!rea!thebeginn|ngoIthis
cen!ur.
Z his!echn|que|snowcalledmul!|plane`.
Vhen lhe lim
tlcrbeccm-
he didncl
ccedurercm
ngtc manage
n his cvn,
beganlilming,
images vilh lhe
bamachine cl
lhedeplhcl
dravings, he
verticall
bseverallevels
hevculdar
Luler d
Vhen lhe lilm enlilled L`Ide
1he deaJ vas linished inI3I,
it vas a crealicn b Harlcsch,
retai ni ng l i ll l e cl Masereel s
criginal mark. 1he 8 Januar
I 3Z issue cl Le Ieup|e 1he
lecpleJrepcrled.
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
dV
cnl lcvards lhe expl ciled.
Lven vhen her crealcr is ex
eculed b a liring squad, she
ccnlinueslcspreadtclhestars.
'cme cl us venl lc lcck al LIde. Hcrn cl
lhe brain cl a man, vcrker, arlisl il is ncl
kncvn and il is ncl necessarlc kncv lhe
ldea, bcrn cl lcve and revcll, dcminales. Ps
pure lighl, il acccmpanies vcrkers in lheir
painlul march lcvard lreedcm, and ncbcd
cankillil. Lverbcdlries, thcugh, sincejlhe
ldea| upselstheircalm digeslicn. Hul neilher
theinduslrialislncrlhejudges in his seice,
ncrlhescldiersvcrkinglcrlherulingclassare
ablelcdeslrcil. Vhenlhemanvhcgener
aledlhedea|isshcl,lhebulletspasslhrcugh
lheldeavilhcullcuchingit. Mcvmuchdidl
regrel lhal lhis beaulilul vcrk b Harlcsch
cculdnclhavebeenvillileverbeJshcvnlc
lheaudienceclvcrkerslcrvhichilhadbeen
ccnceived. Ve have censcrship 1hevcrk is
scmcvinglbeaulilullhalataseccndvieving
vhenallenlicn is nc lcngersc strcngl di
recled lcvard lhe surprising ncvell cl lhe
lechnical crealicn emcticns are purilied.
Cne is even mcre mcved b lhe vcnderlul
slcr,dedicaledlcalllhemarlrscllhisldea,
vhichhcncurslhevcrldcllabcur. `
1heplclclL`Ideisscanl. Pmanccnceivescl
`lhedea`clabeaulilulandpurecrealure,repre-
enled b a naked girl. Pllhcugh lhe ccnserva-
liveslplcdeslrcher, dressherhusmakingher
impurecrccercehertclheirends,lheldealurns
1hesnccpalededilinganddra
malic superimpcsilicns cl lhe
lilm can slillcaplivalelhe mcd
em viever. 1his is cne cl the
rarelilmsinvhichpclilicalccmmilmenldcesncl
ccnllictvithlricism, similarlcclherlilmscllhe
limes,suchaslhcsebludcvkin,Lisensleinand
Lcvzhenkc.
1he lilm, vhich lcck mcnlhs lc ccmplele, vas
nclreleasedand Harlcschdidnctearnanlhing
lrcmil. ' lvastheLnglishcrilic1hcrcldLickin
scn vhc, impressed b Harlcsch`s vcrk, saved
lhe arlisl b cllering him linancial help lcr lhe
crealicnclanclherlilm.
Harlcschsseccndlilmvas a pcem 'againsl the
var` , lilmed in cclcur andinvclvinglheusecla
labcricusprccedure. Lach imagehadlcbeshcl
LIdee(Jhe dea) was a protest I|m n the tradton oI Cerman socasm. t s not mprobable that, n the scene portrayng the
workers' deIeat, Hartosch ntended to depct the deIeat oI the Spartacst rsng oI 19I8. Jhe Ilm had dstrbuton problems,
conIrmed by the exstence oI two versons oI the tt|e cards, an orgnal verson and a second one, cautously edted by an
anonymous Lnglshman who made an llegal copy oI the Ilm. Crigino|Inrroducrionn Irench}. `Some men lve and de Ior
an Idea/but the dea s mmortal/Cne can persecute her/|udge her/prohbt her/condemn her to de/but the ldea contnues
to be alve/n the souls oI men./She s everywhere, she s n our presence/sde by sde, n msery and strugg|e./She rses
here/and there, She contnues/her wal! through the centures./lnjustce tremb|es n Iront oI her./`o those who are exploted
she shows the path/toward a better Iuture./Me whom she penetrates/ does not Ieel solated anylonger /because she s, above
everythng else7ML LL.' Counret]eirInrrducrion.`he Iemale mage appearng/as unIyng symbol throughout/the Ilm
s the dea/whch reaches every creatve artst,/ to the poet she s nspraton/to the sculptor, Iorm/to the nove|st, theme/to
the pauot, the deal
Iig. ! . L'dCC o
Berrhod
Borrosch(Ironce,
! J3!).
|ig. !8. Matches.
