INFLUENCE OF STRESSORS ON THE STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AS PERCIEVED BY SELECTED FOURTH YEAR BSHRM STUDENT OF OUR LADY OF FATIMA

UNIVERSITY FOR THE S.Y 2009 2010.

A Thesis proposal to the Faculty of Hotel and Restaurant Management Our Lady of Fatima University

In Partial Fulfilment of Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor in Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management

By: Kathleen Ruedas Francis Angelo Revillosa Jaymar Orale Renold Cantillan Ron Carlo Martin

September 2009

i APPROVAL SHEET This thesis entitled: Influence of stressors on the academic performance as perceived by the selected fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University for the S.Y 2009 2010 prepared and submitted by: Kathleen Ruedas, Francis Angelo Revillosa, Jaymar Orale, Reynold Cantilan and Ron Carlo Martin in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management, Has been examined and is recommended of ORAL EXAMINATION

ELVIRA LABARTINE, MSFS Research Adviser _____________________________________________________________ PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the committee on ORAL EXAMINATION with a grade of ___

LIWAYWAY M. MANIO, PhD Chairperson _________________________ Panel member Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management,

MARY ANN A. DONATO, RND Officer-in- Charge College of Hotel and Restaurant Management

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to thank our Almighty God for giving us the strength to continue and finish this research. We would like to thank our friends for sharing their ideas about our research. We would like to thank our parents for giving us their moral and financial support to finish this research. We would like to thanks to Ms. Elvira Labartine for guiding us as our research professor. We would like to thank Mrs. Fe Arellano for helping us for our research. We would like also to thank Dra. Liwayway Manio for checking and correcting our errors on this research. We would like also to thank all the fourth year BSHRM of Our Lady of Fatima University who participate to answer our survey questionnaire for we finish our research.

iii ABSTRACT This study focused attention to the INFLUENCE OF STRESSORS ON THE STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AS PERCIEVED BY SELECTED FOUTH YEAR BS HRM STUDENTS OF OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY FOR THE S.Y 2009-2010. It is an evaluation of the factors affecting the performance of the BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University The subjects of the study were limited to the fourth year student who enrolled from the first semester of 2009 2010. Our study aims to identify the influence of stressors on the students academics performance as perceived by selected fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University. Questionnaires are used in gathering data. The data collected are analyzed and interpreted using percentage and weighted mean.

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE APPROVAL SHEET.i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii ABSTRACT.iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.iv LIST OF TABLES...vi CHAPTER I.THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction.1 Objective of the study.2 Statement of the problem2 Hypothesis...3 Significance of the study.3 Scope and Delimitation and study..4 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature5 Conceptual Framework.50 Research Paradigm51

v Definition of Terms...52 III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design55 Population and sample..55 Research Instrument.56 Data Gathering Procedure.57 Statistical Treatment.57 IV.PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS.59-69 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary..70 Conclusion71 Recommendation.72 BIBLIOGRAPHY..73 APPENDICES Appendix A- Letter of Approval.74 Appendix B- Sample Questionnaire76 Appendix C- Tabulation Sheet.80 Appendix D- Curriculum Vitae96

vi LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.56 Population and Sample Table 2.59 Distribution of respondents based on the age Table 3.60 Distribution of respondents base on gender Table 4.61 Distribution of respondents based on civil status Table 5.61 Distribution of respondents based on type of students Table 6.62 Distribution of respondents base on the no. of siblings Table 7 63 Environment Table 8.64 Relationship Problem Table 9.65 Time Schedule Table 10...66 Climate Table 11...67 Effects of stressors on the Academic Performance Table 12...68 Ways how to manage and control stress

1 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction In the hands of the youth lies the future of the nation, as Dr Jose Rizal said The Youth is the hope of the Fatherland. For the youth to be the hope of land he must be physically, socially and mentally healthy. But how about youth who are facing stressors in life, that starts from mild, to moderate then to severe depression which can affect his total personality bring the parents have a great expectation to a good future waiting their daughter/ son after their graduation. With the fast-changing pace of time, the students are daily faced with many demands and challenges brought about by increased learning and technologies than often times become stress in their life. The student need to cope up with stress surrounding him that includes psychologically, physiological and behavioral in nature often times the student faced anxiety that give him lack of self- esteem and often times day dreaming that causes them to feel tension or negative emotions like anger. The students are daily confronted with all these problem both at home and in the school. The student stress at home when added to their test and assignments, anxiety in the school may affect their academic and social performance which can

2 be manifested in many ways like frequent absences from class, constant tardiness, lack of self confidence and failing grades. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The study aims to identify the influence of stressors on the students academics performance as perceived by selected fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of stressors on the students academic and social performance as perceived by selected Fourth Year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University for S.Y 2009-2010. Specifically it sought to answer the Following: 1. What is the Profile of the Respondents on terms of: 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil Status 1.4 Type of Students ( Regular, Irregular) 1.5 Number of Siblings

3 2. What are the factor that causes stress? 2.1 Environment 2.2 Relationship problem 2.3 Time Schedule 2.4 Climate 3. Effects of stress on the academic performance as perceived by selected fourth year BS HRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University. 4. How they manage and control stress? HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY Null Hypothesis (Ho) There is no factual evidence that stressors influence the student academic performance as perceived by selected fourth year BS HRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University S.Y 2009- 2010 is effective. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study may be beneficial to the following group of people. For the faculty that has a great help by proving additional information on effect of stress to the HRM student and identify different approaches on how to overcome this effects in order for them to cope with their study in everyday tasks.

