Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
NOTE : Most slides in sections 3-6 are courtesy of SRG
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
Bcm/y
50% 50% 75%
Russia
'05
25%
Europe
'15
237
2005
2020
'30
NA Gas Cons.
3% 97% 20% 80%
North America
'05 '15 '30 -22 -67 -155
ME
195
301
'05
China
'15 -28
'30
100%
65%
2005
2020
5%
Africa
8% 143 101 '05
2005
2020
290
India
'15 -13
Latin America
Natural Gas Reserves (% of total World) 4% 16 '05 24 '15 '30 70
'30
-127 '05
Pacific
'15
'30 8%
'15 '30
-61
-38
-66
-37
4 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
PIPELINE vs LNG
1. PIP & LNG factors (Qualitative)
- Same factors affect the two markets in a different wayi.e. geographical; geopolitical; execution risk; technical complexity; selling gas alternatives; chain bottlenecks (I.e. pipe, vessels etc)
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Source: C-Engineering
2/22/2010 Rev. 0
6 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi
Source: C-Engineering
2/22/2010 Rev. 0
7 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi
Source: C-Engineering
2/22/2010 Rev. 0
8 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
10 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
1. Route Selection
Decisive criteria to ensure optimum route
2. Pipe Selection
Larger pipes => reduced losses (Opex) but higher Capex...need the right compromise
12 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
2. Pipe Selection
Not necessarily only #1 pipe...looping, construction and emergency issues may lead to different solutions
13 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
PIPELINE ROUTE
Elevation, M
1200
1000
elev m
800
600
400
200 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
-200
Kilometers
Soil Thermal Conduct.
1000
1500 Kilometrs
2000
2500
roughness, size, thermal exch. coefficient etc..) Soil temperature Ambient temperature Elevation profile
0.015
roughness mm 0.01
0.005
0 0 500 1000
Kilometers
1500
2000
2500
4. Compression Stations
Need to find the right balance between reducing pipe losses (which maximizes # stations) and relevant stations costs Optimum balance depending on several factors (i.e pipe rating, routes losses etc...); typical order of magnitude is 150 km average distance
15 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
4. Model validation
Once Station power is established, need to move to compression units selection within the station Units selection shall based on flow profile forecasts, available units size in the market and sparing philosophy CC and GT curves are then included in the hydraulic model Several simulation are run to check proper functioning of the system at different ambient temperatures, flow profiles and operating conditions (iterative process)
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Units off-design: Sparing Philosophy A. B. C. Parallel (N+1) Series Operation (extra installed power) Dynamic (recovery during cold period, if possible)
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160 Km 20 Three Lines 20 and Two Lines 26 Pipeline Under Sicilian Channel Cape Bon Head Station 910 Km Onshore Pipeline Algeria-Tunisia
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MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
MS5002B MS5002B
20 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
(*) Price indicated refers to market price ( Henry Hub) at time of installation, not to price of gas delivered trough that pipeline.
2/22/2010
Rev. 0
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
Rights of Way
A permanent Right-of-Way is required to operate and maintain the pipeline after construction. The strip width is usually fixed by law, according to the design pressure & diameter
Example. Strip according to italian law here for 75 bar and DN 1200
20 m 40 m
20 m
24 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
1 - Removal of topsoil
Before digging the trenches, the topsoil layer is carefully separated from the subsoil so to be reinstated in the same place when backfilling
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27 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Pipe transport
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Trailers
Stringing phases
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4 - Bending
Pipes can be bent in the field to fit the moderate changes in pipeline route and the morfology
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After welding, circumferential welds examination is performed both with X-ray and ultra-sound system
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Manual welding
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Backfill (subsoil)
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Trench
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Using a number of side-booms, operators simultaneously lift and lower the pipe into the trench Such operation needs close coordination and skilled operators
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8 - Installing plants
Construction includes design and installation of:
Pig Traps Pressure Reduction Stations Gas Compressor Stations Section valves Etc
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8 - Installing plants
Pig trap
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8 - Installing plants
Pig trap
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8 - Installing plants
Interconnection node
46 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
8 - Installing plants
High Pressure Reduction Station
47 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
8 - Installing plants
Gas Compressor Station Compressor buildings
48 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
8 - Installing plants
Gas Compressor Station
49 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
9 - Special Crossing
* Several techniques are available for crossing railways, roads, waterways or special natural areas
9a - Raise Borer
Raise boring is an inclined drilling. The pipe is lowered in the borehole. The benefit of this technique is that it allows installation of the pipeline without any vegetal and morphologic impact Drilling machine
well
Horizontal gallery
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9a - Raise Borer