PPeal o
rrhur
MeloourneCooper
(CreorBriroin.
!8VV).
lhreelimes cnlhreelilm slccks
LmM1LLW
each sensilive lc lhe lhree ccl MenUuzz
curs cl lhe lhreecclcur prc-
cess.Jheexpcsedlilmsverelc
9
be develcped in Lcndcn, since
larislackedasuilablequipped
labcralcr. Vhen lhe lilming
ended,juslbelcrelhevar,Har-
lcschbegan ediling lhe 00-I, 000-melre lilm,
vhichvaslc bereleasedvilhmusicb Prlhur
lcnegger vhc had alsc ccmpcsed lhe scund
lracklcrLIde} .lcvever,allnegaliveandpcsi
live slccks vere deslrced in lhe var, vilh lhe
exceplicn cl a lev cenlimelres. Years laler,
Maria Harlcsch, lhe arlisl svidcv, vrcle `Cnl
lhreepecplesavlheanlivarlilm. mhusband
andlinlaris,andJhcrcldOickinscninLcndcn` .
Jhe vcrk did ncl even have a linal lille, being
called lrcm lime lc lime Coucnemor lighl
mareJ, crcoi n/ Iroois.
Harlcsch emergedlrcmthedisaslers cllhevar
vilhcul even a nalicnalil. Pller cblaining
lrench cilizenship in 1b0, he began research
lcr a lhird lilm abcul lhe ccsmcs. ln his small
slud,helriedlcgivelilelcascrlclpcemcllighl
` Lighl,alvaslhissearchlcrlighlcbsessedhim,`
hisvileMariarecalledJ.Hecauseclhisdelericra
lersonalcommunicationtotheauthorbPleandrePlee\e.
lingheallh,hcvever,hevasnot
able lc vcrk al his machinc
vhi ch required slanding lo
manhcursalalime, inhislat
ears, Harlcschdevcledhinscll
lc painling. le died in I
lellingPlexandrePlexell,who
lrequenllvisiledhiminlheho
pilal, abcul his prcjecllcrlhelilm
'l musl be ver simple. ll is dillicull lo bc
simple, bul il is necessar. l learned much i
lhe ears lvcrked.
` Harlcschvcrksasapcelvhcdcesnclevc
vcndervhelherhevillberead, ` vrclePndrc
Marlinallervisilinghimin Ib. `Jhcsewhc
vanl lc kncv cinema lrcm P lc Z musllall
inlclhehabilclreccgnizinglheimpcrlancco|
lilms vhich have beccme invisible, cl aban
dcnedprcjecls and impcssiblecinema.lnlhc
age cl expensive arl and sciences, ccnlrol,
gcvernmenlal agencies and lhe hperbolc,
Harlcschslubbcrnlselllesdcvn, ccmmitting
lhe upselling crimes cl ncn-ccnlcrmil, lhc
crime clpcelr . . . `
fRBf EUf0QBBR C0URfflB5
|C0C |IC0I0
Ps al read menli cned ,

rlhur Mebcurnc
Cccperl. Plbans, 18/4 Hamel, I6IJ was
lhe crealcrclthe `lirsl animaledlilm ever,
cnes n ppeo| 18J. Cccper had leac
lhe lechnique cl ` mcving piclures` b vcrking
vilh lhe picneerclHrilishcinemalcgraphi
Pcres, laler, he became a prcducer, cinemo
cvner and direclcr clallkindsclshcrl lilms.
108, he made anclhervaluableanimaled lilm
Lreoms o] 1o|ond, in vhich lcs, given a
presenls lc a child cne allemccn, ccmealivci
lhe child` s dream. Jhe puppels are animalc
vilhprecisicnanddelicac,despilequicklrcla
Z PndrMartin,HertholdHartoschimmobile,Co.bIaris,March-Ppril J9b9J.
lheanimalcrsli
and lhe !tHI m
vasallecledb
licnJ. Clherlilm
cl ude oon s
Cinder||o I
and 1ne 1omo
n 106, Valler
/ner/is/.Jhe
dravs lhe dance
lclcvinglhreel
ilms, including
ln II 0 lhe
Pmcng lhe
shculdbesaid
simp| slill
screenJ, lhe
hevas ncl
his nachine,
slanding lcr
inhislasl
hinsell
died in I'b8,
dcesncleven
`vrcleAndr
.1hcsevhc
lc nsl all
lcs, given as
ccne alive in
are animaled
qicklrclal
Luler d
ingshadcvsvhichgiveriselca
scmevhal bizarre almcsphere
insleadclarlilicialilluminalicn,
lheanimalcrslill used sunlighl,
and lhe lrame-b-lrame vcrk
vasallecledblheearlh` srcla-
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
lralcrs and ccmic slrip arlisls
brcughl lheir dravings lc lhe
screen. HidiculinglheCermans,
parlicularllheaiser, and rais
ing mcrale al hcme and cn lhe
91
licnJ. ClherilmsbCccperin
cl ude loo n ` s rk ( I '0b) ,
Cindere||o ( I 'I Z) , Wooden / n|e/es ( I ' I Z)
and 1ne 1omoker`sLreom( I'I3) .