4 For the parents, it gives great help for them to know what is the status of their son/daughter in their study and give them a full advice of what are the problems or main reasons why their son/daughter experienced stress. For the respondents, this will benefit them because they will know how to manage themselves and become aware the different level of stressors. For the researchers, this will benefit them because it will give additional information or idea and become aware to the different level of stressors and serve as a guideline to the other thesis student. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The respondents are selected fourth year BSHRM students at Our Lady of Fatima University enrolled during the first semester S.Y. 2009 2010. Respondents covered only selected students from the five (5) sections. Only 20% of the total population of the five sections will be included. The study is limited only to the information to be gathered from the answers of the respondents from the respondents from the questionnaires to be given to them. The number of respondents in this study is composed of forty-five selected BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University. The researchers will conduct the survey in Our Lady of Fatima University on the 3 of August for the purpose of arousing awareness of the students regarding the Influence of stressors on the students academic performance as perceived by selected fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University for the S.Y. 2009 2010.

5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE IN STUDIES FOREIGN LITERATURE The stressor What causes stress? Part of the answer is a stressor. The other part is stress reactivity. A stressor is a stimulus with the potential of triggering the fightor-fight response. The stressors for which our bodies were evolutionarily trained were threats to our safety. The caveman who saw a lion looking for its next meal needed to react quickly. Cavemen who were not fast enough or strong enough to respond to this threat didnt have to worry about the next threat. They became meals for the lion. The fight-or-fight response was necessary, and its rapidly was vital for survival. Modern men and women also find comfort and safety in the fight-or-fight response. We periodically read of some superhuman fear of strength in response to our stressor, such as person lifting a heavy car off another person pinned under it. We attribute this strength to an increase in adrenalin, and it is true that adrenalin secretion does increase as part of the fight-or-fight response has for us. When you step off a curb, not noticing an automobile coming down the street, and hear the autos horn, you quickly jump back onto the curb. Your heart beats fast, your breathing changes, and you perspire. These are all manifestations of your response to a stressor, the threat for being hit by a car. They indicate that your body has been prepared to do something active and to do it immediately (jump back onto the curb).

6 So far, these examples of stressors have all required immediate action to prevent physical harm. Other stressors you encounter have the potential for eliciting this same fight-or-fight response, even though it would be inappropriate to respond immediately or with some action. These stressors are symbolic ones, for example, the loss of status, threats of self-esteem, work overload, or overcrowding. When the boss overloads you with work, it is dysfunctional to fight with him or her and equally ridiculous to run away and not tackle the work. When you encounter the stressors associated with moving a new town, fighting with new people you meet or shying away for meeting new people are both inappropriate means of adjustment. We encounter many different types of stressors. Some are environmental (toxins, heat, cold) some psychological (threats to self-esteem, depression), others sociological (unemployment, death of a loved one), and still others philosophical (use of time, purpose of life) in any case, as Selye discovered, regardless of the stressor, the bodys reaction will be the same. The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands as well as the hypothalamus and other parts of the brain, are activated by stressors.

7 The point is our bodies have evolved to respond to stressors with an immediate action by altering their physiology for greater speed and strength. When we encounter symbolic stressors, our bodies are altered in te same manner although we do not use the changed physiology by responding with come action. Therefore, we build up stress products, which include elevated blood pressure and increased muscular contractions, serum, cholesterol, and secretions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. We do not use these stress products but rather grin and bear the situation. The results are illness and disease when the stress reaction is chronic, is prolonged or goes unabated. This need not be the case. We can learn to take control of ourselves and our bodies to prevent the fight-or-fight response from developing when encountering threats. We can also learn how to use stress products once our physiology has changed to prevent them from resulting in illness, disease, or other negative consequences. Remember, stressors are stimuli with the potential of triggering the fight-or-fight response; they need not lead to such a response. With this book and the practice of the skill it describes, you need not experience such a response. Stress Reactivity

8 The fight-or-fight response is termed stress reactivity. This reaction prepares us for swift action when such a response is warranted. When we build up stress products that we dont use, this stress reaction become unhealthy. What is Meditation? Meditation is simply a mental exercise that affects body processes. Just a physical exercise has certain psychological benefits. The purpose of meditation is to gain control over your attention that you can choose what to focus upon rather than being subject to the unpredictable ebb and flow of environmental circumstances. Meditation has its tradition grounded in Eastern Cultures (e.g., those of India and Tibet) but has seen popularized for western cultures. The major exporter of meditation to the Western world has been the Maharashi Mahesh Yogi. The Maharashi developed a large, worldwide, and highly effective organization to teach trance dental meditation (TM) to a population of people experiencing more and more stress and recognizing the need of more and more of an escape. Types of Meditation Transcendental meditation is but one form of meditative practice. Chakra, yoga, Rinzai Zen, Mudra Yoga, Sufisim, Zen meditation, common external objects (for example, flowers or a peaceful landscape) are focused upon. Tibetan

9 Buddhists use a mandala, a geometric figure with other geometric forms on it that has spiritual or philosophical importance to medicate upon. The use of imagined sounds (thuner or a beating drum) termed nadam or of silently repeated words termed mantra, have also been used. Rinzai Zen meditation uses koans, Zazen focuses on subjective states of concousness, Hindu meditation A decade or so ago, stress was just another word in the dictionary, and, at best, it was negatively used only in the context of a few people (e.g., corporate executives) and conditions (e.g., ulcers, strokes, heart attacks). Today, however, stress in mentioned in the context of all types of people and conditions. In short, our modern-day society has been labelled as part of the stress age Stress has the potential to manifest itself in various forms and life experiences. For example, having a demanding boss; taking an examination; cooking dinner when other disturbing activities are going on; dealing with next to impossible deadlines and unexpected dangers on-the-job dealing with irate customers/people; dealing with irritating co-workers; and having a boring job. Many people feel that stress is caused only by anxiety, frustration and conflict. In fact, any change that is either anticipated or experienced can cause stress as is evidenced in bodily changes, which include thought not limited tom elevated blood pressure, tense muscles, accelerated breathing and sweating.