Completed borehole
i Des
axis gn
Boring
Conductor pipe
Borer
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9c - Microtunnel
* Micro-tunnelling technology drills tunnel (including curvilinear tunnel) which is completely lined with reinforced concrete segments * The excavation is done by a milling cutter pushed into the subsoil by hydraulic jacks placed in the jacking station at the starting point * By this method, tunnels over 1000 metres in length, can be bored at great depths
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9c - Microtunnel
Milling head Thrust station
3.00 m
Concrete segments
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9c - Microtunnel
59 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
u nn T
el
Section
328 m
6.35% nnel i = Tu
L = 2,343 m
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10 - Testing
After backfilling, the pipeline is hydraulically tested: In the Strength test, the pipeline stays for at least 1 hour at a pressure not less than 1.3 times the Design Pressure In the Hydraulic test, the pipeline stay for at least 48 hour at a pressure not less than 1.2 times the Design Pressure
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11 - Restoration
* Since the design phase, foresty agronomists and geologists perform all the operations to protect the ecosystems, water courses and landscapes * The final step in the construction process is restoring the land as closely as possible to its original condition * Restoration works includes: - Morphologic restoration - Vegetation restoration
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11 - Restoration
During works
After 1 year
After 2 years
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11 - Restoration
After construction, the only evidence of the pipe presence, are the pipeline markings
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11 - Restoration
fields
orchard
vineyard
70 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
Offshore Construction
MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY WORK ON THE SEA FLOOR TESTING AND START UP
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Offshore Construction: Mechanical Assembly Laying Methods S-lay and the J-lay Coiled Pipeline
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http://www.medgaz.com/medgaz/pages/archivos_multimedia-eng.htm
2/22/2010
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Offshore Construction
MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY WORK ON THE SEA FLOOR TESTING AND START UP
80 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
81 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Offshore Construction
MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY WORK ON THE SEA FLOOR TESTING AND START UP
82 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Offshore Construction
Testing and preparation for Start up
1. Fill with water /cleaning by pigs 2. Hydraulic Test (1.15/1.25 times the project pressure) 3. Dewater by air through a train of pigs 4. Air-dry 5. Nitrogen fill or air purging 6. Gas or oil fill
83 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
The control is managed through: Continuous monitoring of the process parameters of the network Use of simulation SW to predict gas demand and balance of the network
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HMI
RTU
Transmission systems
Dispatching Centre
Integrated control system capable of making gas readily available anywhere at any time
Monitoring the transportation system through data acquisition stations Evaluating the total volume of gas available Regulating the gas flows according to the demand
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Operating modes
Local manual Local automatic
Remote automatic
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Transport optimization consists of finding a steady condition of network operation which minimizes total fuel gas consumption of compressor stations, ensuring gas transmission satisfying gas demand.
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92 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Demand
Storage injection
Storage withdrawal
93 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
95 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
96 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
97 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
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100 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Floodings
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Welding defects
Ground movements
103 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Landslide monitoring
* For the gas pipeline network in Italy over 1,800 geologically unstable areas have been identified. * Periodical geological surveys are performed to visually monitor morphological evolutions * Over 320 critical areas are currently monitored using a combination of inclinometers, piezometers and strain gauges.
GEOLOGICALLY UNSTABLE AREAS
MAIN PIPELINES
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Landslide monitoring
STRAIN GAUGES
105 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Landslide control
SOIL CONSOLIDATION STRESS RELEASE
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Corrosion
107 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Cathodic protection
Impressed Currents
Cathodic protection
109 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Pig inspections
110 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
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112 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
3 2
PI
2
Pipeline
Traps for Launching and Receiving Pigs 1 Launching Trap 2 Special T 3 Pig transit signaller 4 Receiving Trap
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3 2
Pipeline
PI
Pipeline start
Pipeline arrival
3 2
Pipeline
PI
Pipeline start
Pipeline arrival
Pipeline repair
116 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Pipeline repair
117 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
Components of a Pipeline
INITIAL INJECTION STATION This is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at these locations.
