ansi.

sys append arp assign assoc at atmadm attrib batch bootcfg break cacls call cd chcp chdir chdsk chkntfs choice cls cmd color

Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys. Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command. Displays, adds, and removes arp information from network devices. Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter. View the file associations. Schedule a time to execute commands or programs. Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager. Display and change file attributes. Recovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file. Recovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, and rebuild the boot.ini Enable / disable CTRL + C feature. View and modify file ACL's. Calls a batch file from another batch file. Changes directories. Supplement the International keyboard and character set information. Changes directories. Check the hard disk drive running FAT for errors. Check the hard disk drive running NTFS for errors. Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file. Clears the screen. Opens the command interpreter. Easily change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window.

File External External External Internal External Internal External Recovery Recovery Internal External Internal Internal External Internal External External External Internal

Internal

command Opens the command interpreter. comp compact control Compares files. Compresses and uncompress files. Open Control Panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt. External External External

convert copy ctty date debug defrag del delete deltree dir disable

Convert FAT to NTFS. Copy one or more files to an alternate location. Change the computers input/output devices. View or change the systems date. Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings. Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs. Deletes one or more files. Recovery console command that deletes a file. Deletes one or more files or directories. List the contents of one or more directory. Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.

External Internal Internal Internal External External Internal Internal External Internal Recovery External External External External Internal Internal External External External Recovery Internal Internal Internal External External External External

diskcomp Compare a disk with another disk. diskcopy doskey dosshell Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk. Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past. A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users.

drivparm Enables overwrite of original device drivers. echo edit edlin emm386 ename endlocal erase exit expand extract fasthelp fc Displays messages and enables and disables echo. View and edit files. View and edit files. Load extended Memory Manager. Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver. Stops the localization of the environment changes enabled by the setlocal command. Erase files from computer. Exit from the command interpreter. Expand a Microsoft Windows file back to it's original format. Extract files from the Microsoft Windows cabinets. Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them. Compare files.

fdisk find findstr fixboot fixmbr for format ftp ftype goto graftabl help if

Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive. Search for text within a file. Searches for a string of text within a file. Writes a new boot sector. Writes a new boot record to a disk drive. Boolean used in batch files. Command to erase and prepare a disk drive. Command to connect and operate on a FTP server. Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations. Moves a batch file to a specific label or location. Show extended characters in graphics mode. Display a listing of commands and brief explanation. Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing.

External External External Recovery Recovery Internal External External Recovery Internal External External Internal External External External External Internal Recovery External Internal Internal External Recovery Recovery Internal External Internal

ifshlp.sys 32-bit file manager. ipconfig keyb label lh listsvc loadfix loadhigh lock logoff logon map md mem mkdir Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values. Change layout of keyboard. Change the label of a disk drive. Load a device driver in to high memory. Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers. Load a program above the first 64k. Load a device driver in to high memory. Lock the hard disk drive. Logoff the currently profile using the computer. Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login. Displays the device name of a drive. Command to create a new directory. Display memory on system. Command to create a new directory.

mode more move msav msd msdex nbtstat net netsh netstat nlsfunc

Modify the port or display settings. Display one page at a time. Move one or more files from one directory to another directory. Early Microsoft Virus scanner. Diagnostics utility. Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM. Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT Update, fix, or view the network or network settings Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS. Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information. Load country specific information.

External External Internal External External External External External External External External External Internal External Internal External Internal External External Internal Internal External Internal Internal Internal Internal

nslookup Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network. path pathping pause ping popd power print prompt pushd qbasic rd ren rename rmdir View and modify the computers path location. View and locate locations of network latency. Command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command. Test / send information to another network computer or network device. Changes to the directory or network path stored by the pushd command. Conserve power with computer portables. Prints data to a printer port. View and change the MS-DOS prompt. Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at any time. Open the QBasic. Removes an empty directory. Renames a file or directory. Renames a file or directory. Removes an empty directory.

robocopy A robust file copy command for the Windows command line. route View and configure windows network route tables. External

runas scandisk scanreg set setlocal setver share shift

Enables a user to run a program as a different user. Run the scandisk utility. Scan registry and recover registry from errors. Change one variable or string to another.

External External External Internal

Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else. Internal Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs. Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities. Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program. External External Internal External External External Internal External Internal External External Internal Internal External External Internal External External Internal Internal Internal Internal External

shutdown Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt. smartdrv sort start subst switches sys telnet time title tracert tree type undelete Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory. Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen. Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt. Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter. Remove add functions from MS-DOS. Transfer system files to disk drive. Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt. View or modify the system time. Change the title of their MS-DOS window. Visually view a network packets route across a network. View a visual tree of the hard disk drive. Display the contents of a file. Undelete a file that has been deleted.

unformat Unformat a hard disk drive. unlock ver verify vol xcopy Unlock a disk drive. Display the version information. Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been written properly. Displays the volume information about the designated drive. Copy multiple files, directories, or drives from one location to another.

Details By Number
This section lists each of the 16 interrupt lines and provides a full description of what they are, how they are normally used, and any special information that is relevant to them. The general format for each section is as follows:

IRQ Number: The number of the IRQ from 0 to 15. 16-Bit Priority: The priority level of the interrupt. 1 is the highest and 15 is the lowest. Bus Line: Indicates whether or not this IRQ is available to expansion devices on the system bus. This will say "8/16 bit" for an interrupt line available to all expansion devices, "16 bit only" for a line available only to 16-bit cards, or "No" for an interrupt used only by system devices. Typical Default Use: Description of the device or function that normally uses this IRQ in a regular modern PC. Other Common Uses: This is a list of other devices that commonly either use this IRQ or offer the use of this IRQ as one of their options. This list isn't exhaustive because there are a lot of oddball cards out there that may use unusual IRQs. Description: A description of the interrupt and how it is used, along with any relevant or interesting points about it or its history. Conflicts: A discussion of the likelihood of conflicts with this IRQ and what are the likely causes.

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/res/irq/num.htm What is an IRQ?