10 Although the point will be made that not all stress is bad for you, of primary interest to the position is the negative or deadly type of stress commonly called distress. Distress can sap your energy, contribute to wasted time and, at more serious and chronic levels, can cause headaches, backaches, cold and Clammy hand, muscle tension, knotty stomachs, and loss of memory. At a more heightened extreme, human life can be threatened and if the stress is not abated, stress can even kill! Death can occur through several illness/disease-related conditions, for example, heart attacks; strokes; and cancer. It is abundantly clear no one enjoys living with this form of negative stress, yet many people do not know how to manage stress effectively by taking control of their lives. As mentioned before, stress is not caused by the environment outside us; instead, stress is a direct result of our reactions to our environment. Once you get a basic understanding of the stress process, you can, in turn, come to tolerate and manage stress more effectively. In short, this means taking greater control of your life. With view in mind and as depicted by the title of the book, an ABC approach is taken to inform you about stress and its related processes. Stress is inherent in our lives from the day we are born to the day we die, as stress in an integral part of our lives, from which there is no total escape, complete freedom from stress means

11 death. The potential to experience stress surrounds us each day no matter whom we are and under which conditions we might find ourselves. Although potential sources of stress are many and vary a great deal, the physical evidence or bodily reactions to these stressors are the same for everyone. With this latter point mind, stress has been viewed in the past as ...the nonspecific response of our bodies to ant demands placed on them. These bodily reactions include, though not limited to the following; Pounding of the heart; breathing harder; increase in blood pressure; dilatation of the pupil in the eyes; wet and sticky hands; feelings of knots and ties in the stomach and the arrest of selected digestive functions. Not all stress is bad Because of how stress is normally viewed, the conventional wisdom, shared by medical and laymen alike, is to avoid stress. That is, take it easy, doesnt work too hard and, as a result, you are not apt to live longer and enjoy a better life. Recent evidence, however, contradicts this gloomy picture of stress as the allpresent and powerful devil Stress can be either good or bad for you, good stress can literally get you going and, in cases such as athletic and dance performances, it can enhance your performance. Bad stress, moreso distress of a chronic nature, can be destructive

12 and potentially deadly for you. Distress can result in somewhat minor irritations, for example, recurring headaches, muscle tension, upset stomachs and forgetfulness. At a more extreme level, still, distress can contribute to or exasperate a host of human conditions that are far more serious. These include, for example, depression, burnout on the job, severe ulcerated (or bleeding) stomachs, sever back pains, colitis (inflammation of the bowels), stroke, high blood pressure, and heart attacks. In its most extreme or chronic form of stress or distress can kill. Chronic unrelentless stress takes the fun out of life and it is unbearable to live with. When this point is reached, many people will need help in managing stress more effectively by being in better control of their lives. Having a fundamental understanding about stress and the process is involved, is a necessary and vital beginning in learning how to manage stress effectively. Many people would claim that they know that stress is all about. In reality, however, the truth of the matter is what somewhat few people really do understand stress to the extent that they can do the following: (A) recognize when they are under stress or are in a stress related situation; (B) recognize what stress does within their bodies, i.e., the stress reaction and; (C) how best to control and manage stress, by that making it, if need be, an ally or friend in daily activities.

13 What is Stress? Stress is a common part of everyday life. Initially, stress was a complete borrowed from the study of physics, where it referred to the action of a system of forces on a body resulting in pressure or strain. Stress is part of process involving three interrelated stages onset, reaction and effect. Definition of Stress In a medical sense, stress has been defined as the rate of wear and tear caused by life. For purposes of this book, however, stress is viewed in a very particular manner. Stress occurs due to a discrepancy resulting when the perceived events (or stressors) in the outer environment place certain demands on us that exceed our perceived or real resource capabilities to meet such demands. Who and What Stress Affects? Ours is increasingly recognized as an age of stress i.e., a time in which stressful factors press on us forms literally every side. Stress is so widespread in our modern day society that it affects us whenever we are, at home, at school, onthe-job, and even in the streets when we are enroute to some destination. Stress affects everyone irrespective of age, sex, race, ethnic group, kind of job, being worked at, and geographic location.

14 The economic and human toll from stress and its related problems are estimated to be in the billions of dollars annually. Some areas affected by stress and its related problems include, but are not limited to, the following: Absenteeism on the job; Human and organizational decline in Productivity; Accidents on and off-the-job; Sickness; Poor grades in school; burnout on-the-job; and Death. In our todays society, attempts to escape the grip of stress are evidenced in many forms. This include, for example, the heavy use of alcohol, tranquilizers, and sedatives; the upsurge in suicide; the popularity of esoteric reducing techniques like Biofeedback, Zen, Transcendental Meditation, Progressive Mind Control and Yoga; and the increase frequency and use of spas, exercise programs and built-in gyms at large corporations for employees. Stressors and their Characteristics As was mentioned before stress does not just happen anymore than a candle simply ignites itself. Just as you have a light a match and hold it to the candle wick to get it to burn, in a similar manner stress is initiated or triggered by stressors. Again, as was previously mentioned, external events or situations that trigger stress onset said, therefore, cause stress, are called stressors. These events that are potential stressors are varied as they are many.

