Australian Standard: Wind Loads For Housing

Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007
AS 40552006
Australian Standard
AS 40552006
Wind loads for housing
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee BD-099, Wind Loads for Housing. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 7 November 2005. This Standard was published on 6 January 2006.
The following are represented on Committee BD-099: Australian Building Codes Board Australian Glass and Glazing Association Australian Institute of Building Surveyors Australian Windows Association Building Designers Association of Australia Clay Brick and Paver Institute Concrete Masonry Association of Australia Cyclone Testing Station (JCU) Housing Industry Association Master Builders Australia National Timber Development Council Roofing Tile Association of Australia
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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04347.
AS 40552006
Australian Standard
Wind loads for housing
First published as AS 40551992. Second edition 2006.
COPYRIGHT Standards Australia All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher. Published by Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia ISBN 0 7337 7087 8
AS 40552006
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-099, Wind loads for housing to supersede AS 40551992. This Standard will be referenced in the Building Code of Australia 2006 edition (BCA 2006), thereby superseding in part the previous edition, AS 40551992, which will be withdrawn 12 months from the date of publication of this edition. The objective of this Standard is to provide designers, builders and manufacturers of building products that are affected by wind loading with a range of wind speed classes that can be used to design and specify such products for use in housing that are within the limitations in this Standard. This edition differs from the previous edition as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Wind speeds are specified for the serviceability and ultimate strength/stability limit states only. Permissible stress has been omitted. The Standard has been updated to reflect the latest technical knowledge on wind forces as represented by the 2002 edition of AS/NZS 1170.2. The table of classes for site conditions has been updated. Pressure factors have been made normative and calculation methods given for determining pressures and forces. New racking tables have been included in limit states format. A more detailed commentary has been added (Appendix A) to clarify the relationship of this Standard to AS/NZS 1170.2 and to give background to some of the clauses.
The term informative has been used in this Standard to define the application of the Appendix to which it applies. An informative appendix is only for information and guidance.
Notes to the text contain information and guidance. They are not an integral part of the Standard.
AS 40552006
CONTENTS
Page SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................... 4 1.4 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 5 1.5 NOTATION ................................................................................................................ 6 SECTION 2 WIND LOADS 2.1 CLASSIFICATION ..................................................................................................... 8 2.2 RELATIONSHIP TO WIND REGION AND SITE CONDITIONS ............................ 8 2.3 SELECTION OF TERRAIN CATEGORY................................................................ 11 2.4 SELECTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC CLASS .............................................................. 11 2.5 SELECTION OF SHIELDING CLASS..................................................................... 13 SECTION 3 CALCULATION OF PRESSURES AND FORCES 3.1 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ................................................................................... 15 3.2 CALCULATION OF PRESSURES........................................................................... 16 3.3 CALCULATION OF FORCES ................................................................................. 16 3.4 PRESSURES FOR TYPICAL APPLICATIONS....................................................... 17 SECTION 4 UPLIFT FORCES.............................................................................................. 19 SECTION 5 RACKING FORCES 5.1 RACKING FORCES ................................................................................................. 20 5.2 AREA OF ELEVATION ........................................................................................... 20
APPENDICES A COMMENTARY....................................................................................................... 37 B WORKED EXAMPLE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOPOGRAPHY ........... 46 C WORKED EXAMPLES FOR THE SELECTION OF TERRAIN CATEGORY AND SHIELDING CLASS................................................................................................. 48 D WORKED EXAMPLE FOR RACKING FORCES ................................................... 50
AS 40552006
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Wind loads for housing
SECT ION
1.1 SCOPE
SCOPE
AND
GENERA L
This Standard specifies site wind speed classes for determining design wind speeds and wind loads for housing within the geometric limits given in Clause 1.2. The classes are for use in the design of housing and for design, manufacturing and specifying of building products and systems used for housing. Wind loads for houses not complying with the geometric limits given in Clause 1.2 are outside the scope of this Standard.
NOTES: 1 2 3 4 5 Commentary on the clauses of this Standard is given in Appendix A. A worked example for the determination of topography is given in Appendix B. Worked examples for the determination of terrain category and shielding class are given in Appendix C. A worked example for racking forces is given in Appendix D. Where houses do not comply with the geometric and other limitations of this Standard, use AS/NZS 1170.0 and AS/NZS 1170.2.
1.2 LIMITATIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the following conditions (geometric limits) shall apply (see Figure 1.1):
(a)
The distance from ground level to the underside of eaves shall not exceed 6.0 m from ground level to the highest point of the roof, neglecting chimneys shall not exceed 8.5 m. The width (W) including roofed verandas, excluding eaves, shall not exceed 16.0 m, and the length (L) shall not exceed five times the width. The roof pitch shall not exceed 35.
(b) (c)
The tables in Section 5 are based on floor to ceiling height of 2.4 m and a floor depth of 0.3 m (floor level down to ceiling below). 1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Standard: AS/NZS 1170 1170.0 1170.2 ABCB BCA Structural design actions Part 0: General principles Part 2: Wind actions Building Code of Australia
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AS 40552006
Eaves 900 mm max.
Roof pitch 35 max. Height to top of roof, ridge or gable and 8.5 m max.
Roof pitch 35 max.
One or two storey 16.0 m max.
Height from ground level to underside of eaves except for gable ends 6.0 m max. 16.0 m max. Height at any section through the house 8.5 m max.
Height to eaves except gable ends 6.0 m max.
(a) Sections
W 16.0 m max. W 16.0 m max.
5W
Edge of eaves External wall L L W 16.0 m max.