IRQ stands for Interrupt ReQuest, and refers to special numbered channels that are used by devices to get the processors attention. For example, when you press a key on your keyboard it sends a signal to the processor via an IRQ channel (usually IRQ 1) to let it know that it needs to process some data. IRQ conflicts can occur when new hardware is installed or reconfigured. For example, it can cause problems if you have your mouse on COM 1 (IRQ4) and a modem on COM 3 (IRQ4), below is a list of the default assignments for IRQ channels in Windows XP.

Default ISA IRQ Assignments

IRQ 0 IRQ 1 IRQ 2 IRQ 3 IRQ 4 IRQ 5 IRQ 6 IRQ 7 IRQ 8 IRQ 9 IRQ 10 IRQ 11 IRQ 12 IRQ 13 IRQ 14 IRQ 15 System Timer Keyboard Cascaded with IRQ 9 Default COM2 and COM4 Default COM1 and COM3 LPT2 Floppy Drive Controller LPT1 Real Time Clock SEE 2 Open Open PS/2 mouse or Open Math Coprocessor Primary Hard Drive controller Secondary Hard Drive controller

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Viewing your current IRQ assignments

To view your current IRQ assignments you can open Device Manager. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click Click Click Click Click on START, click on CONTROL PANEL. on Performance and Maintenance. on System. on the Hardware tab. the DEVICE MANAGER button.

Once you have Device Manager open, select VIEW from the toolbar menu, and then click Resources by Type. Double click on Interrupt Request (IRQ) as seen in fig 1.1 below:

The list that appears on your machine will vary depending on the hardware you have. If you are experiencing problems with a newly installed/configured piece of hardware and the drivers are installed correctly, then check to see if it has its own IRQ channel.

A female DE-15 output in a laptop computer.

Type Computer analog video connector

Production history

Designer

IBM based on D-subminiature

Designed

1987

Produced

1987 to present

Superseded by

DVI (1999)

General specifications

Video signal

RGB video signal plus option H and V sync

Pins

15

Connector

DE-15

Data

Data signal

IC data channel for DDC information

Pin out

A female DE15 socket (videocard side).

Pin 1

RED

Red video

Pin 2

GREEN

Green video

Pin 3

BLUE

Blue video

Pin 4

ID2/RES

formerly Monitor ID bit 2, reserved since E-DDC

Pin 5

GND

Ground (HSync)

Pin 6

RED_RTN

Red return

Pin 7

GREEN_RTN

Green return

Pin 8

BLUE_RTN

Blue return

Pin 9

KEY/PWR

formerly key, now +5V DC

Pin 10

GND

Ground (VSync, DDC)

Pin 11

ID0/RES

formerly Monitor ID bit 0, reserved since E-DDC

Pin 12

ID1/SDA

formerly Monitor ID bit 1, IC data since DDC2

Pin 13

HSync

Horizontal sync

Pin 14

VSync

Vertical sync

Pin 15

ID3/SCL

formerly Monitor ID bit 3, IC clock since DDC2

The image and table detail the 15-pin VESA DDC2/E-DDC connector; the diagrams pin numbering is that of a female connector functioning as the graphics adapter output. In the male connector, this pin numbering corresponds with the mirror image of the cables wire-and-solder side.

VGA connector (DE-15/HD-15)

A female DE-15 output in a laptop computer.

Type

Computer analog video connector

Production history

Designer

IBM based on D-subminiature

Designed

1987

Produced

1987 to present

Superseded by

DVI (1999)

General specifications

Video signal

RGB video signal plus option H and V sync

Pins

15

Connector

DE-15

Data

Data signal

IC data channel for DDC information

Pin out

A female DE15 socket (videocard side).

Pin 1

RED

Red video

Pin 2

GREEN

Green video

Pin 3

BLUE

Blue video

Pin 4

ID2/RES

formerly Monitor ID bit 2, reserved since E-DDC

Pin 5

GND

Ground (HSync)

Pin 6

RED_RTN

Red return

Pin 7

GREEN_RTN

Green return

Pin 8

BLUE_RTN

Blue return

Pin 9

KEY/PWR

formerly key, now +5V DC

Pin 10

GND

Ground (VSync, DDC)

Pin 11

ID0/RES

formerly Monitor ID bit 0, reserved since E-DDC

Pin 12

ID1/SDA

formerly Monitor ID bit 1, IC data since DDC2

Pin 13

HSync

Horizontal sync

Pin 14

VSync

Vertical sync

Pin 15

ID3/SCL

formerly Monitor ID bit 3, IC clock since DDC2

The image and table detail the 15-pin VESA DDC2/E-DDC connector; the diagrams pin numbering is that of a female connector functioning as the graphics adapter output. In the male connector, this pin numbering corresponds with the mirror image of the cables wire-and-solder side.

A VGA cable

A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and some high definition television sets. On laptop computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port is sometimes used in place of the full-sized VGA connector.

DE-15 is also conventionally called RGB connector, D-sub 15, mini sub D15, mini D15, DB-15, HDB-15, HD-15 or HD15 (High Density, to distinguish it from the older and less flexible DE-9 connector used on older VGA cards, which has the same shell size but only two rows of pins). VGA connectors and cables carry analog component RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal sync, vertical sync) video signals, and VESA Display Data Channel (VESA DDC) data. In the original version of DE-15 pinout, one pin was keyed and 4 pins carried Monitor ID bits which were rarely used; VESA DDC redefined some of these pins and replaced the key pin with +5 V DC power supply.
[edit] Cable quality See also: RAMDAC

The same VGA cable can be used with a variety of supported VGA resolutions, ranging from 640400px @70 Hz (24 MHz of signal bandwidth) to 12801024px @85 Hz (160 MHz) and up to 20481536px @85 Hz (388 MHz). There are no standards defining the quality required for each resolution, but higher-quality cables typically contain coaxial wiring and insulation which make them thicker. A quality cable should not suffer from signal crosstalk which occurs when the signals in one wire induce unwanted currents in adjacent wires, ghosting which occurs when impedance mismatches cause signals to be reflected (note that ghosting with long cables may not be the fault of the cable but may instead be caused by equipment with incorrect termination or by use of passive splitters), and other signal degradation effects; shorter VGA cables are less likely to introduce significant degradation. Some higher-end monitors and video cards featured 5 separate BNC connectors for RGBHV signal, allowing highest quality connection using five 75 ohm coaxial cables.

