bacteriology tree

Gram +: PG is blue from crystal violet stain + stain-sealing iodine, not washed away by acetone

Cocci: Catalase+: breaks down H2O2 Staphylococcus: grape-like clusters Coagulase+: Staph. aureus (beta hemolytic, yellow on mannitol salt agar; protein A inhib. phagocytosis by binding Ig Fc and destroys GI epitheliums ability to regulate water/electrolytes diarrhea; common in nose; prosthetics osteomyelitis) coagulase-: Novobiocin-resistant: Staph. saphtophyticus (honeymoon cystitis) novobiocin-sensitive: Staph. epidermidis (skin acute endocarditis; prosthetics osteomyelitis) catalase-: alpha-hemolytic: partial hemolysis = greenish on blood agar Optochin-resistant: Strep. viridans optochin-sensitive: Strep. pneumoniae (IgA protease to survive on mucosal surface; MCC meningitis in 6mo-60+) beta-hemolytic: complete hemolysis = yellowish/clear on blood agar (*Streptococcus is usually in pairs or chains) Bacitracin-resistant: Strep. agalactiae (GBS) bacitracin-sensitive: Strep. pyogenes (GAS; M protein of capsule helps S.py evade humoral immunity and phagocytosis by binding fibrinogen; C5a peptidase inactivates anaphylatoxin decreasing inflammatory response; Strep throat and Rheumatic Fever) gamma-hemolytic: Strep. bovis Enterococcus (GDS; cocci in chains; black on bile esculin agar) Peptostreptococcus Bacillus: Spore-forming: Aerobic:

Bacillus (chains; virulence factors are capsule and toxin) B. cereus (fried rice; enterotoxin destroys GI epitheliums ability to regulate water/electrolytes diarrhea) B. anthracis (exotoxin edema factor obtained via plasmid increases cAMP) anaerobic: Clostridium C. botulinum (botulinum toxin blocks ACh release causing flaccid paralysis; C2 enterotoxin obtained via phage destroys GI epitheliums ability to regulate water/electrolytes diarrhea) C. tetanus (tetanospasmin obtained via plasmid blocks glycine release causing spastic paralysis) C. perfringens (gas gangrene; enterotoxin destroys GI epitheliums ability to regulate water/electrolytes diarrhea) C. difficile (pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clindamycin, etc and treated by Metronidazole; enterotoxin destroys GI epitheliums ability to regulate water/electrolytes diarrhea) non-spore-forming: Aerobic: Corynebacterium (club/Chinese-letter-shaped; acid-fast; black on Tellurite agar, Loefflers coag. serum) Lactobacillus (in breast milk and birth canal; causes gingivitis) Listeria (Catalase+, beta hemolytic, grows in low temperatures, facultative INTRACELLULAR organism, listeriolysin O to escape phagolysosome; tumbles in broth; found in soft-cheeses and meats; beware in pregnancies meningitis) Nocardia (filamentous, branching; weakly acidfast) anaerobic: Actinomyces (filamentous, branching; Farmers Lung)
gram -: pink from Saffranin added after acetone wash

Cocci: Neisseria (pairs/kidney bean-shaped; Catalase+, Oxidase+; ferments glucose; chocolate agar; Lipid A of capsule septic shock; IgA protease to survive on mucosal surface)