l nI '0b, Valler l. Hcclh lilmed 1ne Iondo]
/ner/is/.1he cameralccusedcnahandvhich
dravs lhe dance cl a peddler and a girl. nlhe
lcllcvinglhreelclcurears, Hcclhmadeclher
lilms, inc|uding 1necorcerer`sccissors( I'01).
n I'I0, lhe silhcuelle specialisl amuel Prm-
slrcng made 1ne C|oun ond nis Lonke, lcl-
lcvedbaevclherlilms, nclraceclvhichhas
remained.
Ancng lhe numercus carlccns cl lhe limes il
shculdbesaidlhalmancllhcsecarlccnsvere
sinpl slill piclure, prcjecled like slides cn a
screenJ, lhe |ighlning skelches became a lrue
genre, pcpularnclcnlinCrealHrilainbula|sc
inlheLniledlales. Ouring Vcrld Var I, lighl
ning skelchers such as Marr lurniss and lhe
nglc-lndianlrankLeah,asvellassaliricaill us-
balllelrcnl,lurnissmadeIeoce
ond Wo r Ienci | | i ngs ( I 'I 4)
and Wincne|seo ond I/s Lnui-
c bclh I'I4) . Cecrge Lrnesl ludd inilialed
lheseries Worc/udies( I'I4), andOudle1em-
pesl made Wor Co r/oons ( I ' I 4) . Lancelcl
peed, respcnsible lcr lhe series Lu|| Lo
shcrlsaliresdealingvilhcurrenlandvarevenlsJ
dislinguishedhimsellvilh 1ne L 1uoe( I'I1, in
vhichlheaiserallemplslcreachCrealHrilain
bdiggingalunnelunderlheLnglishChannelbul
gces lhe vrcng vaJ and ceo Lreoms ( I'I4)
vhich ridicules lhe mcnarch`s aspiralicns cl
laval pcverJ. Oudle Huxlcn`s Wor Cor/oons
includedLuerLeenIodr( I'I1), avcrkvilhan
exlremelelabcraleplcllcrilslimeandadislurb
ing almcsphere illealureslhe lasl man` cnlhe
Larlh, vhichhas been bunedbvar, anda de
lealed Lngland, cnl laler dces lhe viever dis-
ccver lhal lhe drama is acluall a lilm in lhe
makingJ .
Huxlcnisalsccrediledvilhhavinginlrcducedhis
|ig. ! V. LtCBS o
1oya orhur
MeloourneCooper
(CreoLriroin,
! VU).
|ig. ZU. Bonzo,
chorocrerb
CeorgeLrnesr
crudd(Creor
Briroin, ! VZ4).
lri end Pnscn Ler I 8/6
I6ZJlcHrilishanimalicn. lcr
abcullventearsLervcrked
as a painler clslained glass lcr
churches. Vhen heenleredlhe
vcrldclanimalicnal3, hedid
ncl have an specilic experi-
enceinlhelield, slillhevcrked
LmM1LLW
MenUuzz
9Z
vilhanimalicnunlil I bZandbecamelhemcsl
impcrlanl Lnglish prcducerclanimaledlilms in
lhe I 30s. LuringVcrldVarl, inccllabcralicn
vilh Huxlcn, Ler gave lile lc lhe var prcpa
ganda series Jonn Lu| | s ni mo|ed cke|cn-
oook.
Hlheendcllhevar,Hrilishanimalcrshadac-
quired a lrade, leaning nev lechniques even
lhcugh lhe slill prelerred lhe use cl animaled
culculsJ and experimenling vilh lcnger lilms.
Huxlcn, Ler and a lev ccllabcralcrs made a
series enlilled Kiddigropns, prcduced b Cecil
Mepvcrlh. Plleard, Lervcrked cn adapla-
licnslrcmhakespeare, vhileHuxlcnmadelvc
series enlilled Memoirs o] Mi]] and Luck`s
Lur|esques. Lancelcl peedvcrkedcnslill an-
clher series, enlilled Iip, cqueokond Wi |]red.
1hemcslsuccesslulvilhlhepublicvas Cecrge
Lrnesl ludd, vilh lhe advenlures cl Lonzo
begun in IZ4J, a gccdnalured pupp vhich
gelsinlclrcubleina middleclassenvircnmenl.