. Attach the tape drive to the secondary IDE port.

Your server has one or two IDE ports. Each port can support up to two devices (on a single IDE cable). A hard disc is usually attached to the primary IDE port, as shown in Example 1, unless the hard disc is SCSI. The Travan 40 should not be attached to an IDE port that is being used by a hard disc or a sound card. In this case, you must use the secondary IDE port for your tape drive.

If no devices or cables are attached to the secondary IDE port (as shown in Example 1), you will need to obtain a second IDE cable for your tape drive.

EXAMPLE 1: Existing server with two IDE ports (hard disc attached to the primary IDE port)

If a CD-ROM or other compatible device is attached to the secondary IDE port (as shown in Example 2) you can install the tape drive on the same cable as the CD-ROM.

EXAMPLE 2: Existing server with two IDE ports (ATAPI devices on both primary and secondary IDE Ports)

2. Set the master/slave jumpers

Make sure that the master/slave jumper on the tape drive is configured for "cable select." See the figure below for master/slave jumper settings. If there is another device, such as a CD-ROM, attached to the same cable, that device should also be configured for "cable select."

3. Mount the drive.

Slide the drive into an unused 5 1/2-inch drive bay until the bezel is flush with the front of the server. The Drive-activity light/Eject button should be on the upper left, as shown below. Secure the drive using four mounting screws. Do not overtighten the screws.

4. Attach your tape drive to the secondary IDE port.

Are any other devices attached to your secondary IDE port?

If you already have a CD-ROM or other device attached to your secondary IDE port, attach the tape drive to the middle connector on the IDE cable, as shown below.

NOTE: Do not attach your tape drive to a cable that is already being used by a hard disc or a sound card.

If no other devices are attached to your secondary IDE port, use a new 40-pin IDE cable to attach the tape drive to the secondary IDE port, as shown below.

In either case, make sure that pin 1 on the tape drive (located next to the power connector) is connected to pin 1 on the IDE cable and on the IDE port connector. Pin 1 on the IDE cable is indicated by a stripe on the edge of the cable.

5. Connect the power cable.

Connect a 4-pin power cable to the back of the tape drive (see figure below). If all the power cables in your server are being used by other devices, you can purchase a Yshaped power-cable splitter from your computer dealer.

6. Check all cables in your server system.

Make sure that no cables have loosened during the installation. Make sure that all cables are routed so that they will not bind or become crimped when you replace the cover of your server.

7. Reinstall your server cover.

Your new tape drive is ready for use. See your software manual for instructions on backing up data.

System configuration notes

Installing Windows device drivers

Commercial backup applications provide all necessary device driver support. However, if you intend to use native Windows operating system backup applications or the included diagnostic software, you need to install the device drivers supplied on the Dell PowerVault 100T Travan 40 Tape Drive User's Manual and Drivers CD.
NOTE: Native backup applications do not include software compression, so your Travan 40 drive's maximum capacity will be limited to 20GB.

Microsoft Windows 2000: 1. Make sure that you are logged on to the host server with Administrator privileges. 2. Insert the Dell PowerVault 100T Travan 40 Tape Drive User's Guide and Drivers CD into the CD-ROM drive on the host server. 3. Right-click the My Computer icon on the Windows desktop, click Manage, then doubleclick Device Manager. 4. The PowerVault 100T Travan 40 drive should be listed under the "? Other Devices" item as "Seagate STT3401A." 5. Right-click the Seagate STT3401A listing and click Properties. 6. Click the Reinstall Driver button. 7. When the Upgrade Device Driver Wizard appears, click the Next button. 8. Select Search for a suitable driver for my device and then click the Next button. 9. Click on Specify a Location. 10. At the prompt Copy manufacturer's files from:, type d:\Drivers\W2K, replacing d: with the drive letter for the CD-ROM drive, and click the OK button. The driver will be copied to the system. 11. Click the Finish button. 12. Close the Device Properties dialog box. 13. The drive now appears in Device Manager under "Tape Drives" and is ready to use.

Linux users

To use this IDE tape drive with a supported Dell server running Red Hat Linux 7.1 or 7.2, you must add the following lines to the /etc/rc.d/rc.local file:
insmod ide-scsi hdparm -d0 /dev/hdx mt -f /dev/st0 stoptions no-blklimits

(In the text above, x is the assigned drive letter for the tape drive.)
NOTE: IDE tape drives installed in systems running Red Hat Linux 7.1 or 7.2 must use the ide-scsi driver module and can be accessed as /dev/st0.

Serial ATA (SATA)

From top to bottom, SATA Certification Logo, SATA cable, and two first-generation (1.5 Gbit/s) SATA data connectors on a motherboard.

Year created

2003

Supersedes

Parallel ATA (PATA)

Capacity

1.5, 3.0, 6.0 Gbit/s

Style

Serial Yes[1]

Hotplugging interface

External interface

Yes (eSATA)

Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA was designed to replace the older ATA (AT Attachment) standard (also known as EIDE), offering several advantages over the older parallel ATA (PATA) interface: reduced cable-bulk and cost (7 conductors versus 40), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol. SATA host-adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. In contrast, parallel ATA (the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications) used a 16-bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals, all operating at much lower frequency. To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications, SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command-set as legacy ATA devices. As of 2009, SATA has replaced parallel ATA in most shipping consumer desktop and laptop computers, and is expected to eventually replace PATA in embedded applications where space and cost are important factors. SATA's market share in the desktop PC market was 99% in 2008.[2] PATA remains widely used in industrial and embedded applications that use CompactFlash storage, though even here, the next CFast storage standard will be based on SATA.[3][4]
Contents [hide]

1 Specification bodies 2 Features o 2.1 Hotplug o 2.2 Advanced Host Controller Interface 3 Revisions o 3.1 SATA revision 1.0 (SATA 1.5 Gbit/s) o 3.2 SATA revision 2.0 (SATA 3 Gbit/s) o 3.3 SATA revision 3.0 (SATA 6 Gbit/s) o 3.4 SATA revision 3.1 o 3.5 Terminology 4 Cables, connectors, and ports o 4.1 Data connector o 4.2 Power connectors 4.2.1 Standard connector 4.2.2 Slimline connector 4.2.3 Micro connector o 4.3 eSATA 4.3.1 eSATAp