15 These events that are likely stressors may be threatening and may be real and immediate or imagined/futuristic. I short, just about any event, good or bad, we experience, or are likely to experience can be potential stressors. Kinds of Stressors Potential stressors come in a variety of shapes and forms. They can be physical, social or psychological. Stressors also may be hidden. A fact previously stated is worth mentioning again, particularly because of its relevance and importance in the area of stress management. That which represents stressor for you may not be perceived as a stressor for another person. There are literally thousands of events in our daily lives that can be more appropriately called potential stressors. The major point here being that an event only becomes an actual stressor when you perceive it as such, by that making the stress process very subjective and personal in its own right. Perhaps the most frequently perceived stressors, still, are events or conditions that have to do with threats or fears. Threats and fears can be either related to known or experienced events.

16 Threats or fears also can make the form of worrying about the unknown. For example, what will happen to you in the future? However, given that stressors are of a variety, and they differ from individual-to-individual, they need nor, and should not, always be thought of as associated with events that are only threatening in nature. Aspects of our life activates are so interrelated that when we speak about potential stressor areas, in an attempt to classify them, we find that there is considerable overlap between some areas. Also, any attempt made to classify stressor areas is arbitrary. These difficulties notwithstanding, five such areas are usually spoken about in which, collectively, cover approximately all areas of our life activities from which we are likely to perceive or experience stress. Personal Stressors Stressors exist based primarily on the type of personalities we posses. A reasonable point to make is that the stress we experience is directly related to the way we conduct or carry-out our lives on a daily basis. This daily activity involves, how we perceive other and ourselves, how we perceive our behaviour, and our experience with daily hassles.

17 Perceiving Others and Ourselves While interacting with relatives, friends, and people daily, you may for whatever reasons, have feelings of anger, resentment, envy, hatred, etc, directed toward them. Whatever the reasons for your harboring such internal feeling, they are potentially damaging to both mind and body and can result in feeling of stress. Whether it is called self-esteem or the more popular term self-image, the ideas you of yourself also are important contributing factors for you to experience stress. The following formula is crucial to understanding this stress-outcome possibility. Good Stress Some stress is good for us and in certain circumstances we use it to accomplish selected activities. For example, good stress or positive stress is the edge we feel when we are about to perform in some activity or event. It perks us up and provides us that extra attentiveness needed to do our best. In certain amount of positive stress (which include a very stimulating body hormone called adrenaline to be mentioned in later section) helps to ensure top quality performance in athletics and also in the performing art. In other more diverse areas, such as disasters and wars, which in themselves can be (perceived) stressors, people have been found to ban together literally to survive and, in the process,

18 Build a spiritual will to live. Especially in these latter examples, positive stress can be the very salt of life that contributes the prolongation of life itself. Normal Stress Normal stress is what we experience during our daily life today. Our bodies react in the customary excitable manner to this type of stress, because it is necessary for our daily functioning and survival. Another reason, normal stress does somewhat little damage to our body system has to do with it being episodic or acute in nature. That is, whatever the reason for its occurrence, it goes as fast it comes. The more frequently occurring threatening situations we face daily are good examples: a car swerving toward you at fast rate of speed; seeing a child about place to her hand on a hot stove; hearing the sounds of footsteps following you when you are alone on a dark and lonely street and having a large dog in a adjacent yard snarl and bark as you are walking. We get physiologically excited about these events; however, because they come and go so fast our systems become deactivated and usually return close to whatever pre-stimulated level existed before.

19 Bad Stress Whereas normal stress is necessary to keep us functioning and positive stress is necessary to allow us to attain, for example, certain desirable daily accomplishments; bad stress, which is unrelenting, can be hazardous to our well being. Given, then, that we all need some degree of stress literally to keep us going, the important point is to find that crucial balance between sufficient (i.e., normal and good stress) and too much stress (i.e., chronic or bad stress) to suit our individual and daily functioning. Stress can be response once it does not pass you psychological tolerance or endurance limit. It is very important to note, however, that stress tolerance limits vary from individual-to-individual. As might be expected, one way to look at the picture is to say that bad stress is normal (or acute) stress that becomes chronic or long-lasting. In other words, there is a greater frequency and duration of stressful experiences with fewer intermittent periods of rest or recuperation by your body. Stress Reaction The reputed father of stress research, Dr. Hans Selye, defined stress as the non-specific response to our bodies to any demand made upon them. All stressors are alike in that they result in similar bodily changes, e.g., altered heart rate,

20 hormonal changes, and a consequent need for readjustment for adaptation to the problem at hand. For Selye, this adaptation is stereotyped or is a constant response to any stressor, whether it is an infection, joy or sorrow, cold or heat, a loud noise, or an irritating supervisor/co-worker on-the-job, and so on. The response our body makes, according to Selye, is hormonal and totally non-specific, since it is the same whatever the stressor. Perhaps Selye best underscored this point about the non-specificity of our bodily reaction to stressors when he drew an analogy between stress and electricity, the former of which he said is like the latter. We use electricity for good or bad, to light a lamp or ring a bell, to heat or to cool, but the most important point is that it is all electricity. Therefore, whether it is a bad stressor, both individuals experience a stress response. Therefore, the body responds to the degree and the intensity of the stressor despite its or kind. Managing Stress Effectively Pressures demands and worries that make you feel tense are facts of life. Because we cannot avoid these stress-related experiences, the key is to keep them within manageable limits. This last section of the book is intended to show you how stress can be managed effectively.