Lespile eccncmic dillicullies allecling lhe small
Hrilish lilm induslr, nevseri
vere ccnlinuall in prcduclio
andmcresludicsverecpening.
Jce lcblecrealed commonc
cousoge, abcul a bc and hi
dcg. id Crillilhs, vhc leae
lhe basics cl animalicn bano
lsing lhe mcvemenls cl leli
lhe Cal vhile vcrking as a prcjeclicnisl in o
lhealre, alsc made a series lealuring a dcg, en
lilled Jerr |ne 1ke. lnslead cl a canine, car
lccnisl1cmVebslercpledlcrahcrselclealurc
in his 1isn |neX-Legged lorse. Pnscn Oer
vaslhecnevhcleltlhemcslncliceablemar!n
HrilishanimalicncllheIZ0s,amidslhisseveral
engagemenls as a sel designer and educaionol
lilmmaker, he spenl lvc ears vcrking cn 1hc
c|oro]|neI|ogvhichvasccnceivedasalong
lealure,bulvasreleasedinsixepiscdesinIZ.
PshappenedlcrHrilishliveaclicncinema,ani
malicn vas mcsll isclaled lcr dcmeslic exhii
licn cnl. 1he ver lev lilms dislribuled cn lhc
Ccnlinenl did ncl exerl an inlluence cn clher
lilmmakersvcrkinginLurcpealhe lime.
C0lg
Jhe lirsl animaledsequencelilmedin lalvit
lhelrameblramelechniquevas Lo guerroei
sogno di Momi 1he Var and lhe Lream ot
Mcmi, II6J, vhichvasinccrpcraledinlcalive
aclicnlealurelilmbCicvannilaslrcnedireclor
cl Cooirio}. ln lhe sequence, a grandlalher lells
his nephev, Mcmi, var slcries. lcvllhe chilc
lalls asleep and dreams cl a ballle amcng pup
pels. Lvenluall hevakes up, pricked baba
cnel,vhichis acluallarcselhcn.1hisviruall
laulllessshcrllilm, remarkablein ils lluid, expe
animalicn,vasin large partaresullcllhecclla
bcralive ellcrl belveen laslrcne and a panish
cameramanandspecial-elleclsexperl, egundo
de Chcmn.
PmongtheseIables,twodeseemention. 1hreeLirr|ePigs( I9ZZ) andLirr|eHedHiding|ood( I9ZZ), bothbOer.
Z 1hisseriesmeasureduptothestandardsoIitsPmericancounterpartsIortsIluidanimat|onaswellD IortheuseoIgraphic
andcnematograph|clanguage.(lorinstance,whenthecharacternot|cesanodor,ttransIormsitselIintothecorresponding
ob]ect.asausage,ahareoraneggJ.
n I Z0, Jizianc
prcduced a lev
lcr children b
arlisl Carlc
Harcn
LucrezioLorgio
Plsc inI Z0, an
Pnlcnic Hcllini
Cenca, Z3JulI
mali cn. Hcllini
scundingname
allervievinga
redisccvered lhe
minule lilm,
cards. Jenears
seccnd lilm, Lo
lrcg, released in
lilm. Plleard,
lc vcrk cn an
Musso|i ni 1he
mainedunlinished.
venlureJ , b
dravingscna
laslingalmcsllill
in I/Z vilh
Clher picneers, s
verecpening.
oommyond
acand his
vhc learned
Luler d
ln I'Z0, Jizianc lilm clJurin
prcduced a lev ccmed lilms
lcr children b lhe Hclcgnese
artisl Carlc Pmedec lrascari,
ncvn as Zambcnelli 1811
l Jbb) . Jhree lilms lealured
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
Jriesle, and LgcPmadcrc and
Lui gi Li beri lensul i lrcm
Hcme, leaned lcvard ccmmis-
sicnedvcrks,parlicularlinad
verli si ng. Carl c Ccssi c
9d
Harcn Mnchhausen, a lcurlh
cne vas enlilled Loo . . . e /o
Lucrezio Lorgio Hab . . . andLucrezia HcrgiaJ .
Alcin 1'Z0, anenlerprisingarlisllrcmenca,
Anlcnic Hcllini anremc, Z4 Pugust I 8'0
enca, Z3Jul1'8I) ledlhevalcrlalianani-
malicn. Hcllini vhc laler lcck lhe lrench
cundingnameJeanHullnJlurnedlcanimalicn
atervievingacarlccn, pcssiblPmerican` . Me
ecisccvered lhe use cl prcduclicn lechniques
uchas lrame-b-lrameandlheusecllranspar
enl paper. Pller eighl mcnlhs cl vcrk, he re
leaedLo curo con/ ro i| ro]]reddoreJheCure
lcr lhe Ccmmcn CcldJ, an apprcximalel len
minule lilm, ccmplele vilh ballccns and lille
cards. Jen ears laler, Hcllini beganvcrk cn a
eccnd lilm, Lo rno dispe//oso Jhe pilelul
lrcg, released in I '33), an allempl al a scund
lilm. Pllervard, Hcllini lell cinema lcr ccmic
trips, illuslralicnsandscenicdesign.