(b) Plan view
FIGURE 1.1 GEOMETRY
1.4 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply. 1.4.1 Average slope Slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment. 1.4.2 Bottom of hill, ridge or escarpment Area at the base of the hill, ridge or escarpment, where the average slope is less than 1 in 20. 1.4.3 Height Distance from ground level to the underside of eaves or to the highest point of the roof neglecting chimneys; or the height of each storey at external walls (see Figure 1.1).
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1.4.4 House Class 1 or 10 building as defined by the Building Code of Australia (BCA) with the geometric limitations specified in Clause 1.2. 1.4.5 Length Maximum overall distance between outside edges of the external walls of a house or shape (see Figure 1.1). 1.4.6 Plan Basic rectangular-, square- or L-shaped layout, or simple combinations of these (see Figure 1.1). 1.4.7 Racking forces Forces that occur in walls parallel to the wind direction. 1.4.8 Width Maximum distance from wall to wall in the direction perpendicular to the length, including roofed verandas but excluding eaves (see Figure 1.1). 1.5 NOTATION Unless otherwise stated, the notation used in this Standard shall have the following meaning: C1 to C4 = cyclonic wind classes
C1serv to C4 serv = cyclonic wind classes for serviceability Cp C p,e C p,i C p,n
= pressure coefficient (external, internal or net, as appropriate) = external pressure coefficient = internal pressure coefficient = net pressure coefficient = average horizontal distance measured from the crest of the escarpment to the near top-third zone = shielding classes, full shielding, partial shielding and no shielding = dead load; or permanent action (self-weight or dead action)
d FS, PS, NS G
H H0 h h0 Kl L, M, T, O L Ms Mt M 6.5,cat
Standards Australia
= height of a hill, ridge or escarpment = maximum distance from the ground to the underside of the bearer in the lower floor = average roof height = half the height of the wall (half of the floor to ceiling height) = local pressure factor = lower, middle and top third of hill, ridge or escarpment and over-top zone for escarpments = length of a house; or lower part of a hill, ridge or escarpment = shielding multiplier = topographic multiplier = terrain category multiplier at height (h)
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N1 to N6
= non-cyclonic wind classes
N1serv to N6 serv = non-cyclonic wind classes for serviceability p qu qz TC1 to TC3 T1 to T5 Vh V h,s V h,u W Ws Wu a air = design wind pressure acting normal to a surface, in pascals = free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kilopascals = a reference pressure, in kilopascals = (0.5 air) [V h,u ]2/1000 = terrain categories = topographic classes = design gust wind speed at height (h) = design gust wind speed at height (h) for serviceability limit state = design gust wind speed at height (h) for ultimate strength limit state = width of a house = serviceability wind action = ultimate wind action = angle of roof pitch = average slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment = average weight density, in kilonewton per cubic metre = density of air, which shall be taken as 1.2 kg/m 3
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AS 40552006
SECT ION
2.1 CLASSIFICATION
W IND
L O A DS
The system of 10 classes is set out in Table 2.1 together with the associated design gust wind speeds (V h) for the serviceability and ultimate limit states. It incorporates both noncyclonic (N) and cyclonic (C) winds. TABLE 2.1 DESIGN GUST WIND SPEED (V h ) FOR CLASSIFICATION
Wind class Regions A and B (non-cyclonic) N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 Regions C and D (cyclonic) C1 C2 C3 C4 Design gust wind speed (V h) at height (h) m/s Serviceability limit state (Vh,s ) 26 26 32 39 47 55 Ultimate limit state (Vh,u) 34 40 50 61 74 86
2.2 RELATIONSHIP TO WIND REGION AND SITE CONDITIONS The selection of wind speed class for a house depends on the conditions at the site of the house. The class shall be determined from Table 2.2 using the following site conditions determined as stated: (a) (b)
Geographic wind speed region of the site as defined in Figure 2.1 (Region A, B, C or D, as given in AS/NZS 1170.2). The terrain category that surrounds or is likely to surround the site within the next 5 years, as defined in Clause 2.3 (TC1, TC2, TC2.5 or TC3). The topographic class of the site, as defined in Clause 2.4 (T1, T2, T3, T4 or T5). The shielding class of the house, as defined in Clause 2.5 (FS, PS or NS).
(c) (d)
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TABLE 2.2 WIND CLASSIFICATION FROM WIND REGION AND SITE CONDITIONS
Wind class Topographic class Wind region Region A 3 2.5 A 2 1 Region B 3 2.5 B 2 1 Region C 3 C 2.5 1,2 Region D 3 D 2.5 1,2 C2 C2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C4 C3 C3 C4 C4 C4 NA C4 C4 NA C3 C4 C4 C4 NA NA C4 NA NA C4 C4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA C1 C1 C2 C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C4 C3 C3 C4 C3 C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C3 C4 C4 C3 C4 C4 C4 C4 NA C4 NA NA N2 N3 N3 N4 N3 N4 N3 N4 N4 N5 N4 N5 N4 N4 N4 N5 N5 N5 N4 N5 N5 N5 N5 N6 N5 N5 N5 N6 N6 N6 N2 N2 N2 N3 N3 N3 N3 N3 N3 N4 N4 N4 N3 N3 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N5 N4 N4 N5 N5 N5 N5 N1 N2 N2 N3 N2 N3 N2 N3 N3 N3 N3 N4 N3 N3 N3 N4 N3 N4 N3 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N4 N5 N4 N5 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N2 N2 N2 N2 N3 N2 N3 N2 N2 N3 N3 N3 N3 N2 N3 N3 N3 N3 N4 N3 N3 N3 N4 N4 N4 TC FS T1 PS NS FS T2 PS NS FS T3 PS NS FS T4 PS NS FS T5 PS NS
LEGEND: FS = full shielding PS = partial shielding NS = no shielding N = non-cyclonic C = cyclonic N/A = not applicable, that is, beyond the scope of this Standard (use AS/NZS 1170.2) TC = terrain category
Standards Australia
Region C Darwin Wyndham (C) Adelaide River Mareeba Region C Dunbar Atherton Burketown Collinsville Rockhampton Marble Bar Alice Springs Biloela Bundaberg 25 Region B Townsville 20
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Christmas Island Region B
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Cocos Islands Region C Region C
142 Region B (Australian Territory only) 11 McDonnell Creek Moreton
50 km 100 km 150 km Borroloola Ivanhoe Kununurra West Moreland Region B Broome Region B
Croydon
20
Region D Region A
Millstream
Region C
10
Carnarvon 25
Gascoyne Junction Caltytharra
Brisbane Toowoomba Kyogle Bourke Corindi 30 Norfolk Island Region B Lord Howe Island Region A
27 Kalgoorlie Esperance Woomera
Mullewa
Region B
Morawa
30
Gunyidi
Green Head
Perth
Adelaide
Canberra Melbourne
Sydney 35
Albany
Mount Gambier Geelong Region A
East Sale 40
Hobart 45
NOTE: This map is from AS/NZS 1170.2. The wind direction sub-regions of Region A have been removed for clarity.
FIGURE 2.1 BOUNDARIES OF REGIONS A, B, C AND D
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2.3 SELECTION OF TERRAIN CATEGORY The terrain category for a housing site is a measure of the lowest effective surface roughness from any radial direction within a distance of 500 m of the proposed housing site. It shall be based on the likely terrain five years hence. The terrain category for a housing site shall be identified by the notation TC1, TC2, TC2.5 or TC3 and shall be determined as follows: (a) Terrain Category 1 (TC1) Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions. This condition exists only for isolated houses in flat, treeless, poorly grassed plains of at least 10 km width. This category is applicable for water surfaces for serviceability design. Terrain Category 2 (TC2) Open terrain including sea coast areas, airfields, grassland with few well-scattered obstructions, such as isolated trees and uncut grass, having heights from 1.5 m to 10.0 m. Terrain Category 2.5 (TC2.5) Terrain with a few trees, isolated obstructions, such as agricultural land, cane fields or long grass, up to 600 mm high. This category is intermediate between TC2 and TC3 and represents the terrain in developing outer urban areas. Terrain Category 3 (TC3) Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of houses. The minimum density of houses and trees, except for Regions C and D, shall be the equivalent of 10 house-size obstructions per hectare. Substantial well-established trees shall be considered as obstructions except in Regions C and D where a maximum of TC2.5 applies for the equivalent of 10 house-size obstructions per hectare.
(b)
(c)
(d)
In urban situations, roads, rivers or canals less than 200 m wide shall be considered to form part of normal Terrain Category 3 terrain. Parks and other open spaces less than 250 000 m 2 in area shall also be considered to form part of normal Terrain Category 3 terrain provided they are not within 500 m of each other, or not within 500 m of open country. Housing sites less than 200 m from the boundaries of open areas larger than these, e.g., golf courses, that are completely surrounded by urban terrain, shall be considered to have the terrain category applicable to the open area itself. Shielding provisions may still apply to these sites. Housing sites less than 500 m from the edge of a development shall be classified as the applicable terrain that adjoins the development, i.e., TC1, TC2, TC2.5 or TC3, as applicable.
NOTE: For worked examples, see Appendix C.
2.4 SELECTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC CLASS The topographic class determines the effect of wind on a house because of its location on a hill, ridge or escarpment and the height and average slope of the hill, ridge or escarpment. The topographic class for a housing site shall be identified by the notation T1, T2, T3, T4 or T5 and shall be determined from Table 2.3 and Figure 2.2.
NOTES: 1 2 The method defined in Table 2.3 and Figure 2.2 is suitable for the purpose of either mapping the wind classes of an area or assessing the wind class of an individual site. For a worked example to determine topographic class, see Appendix B.
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The bottom of a hill, ridge or escarpment shall be that area at the base of the hill, ridge or escarpment where the average slope is less than 1 in 20, e.g., creek, river valley or flat area. The average slope of a hill, ridge or escarpment ( a) shall be the slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment.
NOTES: 1 2 Often the average slope will not occur at the actual proposed housing site and should be appraised by considering the adjacent topography For the determination of topography, see Appendix B.
The top-third zone (T) extends for an equal distance (d) either side of the crest of an escarpment as shown in Figure 2.2. The value of d is the average horizontal distance measured from the crest of the escarpment to the near top-third zone. A rise in terrain shall be considered an escarpment where one average slope is less than 1 in 20 and the other average slope is greater than 1 in 10. The over-top zone (O) of an escarpment shall be taken to extend to a distance of 4H past the crest of an escarpment. TABLE 2.3 TOPOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION FOR HILLS, RIDGES OR ESCARPMENTS
Site location (see Figure 2.2) Hill height (H) below which T1 applies for all sites on Over-top zone Average slope Top-third zone LowerMid-third the hill, ridge or (O) (for 4H past crest ( a ) (T) third zone zone escarpment of escarpments only) (L) (M) (m) H 30 m H >30 m <1:10 1:10 <1:7.5 1:7.5 <1:5 1:5 <1:3 1:3
All H H < 20 H<9
T1 T1 T1 T1 T1
T1 T1 T1 T2 T2
T1 T2 T2 T3 T4
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
T1 T1 T1 T2 T3
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H/3 M
Average slope 1:20 L
H/3
H/3
(a) Hills
T Average slope 1:10 N H/3 Average slope 1:20 M H/3
O Average slope 1:20
H/3
(b) Escar pments