21 Apart from understanding the dynamics if the stress process in terms of what has been discussed so far, the ultimate success of this book, especially this last section, can be evaluated in terms of how well you initiate, follow and maintain adherence to a personal plan of action regarding stress management. This plan should be consistent with your personal stressful life experiences and the resources that you possess. It is very important that the personal plan of action you develop in dealing with stress be guided by an over-riding philosophy about life in general and stress in particular. A Neutral Philosophy A philosophy is essentially a set of principles that serve to guide us how we view the world around us. In so doing, a philosophy influences our thoughts and actions. With respect to stress, we discussed in the previous sections that we cannot escape from stress, in part, because of varying kind and sustaining need certain stresses play in our lives. Given that bad stress or distress is most potentially harmful for us, it is the type in particular that most, if not all, of our energies should be directed at controlling and managing. It is also primarily this type of stress about which we should have a guiding philosophy to take control of your life, with managing your stress; you can use your degree of wellness (i.e., the kinds and frequency of illness) as a barometer of how well you have managed stress.

22 Building on what has been discussed so far, your personal philosophy must include the fact that stress is a reaction to change and, change, paradoxically, is a constant fact of your life. Therefore, because stress cannot be prevented, you have to become motivated to know when, in your own personal situation, stress is becoming intolerable to you. This being the case, you have to realize the need to use selected strategies to reduce the potential impact of stress that you may experience. If your philosophy includes taking greater control of your life, it means that you must be more aggressive in dealing with how you manage stress. In essence, rather than being passive and being a victim of stress, you must literally attack stress before it attacks you. All these points taken together represent a very important philosophy about stress that will definitely aid you in dealing with the personal damages associated with your potentially distress-related life experiences.

Additional Benefits of Physical Exercise Apart from being a stress producer, physical exercise has other benefits as well. Perhaps, the most valuable aspect of regular exercise is its contribution to the health of your cardiovascular respiratory fitness. It is the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to deliver nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and removes

23 wastes from the body system. Through regular, sustained and cardiovascular exercise, this latter type of fitness is developed and maintained, such as occur through running, swimming, bicycling, and very brisk walking. Relaxation Strategies Techniques of relaxation to lower stress are as old as human civilization. These are the old and more familiar techniques and the newer and more unfamiliar techniques. The older and more familiar techniques will be referred to as the general methods and the newer and more unfamiliar techniques will be referred to as the systematic methods of relaxation. Relaxation, particularly the systematic methods, has demonstrated to be most effective approaches for reducing the physiologic arousal of stress. The discussion that follows will include both types of relaxation methods. Generally speaking, relaxation is thought to be involved with activities that are mentally passive. That is, we think we are relaxed if we dont have to think, at least for a while, about throughout provoking activities and/or carry-out major responsibilities. On reading this section of the book, you must say to yourself that you are already doing several things to help you relax. However, after careful look you may also agree that you are not feeling any less tense or uptight.

24 Could it be that you are like many other people who are not really sure what relaxation means? Or, could it be that you have been misled by certain misconceptions about what relaxation is not? Given those real possibilities, before anything is said about the various relaxation methods, it is best to first dispel some these popular misconceptions about relaxation. Popular Misconceptions about Relaxation A major reason why relaxation has not, for many people, been as effective as is it could be in managing stress has to with several dominant misconceptions. Therefore, learning about stress and more effective ways of managing it have to involve a discussion of some of those dominant misconceptions about relaxation. Relaxation is the same as Leisure This is perhaps one of the most important misconceptions that exist. As a matter of fact, many, if not all, of the activities we normally associate with leisure time are themselves potential stressors. These activities include, example, the following: sleeping, watching television shows, taking vacations, participating in competitive sports activities, drinking, smoking, taking tranquilizers and other drugs.

25 Sleep is always Relaxing Sleeping can be stressful, especially, if it involves heightened periods of dreaming which are emotionally arousing for example, when we are fleeing from an attacking dog. The result normally is what when we awake we are apt to feel more tired that we went to bed. As a matter of fact, depending on the intensity of the dream related arousal, being aroused physiologically to meet the demands of out emotionally arousing dream. Such physiologic arousal is no way different from our bodies becoming just as aroused in response to day-to-day wakeful and conscious stressful physiologic activity. Television and Movie Shows are always Relaxing Popular shows, whether they be seen on the television or at the theatres, usually attract our full attention the more emotionally involved we perceived them as being. Example, how many time have you literally stopped from breathing in anticipation of some action you are about to witness on the television or at the movies? How many times have you so frightened or astonished by what you see on the television that the shock literally raises you off your chair in reaction? These emotional arousals, which are very much physiological in nature, are certainly not relaxing. Having realized the impact that these programs are having on you, the