4.3.2 Pre-standard implementations 4.4 mSATA 5 Protocol o 5.1 Physical layer o 5.2 Link layer o 5.3 Transport layer 6 Topology 7 Backward and forward compatibility o 7.1 SATA and PATA o 7.2 SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 3 Gbit/s 8 Comparison to other interfaces o 8.1 SATA and SCSI o 8.2 Comparison with other buses 9 Development tools 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 External links o

[edit] Specification bodies

Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from The Serial ATA International Organization (aka. SATA-IO, serialata.org). The SATA-IO group collaboratively creates, reviews, ratifies, and publishes the interoperability specifications, the test cases, and plug-fests. As with many other industry compatibility standards, the SATA content ownership is transferred to other industry bodies: primarily the INCITS T13subcommittee ATA, the INCITS T10 subcommittee (SCSI); a subgroup of T10 responsible for Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). The complete specification from SATA-IO.[5] The remainder of this article will try to use the terminology and specifications of SATA-IO.
[edit] Features [edit] Hotplug

The Serial ATA Spec includes logic for SATA device hotplugging. Devices and motherboards that meet the interoperability specification are capable of hot plugging.
[edit] Advanced Host Controller Interface

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) is an open host controller interface published and used by Intel, which has become a de facto standard. It allows the use of advanced features of SATA such as hotplug and native command queuing (NCQ). If AHCI is not enabled by the motherboard and chipset, SATA controllers typically operate in "IDE emulation" mode, which does not allow features of devices to be accessed if the ATA/IDE standard does not support them. Windows device drivers that are labeled as SATA are often running in IDE emulation mode unless they explicitly state that they are AHCI mode, in RAID mode, or a mode provided by a

proprietary driver and command set that was designed to allow access to SATA's advanced features before AHCI became popular. Modern versions of Microsoft Windows, FreeBSD, Linux with version 2.6.19 onward,[6] as well as Solaris and OpenSolaris include support for AHCI, but older OSs such as Windows XP do not. Even in those instances a proprietary driver may have been created for a specific chipset, such as Intel's.[7]
[edit] Revisions [edit] SATA revision 1.0 (SATA 1.5 Gbit/s)

First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit/s. Taking 8b/10b encoding overhead into account, they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit/s (150 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit/s is similar to that of PATA/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment. During the initial period after SATA 1.5 Gbit/s finalization, adapter and drive manufacturers used a "bridge chip" to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface.[citation needed] Bridged drives have a SATA connector, may include either or both kinds of power connectors, and, in general, perform identically to their PATA equivalents. Most lack support for some SATA-specific features such as NCQ. Native SATA products quickly eclipsed bridged products with the introduction of the second generation of SATA drives.[citation needed] As of April 2010 mechanical hard disk drives can transfer data at up to 157 MB/s,[8] which is beyond the capabilities of the older PATA/133 specification and also exceeds a SATA 1.5 Gbit/s link.
[edit] SATA revision 2.0 (SATA 3 Gbit/s)

Second generation SATA interfaces running at 3.0 Gbit/s are shipping in high volume as of 2010, and prevalent in all[citation needed] SATA disk drives and the majority of PC and server chipsets. With a native transfer rate of 3.0 Gbit/s, and taking 8b/10b encoding into account, the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 2.4 Gbit/s (300 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 3.0 Gbit/s is roughly double that of SATA revision 1. In addition, SATA devices offer enhancements such as native command queuing that improve performance in a multitasking environment. All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit/s and will handle current mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance. However, high-performance flash drives are approaching SATA 3 Gbit/s transfer rate, and this is being addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit/s interoperability standard.
[edit] SATA revision 3.0 (SATA 6 Gbit/s)

Serial ATA International Organization presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit/s physical layer in July 2008,[9] and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18, 2008.[10]

The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27, 2009.[11] It provides peak throughput of about 600 MB/s (Megabytes per second) including the protocol overhead (10b/8b coding with 8 bits to one byte). Solid-State Drives have already saturated SATA 3 Gbit/s with 285/275 MB/s max read/write speed and 250 MB/s sustained with the Sandforce 1200 and 1500 controller. However SandForce SSD controllers scheduled for release in 2011 have delivered 500 MB/s read/write rates,[12] and ten channels of fast flash can reach well over 500 MB/s with new ONFI drives a move from SATA 3 Gbit/s to SATA 6 Gbit/s allows such devices to work at their full speed. Full performance from Crucial's C300 SSD similarly require SATA 3.0. As for standard hard disks, the reads from their built-in DRAM cache will end up faster across the new interface.[13] SATA 6 Gbit/s hard drives and motherboards are now shipping from several suppliers. Intel's current Sandy Bridge platform offers 6 Gbit/s SATA ports as standard. The new specification contains the following changes:

6 Gbit/s for scalable performance when used with SSDs Continued compatibility with SAS, including SAS 6 Gbit/s. "A SAS domain may support attachment to and control of unmodified SATA devices connected directly into the SAS domain using the Serial ATA Tunneled Protocol (STP)" from the SATA_Revision_3_0_Gold specification. Isochronous Native Command Queuing (NCQ) streaming command to enable isochronous quality of service data transfers for streaming digital content applications. An NCQ Management feature that helps optimize performance by enabling host processing and management of outstanding NCQ commands. Improved power management capabilities. A small low insertion force (LIF) connector for more compact 1.8-inch storage devices. A connector designed to accommodate 7 mm optical disk drives for thinner and lighter notebooks. Alignment with the INCITS ATA8-ACS standard.