LEGEND: H d = height of the hill, r idge or escar pment = average hor izontal distance measured from the crest of the escar pment to the near top-third zone L = lower third of the hill, r idge or escar pment M = middle third of the hill, r idge or escar pment T = top third of the hill, r idge or escar pment O = over top zone (for escar pment only)
FIGURE 2.2 TOPOGRAPHIC ZONES FOR AVERAGE SLOPE
2.5 SELECTION OF SHIELDING CLASS Where the wind speed on a house is influenced by obstructions of similar size to the house, shielding shall be considered and shall be based on the likely shielding five years hence. The shielding class for a housing site shall be identified by the notation FS, PS or NS, and shall be determined as follows: (a) Full shielding (FS) Full shielding shall apply where at least two rows of houses or similar size permanent obstructions surround the house being considered. In Regions A and B, heavily wooded areas provide full shielding.
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The application of full shielding shall be appropriate for typical suburban development greater than or equal to 10 houses, or similar size obstructions per hectare. The effects of roads or other open areas with a distance measured in any direction of less than 100 m shall be ignored. However, the first two rows of houses abutting permanent open areas with a least dimension greater than 100 m, such as parklands, large expanses of water and airfields, shall be considered to have either partial shielding or no shielding. (b) Partial shielding (PS) Partial shielding shall apply to intermediate situations where there are at least 2.5 houses, trees or sheds per hectare, such as acreage type suburban development or wooded parkland. In Regions C and D, heavily wooded areas shall be considered to have partial shielding. No shielding (NS) No shielding shall apply where there are no permanent obstructions or where there are less than 2.5 obstructions per hectare, such as the first two rows of houses or single houses abutting open parklands, open water or airfields.
(c)
NOTE: For worked examples, see Appendix C.
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SECT I ON
C A LC U L A T I O N O F AND F ORCES
PRE SSU RE S
3.1 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS 3.1.1 Wind classes N1 to N6 (non-cyclonic) For houses with wind classes N1 to N6 (in Regions A and B), the pressure coefficients in Table 3.1 shall be used. TABLE 3.1 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WIND CLASSES N1 TO N6 (REGIONS A AND B FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY)
Housing component Roof (a) (b) General, including all trusses and rafters Cladding, fasteners and immediate supporting members within 1200 mm of edges, e.g., battens and purlins 0.9 +0.4 1.8 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.1 +0.7 2.0 Factored external pressure coefficient (Cp,e K l) Internal pressure coefficient (Cp,i) Net pressure coefficient (Cp,n)
Walls (a) (b) General, including all studs Cladding, fasteners and corner windows within 1200 mm of edges +0.7 0.65 1.3 0.3 +0.2 +0.2 +1.0 0.85 1.5
3.1.2 Wind classes C1 to C4 (cyclonic)

