QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Experiment
Preliminary Test 1.Noted the colour of the given salt 1. Blue or Bluish Green 2. Greenish 3. Light Green 4. Dark Brown 5. Light Pink 6. Colourless 1.Soluble in water 2.Soluble in dilute HCl 1.Colour,odourless gas 2.Colourless gas with rotten egg smell 3. Colourless gas with vinegar smell 4.Colourless gas with ammonia smell 5.Reddish brown gas 6.Greenish yellow gas 7.Violet gas Cu2+ or Ni2+ Ni2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ Absence of Cu+2, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ NH4- may be present Absence of group I cations CO32- may be present S2- may be present CH3COO- may be present NH4+ may be present NO3- or Br- may be present Cl- may be present I- may be present

Observation

Inference

2. Noted the solubility 3.Dry Heating Test: Heated a pinch of the salt in a dry Test tube

Identification of acid radical (Anion)

1. Dilute Acid Test: Treated a pinch of the substance With dilute H2SO4

1. Colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence which turned lime water milky. 2. Vinegar Smell 3. No characteristic Reaction

CO32- present CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O CH3COO- Present CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH Absence of CO32-, CH3COOCl- present Cl- + H+ HCl HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O

2. Concentrated Acid Test: Treated a pinch of the substance With concentrated H2SO4

1. Colourless gas with pungent Smell which gave dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in NH4OH was brought near the mouth of the test tube 2. Reddish brown vapours with Pungent smell. Solution turns red

Br- present Br- + H+ HBr 2HBr + H2SO4 2H2O + Br2 + SO2 I- present I- + H+ HI 2HI + H2SO4 2H2O + I2 + SO2

3.Deep violet vapours with pungent smell. Sides of test tube became brown

Experiment

Observation
4. Reddish brown vapours on warming with a paper ball. Solution became colourless. 5. No characteristic reaction.

Inference
NO3- Present NO3- + H+ HNO3 4HNO3 + C 4NO2 + 2H2O + CO2 Absence of Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3Cl- present 2Cl- + 3H2SO4 + MnO2 2HSO4- + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2 Br present 2Br- + 3H2SO4 + MnO2 2HSO4- + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2 I- present 2I- + 3H2SO4 + MnO2 2HSO4- + MnSO4 + 2H2O + I2 Absence of Cl- , Br -, IPO43- Present PO43- + MnO42- + 24H+ (PMo12O40)3- + 12H2O Absence of PO43SO42- confirmed SO42- confirmed

3. Action of concentrated H2SO4 And MnO2: Heated a little of the salt with Concentrated H2SO4 and MnO2

1. Greenish Yellow gas

2. Brown gas

3. Violet gas

4. No characteristic reaction 4. Ammonium molybdate test: Added concentrated HNO3 to Aqueous solution of the salt and Boiled. Then added Ammonium Molybdate solution and boiled Again. 5. Barium chloride test: Acidified the water extract of the Substance with dilute HCl and Added BaCl2 solution Confirmatory Tests 1. Confirmatory test for CO32A. Magnesium Sulphate Test: To little of the salt solution, equal Amount of MgSO4 solution is Added 2. Confirmatory test for CH3COOA. Neutral FeCl3 test: Added neutral FeCl3 to water extract of the given salt 1)To one part of the solution added water and boiled Reddish coloured solution Reddish brown precipitate White precipitate 1. Yellow precipitate

2. No characteristic reaction 1. White precipitate insoluble in dilute HCl 2. No characteristic reaction

CO32- Confirmed MgSO4 + CO32- MgCO3 + SO42-

CH3COO- present 3CH3COO- + Fe3+ (CH3COO)3Fe (CH3COO)3Fe + 2H2O CH3COOFe(OH)2 + 2CH3COOH

2)To second part added dilute HCl Reddish colour disappeared

Experiment
3. Confirmatory test for ClA. Silver nitrate test: Acidified aqueous solution of the salt with dilute HNO3, boiled, cooled and added AgNO3 solution B. Chromyl chloride test: a)Mixed a little of the substance with K2Cr2O7 and added a few drops of concentrated H2SO4 b)Passed the above vapours through a test tube containing NaOH and added acetic acid and Lead acetate solution 4. Confirmatory test for BrA. Silver nitrate test: Acidified aqueous solution of the salt with dilute HNO3, boiled, cooled and added AgNO3 solution 5. Confirmatory test for IA. Silver nitrate test: Acidified aqueous solution of the salt with dilute HNO3, boiled, cooled and added AgNO3 solution 6. Confirmatory test for NO3A. Brown ring test To a few ml water extract of the salt, added freshly prepared FeSO4 solution. Now added concentrated H2SO4 along the side of the test tube 7. Confirmatory test for SO42A. Lead Acetate Test To a part of the solution of the salt, added CH3COOH and then Pb(CH3COOH)2

Observation

Inference

White precipitate dissolved in NH4OH

Cl- Confirmed Cl- + Ag+ AgCl

Red vapour

Cl- confirmed 4Cl- + Cr2O72- + 6H+ 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 + 2H2O + 2NaCl Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)3 PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa

Yellow precipitate

Light yellow precipitate partially dissolved in NH4OH

Br- confirmed Ag+ + Br- AgBr

Yellow precipitate insoluble in NH4OH

I- confirmed I- + Ag+ AgI

A dark brown ring formed at the junction of two liquids

NO3- confirmed NO3- + H2SO4 HSO4- + HNO3 FeSO4 + H2SO4 + HNO3 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + NO FeSO4 + NO FeSO4.NO

A white precipitate soluble in excess hot Ammonium acetate solution.