In general, the enhancements are aimed at improving quality of service for video streaming and high-priority interrupts. In addition, the standard continues to support distances up to a meter. The new speeds may require higher power consumption for supporting chips, factors that new process technologies and power management techniques are expected to mitigate. The new specification can use existing SATA cables and connectors, although some OEMs are expected to upgrade host connectors for the higher speeds.[14] Also, the new standard is backwards compatible with SATA 3 Gbit/s.[15]
[edit] SATA revision 3.1

New:[16]

mSATA, SATA for solid-state drives in mobile computing devices, a PCIe-like connector which is electrically SATA[17] Zero-power optical disk drive, idle SATA optical drive draws no power Queued Trim Command, improves solid-state drive performance Required Link Power Management, reduces overall system power demand of several SATA devices Hardware Control Features, enable host identification of device capabilities Universal Storage Module, a new standard for cableless plug-in (slot) powered storage for consumer electronics devices[18]

[edit] Terminology

The name SATA II has become synonymous with the 3 Gbit/s standard. In order to provide the industry with consistent terminology, the SATA-IO has compiled a set of marketing guidelines for the third revision of the specification.

The SATA 6 Gbit/s specification should be called Serial ATA International Organization: Serial ATA Revision 3.0. The technology itself is to be referred to as SATA 6 Gb/s. A product using this standard should be called the SATA 6 Gb/s [product name].

Using the terms SATA III or SATA 3.0 to refer to a SATA 6 Gbit/s product is unclear and not preferred. SATA-IO has provided a guideline to foster consistent marketing terminology across the industry.[19]
[edit] Cables, connectors, and ports

Connectors and cables present the most visible differences between SATA and parallel ATA drives. Unlike PATA, the same connectors are used on 3.5-inch (89 mm) SATA hard disks for desktop and server computers and 2.5-inch (64 mm) disks for portable or small computers; this allows 2.5-inch (64 mm) drives to be used in desktop computers with only a mounting bracket and no wiring adapter. Smaller disks may use the mini-SATA spec, suitable for small-formfactor Serial ATA drives and mini SSDs.[20] There is a special connector (eSATA) specified for external devices, and an optionally implemented provision for clips to hold internal connectors firmly in place. SATA drives may be plugged into SAS controllers and communicate on the same physical cable as native SAS disks, but SATA controllers cannot handle SAS disks. There are female SATA ports (on motherboards for example) for use with SATA data cable with locks or clips, thus reducing the chance of accidentally unplugging while the machine is turned onAs do SATA power/data connectors on optical and high-density devices. Moreover, some SATA cables have orthogonally positioned heads in the shape of an 'L' which in effect ease the connection of devices to circuit boards.
[edit] Data connector Pin # 1 2 3 4 Function Ground A+ (transmit) A (transmit) Ground

5 6 7

B (receive) B+ (receive) Ground Coding notch

A 7-pin SATA data cable.

SATA connector on a hard drive; data connections on the left and power connections on the right.

The SATA standard defines a data cable with seven conductors (3 grounds and 4 active data lines in two pairs) and 8 mm wide wafer connectors on each end. SATA cables can have lengths up to 1 metre (3.3 ft), and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA ribbon cables, in comparison, connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives, carry either 40 or 80 wires, and are limited to 45 centimetres (18 in) in length by the PATA specification (however, cables up to 90 centimetres (35 in) are readily available). Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces, and reduce obstructions to air cooling. They are more susceptible to accidental unplugging and breakage than PATA, but cables can be purchased that have a locking feature, whereby a small (usually metal) spring holds the plug in the socket. One of the problems associated with the transmission of data at high speed over electrical connections is described as noise, which is due to electrical coupling between data circuits and other circuits. As a result, the data circuits can both affect other circuits, and be affected by them. Designers use a number of techniques to reduce the undesirable effects of such unintentional coupling. One such technique used in SATA links is differential signaling. This is an enhancement over PATA, which uses single-ended signaling. Some PATA cables use 80 wires, where only 40 wires carry signals.

[edit] Power connectors [edit] Standard connector Pin # Mating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1st 13 14 15 2nd 3rd 12 V 3rd 3rd 3rd 3.3 V 2nd 1st 2nd Ground 2nd 2nd 3rd 5 V 3rd 2nd Ground 3rd Staggered spinup/activity (in supporting drives) Ground Function Coding notch

A 15-pin SATA power connector. Note that this connector is missing the 3.3V (orange) wire.

The SATA standard specifies a power connector that differs from the decades-old four-pin Molex connector found on pre-SATA devices. Like the data cable, it is wafer-based, but its wider 15-pin shape prevents accidental mis-identification and forced insertion of the wrong connector type. Native SATA devices favor the SATA power-connector, although some early SATA drives retained older 4-pin Molex in addition to the SATA power connector. SATA features more pins than the traditional connector for several reasons:

A third voltage is supplied, 3.3 V, in addition to the traditional 5 V and 12 V. Each voltage is transmitted through three pins grouped together, because the small contacts by themselves cannot supply sufficient current for some devices. (Each pin should be able to carry 1.5 A.) Five pins grouped together provide ground. For each of the three voltages, one of the three pins serves for hotplugging. The ground pins and power pins 3, 7, and 13 are longer on the plug (located on the SATA device) so they will connect first. A special hot-plug receptacle (on the cable or a backplane) can connect ground pins 4 and 12 first. Pin 11 can function for staggered spinup, activity indication, or nothing. Staggered spinup is used to prevent many drives from spinning up simultaneously, as this may draw too much power. Activity is an indication of whether the drive is busy, and is intended to give feedback to the user through an LED.

Adapters are available that convert a 4-pin Molex connector to a SATA power connector. Generally, because the power lines on 4-pin Molex connectors do not provide 3.3 V power, these adapters provide only 5 V and 12 V power on the SATA end and leave the 3.3 V lines unconnected. This precludes the use of such adapters with drives that require 3.3 V power. Because of this, drive manufacturers have largely not used the 3.3 V power lines. There also exist some 4-pin Molex to SATA power adapters which include electronics to provide 3.3 V power.
[edit] Slimline connector Pin # Mating Function Coding notch

1 2 3 4 5 6

3rd Device presence 2nd 5V 2nd 2nd Manufacturing diagnostic 1st Ground 1st

A 6-pin Slimline SATA power connector.

The back of a SATA-based slimline optical drive.