For houses with wind classes C1 to C4 (in Regions C and D) the following pressure coefficients shall be used: (a) Internal pressure coefficientsUltimate strength........................... C p,i = 0.7 or 0.65. Serviceability ................................................................................. C p,i = 0.2 or 0.3. (b) Net pressure coefficientsUltimate strength ...................................... (see Table 3.2).
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TABLE 3.2 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WIND CLASSES C1 TO C4 (REGIONS C AND DCYCLONICFOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH)
Housing component Roof (a) (b) General, including all trusses and rafters Cladding, fasteners and immediate supporting members within 1200 mm of edges, e.g., battens and purlins 0.9 +0.4 1.8 +0.7 0.65 1.6 +1.05 2.5 Factored external pressure coefficient (Cp,e K l) Internal pressure coefficient (Cp,i) Net pressure coefficient (Cp,n)
+0.7
Walls (a) (b) General, including all studs Cladding, fasteners and corner windows within 1200 mm of edges 0.65 +0.7 1.3 +0.7 0.65 +0.7 1.35 +1.35 2.0
3.2 CALCULATION OF PRESSURES The design wind pressures (p), in pascals, shall be determined for structures and parts of structures as follows: p = qu Cp where p = design wind pressure acting normal to a surface, in pascals
NOTE: Pressures are taken as positive, indicating pressures above ambient and negative, indicating pressures below ambient.
. . . 3.1
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure = 0.5 air [V h ]2 air = density of air, which shall be taken as 1.2 kg/m 3 V h = design gust wind speed, as given in Table 2.1
C p = pressure coefficient, as given in Clause 3.1 (external, internal or net, as appropriate) 3.3 CALCULATION OF FORCES The design wind forces shall be determined for structures and parts of structures by multiplying the pressure by the area under consideration and applying the resultant force at the centre of the area normal to the surface.
NOTE: Additional information on calculating pressures and forces may be found in AS/NZS 1170.2.
Uplift forces are determined by taking the uplift pressure (negative pressure coefficients indicate outward forces on a surface) by the total area of the roof (see Section 4). Racking forces are determined for the overall house by taking the appropriate vertical projected area and applied by distributing the force to the bracing walls or panels (see Section 5).
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3.4 PRESSURES FOR TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Based on the net pressure coefficients in Tables 3.1 and 3.2, ultimate limit state design pressures for the N and C categories are as given in Table 3.3. Serviceability limit state design pressures from N and C categories are as given in Table 3.4. TABLE 3.3 ULTIMATE STRENGTH PRESSURES FOR WIND CLASSIFICATION FROM THE NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS GIVEN IN CLAUSE 3.1
Walls Wind class Away from corners(1) C p,n = 1.0 m/s N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 kPa 0.69 0.96 1.50 2.23 3.29 4.44 C p,n = 1.35 C1 C2 C3 C4 NOTES: 1
Roofs Away from edges(1) C p,n = 1.1 kPa 0.76 1.06 1.65 2.46 3.61 4.88 C p,n = 1.6 2.40 3.57 5.26 7.10 C p,n = 0.7 kPa 0.49 0.67 1.05 1.56 2.30 3.11 C p,n = 1.05 1.58 2.34 3.45 4.66 Within 1200 mm of edges(2) C p,n = 2.0 kPa 1.39 1.92 3.00 4.47 6.57 8.88 C p,n = 2.5 3.75 5.58 8.21 11.09
Within 1200 mm of corners(2) C p,n = 1.5 kPa 1.04 1.44 2.25 3.35 4.93 6.66 C p,n = 2.0 3.00 4.47 6.57 8.88
2.03 3.01 4.44 5.99
General areas, including wall studs more than 1200 mm from corners and roof trusses and rafters more than 1200 mm from edges. Areas of cladding and fasteners within 1200 mm of wall corners or roof edges; windows within 1200 mm of wall corners; immediate supporting members such as battens and purlins within 1200 mm of roof edges.
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TABLE 3.4 SERVICEABILITY PRESSURES FOR WIND CLASSIFICATION FROM THE NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS GIVEN IN CLAUSE 3.1
Walls Wind class Away from corners(1) C p,n = 1.0 m/s N1 serv N2 serv N3 serv N4 serv N5 serv N6 serv C1serv C2serv C3serv C4serv NOTES: 1 2 General areas, including wall studs more than 1200 mm from corners and roof trusses and rafters more than 1200 mm from edges. Areas of cladding and fasteners within 1200 mm of wall corners or roof edges; windows within 1200 mm of wall corners; immediate supporting members such as battens and purlins within 1200 mm of roof edges. kPa 0.41 0.41 0.61 0.91 1.33 1.82 0.61 0.91 1.33 1.82 Within 1200 mm of corners(2) C p,n = 1.5 kPa 0.61 0.61 0.92 1.37 1.99 2.72 0.92 1.37 1.99 2.72 Roofs Away from edges(1) C p,n = 1.1 kPa 0.45 0.45 0.68 1.00 1.46 2.00 0.68 1.00 1.46 2.00 C p,n = 0.7 kPa 0.28 0.28 0.43 0.64 0.93 1.27 0.43 0.64 0.93 1.27 Within 1200 mm of edges(2) C p,n = 2.0 kPa 0.81 0.81 1.23 1.83 2.65 3.63 1.23 1.83 2.65 3.63
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S E C T I O N
U P L I F T
F ORCE S
Table 4.1 gives net design uplift pressures for the determination of anchoring requirements at tops of walls. The pressures shall be applied as uplift on the entire roof surface. TABLE 4.1 NET DESIGN UPLIFT PRESSURES, kPa
Serviceability limit state Wind class Tile roof N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 C1 C2 C3 C4 NOTES: 1 The net design uplift pressures given in Table 4.1 are based on the following load combinations: (a) (b) 2 3
Ultimate strength limit state Roof type
Sheet roof (see Note 2) 0.05 0.05 0.28 0.60 1.06 1.60 0.58 1.06 1.72 2.50
Tile roof 0.04 0.34 0.93 1.74 2.89 4.16 1.68 2.85 4.54 6.38
Sheet roof (see Note 2) 0.44 0.74 1.33 2.14 3.29 4.56 2.08 3.25 4.94 6.78
0 0 0 0.10 0.56 1.10 0.08 0.60 1.22 2.00
Serviceability limit state: W s G. Ultimate strength limit state: Wu G.
W u and W s have been calculated as set out in Section 3 where V h = or V h,u or V h,s as appropriate, using the pressure coefficients as given in Section 3. G = 0.72 kPa for tile roof; G = 0.28 kPa for sheet roof. Sheet roof includes metal tile roof.
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
20
S E C T I O N
5.1 RACKING FORCES
RA CK IN G
FO RCE S
Racking forces are lateral (horizontal) forces transferred to the foundations through bracing provided for each storey of the house and the subfloor. The forces occur in walls parallel to the wind direction and are calculated from the horizontal component of wind blowing on the external envelope of the house and resisted by bracing walls. Racking forces shall be calculated as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d) Determine the wind class as given in Section 2. Determine area of elevation of the house as given in Clause 5.2. Determine the wind pressure as given in Tables 5.1 for buildings presenting a flat vertical surface to the wind. Determine the wind pressure as given in Tables 5.2 to 5.13 using the width (shorter dimension) of the building and roof pitch of the building being designed. Pressures are given for single storey and upper storey of two storeys for both long and short sides of the building, and for lower storey of two storeys or subfloor for both long and short sides of the building. Calculate racking force, in kilonewtons, as follows: Total racking force = Area of elevation (m2 ) Lateral wind pressure (kPa) The racking force shall be calculated for both directions (long and short sides) of the building. The total racking force for each storey or level of the building shall be determined as the sum of the forces on each of the areas facing the direction being considered. Racking forces shall be calculated to address the most adverse loading situation.
NOTES:
(e)
1 2 3
For intermediate values between those given in Tables 5.1 to 5.13, use linear interpolation. For the explanation of Tables 5.1 to 5.13, see Appendix A. For worked examples, see Appendix D.
5.2 AREA OF ELEVATION Area of elevation appropriate for calculation of racking forces shall be as shown in Figures 5.1 to 5.3. The wind direction used shall be that resulting in the greatest load for the length and width of the building, respectively. As wind can blow from any direction, the elevation used shall be that for the worst direction. In the case of a single-storey house with a gable at one end and a hip at the other, the gable end facing the wind will result in a greater amount of load at right angles to the width of the house than the hip end facing the wind. For complex building shapes, buildings that are composed of a combination of storeys or rectangles (that is, L, H or U shapes) the shapes may be considered individually and forces added together later or the total area as a whole can be calculated. Irrespective of which method is used, racking forces shall be calculated to address the most adverse situation. If a veranda, or the like, is present and is to be enclosed, it shall be included in the area of elevation calculations. Where there is more than one floor level in a building, each level shall be considered separately for the purpose of calculating the racking forces at each level.
Standards Australia www.standards.com.au
21
AS 40552006
Wind direction 1
Gable end
Wind direction 2
Hip end
(a) Plan
Area of elevation
h0
Floor level
(b) Wind direction 1
Area of elevation
Area of elevation (gable ends)
h0
Floor level
(b) Wind direction 2
NOTES: 1 2 h 0 = half the height of the wall (half of the floor to ceiling height). For wind direction 2, the pressure on the gable end is determined from Table 5.1 and the pressure on the hip section of the elevation is determined from Tables 5.2 to 5.13. The total of racking forces is the sum of the forces calculated for each section. The area of elevation of the triangular portion of eaves overhang up to 1000 mm wide may be ignored in the determination of area of elevation.
FIGURE 5.1 DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR A SINGLE-STOREY BUILDING