26 prudent thing to do is to either stop watching these kind of programs or, try to understand them of what they are only make-believe television shows. Vacations are always Relaxing Vacations are usually pleasurable; however, depending on the circumstances on associated with them, they can be stressors. Vacations by their nature subject us to different conditions (e.g., climate, culture, physical surroundings, people, and food) for which we have to adjust. This adjustment can be stressful, particularly when it brings with it frustration, anger, and resentment toward conditions associated with the vacation. Example, how many time have you taken a vacation and you experienced several factors (e.g., poor quality if your accommodations, loud noises, pungent smells, food distasteful, intolerable temperature conditions) that found you literally fuming? Watching a Sporting Activity is always Relaxing Depending on the type of sporting activity and involved you are watching it can be stressful for you. Similar to having an emotionally involved during sleep, when we watch an involved sporting activity our bodies become physiologically aroused. Sometimes this arousal state is maintained during the entire period of activity. Example, you are watching a football, soccer, or basketball game where

27 the team you are cheering for is losing. Because you cannot tolerate the way the game is going, i.e., your favorite team is losing, you get somewhat irate and smash the television set after this emotionally charged outbursts, but your overall activity is responsible for allowing you to feel even more tired and exhausted that you were before the game started. Heavy Drinking Help us to Relax As was mentioned, alcohol is a drug should be use in moderation. It has sees found that heavy drinking can cause sexual problems among other physical and mental ailments. Although alcohol may, at first, let you have experiences of feeling good, its potentially devastating consequences (e.g., diminishing ability to control emotions and behavior that can lead to altercations with others, as well as accidents on the road and in the home) are likely to follow, especially if you continue to drink more alcohol. If nothing more, these resulting conditions can be sources of concern, which in turn make them likely candidates for stressors. With these facts in mind, alcohol consumption does not help us to relax, especially in the long run, and it is potentially devastating our bodies in large and frequent quantities.

28 Smoking helps us to Relax Although the process of lighting up and taking the initial puffs on a cigarette may seem relaxing, in reality over a period of time it is not reducing your stress. As previously mentioned, the nicotine in the cigarette acts as a pseudo stressor that artificially stimulates the body, thereby mimicking the stress reaction described earlier. As is the case with drinking coffee and alcohol, moderation in your actions is very important. Given the stress-related and other health consequences that are associated with cigarette smoking, especially chronic and incessant smoking, the most prudent action to take is to cease smoking. If you cannot stop smoking on your own you should seek help from competent medical and other personnel who gave the expertise to assist you in this regard. Tranquillizing Drugs helps us to Relax Tranquillizing substances help you relax at first, but a price! They depress or turn off activity within your nervous system. The outcome of this pseudorelaxation is the following: dulled senses, impaired performance, lethargy, difficulty thinking, and a reduced activity potential. Additionally, if these drugs or substances are taken constantly, over an extended period of time, they may produce side effects and addiction, thereby making them dangerous to your

29 health. As a passing note, never take tranquillizers (or other forms of medication) with alcohol. In combination, tranquillizers and alcohol present a lethal force that can threaten your life. With these facts in mind, the best thing to do is only to take tranquillizers if they are prescribed by the physician. Tranquillizers can be addictive. Alike other substances, if you are addicted, you may require the help of competent medical and other personnel to assist you with your addiction and, subsequent, rehabilitation.

General Methods of Relaxation Most people use a variety of ways to help them relax. Although, these methods may work for some and not for others, they are general methods of relaxation because they do not allow us to achieve a relatively high degree of mental passivity or inner peace or calm. That is, we are still attending to potentially emotional events in the environmental around us. It is mainly for this reason why it was previously suggested that some of the activities, for example, taking a vacation, watching a television show, associated with this general method of relaxation can, depending on the circumstances, be stress producing them. What follows are various type types of relaxation methods used that could fall under this category of General Methods of Relaxation.

30 Non-Stressful Activities Easing-Up Many people feel that when they are faced with certain pressing or demanding life conditions (or stressors), the best way to relax is simply to get away from it all. A Final Word on Stress Stress has become modern metaphor, the buzz word of contemporary societies. Stress and its potential effects represent perhaps the most serious lifethreatening challenge for modern human kind. Everyone experiences stress throughout life, and each person deals with stress and reacts to stress differently. Stress can be one mans meat and anothers poison... the spice of life or the kiss of death. It has been said that the great paradox is that even though stress can, in some cases, be detrimental to health, we cannot live without it. Because of its varying and unpredictable nature, it presents challenges to our adaptive resources. As a positive stimulant (eustress) or as a normal stimulant (normal stress), stress adds excitement to our lives and, in many cases, it creates the necessary will and energy for us to achieve goals. However, on its dark side (distress), the more important side that we must know, understand, manage, by taking control of our lives, it is potentially destructive. Therefore, because stress is inevitable in todays

31 world, and because of its potential effect on us (i.e., good or bad), the way we manage stress will determine if we are healthy or unhealthy. Chronic unrelentless or distress takes the fun our life and, therefore, it becomes unbearable to live with. The basic premise of this book is, that people need to understand and manage stress more effectively by taking control of their lives. They should understand the complexity of the stress process on how our bodies react to stress (reaction stage), and the possible health effects (effect stage) stress can have on us as outcomes. These varied and dysfunctional outcomes resulting from stress are many, such as: heart disease, cancer, insomnia, headaches, backaches, depression, delayed healing, inability to hold and keep a job, alcoholism, drug addiction problems, and so on. Therefore your having a good understanding of the entire stress process and how your body functions is key to taking control of your life and managing stress effectively. Effective stress management involves taking greater control over your life by understanding the nature of stress; how it affects your personally; and you use of certain strategies, involved in a Personalized Plan of Action to manage stress effectively. As a guide, this Plan of Action is very important, now and in the future for you be successful in your efforts to manage and control stress and its effects.