SATA 2.6 first defined the slimline connector, intended for smaller form-factors; e.g., notebook optical drives. Note that pin 1 (device presence) is shorter than the others.
[edit] Micro connector Pin # 1 2 2nd Mating (Backplane) 3rd 3.3 V Function

3 4 5 6 7

1st Ground 1st 2nd 5V 3rd 3rd Reserved Coding notch 3rd Vendor specific 2nd

8 9

A 1.8-inch (46-millimeter) hard drive, showing data connector and micro power connector.

The micro connector originated with SATA 2.6. It is intended for 1.8-inch (46 mm) hard drives. There is also a micro data connector, which is similar to the standard data connector, but is slightly thinner.
[edit] eSATA

The official eSATA logo

SATA (left) and eSATA (right) connectors

Standardized in 2004, eSATA (e standing for external) provides a variant of SATA meant for external connectivity. While it has revised electrical requirements and the connectors and cables are not directly compatible with SATA, the protocol and logical signaling are the same:

Minimum transmit potential increased: Range is 500600 mV instead of 400600 mV. Minimum receive potential decreased: Range is 240600 mV instead of 325600 mV. Identical protocol and logical signaling (link/transport-layer and above), allowing native SATA devices to be deployed in external enclosures with minimal modification Maximum cable length of 2 metres (6.6 ft) (USB and FireWire allow longer distances.) The external cable connector equates to a shielded version of the connector specified in SATA 1.0a with these basic differences: o The external connector has no "L"-shaped key, and the guide features are vertically offset and reduced in size. This prevents the use of unshielded internal cables in external applications and vice-versa. o To prevent ESD damage, the design increased insertion depth from 5 mm to 6.6 mm and the contacts are mounted farther back in both the receptacle and plug. o To provide EMI protection and meet FCC and CE emission requirements, the cable has an extra layer of shielding, and the connectors have metal contact-points. o The connector shield has retention springs in on both the top and bottom surfaces. o The external connector and cable have a design-life of over five thousand insertions and removals, whereas the internal connector is specified to withstand only fifty.

Aimed at the consumer market, eSATA enters an external storage market served also by the USB and FireWire interfaces. Most external hard-disk-drive cases with FireWire or USB interfaces use either PATA or SATA drives and "bridges" to translate between the drives' interfaces and the enclosures' external ports; this bridging incurs some inefficiency. Some single disks can transfer 157 MB/s during real use,[8] about four times the maximum transfer rate of USB 2.0 or FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394a) and almost twice as fast as the maximum transfer rate of FireWire 800. The S3200 FireWire 1394b spec reaches ~400 MB/s (3.2 Gbit/s), and USB 3.0 has a nominal speed of 5 Gbit/s. Some low-level drive features, such as S.M.A.R.T., may not operate through some USB [2] or FireWire or USB+FireWire bridges; eSATA does not suffer from these issues provided that the controller manufacturer (and its drivers) presents eSATA drives as ATA devices, rather than as "SCSI" devices, as has been common with Silicon Image, JMicron, and

NVIDIA nForce drivers for Windows Vista. In those cases SATA drives will not have low-level features accessible. Firewire's future 6.4 Gb/s (768 MB/s) will be faster than eSATA I. The eSATA version of SATA 6G will operate at 6.0 Gb/s (the term SATA III is being eschewed by the SATA-IO to avoid confusion with SATA II 3.0 Gbit/s, which was colloquially referred to as "SATA 3G" [bps] or "SATA 300" [MB/s] since 1.5 Gbit/s SATA I and 1.5 Gbit/s SATA II were referred to as both "SATA 1.5G" [b/s] or "SATA 150" [MB/s]). Therefore, they will operate with negligible differences between them.[21] Once an interface can transfer data as fast as a drive can handle them, increasing the interface speed does not improve data transfer. Most computers have USB ports, and many computers and consumer electronic appliances have FireWire ports, but few devices have external SATA connectors. For small form-factor devices (such as external 2.5-inch (64 mm) disks), a PC-hosted USB or FireWire link can usually supply sufficient power to operate the device. However, eSATA connectors cannot supply power, and require a power supply for the external device. The related eSATAp (but mechanically incompatible) connector adds power to an external SATA connection, so that an additional power supply is not needed.[22] Some e-sata ports double as eSATA/USB. Desktop computers without a built-in eSATA interface can install an eSATA host bus adapter (HBA); if the motherboard supports SATA, an externally-available eSATA connector can be added. Notebook computers can be upgraded with Cardbus[23] or ExpressCard[24] versions of an eSATA HBA. With passive adapters, the maximum cable length is reduced to 1 metre (3.3 ft) due to the absence of compliant eSATA signal-levels.
[edit] eSATAp Main articles: eSATAp and ESATA/USB

An eSATAp port (left) and an eSATA port (right)

1 cable solution. An eSATAp HDD enclosure from Delock

eSATAp stands for powered eSATA. It is also known as Power over eSATA, eSATA USB Hybrid Port (EUHP), or eSATA/USB Combo. An eSATAp port combines the 4 pins of the USB 2.0 (or earlier) port, the 7 pins of the eSATA port, and optionally two 12-volt power pins.[25] Both SATA traffic and device power are integrated in a single cable, as is the case with USB but not eSATA. Power at 5 volts is provided through two USB pins; power at 12 Volts may optionally be provided. Typically desktop, but not notebook, computers provide 12 volt power, so can power devices requiring this voltage, typically 3.5" disk and CD/DVD drives, in addition to 5 volt devices such as 2.5" drives. Both USB and eSATA devices can be used with an eSATAp port it, when plugged in with a USB or eSATA cable, respectively. An eSATA device cannot be powered via an eSATA cable, but cables are available which make available both SATA or eSATA and power connectors from an eSATAp port. An eSATAp connector can be built into a computer with internal SATA and USB, by fitting a bracket with connections for internal SATA, USB, and power connectors and an externallyaccessible eSATAp port. Although eSATAp connectors have been built into several devices, manufacturers do not refer to an official standard.
[edit] Pre-standard implementations

Prior to the final eSATA 3 Gbit/s specification, a number of products were designed for external connection of SATA drives. Some of these use the internal SATA connector, or even connectors designed for other interface specifications, such as FireWire. These products are not eSATA compliant. The final eSATA specification features a specific connector designed for rough handling, similar to the regular SATA connector, but with reinforcements in both the male and female sides, inspired by the USB connector. eSATA resists inadvertent unplugging, and can withstand yanking or wiggling, which could break a male SATA connector (the hard-drive or host adapter, usually fitted inside the computer). With an eSATA connector, considerably more force is needed to damage the connector, and if it does break it is likely to be the female side, on the cable itself, which is relatively easy to replace.[citation needed] Prior to the final eSATA 6 Gbit/s specification many add-on cards and some motherboards advertised eSATA 6 Gbit/s support because they had 6 Gbit/s SATA 3.0 controllers for internal-only solutions. Those implementations are non-standard, and eSATA 6 Gbit/s requirements will be ratified in the upcoming SATA 3.1 specification.[26] These products might not be eSATA 6 Gbit/s compliant.