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia
AS 40552006
22
Gable end
Wind direction 1
Wind direction 2
Hip end
Hip end
(a) Plan Area of elevation
Floor level h0 Area of elevation (gable end) Single-storey section Area of elevation (gable end)
Floor level h0 h0
Floor level h0 Lower storey of two-storey section h0
Upper storey of two-storey section
(b) Wind direction 1 Area of elevation Area of elevation
Floor level h0
Upper storey of two-storey section
Lower storey of two-storey section
(c) Wind direction 2
NOTES: 1 2 3 h 0 = half the height of the wall (half of the floor to ceiling height). For lower storey of two-storey section h0 = half the height of the lower storey (i.e., lower storey floor to lower storey ceiling). The area of elevation of the triangular portion of eaves overhang up to 1000 mm wide may be ignored in the determination of area of elevation.
FIGURE 5.2 DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR A TWO-STOREY OR SPLIT LEVEL BUILDING
23
AS 40552006
Wind direction 2 Hip end
Wind direction 3 Gable end
Wind direction 1
(a) Plan
Area of elevation
Floor
H0
h0
In the subfloor of a two-storey construction, the maximum distance (H 0 ) from the ground to the underside of the bearer in the lower floor shall be 1800 mm. (b) Wind direction 1
Area of elevation
Area of elevation
Floor
Floor h0
h0
(c) Wind direction 2Hip end
(d) Wind direction 3Gable end
NOTES: 1 2 3 h 0 = half the height from the ground to the lower-storey floor. For houses on sloping ground, the area of elevation will vary depending upon the wind direction or elevation being considered. The racking force calculated for the worst case should be selected. The area of elevation of the triangular portion of eaves overhang up to 1000 mm wide may be ignored in the determination of area of elevation.
FIGURE 5.3 DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR SUBFLOORS
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
24
TABLE 5.1 VERTICAL SURFACES (FLAT WALLS, GABLE ENDS AND SKILLION ENDS) PRESSURE (kPa) ON AREA OF ELEVATION
Wind direction
Wind direction Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction Wind direction Wind direction
Wind class N1 N2 N3
Pressure (kPa) 0.66 0.92
C1 C2 C3 C4
1.44 2.14 3.16 4.26
N4 N5 N6
NOTE: For derivation of these values, refer to Paragraph A5.2, Appendix A.
Standards Australia
25
AS 40552006
TABLE 5.2 HIP ROOFS AND SIDE WIND ON GABLE ROOFS PRESSURE (kPa) ON AREA OF ELEVATION SINGLE STOREY OR UPPER FLOOR OF TWO STOREYS
Single storey or upper floor of two storeys, 2.4 m storey, 0.3 m floor Roof pitch (degrees) Width (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
N1: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29
Wind direction
Wind direction
0.44 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.37
0.44 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47
0.52 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53
0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52
0.55 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.56
Wind direction
Wind direction
N1: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
26
TABLE 5.3 HIP ROOFS AND SIDE WIND ON GABLE ROOFS PRESSURE (kPa) ON AREA OF ELEVATION LOWER STOREY OF TWO STOREYS
Lower storey of two storeys, 2.4 m storey, 0.3 m floor Roof pitch (degrees) Width (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
W Wind direction
N1: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Wind direction
0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61
0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.52
0.56 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45
0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
0.54 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.53
0.60 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58
0.62 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57
0.61 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59
N1: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Standards Australia
Wind direction
0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67
0.65 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61
0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57
0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.57
0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
0.63 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61
0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
0.63 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61
27
AS 40552006
N2: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.40
Wind direction
Wind direction
0.61 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.61 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.65
0.72 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73
0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72
0.76 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78
Wind direction
Wind direction
N2: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.79 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.82 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
28
W Wind direction
N2: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Wind direction
0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72
0.78 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.63
0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66
0.75 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.73
0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79
0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82
N2: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Standards Australia
Wind direction
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85
0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78
0.87 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79
0.86 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83
0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83
0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
29
AS 40552006
N3, C1: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.83 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.62
Wind direction
Wind direction
0.95 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.79
0.96 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
1.20 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
Wind direction
Wind direction
N3, C1: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
30
W Wind direction
N3, C1: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Wind direction
1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10
1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98
1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20
1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
N3, C1: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Standards Australia
Wind direction
1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
1.40 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20
1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
1.40 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
31
AS 40552006
N4, C2: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.70 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.00 0.97 0.93
Wind direction
Wind direction
1.40 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.20
1.40 1.30 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
1.70 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70
1.80 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70
1.80 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80
Wind direction
Wind direction
N4, C2: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.00 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.90 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.90 1.90
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
32
W Wind direction
N4, C2: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Wind direction
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
1.90 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70
1.80 1.80 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
1.70 1.70 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70
1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90
2.00 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80
2.00 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90
N4, C2: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Standards Australia
Wind direction
2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10
2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
2.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.80 1.80
2.00 2.00 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.80 1.80
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
2.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
33
AS 40552006
N5, C3: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.50 2.40 2.40 2.30 2.20 2.20 2.10 2.10 2.00 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.80 2.30 2.20 2.10 2.00 1.90 1.80 1.80 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.40
Wind direction
Wind direction
2.10 1.90 1.90 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.60 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70
2.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20
2.50 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
2.60 2.60 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.50 2.50 2.50
2.60 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.70
Wind direction
Wind direction
N5, C3: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 2.90 2.90 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.40 2.80 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.50 2.40 2.40 2.30 2.20 2.20 2.10 2.10 2.00 2.60 2.50 2.40 2.40 2.30 2.30 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.60 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.80 2.80 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.80 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70
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W Wind direction
N5, C3: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Wind direction
2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90
2.80 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
2.70 2.60 2.60 2.50 2.50 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.30 2.30 2.20 2.20 2.10
2.60 2.50 2.50 2.40 2.40 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30
2.60 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70
2.90 2.90 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70
2.90 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
N5, C3: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Standards Australia
Wind direction
3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.20
3.10 3.10 3.10 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90
3.00 3.00 3.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.70 2.70 2.70
3.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70
3.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
3.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90
3.00 3.00 3.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
3.00 3.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90
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N6, C4: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.38 3.24 3.24 3.11 2.97 2.97 2.84 2.84 2.70 2.70 2.57 2.57 2.43 3.11 2.97 2.84 2.70 2.57 2.43 2.43 2.30 2.16 2.16 2.03 1.89 1.89
Wind direction
Wind direction
2.84 2.57 2.57 2.43 2.30 2.30 2.16 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30
2.84 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97
3.38 3.24 3.24 3.24 3.24 3.24 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38
3.51 3.51 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.24 3.24 3.24 3.24 3.24 3.38 3.38 3.38
3.51 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.65
Wind direction
Wind direction
N6, C4: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 3.92 3.92 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.65 3.65 3.51 3.51 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.24 3.78 3.65 3.51 3.51 3.38 3.24 3.24 3.11 2.97 2.97 2.84 2.84 2.70 3.51 3.38 3.24 3.24 3.11 3.11 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 3.51 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.65 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.78 3.78 3.65 3.65 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.78 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
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W Wind direction
N6, C4: Wind on side 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Wind direction
3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92
3.78 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38
3.65 3.51 3.51 3.38 3.38 3.24 3.24 3.24 3.11 3.11 2.97 2.97 2.84
3.51 3.38 3.38 3.24 3.24 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11
3.51 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38 3.38
3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
3.92 3.92 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
3.92 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78
N6, C4: Wind on end 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Standards Australia
Wind direction
4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32 4.32
4.19 4.19 4.19 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92
4.05 4.05 4.05 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.65 3.65 3.65
4.05 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
4.05 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78
4.05 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92
4.05 4.05 4.05 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.78 3.78 3.78 3.78
4.05 4.05 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92
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APPENDIX A
COMMENTARY
(Informative) A1 COMMENT ON TABLE 2.1WIND CLASSIFICATION This Standard has been derived for houses as a group or large numbers of buildings. In general, the level of reliability for the group is similar to that found, by applying AS/NZS 1170.2. However, it is recognized that a correct application of this Standard may lead to some houses with more conservative design loads, and others with less conservative design loads. It is important to categorize each building on a case-by-case basis. Each site should be assessed individually for its wind classification. Each building would be assessed for compliance with geometry and for evaluation of pressures. The classification was originally based on the permissible stress W classes. An approximate 50% increase in wind pressures occurs from one class to the next higher one, that is, N2 to N3, N3 to N4, etc. Once a particular building site has been classified using the methods set out in Section 2, the ultimate wind speed for that class represents the design wind speed for the house and includes the effects of (a) the importance level which is set by the BCA (the design wind loading level associated with housing)
NOTE: See Note 1 to Clause 1.1.
(b) (c)
directionality (the likelihood of wind occurring at its maximum from the direction for which the house is most vulnerable in terms of the pressures on the envelope); height (of the building above the ground); terrain roughness (sizes of the obstructions in the wider area around the building site such as trees, grass, open space and size of buildings); topography (the position of the site on hills or in valleys); and shielding (the effect of specific buildings and other obstructions near to the proposed building).
(d) (e) (f)
A2 DERIVATION OF TABLE 2.2WIND CLASSIFICATION In determining the application of the N and C classes to the selected site criteria that are given in Table 2.2, the effect of wind events on large numbers of houses, rather than on individual structures, has been considered. The following criteria were selected: (a) (b) (c) (d) Annual probability of exceedance has been taken as 1/500. A 0.95 factor on wind speed was allowed to account for the variation of orientation of houses within suburbs and groups of suburbs. A 5% margin has been allowed on the wind speed for the assigning of the N and C classes. Average roof height has been taken as 6.5 m (selected as not the worst case but covering the majority of average housing being constructed within the limitations given in Figure 1.1).
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(e) (f)
The terrain/height multiplier (M6.5,cat) has been derived from AS/NZS 1170.2 with h (average roof height) taken as 6.5 m (see Table A2). Topographic multiplier (M t) has been derived from AS/NZS 1170.2 (see Table A3). The values chosen for T2 to T5 represent the average of the ranges for each class (T1 is taken as 1.0 to represent the majority of housing on flat terrain). For the top third, the class changes for slopes greater than 30 m high. The separation zone at the crest has not been included. Shielding multiplier (Ms) has been derived from AS/NZS 1170.2 (see Table A4). TABLE A2 TERRAIN CATEGORY MULTIPLIER (M6.5,cat) AT HEIGHT 6.5
(g)
Region Terrain Category 1 A B C D 1.07 1.07 0.97 0.97
Terrain category multiplier (M 6.5,cat ) Terrain Category 2 0.94 0.94 0.97 0.97 Terrain Category 2.5 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.90 Terrain Category 3 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83
TABLE A3 TOPOGRAPHIC MULTIPLIER (M t)