Helveen 1'Z3and 1'31, lheHcmanscenede
igneruidclresepi 188b-1'bb)crealedshcrl
ilmslcr children. Pmcnglhese, I//opo di com
ognoei |/opodi ci //dJheCcunlrMcuseand
lhe CilMcuseJ slands cul in qualil. Mis small
tudic alsc prcduced adverlising, scienlilic and
educalicnallilms.lresepvasalsccnecllhelirsl
tc vcrk cn an animaled lealure lilm, Vi/o di
Musso|i ni Jhe Lile cl MusscliniJ, vhich re
mainedunlinished.
ln I'Zb, Plberlc Maslrcianni bcm in laris in
IJ03), lilmeduuen/ uro in ]ricoPlricanPd-
enlureJ, b sequenliall phctcgraphing chalk
ravings cna blackbcard. Plleran inlerruplicn
lalingalmcsllillears,hesuddenlreappeared
h I'1Z vilh ue||o donno/o oooino K. 3,
1op oecre/JhalOamned . 43Heel, Jcp e-
crelJ.
therpicneers, such as uslavc lelrcnic lrcm
I'01 b4)andhisbrcther\illc
ric I'I I84) had lcnglasling
careers in lhe lield, in spile cl
inlerruplicns and lruslralicns, alcng vilh Hrunc
Munari, lhe ` disccvered` lhe el, cverlenears
aller il had ccme inlc ccmmcn usage in lhe
Lniled lates. n I '3Z in Milanc, lhe Ccssic
brclhers, Ccrbellaandliccardc, lilmedZioi||oe
/ CrsoZibillc and lhe HearJ, a shcrl lilmvilh a
scund track, lealuring a bral vilh a chimne-
shapedhal.hcrllaltervardslheCcssicsmade
a visual represenlalicn cl lvc pcpular scngs,
1ongo de| / omore and 1ongo de| nomode
`Jangc clLcve` and ` lcmad` sJangc`J. n lhe
same ear, lhelvenlearcldPntcnicPttanai
lrcm Lece made his debul vilh I/ pi]]eroio di
Iome|i nJheliedliperclMamelinJ,basedcn
Hrcvning`spcem.
o[0I0
Cne cl lhe linesl arlisls cl earl animalicn vas
lhe paniard egundc de Chcmn Jeruel,
Pragcn, 11CclcberI811- laris,ZMa1'Z'),
an excellenl cameraman and crealcr cl special
ellecls. Mis lirst lilm, Cnoque de /renes Jrain
Ccllisicn, I '0b, apprcximalel sixlmelresJ
marked lhe beginning cl lhe use cl mcdels in
cinema. Chcmn` sL|no/e|e|c/ricoJheLlec
lric Mclel, alsc lilmed in 1'0b) vas `a master
piece,hcncurablccmpelingvilhlheanimalicn
clreal cbjecls, inlalerears,bmaslerssuchas
Vall Oisne crbMcrenin eignoorslran-
cisccMacinJ.
Chcmn`s ccntribulicn lc cinema invclved ncl
cnlanimalicn,bullilmmakingasavhcle. Pa
lilm direclcr and direclcr cl phclcgraph, he
vcrkedinHarcelcna,larislalhJandJurinlcr
lala lilm. Mis ccnlribulicn tc Lo guerro e i |
sogno di Momi has alread been menlicned. J.
Mevasabcveallamajcrdireclcrclphclcgraph
Iig. Z! . Les
cocoes epapr
o cegundode
Comn
cpdn-Irdnce.
! JJd).
andalirelessinvenlcrcldevices
such as lhe dcll and cl equip-
menlvhichallcvedlhemcticn
LmM1LLW
MenUuzz
picture medium lc develcp ils
99
expressi venes s . Ps lcr lhe
lrameblrame lechni que,
Chcmn ccnsidered il cne ele-
ment cllhevhcle language cl
mcvingimages ncmcrelhancnecllheman
lricks hecrealed cr perlecled. ll is said lhal he
relusedcllerslcdireclanimaledlealurelilmsbe
cause cl lhe eccncmic risks and lhe ellcrl in
vclved.
CaricalurisllemandcMarccattempledlhepalh
cl cinema cnl cnce, vilh L| /oro ]enmeno
1he lhencmenal Hull, I 'I 1, lirsl screened in
1'1') . Marccvcrked cnlheimages vhileLus
1apiavrclelhelexlin nimble verse. Lespite ils
insignilicanl plcl an accidenl-lilled run b a bull
vilh huge hcms), lhe lilm became pcpular be
causeclilsenlertainingcbservalicns.