[edit] mSATA

Mini-SATA not to be confused with the micro connector was announced by the Serial ATA International Organization, September 21, 2009.[27] Applications include netbooks and other devices that require a smaller solid-state drive. The connector resembles a miniPCIe (mini PCI Express) card interface.[28]
[edit] Protocol

The SATA specification defines three distinct protocol layers: physical, link, and transport.
[edit] Physical layer

The physical layer defines SATA's electrical and physical characteristics (such as cable dimensions and parasitics, driver voltage level and receiver operating range), as well as the physical coding subsystem (bit-level encoding, device detection on the wire, and link initialization). Physical transmission uses differential signaling. The SATA PHY contains a transmit pair and receive pair. When the SATA-link is not in use (example: no device attached), the transmitter allows the transmit pins to float to their common-mode voltage level. When the SATA-link is either active or in the link-initialization phase, the transmitter drives the transmit pins at the specified differential voltage (1.5v in SATA/I.) SATA physical coding uses a line encoding system known as 8b/10b encoding. This scheme serves multiple functions required to sustain a differential serial link. First, the stream contains necessary synchronization information that allows for SATA host/drive to extract clocking. The 8b/10b encoded sequence embeds periodic edge transitions to allow the receiver to achieve bitalignment without the use of a separately transmitted reference clock waveform. The sequence also maintains a neutral (DC-balanced) bitstream, which allows the transmit drivers and receiver inputs to be AC-coupled. Also, Serial/ATA uses some of the of special characters defined in 8b/10b. In particular, the PHY layer uses the comma (K28.5) character to maintain symbol-alignment. A specific 4symbol sequence, the ALIGN primitive, is used for clock rate-matching between the two devices on the link. Other special symbols communicate flow control information produced and consumed in the higher layers (link and transport.) Separate point-to-point AC-coupled LVDS links are used for physical transmission between host and drive. The PHY layer is responsible for detecting the other SATA/device on a cable, and link initialization. During the link-initialization process, the PHY is responsible for locally generating special out-of-band signals by switching the transmitter between electrical-idle and specific 10bcharacters in a defined pattern, negotiating a mutually supported signalling rate (1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 Gbps), and finally synchronizing to the far-end device's PHY-layer data stream. During this time, no data is sent from the link-layer. Once link-initialization has completed, the link-layer takes over data-transmission, with the PHY providing only the 8b/10b conversion before bit transmission.
[edit] Link layer

After the PHY-layer has established a link, the link layer is responsible for transmission and reception of FISs over the SATA link. FISs are packets containing control information or

payload data. Each packet contains a header (identifying its type), and payload whose contents are dependent on the type. The link layer also manages flow control between over the link.
[edit] Transport layer This section requires expansion. [edit] Topology

SATA topology: host (H), expansor (M), and device (D).

SATA uses a point-to-point architecture. The physical connection between a controller and a storage device is not shared among other controllers and storage devices. SATA defines multipliers, which allows a single SATA controller to drive multiple storage devices. The multiplier performs the function of a hub; the controller and each storage device is connected to the hub. Modern PC systems have SATA controllers built into the motherboard, typically featuring 2 to 6 ports. Additional ports can be installed through add-in SATA host adapters (available in variety of bus-interfaces: USB, PCI, PCI-e.)
[edit] Backward and forward compatibility [edit] SATA and PATA

At the device level, SATA and PATA (Parallel AT Attachment) devices remain completely incompatiblethey cannot be interconnected. At the application level, SATA devices can be specified to look and act like PATA devices.[29] Many motherboards offer a "legacy mode" option, which makes SATA drives appear to the OS, like PATA drives on a standard controller. This eases OS installation by not requiring a specific driver to be loaded during setup but sacrifices support for some features of SATA and, in general, disables some of the boards' PATA or SATA ports, since the standard PATA controller interface supports only 4 drives. (Often which ports are disabled is configurable.) The common heritage of the ATA command set has enabled the proliferation of low-cost PATA to SATA bridge-chips. Bridge-chips were widely used on PATA drives (before the completion of native SATA drives) as well as standalone "dongles."[30] When attached to a PATA drive, a device-side dongle allows the PATA drive to function as a SATA drive. Host-side dongles allow a motherboard PATA port to function as a SATA host port.

The market has produced powered enclosures for both PATA and SATA drives that interface to the PC through USB, Firewire or eSATA, with the restrictions noted above. PCI cards with a SATA connector exist that allow SATA drives to connect to legacy systems without SATA connectors.
[edit] SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 3 Gbit/s