Topographic class T1 T2 T3 T4
Value of topographic multiplier (Mt) applied in calculation of the N and C categories 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.42 1.57
Range of values calculated using AS/NZS 1170.2 that are included in the class 1.0 to <1.16 1.16 to <1.25 1.25 to <1.36 1.36 to <1.47 1.47
T5
TABLE A4 SHIELDING MULTIPLIER (Ms)

Shielding class Full shielding (FS) Partial shielding (PS) No shielding (NS) Shielding multiplier (M s ) 0.85 0.95 1.00
A3 COMMENT ON CLAUSE 1.3GEOMETRIC LIMITS It is intended that 16 m width limit be applied to the width of the tallest section of the house. For example, in many cases the various sections of a house (that is the basic rectangular box shapes) may be displaced horizontally with respect to each other. This could make the overall floor plan dimension greater than the 16 m limit even though none of the sections of roof might be greater than the 16 m. Such a house should be within the limits provided that none of the roof sections parallel to the wind direction being considered are greater than 16 m (neglecting the width of eaves).
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A4 COMMENTARY ON PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Section 3) The pressure coefficients given in Section 3 have been based on AS/NZS 1170.2. The following criteria were used: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The house comprises basically rectangular bluff bodies within the geometric shape limits given in Clause 1.5. Roofs are of normal shape (for example, not arched). Net pressure coefficients comprise the addition of internal and external pressures on the building envelope. Pressures include the effects of dominant openings for Regions C and D only. Pressures include the effects of local high-pressure zones on the leading edges of surfaces of the building envelope.
The pressure factors given for the 1200 mm zones near corners and near edges of roofs reflect the local pressures known to occur in these areas of buildings. AS/NZS 1170.2 includes a local pressure factor to account for this effect. A5 COMMENTARY ON PRESSURES FOR DETERMINATION OF RACKING FORCES (SECTION 5) A5.1 General, notation and assumptions A5.1.1 General This Paragraph describes how the equivalent pressures tabulated in Section 5 for use with projected areas, for the calculation of racking loads to be resisted by bracing have been derived. The methods of determination of equivalent pressures for the calculation of racking forces in orthogonal directions for single or upper storey, for lower of two storeys and for subfloor level are given. A5.1.2 Notation Notation symbols for this Section are as follows:
= plan dimension of building or part of building perpendicular to wind direction, in metres (see AS/NZS 1170.2)
C pt,roof = combined pressure coefficient for the windward and leeward roof areas C pt,wall = combined pressure coefficient for the windward and leeward walls d HF HL Hu h Kc L qu W = plan dimension of building or part of building parallel to the wind direction, in metres (see AS/NZS 1170.2) = depth of upper floor, in metres = height, floor to ceiling for lower storey of two storeys, in metres = height, floor to ceiling for single or upper storey, in metres = height to eaves, in metres (see AS/NZS 1170.2) = pressure combination factor = length of building, in metres (see Figure A5.1) = free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state in accordance with Clause 3.2 = width of building, in metres (see Figure A5.1) = roof pitch, in degrees (see AS/NZS 1170.2 and Figure A5.1) = wind direction, in degrees (see AS/NZS 1170.2)
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A5.1.3 Assumptions The following assumptions have been made in the derivation of equivalent pressures for use with projected areas for the determination of racking forces: (a) The geometry assumed is a simple outline of the building, which ignores eaves overhangs, fascias and gutters. The projected area for the roof is taken as the area above ceiling level for the single or upper storey (see Figure A5.1). Buildings are assumed enclosed underneath the lower floor. The floor depth of upper floors (H F ) is assumed to be 0.3 m. H u = H L = 2.4 m. Pressures calculated for 2.4 m floor to ceiling heights are assumed to apply for walls up to 3.0 m high. A pressure combination factor K c = 0.8 is applied where the load effect is the result of the combination of pressures on two or more surfaces. [Kc is not applied in combination with the area reduction factor (K a).] The assumed combined pressure coefficients for the windward and leeward walls (Cpt,wall ) for wind directions = 0 and = 90 are given in Table A5.1 and Table A5.2 respectively. The assumed combined pressure coefficients for the windward and leeward roofs (Cpt,roof ) for wind parallel to the slope (pitch) of roof are given in Table A5.3.
(b) (c) (d) (e)
(f)
(g)
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AS 40552006
Projected areas for determination of single or upper storey racking loads Ceiling
Hips (if hip-end roof)
H u l2 Hu Floor HF Ceiling HL Floor
End elevation
Side elevation
Hips (if hip-end roof)