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Components of a Pipeline
PARTIAL DELIVERY STATION Known also as Intermediate Stations, these facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product being transported.
120 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Components of a Pipeline
COMPRESSOR/PUMP STATIONS Pumps for liquid pipelines and compressors for gas pipelines are located along the line to move the product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the network.
121 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Components of a Pipeline
BLOCK VALVES These are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valves are usually located at regular intervals along the line, depending on the type of pipeline.
122 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Components of a Pipeline
FINAL DELIVERY STATION Known also as Outlet stations or Terminals, this is where the product will be distributed to the consumer.
123 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Compressor Stations
gas coolers
gas filters
compressor unit
control room
2/22/2010
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Centrifugal Compressor
Referenced High efficiency tri-dimensional impellers Wide operating range with flat efficiency curve Robust Design for Availability/Reliability Very stiff casing providing excellent internal alignment at full pressure and capability to withstand extremely high nozzle loads
Gas Turbine
Aero derivative high efficiency High reliability / Availability Reduced maintenance with Extended Life Parts
2/22/2010
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Assumptions - 20 Y Cycle - WACC: 12% Fuel - 8600 FH/Y - 30 MW unit: 85% GT Load - 37.5% eff. (6800 BTU/Hp-hr) - Gas price: 3$/MMBTU Maintenance - BI; (every 6m) - HGPI (25kFH) - MI (50kFH)
Incl. In capex
Total
82
100%
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Cover Head
Optimized stages efficiency (>88%) Short time assembly and maintenance time Cylindrical Barrel casing permits shorter manufacturing cycles (no weldings) and maximum optimization of the discharge volute (here not limited by the casing)
BEAM TYPE with Two Cover Head fixed with shear rings method
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inlet
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Filters
filters heating pressure regulation streams inlet
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Heaters
filters heating pressure regulation streams inlet
132 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Pressure regulators
filters heating pressure regulation streams inlet
133 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
Existing capacity insufficient needed +15 BCMY Higher demand for flexibility & peak gas rates Growth driven by security of supply & arbitrage
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P max
Compressor start up
P grid
Note: curve profiles are qualitative
Flexibility in pressure ratio & flows necessary to manage both the operating modes Pgrid high variance range enhance the need for flexibility
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One Single unit for storage & export Optimum Efficiency over the complete map
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Caverns
Salty Caverns
Max P 250 bar
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
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142 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
EU Pipeline Infrastructure
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Kelamayi Cainan
Shaanxi BJ 3 WEPP 2 Length 8000 9000km Diameter 1219mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2011
Hongliu
Huoerguosi
Dushanzi
Urumuqi
Shanshan
Daqing
Harbin Changchun
Jilin Tieling Fushun Anshan
Yilan
Northeast Pipelines Length 967km Diameter 1016mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2010
Luntai
Kuerle
Lunnan Tahe
Saihantala
Shenyang
Yingkou
Tazhong
Hohhot
Dunhuang Baotou
Hetian
Beijing
Fangshan Cangzhou
Qinhuangdao
Yinchuan
Sebei
Northeast Pipelines
Dalian
Xining
Geermu
Zhongning
Jingbian
Qingyang
Jinan
Lhasa Pipeline Length 1200km Diameter 508mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: N/A Lhasa
Lanzhou
Baoji
Zhengzhou Xian
Zhumadian Xiangfan Xiaogan
Shanghai
Ningbo
LonggangPipeline Chengdu Length 670km Diameter 1016mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2013
Dali
Wuhan
Zhangshu
Hangzhou
Ruian
Chongqing Changsha
Huaihua Xiangtan
Shangrao
Nanchang
China - Burma Length 2748km Diameter 1016mm Pressure 10MPa Startup: 2011
Guiyang
Guilin Liuzhou
Fuzhou
Taipei
Kunming
Guangzhou Nanning
Maoming
Legend
Existing 29 / GE Oil & Gas ECLP/ 144 10/28/2008 New
Haikou
GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
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146 GE Confidential and Proprietary Information GE2006 All Rights Reserved Author: S.Tarchi 2/22/2010 Rev. 0
Index
1. Need for Gas Transportation: Pipeline vs LNG 2. Pipeline Design 3. Construction (Onshore) 4. Construction (Offshore) 5. Operation 6. Maintenance 7. Main Pipeline Components 8. Gas Storage 9. The Pipelines Market Today 10. Environmental Impact
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