The designers of SATA aimed for backward and forward compatibility with future revisions of the SATA standard.[citation needed] According to the hard drive manufacturer Maxtor, motherboard host controllers using the VIA and SIS chipsets VT8237, VT8237R, VT6420, VT6421L, SIS760, SIS964 found on the ECS 755-A2 manufactured in 2003, do not support SATA 3 Gbit/s drives. Additionally, these host controllers do not support SATA 3 Gbit/s optical disc drives. Users with a SATA 1.5 Gbit/s motherboard with one of the listed chipsets should either buy an ordinary SATA 1.5 Gbit/s hard disk, buy a SATA 3 Gbit/s hard disk switchable to 1.5 Gbit/s, or buy a PCI or PCI-E card to add full SATA 3 Gbit/s capability and compatibility. To prevent interoperability problems that could occur when next generation SATA drives are installed on motherboards with legacy standard SATA 1.5 Gbit/s motherboard host controllers, many manufacturers have made it easy to switch those newer drives to the previous standard's mode. For example, Seagate/Maxtor has added a user-accessible jumper-switch, known as the Force 150, to enable the drive to be switched between 1.5 Gbit/s and 3 Gbit/s operation. Western Digital uses a jumper setting called OPT1 Enabled to force 1.5 Gbit/s data transfer speed (OPT1 is enabled by putting the jumper on pins 5 & 6). Samsung drives can be switched to 1.5 Gbit/s mode using software that may be downloaded from the manufacturer's website. Upgrading a Samsung drive in this manner requires the temporary use of a SATA-2 (SATA 3.0 Gbit/s) controller while programming the drive. The Force 150 switch is also useful when attaching SATA 300 hard drives on SATA controllers on PCI cards, since many of these controllers (such as the Silicon Images chips) will run at SATA300 even though the PCI bus cannot even reach SATA150 speeds. This can cause data corruption in operating systems that do not specifically test for this condition and limit the disk transfer speed.
[edit] Comparison to other interfaces [edit] SATA and SCSI

SCSI uses a more complex bus than SATA, usually resulting in higher manufacturing-costs. SCSI buses also allow connection of several drives on one shared channel, whereas SATA allows one drive per channel, unless using a port multiplier. SATA 3 Gbit/s offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB/s per device compared to SCSI with a maximum of 320 MB/s in total for all devices on a bus.[31] SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than multiple SATA drives connected via a simple (i. e. command-based) port multiplier because of disconnect-reconnect and aggregating performance.[32] In general, SATA

devices link compatibly to SAS enclosures and adapters, whereas SCSI devices cannot be directly connected to a SATA bus. SCSI, SAS, and fibre-channel (FC) drives are more expensive than SATA, so they are used in servers and disk arrays where the better performance justifies the additional cost. Inexpensive ATA and SATA drives evolved in the home-computer market, hence there is a view that they are less reliable. As those two worlds overlapped, the subject of reliability became somewhat controversial. Note that, in general, the failure rate of a disk drive is related to the quality of its heads, platters and supporting manufacturing processes, not to its interface. Use of serial ATA in the business market increased from 21.6% in 2006 to 27.6% in 2008.
[edit] Comparison with other buses Name eSATA 3,000 eSATAp SATA revision 6,000 3.0 SATA revision 3,000 2.0 SATA revision 1,500 1.0 PATA 133 SAS 600 SAS 300 SAS 150 IEEE 1394 3200 1,064 6,000 3,000 1,500 3,144 600
[34]

Raw bandwidth Transfer (Mbit/s) speed (MB/s)

Max. cable length (m)

Power provided No 5 V/12 V[33]

Devices per channel

300

2 with eSATA HBA (1 with passive adapter)

1 (15 with port multiplier)

300

No

150[35] 133.5 600 300 150 393 98.25 49.13 100 (more with special cables) 100[36] 4.5[36][37] 10 No 0.46 (18 in) No

1 per line 2

1 (>65k with expanders)

IEEE 1394 800 786 IEEE 1394 400 393

15 W, 12 63 (with hub) 25 V

USB 3.0* USB 2.0 USB 1.0

5,000 480 12

400[38] 60 1.5 640

3[39] 5[40] 3

4.5 W, 5 V 2.5 W, 5 V 127 (with hub)[39] Yes

SCSI Ultra-640 5,120 SCSI Ultra-320 2,560 Fibre Channel over optic 10,520 fibre Fibre Channel over copper 4,000 cable

12 320

No

15 (plus the HBA)

1,000

250,000 No 126 (16,777,216 with switches)

400

12

InfiniBand Quad Rate

10,000

1,000

5 (copper)[41][42]

No

<10,000 (fiber)
Thunderbolt 10,000 1,250 3 (copper) 10 W

1 with point to point Many with switched fabric 7

* USB 3.0 specification released to hardware vendors 17 November 2008.

Unlike PATA, both SATA and eSATA support hot-swapping by design. However, this feature requires proper support at the host, device (drive), and operating-system level. In general, all SATA devices (drives) support hot-swapping (due to the requirements on the device-side), also most SATA host adapters support this command.[1] SCSI-3 devices with SCA-2 connectors are designed for hot-swapping. Many server and RAID systems provide hardware support for transparent hot-swapping. The designers of the SCSI standard prior to SCA-2 connectors did not target hot-swapping, but, in practice, most RAID implementations support hot-swapping of hard disks.
[edit] Development tools

smps
24-pin ATX12V 2.x power supply connector (20-pin omits the last four: 11, 12, 23 and 24) Color AT power connector (Used on older AT style mainboards) Color Pin P8.1 P8.2 P8.3 P8.4 P8.5 P8.6 P9.1 P9.2 P9.3 P9.4 P9.5 P9.6 Signal Power Good +5 V +12 V 12 V Ground Ground Ground Ground 5 V +5 V +5 V +5 V Signal Pin Pin Signal +3.3 V Orange +3.3 V 1 13 +3.3 V sense Brown Orange Black Red Black Red Black Grey +3.3 V 2 Ground 3 +5 V 4 Ground 5 +5 V 6 Ground 7 Power good 8 14 12 V 15 Ground 16 Power on 17 Ground 18 Ground 19 Ground 20 Reserved 21 +5 V Blue Black Green Black Black Black N/C Red Red Red Black Color Orange

Purple +5 V standby 9 Yellow Yellow Orange

+12 V 10 22 +5 V +12 V 11 23 +5 V +3.3 V 12 24 Ground

Pins 8, 13, and 16 (shaded) are control signals, not power: o "Power On" is pulled up to +5V by the PSU, and must be driven low to turn on the PSU. o "Power good" is low when other outputs have not yet reached, or are about to leave, correct voltages. o The "+3.3 V sense" line is for remote sensing.[8] Pin 20 (formerly 5V, white wire) is absent in current power supplies; it was optional in ATX and ATX12V ver. 1.2, and deleted as of ver. 1.3. The right-hand pins are numbered 1120 in the 20-pin

version.