N. gonorrhea (Thayer-Martin; Type IV secretion system; septic arthritis in young pts) N. meningitidis (2nd MCC of meningitis to Strep. pnemo in 6mo-60yo; Type V secretion system) Acinetobacter (doesnt ferment carbs) Moraxella (Oxidase+, causes otitis media, pneumonia) Bacillus: Enterobacteriaceae: has capsule, O Ag, flagella (H Ag), ferments glucose, Nitrite+, oxidase-, makes endotoxin Lactose-fermenting: pink on MacConkey, blue on EosinMethylene Blue Serratia (opportunistic, DNAse+) Enterobacter (opportunistic) Escherichia (MCC UTI; Type I secretion of alphahemolysin and heat stable enterotoxin; enterotoxins destroy GI epitheliums ability to regulate water/electrolytes diarrhea) ETEC (toxins obtained via plasmid increases cAMP) Heat stable (ST): increases cGMP heat labile (LT): increases Gs activity EHEC (0157:H7 targets 60S and inhibits protein synthesis HUS) Klebsiella (polysaccharide capsule; UT and GI infections, ankylosing spondylitis; non-motile water organism) non-lactose-fermenting: H2S-producing: turns black on Hektoen enteric agar Proteus (Urease+; swarming motility; UTI and alkaline staghorn kidney stones) Salmonella (motile, animal reservoir, Type III secretion system (direct injection); causes osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell patients) does not produce H2S: turns green on Hektoen enteric agar Shigella (small infectious dose, non-motile; Shiga toxin targets 60S inhibits protein synthesis and causes bloody diarrhea, HUS) Yersinia (Wright-Giemsa shows bipolarstaining, safety-pin shape; reservoir = rats Bubonic plague) Non-enterobacteriaceae: Successful opportunist: Pseudomonas (Oxidase+, motile; cetramide agar; silver stain; ventilator-associated pneumonia; osteomyelitis in diabetics and drug addicts; pneumonia in CF patients; necrotizing enterocolitis, gangrene, and septic shock in neutropenic

patients; quorum-sensing biofilm; treat with antipseudomonal penicillins, quinolones (floxacins), aztreonam, carbapenems (penems), etc) Curved and spiral rods: Campylobacter (m/gull-wing shaped, incubate in warm 42C, microaerophilic) C. jejuni (causes Guillian-Barre) Helicobacter (Urease+, microaerophilic) H. pylori (type IV secretion of CAG-A gastric cancer) Vibrio (Oxidase+, Type II secretion, commashaped, on water surfaces; grown on thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose (TCBS) agar; toxins destroy GI epitheliums ability to regulate water/electrolytes diarrhea) V. cholera (rice-water diarrhea; increases cAMP) V. parahemolyticus (oyster and clam shells) Respiratory pathogens: fastidious Bordetella (single/pairs; blood and charcoal media) B. pertussis (Whooping Cough; pertussis toxin inhibits Gi, ribosylates ADP, and increases cAMP) Haemophilus (Catalase+, chocolate agar + V (NAD) + X (heme); non motile, look like ricegrains; IgA protease to survive on mucosal surface) Legionella (BCYE charcoal agar, silver stain; facultative intracellular organism) Zoonoses: Bartonella (Giemsa/Warthin-Starry silver nitrite stain shows pleomorphic rods; slow-culture and difficult to isolate; causes Oroya fever B. henselae (Cat-Scratch disease) Brucella (Urease+, pleomorphic rod, from animal contact or unpasteurized milk, causes Undulent fever) Francisella (coccobacillus, requires Cysteine; rabbits, causes Tularemia) Pasturella (Oxidase+, bipolar-staining coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe, from dog/cat bite)
Poorly staining:

Spirochetes: gram- wall, helical, endoflagella within periplasm, seen via dark-field microscopy

Borellia (facultative intracellular) B. burgdoferi (Lyme disease, from Ixodes tick) Leptospira (silver stain) Treponema (not cultured) T. pallidum (Syphilis; antibodies attack cardiolipin) Obligate intracellular: gram- wall, unable to produce own ATP Anaplasma (aerobic, arthropod-born; infects PMNs/leukocyte morulae; prevents lysosomal fusion and remains in vacuole) Chlamydia (spore-like elementary body, no PG) C. trachomatis (STD and Reiters syndrome (cant see, cant pee, cant climb a tree)) Coxiella (in vagina and unpasteurized food; zoonoses via PLACENTA/lactating animals; causes Q fever) Ehrlichia (infects monocytes; prevents lysosomal fusion and remains in vacuole) Rickettsia (escapes into endothelial cell cytoplasm and multiplies; arthropod-born; causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Typhus) Mycobacteria: mycolic acid wall makes mycobac acid-fast, Auramine rhodamine/Ziehl-Neilson stain; infects macrophages; slowgrowing and resistant to drying, chemicals, and germicides Mycobacterium tuberculosis (facultative intracellular) Mycobacterium leprae (obligate intracellular) Mycoplasma and (fried-egg-looking) Mollicutes: sterolx3 instead of cell wall, pleomorphic; sensitive to environment; cold (IgM) agglutination; resistant to beta-lactam Abx b/c has no PG (must do Ab serological test to find) drgonman1 daiana sarad