Ridge
W 90 Plan
FIGURE A5.1 NOTATION
TABLE A5.1 COMBINED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WALLS WIND DIRECTION PARALLEL TO ROOF SLOPE*
Roof pitch () C pt,wall < 10 1.1 10 15 1.1 = 20 1.1 25 1.2
* For = 0 and for hip ends, = 90
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TABLE A5.2 COMBINED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WALLS WIND DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO ROOF SLOPE*
d/b C pt,wall 1 1.2 2 1.0 4 0.9
* For = 90 for gable or skillion roof ends
TABLE A5.3 COMBINED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOFS WIND DIRECTION PARALLEL TO ROOF SLOPE*
C pt,roof Ratio h/d <10 0.25 0.5 1.0 0 0 0 10 0 +0.1 +0.1 15 +0.5 +0.2 +0.1 Roof pitch () 20 +0.8 +0.6 +0.3 25 +0.9 +0.8 +0.6 30 +0.9 +0.8 +0.8 35 +1.0 +0.9 +0.8
* For = 0 and for hip ends, = 90
A5.2 Equivalent pressures on projected areas A5.2.1 For flat wall surfaces, gable or skillion roof ends The equivalent pressure (p) on the projected area shown in Figure A5.2 for calculation of the racking load for bracing in single or upper storey, or the lower of two-storey or subfloor walls is determined from the following equation: p = q u C pt,wall K c where
. . . A5.2(1)
C pt,wall = 1.2, as given in Table A5.2 for d/b = 1 Kc = 0.8, pressure combination factor applicable for the combined effect of pressure on two or more surfaces
NOTE: The assumption that d = b, i.e., L = W corresponds to the maximum combined pressure coefficient for the walls.
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AS 40552006
W Wind direction
W Wind direction
W W Wind direction Wind direction
FIGURE A5.2 FLAT WALL SURFACESGABLE AND SKILLION ROOF ENDS
A5.2.2 For side elevations, single or upper storey, gable- or hip-ended roofs The equivalent pressure (p) for the projected areas shown in Figure A5.3 for calculation of the racking load for bracing in single or upper storey walls is determined from the following equation:
p= q u K c C pt, wall (H u / 2 ) + C pt,roof (W / 2 ) tan
(H u / 2) + (W / 2) tan
. . . A5.2(2)
where C pt,wall = value from Table A5.1 for roof pitch, C pt,roof = value from Table A5.3, for roof pitch , and assuming (h/d) = (H u/W) Kc
NOTES:
= 0.8, pressure combination factor
1 2
The assumption that h/d = H u /W maximizes the assumed combined pressure coefficients for the roof. The reduction in projected area for hip-ended roofs has been ignored in the determination of the equivalent pressures to be applied to the projected areas corresponding to either gable- or hip-ended roofs.
W W Wind direction Wind direction
FIGURE A5.3 SIDE ELEVATIONSSINGLE OR UPPER STOREY GABLE- OR HIP-ENDED ROOFS
A5.2.3 Side elevation, lower storey of two storeys or subfloor, gable- or hip-ended roof The design wind pressure (p) on the projected area shown in Figure A5.4 for calculation of the racking force for bracing in the lower storey of two-storey walls is determined from the following equation:
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p=
q u K u C pt, wall (H u + H F + H L / 2 ) + C pt, roof (W / 2 ) tan
(H u + H F + H L / 2) + (W / 2) tan
. . . A5.2(3)
where C pt,wall = value determined from Table A5.1 for roof pitch () C pt,roof = value determined from Table A5.3 for roof pitch () and assuming (h/d) = (H u + H F + H L )/W Kc
NOTES: 1 2 The assumption that h/d = (H u + HF + H L )/W maximizes the assumed combined pressure coefficients for the roof. The reduction in projected area for hip-ended roofs has been ignored in the determination of equivalent pressures to be applied for projected areas for either hip- or gable-ended roofs.
= 0.8, pressure combination factor
W Wind direction Wind direction
FIGURE A5.4 SIDE ELEVATIONLOWER STOREY OF TWO STOREYS OR SUBFLOORGABLE- OR HIP-ENDED ROOF
A5.2.4 End elevation, single or upper storey, hip-ended roof The design wind pressure (p) on the projected area shown in Figure A5.5 for calculation of racking loads for bracing in single or upper storey walls is determined from the following equation.
p= q u K c C pt, wall (H u / 2 ) + C pt, roof (W / 4) tan
(H u / 2) + (W / 4) tan
. . . A5.2(4)
where C pt,wall = 1.2 C pt,roof = value obtained from Table A5.3 for roof pitch () with h/d = H u/L and assuming L = W Kc = 0.8, pressure combination factor
Wind direction
FIGURE A5.5 END ELEVATIONSINGLE OR UPPER STOREYHIP-ENDED ROOF

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AS 40552006
A5.2.5 End elevation, lower storey of two storeys, hip-ended roof The equivalent pressure (p) on the projected area shown in Figure A5.6 for calculating racking loads for bracing in walls of the lower storey of two-storey walls is determined from the following equation:
p= q u K c C pt, wall (H u + H F + H L / 2) + C pt, roof (W / 4 ) tan
(H u + H F + H L / 2) + (W / 4) tan
. . . A5.2(5)
where C pt,wall = 1.2 C pt,roof = value obtained from Table A5.3 for roof pitch () and assuming h/d = (H u + H F + H L )/L and L = 1.5W Kc = 0.8, pressure combination factor
W Wind direction
FIGURE A5.6 END ELEVATIONLOWER STOREY OF TWO STOREYS HIP-ENDED ROOF
A6 CONVERTING WIND SPEEDS Wind speeds may be approximately converted from metres per second (m/s) to other commonly reported measures of speed as follows:
(a) (b) (c)
1 m/s 3.6 = 1 km/h. 1 m/s 1.94 = 1 knot. 1 m/s 2.24 = 1 mile/h.
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APPENDIX B
WORKED EXAMPLE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOPOGRAPHY

(Informative) In order to illustrate how to determine the appropriate topographic class, the following example is provided, which relates to Figure B1. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Identify the top of the hill: RL 110 m. Identify the bottom of the hill: RL 40 m (RL of creek). Calculate the mid-height of the hill: (110 + 40)/2 = RL 75 m. Identify the steepest and least slope in the top half of the hill: (i) (ii) Step 5 Step 6 Least slope = (110 75)/350 = 0.10. Steepest slope = (110 75)/130 = 0.27.
Calculate average slope: (0.1 + 0.27)/2 = 0.185 which relates to a slope of 1 in 5.4, (i.e., 1/0.185 = 5.4). Identify the location of the house. If the house at site A is located in the midthird of the hill, the topographic class for an average slope of 1 in 5.4 is T1 (see Table 2.3).
As the house at site B is in closer proximity to the peak of hill 1 than hill 2, the topographic effect of hill 1 is considered to predominate. Therefore, if the house at site B is located in the near top-third of the hill, the topographic class for an average slope of 1 in 5.4 is T3 (see Table 2.3).
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AS 40552006
60 70 80
50
Cree k
60 80
Hill 2 110
re ek
Mid 1/3 band

t as Le pe slo
50 Lower 1/3 contour
s pe ee St pe slo t
100 90 80
Hill 1 Housing site B 110 100 60 50 40 Creek 90 80 70 Housing 60 site A 50 Mid height contour
C re ek
Near top 1/3 contour
100
200 Scale (m)
300
400
FIGURE B1 DETERMINATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC CLASS
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APPENDIX C
WORKED EXAMPLES FOR THE SELECTION OF TERRAIN CATEGORY AND SHIELDING CLASS
(Informative) The typical surface roughness types encountered in an urban area are represented in Table C1, which is provided to assist in the selection of terrain categories and shielding classes of particular sites. In conjunction with deriving the correct topographic class from Table 2.3, the terrain category and shielding class selected from Table C1 are applied to Table 2.2 for the appropriate geographic region to determine the rationalized wind class for the design of houses or structures. The following examples are provided to clarify the use of Table C1. Example A: As the house at location A is sited more than 500 m from the open sea and surrounded for a distance of more than 500 m by a minimum surface roughness greater than 10 houses per hectare except for a small park of less than 500 m in width, the terrain category of the site is TC3. If the house is located within the first two rows of houses adjacent to the park, no shielding is provided by this open space. Example B: The house at location B is within a residential subdivision but immediately adjoins a large acreage subdivision. As the least surface roughness for a distance of 500 m in any direction of the site is between 10 and 2.5 houses per hectare, the terrain category at location B is TC2.5.
As the site immediately abuts a large acreage subdivision with a surface roughness of between 10 and 2.5 houses per hectare, only partial shielding is provided.
Standards Australia
TABLE C1
TERRAIN CATEGORY AND SHIELDING CLASSIFICATION FOR REGIONS A AND B

Location 'B'
Location 'A'
Description Residential suburbia, well-wooded country Acreage suburbia, isolated buildings, few trees, cane fields, long grass Airfield isolated trees, large expanses, open water
Waterfront suburbia
Residential suburbia, wellwooded country
Small open parkland or lake <250 000 m 2 and canal <200 m wide Negligible 10 Houses, etc. per hectare 500 m 500 m 10 Houses, etc. per hectare Negligible
Residential suburbia, wellwooded country
Surface roughness
10 Houses, etc. per hectare
10 Houses, etc. per hectare 500 m
Terrain category: Development length TC3 2 rows of houses No shielding Partial shielding 2 rows of houses Partial shielding TC3 TC2.5 TC2.5
500 m
49
Classification 2 rows of houses No shielding
TC2
TC3
TC2 2 rows of houses No shielding
TC2
TC2 2 rows of houses No shielding
TC3
Shielding: Development length
2 rows of houses
Classification
No Full shielding shielding
Full shielding
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APPENDIX D
WORKED EXAMPLE FOR RACKING FORCES

(Informative) The example given in this Appendix, using ultimate limit states design, illustrates the method of determining racking forces on a two-storey house located in Region B, Terrain Category 2.5, having partial shielding and a topographic class T2. For the example, assume that the house is 16 m long, 8 m wide and has a 17.5 pitched, gable-end roof. Step 1 Step 2 From Table 2.2 (for Region B, TC2.5, T2 and PS) the wind class is N4. Calculate the upper storey racking for wind normal to ridge. From Table 5.8, for W = 8 m and roof slope = 17.5, the pressure for wind on side are determined: (1.2 + 1.4)/2 = 1.3. Determine area on which the pressure is to be applied and multiply the area by the pressure to give the racking force in kN. Provide bracing appropriate to resist this force. Step 3 Calculate the upper storey racking for wind parallel to ridge (wind on end). From Table 5.8, for W = 8 m and roof slope = 17.5, the pressure for wind on side are determined: (1.6 + 1.7)/2 = 1.65. Determine area on which the pressure is to be applied and multiply the area by the pressure to give the racking force in kN. Provide bracing appropriate to resist this force. Step 4 Calculate lower storey racking for wind normal to ridge. From Table 5.9, for W = 8 m and roof slope = 17.5, the pressure for wind on side are determined: (1.6 + 1.7)/2 = 1.65.
Determine area on which the pressure is to be applied and multiply the area by the pressure to give the racking force in kN. Provide bracing appropriate to resist this force. Step 5 Calculate lower storey racking for wind parallel to ridge (wind on end). From Table 5.9, for W = 8 m and roof slope = 17.5, the pressure for wind on side are determined: (1.9 + 2.0)/2 = 1.95. Determine area on which the pressure is to be applied and multiply the area by the pressure to give the racking force in kN. Provide bracing appropriate to resist this force.
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NOTES
AS 40552006
AS 40552006 52
NOTES
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Australian Standard: Wind Loads For Housing

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Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

Wind loads for housing

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04347.

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First published as AS 40551992. Second edition 2006.

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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Wind loads for housing

Eaves 900 mm max.

Roof pitch 35 max.

One or two storey 16.0 m max.

Height to eaves except gable ends 6.0 m max.

W 16.0 m max. W 16.0 m max.

Edge of eaves External wall L L W 16.0 m max.

(b) Plan view

FIGURE 1.1 GEOMETRY

= non-cyclonic wind classes

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Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

Christmas Island Region B

Cocos Islands Region C Region C

142 Region B (Australian Territory only) 11 McDonnell Creek Moreton

Gascoyne Junction Caltytharra

27 Kalgoorlie Esperance Woomera

Mount Gambier Geelong Region A

FIGURE 2.1 BOUNDARIES OF REGIONS A, B, C AND D

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All H H < 20 H<9

Average slope 1:20 L

T Average slope 1:10 N H/3 Average slope 1:20 M H/3

O Average slope 1:20

(b) Escar pments

FIGURE 2.2 TOPOGRAPHIC ZONES FOR AVERAGE SLOPE

NOTE: For worked examples, see Appendix C.

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3.1.2 Wind classes C1 to C4 (cyclonic)

2.03 3.01 4.44 5.99

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Ultimate strength limit state Roof type

0 0 0 0.10 0.56 1.10 0.08 0.60 1.22 2.00

Serviceability limit state: W s G. Ultimate strength limit state: Wu G.

Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007

(b) Wind direction 1

Area of elevation (gable ends)

(b) Wind direction 2

FIGURE 5.1 DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR A SINGLE-STOREY BUILDING

(a) Plan Area of elevation

Floor level h0 Lower storey of two-storey section h0

Upper storey of two-storey section

(b) Wind direction 1 Area of elevation Area of elevation

Upper storey of two-storey section

Lower storey of two-storey section

(c) Wind direction 2

Wind direction 2 Hip end

Wind direction 3 Gable end

(c) Wind direction 2Hip end

(d) Wind direction 3Gable end

FIGURE 5.3 DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR SUBFLOORS

Wind direction Wind direction

Wind direction Wind direction