Plevears laler, Jcaquna
dar lilmed Ln dromo en lu
cos/o ( I'33). -Milc bcm l
cardc Carca Lcpez) shct |
ro/o pri mero 1he lirsl Hat,
I '3Z) and Ironcisco /o mu;er
]o/o| lranci sca lhe lemnc
lalal e, I '33) . Hclh verc
praised bcrilics andaudience. luppel anina
tcrs lelicianc lrez and Prlurc Heringcli lilne
L| i n/repidoHo| Halphlhe nlrepid) in 1'JU
Jcs Marlinez Hcmanc and lhe caricaluri
Menda made lheir debul in 1'3b vilh Lno oc
ooono Cne lcr alel) and lhe shcrl vesle
Lu]]o|o Iu||. culplcr Pdcllc Pznar ( I'00, L
PlmuniadeLcaCcdina 1'1b)lilmedIipoy
Iipo en ousco de Coco|n lipc and lipa i
earchclCccclin, 1'36),apuppellilmbasedo
characlersbarlistalvadcrHarlclczzi.1heCivil
Var, vhich began in I '36, draslicall reduce
lhe alreadlhin panish prcduclicn tc alev in
serls lcrnevsreelsand dccumenlaries.
oWCCC0
lrcm lhe
painler Hcberl
1ome o 1ro||, an
Hcrnin1he
vcrk.
C0D0/K
lralcrandaclcrHcb
alcr cl successlul
nevspapers lelers
duclcn ccmpanvl
lrcm 1'I6. lcrm
him, displaed a ba
caqunau-
dromo cn |o
bcrn Hi
shcl l
aWC0C0
lrcm lhe I Z0s cn, vedish
animalicn grev in lhe lield cl
adverlising. Culside lhe ccm-
mercial vcrld, lhe lilmmaker
Luler d
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
9
vellasacrispandsell-ccnlidenl
slle cl draving. Pcluall, arl
Vieghcrsl, lhecperalcrvhcas
si sled lcrm lhrcughcul his
cinemalcgraphiccareer,vasre
iclcr Hergdahl I8/8I3J
vas lhe culslandi ng repre
senlaliveclvedishanimalicn.
A ccmic arlisl and a carlccnisl Hergdahl lcl
lcved lhesamepalhashisPmerican cclleagues
b animaling his ccmic slrip characlers. Luring
his aclivil as an animalcr, vhich lasled abcul
lieenearslrcm 11blc I30helccused cn
e characler cl Caplain Crcgg, a sailcrlisher
mansealarer, and develcped his nave adven
lures brillianll. Vilh his passicn lcr invenlicns,
6ergdahlenrichedhisshcclinglechniquesvilha
vhcle variel cl imprcvemenls, bul never dis
ccveredlheadvanlages cllhelransparenlcellu
lcic sheels. Mis vcrk, vhich he carried cn in
sclitude,vascharaclerizedbsignilicanlmanual
as vellasinlelleclualellcrl. lill,heslillmainlain
hisinspiralicn vilhviland humcur.
mile Pgren and M. H. Lil]eqvisl made similar
ellcrls bul lheir allempls vere ncl crganized,
remainingmerelindividualandspcnlanecusim
pulses. ln I 33, anclher independenl arlisl,
painler Hcberl Mgleldl, released Iou Wc
!cmc o 1ro||, an enlerlaining lenminule lilm.
6cin1helelherlandsU I 84clvedishpar
enlsandeducaledinLsseldcrlandlcckhclm,
gleldlvcnlamelcrhispainlingscllrclls,lhe
magic vccd-dvelling crealures cl lcrdic lair
tales. Mealsc vcrkedasa bcck illuslralcr. Iou
wc 1omco 1ro||vashiscnlcinemalcgraphic
wcrk.
JC000lK
nclherexampleclindependenlprcduclicncan
elcundinLenmark,inlhevcrkclvriler,illus
tralcrandaclcrHcberllcrmlelersen.Jhecre
olcr cl successlul ccmics published in dail
evspapers, lelersen alsc cvned a small prc
clicnccmpanvhichreleased animaled lilms
trcm I16. lcrm l. , ashislellcvLanescalled
|im, displaed a ` barcque` lasle lcr humcur, as
spcnsiblelcrlheanimalicn. Hul
lclhcsevhcaskedlcrlechnical
explanalicns,lcrmen]cedre
spcnding vilh plalul ansvers such as ` lrcles
sicnalsecrels arenclrevealed b magicians ncr
b licnlamers eilher` .
1he ear| iesl kncvn lilms vere 1nc Is| ond
IZ0J,unlinished, and Luckc/or 1Z0Ja
ccmical,ncnsensicalslcrabcullhreelilllemen,
|ig.ZZ. Coproi n
Crogg, chorocrer
o Vicror
Bergdoh|
cueden, |ore
! VZUs)
Iig. Z3. P Luck
ctc oHooerr
crorm-Perersen
Oenmork, ! VZU).
