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Of the more than 10+ million compounds that have been discovered, at least 90% are molecular
compounds that contain Carbon. More than 1.4 million new molecules are discovered or
synthesized each year and almost all of these are compounds of carbon.
History:
In the early 19th Century, Swedish Chemist, Jons Jacob Berzelius classified into 2 categories:
Today, organic chemistry is defined as the study of the molecular compounds of carbon.
Compounds of Carbon:
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only the elements hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocarbons can be classified using the diagram below.
When you are working with organic compounds, three types of formulas can be used.
1. Molecular Formula: indicates the number of each type of atom in a molecule. For example:
Hexane – C6H14.
2. Condensed Structural Formula: shows the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each
carbon atom in a molecule. For example: Hexane – CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3.
3. Structural Formula: indicates how hydrogen and carbon atoms are bonded and arranged
using dashes for bonds.
Example: Hexane
Example: Propane
* 2. For branched chain alkanes, number the carbon atoms of the longest continuous chain
starting at the end closest to the branching.
3. Locate the branch by the number of the carbon atom to which it is attached on the main
chain.
4. Name the branch. The braches are called alkyl groups and are named by using the
appropriate stem plus the suffix “yl”.
5. If more than one of the same alkyl groups is present as branches, the number of these
branches is indicated by the prefix multipliers. The location of a branch is identified with a
number, using the lowest number.
6. If different alkyl groups are present as branches, assign the lowest number possible to each
branch. The order of the branches is arranged alphabetically regardless of their number on the
longest chain.
Example: Ethene
1. The longest continuous chain must be chosen to contain both carbon atoms of the double
bond, even if a longer chain could be found by choosing a different path.
3. The chain must be numbered from the end closest to a double-bonded carbon atom. If there
is no difference, then it is numbered from the end closest to an alkyl group.
4. The position of the double bond is indicated by the lower-numbered carbon atom in the
double bond, and this number is placed immediately before the stem. The number is omitted if
there is only one possible location for the double bond.
Answer: 6-methyl-3-octene
1. The longest continuous chain must be chosen to contain both carbon atoms of the triple bond,
even if a longer chain could be found by choosing a different path.
3. The chain must be numbered from the end closest to a triple-bonded carbon atom. If there is
no difference, then it is numbered from the end closest to an alkyl group.
4. The position of the triple bond is indicated by the lower-numbered carbon atom in the triple
bond, and this number is placed immediately before the stem. The number is omitted if there is
only one possible location for the triple bond.
2. 4-methyl-2-hexyne
3. 4,6-dimethyl-2-octyne