SO42- Confirmed SO42- + Pb(CH3COOH)2 PbSO4 + 2 CH3COO-

Experiment
Identification of Basic Radicals (Cations)

Observation

Inference

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Observation
Flesh coloured precipitate Dirty white precipitate No characteristic precipitate

Inference
Presence of group IV cation,i.e,Mn2+ Mn2+ + S2- MnS Presence of group IV cation, i.e, Zn2+ Zn2+ + S2- ZnS Absence of group IV cations Presence of group V cations,i.e, Ba2+ or Ca2+ or Sr2+ M2+ + CO32- MCO3 Absence of group V cations Presence of group VI cations, i.e, Mg2+ Mg2+ + NH4+ + PO43- MgNH4PO4

5. Added NH4Cl, NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 solution to the original solution 6. Added NH4Cl , NH4OH and Na2HPO4 solution to the original solution and scratched the inner side of the test tube with a glass rod Confirmatory test for Pb2+ 1. Potassium iodide test Added KI solution to the original solution. Added water to the above precipitate and boiled. 2. Potassium chromate test Added K2CrO4 solution to the original solution Confirmatory for Gp II(Black pt) 1. Heated the gp ppt. (black) with dilute HNO3 2. Test for Copper Added excess NH4OH solution to the original solution

White precipitate No characteristic precipitate White precipitate

Yellow precipitate Precipitate dissolved and reappeared as golden spangles on cooling Yellow precipitate

Pb2+ confirmed Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2

Pb2+ confirmed Pb2+ + CrO42- PbCrO4

Precipitate did not dissolve Precipitate dissolved Deep blue solution

Presence of Hg2+ Presence of Cu2+ Cu2+ confirmed Cu2+ + 2NH4OH Cu(OH)2 + 2NH4+ Cu(OH)2 + 4NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O + 2OH-

Confirmatory for gp III(Reddish brown precipitate) 1. Added KCNS Solution to the original solution 2. Added K4Fe(CN)6 solution to the original solution Blood red colorization Prussian blue colorization Fe3+ confirmed Fe3+ + 3CNS- Fe(CN)3 Fe3+ confirmed 4 Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]- Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

Experiment
Confirmatory for group III(White

Observation

Inference

Experiment

Observation

Inference

2. To the original solution, added K4Fe(CN)6 solution 3. Ash test Heated the original solution with concentrated HNO3 and Co(NO3)2 Soaked a filter paper strip in it and burned Confirmatory for group V 1. Test for Barium A. Dissolved group precipitate in acetic acid. To this solution, added a few drops of K2CrO4 solution

Yellowish green precipitate

Zn2+ confirmed 2 Zn2+ + [Fe(CN6)]4- Zn2[Fe(CN)6] Zn2+ confirmed 2 Co(NO3)2 2 CoO + 4NO2 + O2 CoO + ZnO CoO.ZnO

Green ash

Yellow precipitate formed

Presence of Ba2+ Ba2+ + CrO42- BaCrO4

B. Flame test Pale green flame Prepared a paste of the salt with Concentrated HCl. Dipped a glass Rod in it and showed to flame. 2. Test for Strontium A. To the original solution, added (NH4)2SO4 White precipitate formed

Ba2+ confirmed

Presence of Sr2+ Sr2+ + SO42- SrSO4

B. Flame test Prepared a paste of the salt with Crimson red flame Concentrated HCl. Dipped a glass Rod in it and showed to flame 3. Test for Calcium A. To the original solution, added (NH4)C2O4 solution White precipitate formed

Sr2+ confirmed

Presence of Ca2+ Ca2+ + C2O42- CaC2O4 Ca2+ confirmed

B. Flame test Prepared a paste of the salt with Brick red flame Concentrated HCl. Dipped a glass Rod in it and showed to flame Confirmatory for group VI A. To the original solution, added NH4Cl, NH4OH, Na2HPO4 and Scratched the inner side of the test tube with a glass rod White precipitate formed

Mg2+ confirmed Mg2+ + NH4+ + PO43- MgNH4PO4

B. Ash test Heated the original solution with Pink ash Concentrated HNO3 and Co(NO3)2 Soaked a filter paper strip in it and burnt

Mg2+ confirmed 2Co(NO3)2 2CoO + 4NO2 + O2 CoO + MgO CoO.MgO