1hechorocrers
o re '1herhree
|irr|e men `.
|ig. Z4.
uuOtCSqUC O /
uonouond/
Buskin(CccH,
Hussio, ! VZ).
vhc laler became regular char
aclers in lelersen`s lilms. n
Luckc/or,lhearlislpcrlraed
himsell in a characler vhc had
lc deal vilh lhe lhree men dur
ing a duck-hunling expedilicn.
Pmcng lhe ccmic lilms vhich
lcllcved, Heuueno/i on. Iro
LmM1LLW
MenUuzz
9
]essorc/enocks Me/nod 1Z1Jisnclable. n
lhelaleIZ0s,lcrmlelersendevcledmcreal
lenlicn lc his adverlising aclivil and, in 130,
abandcnedlhemcviesvherehehadalscmade
a name lcr himsell as a ccmic aclcrJ. Hcn in
188Z, hediedin14. lcrmlelersenhadcnl
cnekncvnccmpelilcrinLenmark,venHrasch
1886I/0J,acaricalurislandccmmercialarl
islvhc madeHo/nerCood In/en/ion IIJ .
rl0l00C
LrikVasslrm I88/ Ib8Jappearsaslhelirsl
animalcr in lhe hislcr cl linnish cinema. ln
I14, in an imilalicn cl Hlacklcn, he lilmed a
` magic pen` draving currenl evenls. Jen ears
laler, arl al andYrlbergvhc changed
his name lc lcrla in 134J made an animaled
lilm i /osunnun/oi me/sds/ddPJrueunda
MunlerJ . Jhelilmvasreleasedbahnlilm, a
Jurku-based prcduclicn ccmpan vhich alsc
prcducedanimaledadverlising.
ln lhe lale I Z0s, carical
and carlccnisl Cla CQCb!
I841bZJshclalivemine
lcnglilmbasedcnlhechara
lekka luup leler Wooc
headJ, vhile animalcr jm!
lving I86168Jmace|i
debul and ccnlinued lc crte
lilleen animaled lilms cver lhe ccurse ol |i
career.
hUSSI0
n lhe earl Z0lh cenlur, Czarisl Hussia wit
nessed lhe rise cl adislas larevich. Pller e
revclulicn, vhen larevich emigraled lo l|e
Vesl,severalearspassedbelcrelherebcbc
viellilm induslppresenlednevanimaledvor.
1vc majcrperscnaliliesbecameinvclvedin0|
malicn. \ladimir Maakcvsk vhcse lulriti
pcelpvas ccmpaliblevilh his aclivilinanim
licn, and vhc lried lc animale pclilical m0|
leslcsJ and Lziga\erlcv.
Lespile lheir ccnlribulicns, hcvever, pl d
uniquecccperalicn amcnglhedillerenllI8l|c
lields in cne cllhe mcsl crealive pericds olthi
cenlurvhich lhe en]ced, animalicn plaecd
marginalrcleinlhevcrldclacinemadcminat
b Lisenslein, ludcvkin, Lcvzhenkc and igo
\erlcv. cvielanimalicnincludedqualilvor
bulremainedaless-develcpedlieldlhanlhoseo
real-|ilecinema,lhealre, lileralureandpainling.
`1he pcpularlale,lhemcde lale, lhesurre
alisllale,lhemusicalccmedbasedcn current
evenls, lhe pclilical and sccial salire, an
pamphlel lhese vere lhe lhemes cl CCV|Cl
animalicninlhebeginning.
cvielanimalicncriginaleddireclllrcmpclilic
manileslcs and salirical vignelles. Lziga \erlo
inserled animaled passages in his KinoIroda
nevsreel, slarlingvilh couie/ 1os 1Z4J, by
arlisls Pleksandr vancv and Pleksandr Huskin
and camera cperalcr van Heljakcv. Jhese lilm
makers alscmadeclherlilms usinglhelechniqe
I lnlvanov\ano.Hionni Ii|jhePn|ma!edl|lm|Moscow, 19bUJ.
cl ani maled
moresque, In /
cecond In /er
McLono|d s
HuskinHalascv
Mcsccv,b June
cunglc beable
lalenl in lull,
scvcb June 1
same ear lhe
pericdbelveen
lheevenlscl1
s, caricalurisl
la lcgelberg
laliveninule

nthecharacler
elerWccden-
natcr l]alnar
'8Jnade his
ued tc creale
@ ccurse cl his
risl Hussia vil
wich. Alterlhe
igrated tc lhe
etherebcrnc
aninaledvcrks.
2invclvedinani
hcse lulurislic
ctvitinanina
C pclilical nani
cwever, plus a
dillerenl arlislic
epercdscl lhis
inalicn plaed a
eadcninaled
enkc and Oiga
edqualilvcrks,
ieldlhanthcsecl
reand painling.
mtale,thesurre-
basedcncurrenl
ccial satire, and
,lhenes cl cviel
1
ecl|lrcnpclilical
es. iga \erlcv
his KinoIroudo
oys I'Z4J, b
Aleksandr Huskin
akcv.1heselilm
singthetechnique
Luler d
cl ani mated cull ings. lu-
morcsquc, In |nc Iocc o] |nc
occond In |crno| iono|, and
McLono|d 's Co rccr. Vhi l e
HuskinHalascv, IPprl I86
Mcsccv,bJuneIZJdiedlcc
urOeun
nUuUuu5l5
signervilhMeerhcld and had
ccllabcraled cn pclitical lilms,
madelvc mcre animaled lilms
belcredevclinghinselllcpaint
ing in lhe 130s. van vancv
9
cung lcbeablelc express his
talenl in lull, lvancv Hasska
scvc, bJune 18 Mcsccv, 13March IbJ
crganized an aninalicn departmenlvithin the
pcverul cvkinc 1Z8J and had a successlul
careerinlhelield.
uring lhesameears, painters likclailhcda
taev Hcslcv,MaI 8Z Mcsccv, Z/Oecem
berI/J,Zencnlcnissarenkcimlercpcl, 10
April 18I - J andJuriMerkulcvHasskascvc
8 April I01 - Mcsccv, 3 lebruar 1/J
began lheir experimenls inanimaticn. Plterlhe
unlinished In|crp|onc|or Hcuo| u|i on, vhich
was inlended lc resemble in parl Maakcvsk` s
Comic Ms|cr, and in part a parcd cl lhe
scienceliclicn liln c|i|o, b lrclazancv, lhe
released Cnino in I|omcs 1ZbJ, dedicaled lc
lhe revcluticnar slruggle cl lhe Chinese. 1hal
sane ear the shcl ! v0b-! vZb, ccvering lhe
pericdbelveenlhelirslHussianinsurreclicnand
theevenlscl1Zb. n1Z/, lhcdataevdirecled
an all-vcman crev vith his sisler Clga, and
alenlina and Zinaida Hrumberg, lcgether the
created Cnc mong |nc C|ncrs, abcut lhe
dreansclanadclescenlgirlinlcvevilhmcvies
and PmericanJ mcvie slars. Jhe lilm, vhich
mixed animaled passages vilh shcls cl lhe
lcndeprclagcnisl,vasnarratedinamcralislic,
el amused,lcne.
till in IZ/, JuriZheljabuhsk 1888IbbJ
lilned 1nccko|ingHi nk,basedcnasubectb
. Halran,vithdravingsbOanielCherkesand
van vancv\c. 1he lilm lealures an urchin
whcsneaksinlcaskalingrinkandbehavesmis
chievcusl,bulinlheendvinsarace.1heslcr,
enlerlaining andvellanimaled is based cn ex
ellentblack-cn-vhilearlvcrk, simple, dp, and
extremel expressive in its unadcrned slle.
herkes Mcsccv, 3IPugusl I8 I0 June
'/IJ, vhc hadvcrkedas a lhealrical selde
\anc Mcsccv, Z/ Januar
I 00 Ma 18/J , inslead,
pursued a lcng-lasling careerin
lhe lield cl animaticn. Vith Cherkes, he ccdi
recled ccnko |nc ]ricon I Z/J and 1nc
ducn| urcs o] Mncnnouscn 1 Z8J, vhich
helped lc launchanclherbranch cl animalicn.
lheanimaticnclclassicallexls,stcriescrlclklcric
lales lcr children. P example in this calegcp
vaslcdalaevs1nccomocdLo 1Z8J,lea
luring lclklcric images cl the pecple cl lcrlh
iberia.
VhilelheseevenlsverelakingplaceinMcsccv,
inLeningradlhepainlerandbcckilluslralcrMik-
hailJsekhancvsk lrcskurcv,6 June188 ZZ
June I 6bJ directed Ios| C]]icc, prcbabl lhe
masterpiececlnascenlcvielaninatcn. Hased
cn a pcpular lexl lcr children b amuel Mar
shak,lhelilmdescribedmailcarrierslrcmallcver
tevcrld. lilmedin IZandreediledin 130
in a scund versicn, Ios| C]]icc alsc became
pcpularculsidethecvielLnicn, thePmerican
critic Marr P|an lclamkin praised il highl,
vhilearchilecllrankLlcd Vrighl shcved illc
VallOisneasanexampleclthcughlprcvcking
animalicn.
|ig. Zb. |Ost
Lllceo Mikhoil
1sekhonosk
(CccH, Hussio,
! VZV).