32 In developing such a Personalized Stress Management Plan or Program, you should be cognizant of the fact that you should become personally responsible, to the degree of which also be aware that you have the capacity to control the quality and quantity of your life along its entire spectrum of activities. Good human health can be contagious. It transcends being merely free of disease. Managing stress more effectively, by taking greater control of your life, will, undoubtedly, allow for maximum utilization and actualization of you vast human potential. For many people, the greater issue is not necessarily how long they lived, more importantly, what they did when they were alive. Effective stress management allows you to do and accomplish so much more out of life. I hope that reading this book was for you as pleasurable as it was for to write. The approximate two and one half year it took to write. Including many stops, breaks, negative and positive stressful experiences, influenced its final outcome. As I mature over the years in thought and spirit, tirelessly writing and doing research to survive in an academic university environment. I labored with the thought of translating my scientific ideas on stress into an easy to read, understand and follow book on stress for the general public, hence the descriptive title and illustrated nature of the book. The successes you experience having read this book

33 will, in turn, be my success as well, I wish you as you travel your own lifes road, understanding more and feeling better. Good Luck! (Dr. Lensworth Livingston) Management Strategies on Stress Levels A national sample of &8) high school principals shared their knowledge and provided their perceptions regarding personal use of time management techniques and the levels of stress they experienced. The purpose of this study was to challenge the long-held assumption that the use of popular time management techniques (viewed as management functions classified as planning, organizing, directing, controlling, communicating, and decision making) influences levels of stress. Singular and composite correlations (based on stepwise multiple regression analysis) indicated at best a negligible relationship between the use of time management techniques and stress. Although the application of time management techniques enumerated in this study may affect a principal's stress level in an individual case, generally,

34 little impact on stress may be expected thus this study contravenes the explicit connection between time management and stress that is promoted as an administrative practice among high school principals. Stress Tip Sheet In todays fast-paced and ever-connected world, stress has become a fact of life. Stress can cause people to feel overwhelmed or pushed to the limit. The American Psychological Associations 2007 Stress in America poll found that one-third of people in the U.S. report experiencing extreme levels of stress. In addition, nearly one-in-five report that they are experiencing high levels of stress 15 or more days per month. While low to moderate levels of stress can be good for you when managed in healthy ways, extreme stress takes both an emotional and physical toll on the individual. With the consequences of poorly managed stress ranging from fatigue to heart disease and obesity, it is important to know how to recognize high stress levels and take action to handle it in healthy ways. Being able to control stress is a

35 learned behavior, and stress can be effectively managed by taking small steps toward changing unhealthy behaviors. Understand how you experience stress Everyone experiences stress differently. How do you know when you are stressed"How are your thoughts or behaviors different from times when you do not feel stressed" Identify your sources of stress What events or situations trigger stressful feelings" Are they related to your children, family, health, financial decisions, work, relationships or something else" Learn your own stress signals People experience stress in different ways. You may have a hard time concentrating or making decisions, feel angry, irritable or out of control, or experience headaches, muscle tension or a lack of energy. Gauge your stress signals.

36 Recognize how you deal with stress Determine if you are using unhealthy behaviors (such as smoking, drinking alcohol and over/under eating) to cope. Is this a routine behavior, or is it specific to certain events or situations" Do you make unhealthy choices as a result of feeling rushed and overwhelmed" Find healthy ways to manage stress Consider healthy, stress-reducing activities such as meditation, exercising or talking things out with friends or family. Keep in mind that unhealthy behaviors develop over time and can be difficult to change. Don't take on too much at once. Focus on changing only one behavior at a time. Take care of yourself Eat right, get enough sleep, drink plenty of water and engage in regular physical activity. Ensure you have a healthy mind and body through activities like yoga, taking a short walk, going to the gym or playing sports that will enhance

37 both your physical and mental health. Take regular vacations or other breaks from work. No matter how hectic life gets, make time for yourself even if it's just simple things like reading a good book or listening to your favorite music. Reach out for support Accepting help from supportive friends and family can improve your ability to manage stress. If you continue to feel overwhelmed by stress, you may want to talk to a psychologist, who can help you better manage stress and change unhealthy behaviors. Information contained in this tip sheet should not be used as a substitute for professional health and mental health care or consultation. Individuals who believe they may need or benefit from care should consult a psychologist or other licensed health/mental health professional. For additional information on stress and mind/body health,

38
LOCAL LITERATURE

How do we say we're stressed in Filipino? I am stressed. It just doesn't work out; we don't, as far as I know, have a word in any of our Philippine languages for stress and being stressed. But that doesn't mean we Filipinos don't ever experience stress. We feel it all the time and we see it producing illnesses, both physical and mental, both fleeting (as in having to run to the toilet) and serious, life-threatening ones. Because stress affects the body's immune system, we can say all ailments are in one way or another stress-related. There's also a tendency to dismiss stress-related illnesses as "psychological," and that these are self-limiting, easily resolved. The fact is that stress can so overwhelm people that they lapse into depression, resorting to destructive behavior, directed toward the self, or toward others. Vitamin ads, the media bombard us with all kinds of articles about, and ads for, New Age therapies that supposedly help us deal with stress to name a few, yoga and meditation, spas offering massage and aromatherapy, soothing music interspersed with sounds of birds and frogs. But these are often expensive fads with exaggerated claims. Not enough's being done to understanding stress in its local context, yet stress is mediated through culture:

39 from the very nature of the stressors, to the ways we respond to the stress. Understanding this local context might help us develop more culturally appropriate, and therefore more effective, ways to deal with stress. Stressors are not universal Culturally, we have different thresholds for these sounds. I have a nephew and a niece who were born and bred in Canada, and they find the Philippines too "noisy": the jeepneys, the arcade games in malls, even the way people talk. Yet they have no problems tuning into hard rock music on their iPods. My nephew and niece also find crowds stressful; yet a Filipino sees a crowd and is delighted, "Uy, masaya." Westerners crave privacy; the Filipino is stressed by solitude. We're not alone, of course, in finding pleasure in crowds and camaraderie. Culture adapts to circumstances and we are only one of many countries with large dense populations that have learned to live with the maddening crowds, complete with the noise. While we enjoy noise, we're quite sensitive to olfactory assaults. Filipinos will claim some odors are so bad they cause a stomachache. We sniff everything, from food to lovers, and the smells we find good, we tend to indulge to an excess.

40 No wonder aromatherapy's taken off in the Philippines, as did those terrible car fresheners and deodorizers. Beyond these sensory stresses, we Filipinos do face many sources of stress, around work and livelihood mainly. Farmers worry about drought and typhoons; urbanites go berserk with tyrannical bosses and vicious gossipy office-mates. Rural or urban, we all face the stresses of family, perhaps more so than in Western countries. We like to say we are family-oriented, with relatives always on hand to help out. But the extended Filipino family can be stressful too, with all its obligations. Overseas workers have a particularly difficult time with all the expectations family members have back home. I've met Filipinos overseas, from Hong Kong domestic workers to physicians in the United States, who postpone returning home for years because they dread the jeepneyloads of relatives waiting for pasalubong (gifts). But the balikbayan in California has the advantage of distance. The poor migrants who go from impoverished rural areas to work in big cities face even greater stress from family relations, who can easily contact their now "rich" urban cousins for a share of the pittance these earn in the city.

41 Filipino is resilient, we keep hearing. I've been in urban shanties where 15 people share 15 square meters of living space and yes, on the surface, everyone seems happy. Chinese Asia week once had a cover story featuring Filipinos as the happiest people in the world, unfazed by the most difficult of circumstances. One photo had a group of men drinking away in the middle of knee-high floodwaters. But the scenes of smiling and laughing Filipinos, singing and dancing (and drinking) away can be deceptive. Quite often, we deal with stress by trying to be "happy." I put that in quotes because the Filipino term is masaya, which is really more of an externalized merriment. Masaya is social camaraderie, it's making cheer and quite often we do it precisely because there have been unhappy events, stressful events. The best example is that of a death our wakes are notorious for its merry-making, but that, precisely, is part of our stress-coping mechanism. We have folk psychology, maybe even folk psychiatry, at work here, Filipinos aware of how dangerous it is to allow stress to consume us. We warn people about excesses as a cause of illness, and that includes the excessive emotions generated by stress. The word dalamhati is graphic, describing an inner sadness (from the Malay dalam, inside and hati, the heart or the liver, believed to be seats of our emotions) that slowly consumes the person.

42 But for all the talk about our communitarian orientation, of helping friends to overcome stress, social pressures in the Philippines can also be counterproductive with the way we sometimes force people to repress the stress. "Enjoy!" we urge them, not realizing there are limits to resilience. There are power dimensions to all this, such as those found in gender. Contrary to stereotypes about women being more expressive, Filipinas are actually more prone to dealing with stressful situations through tiis (endurance) and kimkim (repression). Check out the local scenes of merriment: it's usually men having a good time, bringing out the beer and toasting their problems away, while their women look for ways to make ends meet. Men, too, are expected to keep their feelings in check, but more out of masculine values of strength and stoicism. Men are generally not allowed to cry, much less to go into hysterics; and this probably helps to explain why more men suffer from cardiovascular disease. Many Filipinos will express their stress by complaining about recurring headaches, or abdominal pains, accompanied by dizziness, nausea, fatigue. Doctors used to dismiss these as being all in the mind, but it has become clear the physical

43 pain and distress may be quite real, that the pent-up stress is expressed through the body. These vague symptoms have been labeled as "somatization syndrome," and are often hard to treat, partly because medical professionals still haven't figured out the biological processes involved. Culturally, too, people may attach labels that don't quite reflect the actual part of the body that's affected, as when they say that they're suffering from nerbyos or "nerves." Nerbyos doesn't necessarily mean being nervous; it's often hypertension or high blood pressure, for example, and a health professional or caregiver may miss the problem. Then, too, there's the intriguing bangungot, those sudden deaths, usually at night, associated with nightmares. The term itself is derived from bangon, to rise, and ungol, to moan. Young healthy men, like the late actor Rico Yan, die mysteriously and the diagnosis is immediate: bangungot. The medical world remains stumped, attributing the deaths to everything, from pancreatitis to congenital defects in the heart, but too little has been done to explore the stress angle. Similar "culture-bound" illnesses are found also in other neighboring countries and the deaths tend to be reported in international medical journals because they often occur in people who are away from home. The first cases reported in U.S. medical literature involved Filipinos in

44 the U.S. Navy. In recent years, medical reports have included Thai men doing construction work in Singapore, and Indochinese refugees who have just relocated to the United States. I wouldn't be surprised if bangungot is reported as well among our 8.5 million overseas Filipinos. The Filipino is so attached to home and hearth that we even have a term namamahay, missing home, to describe a range of symptoms, from insomnia to constipation that plagues us when we are away from home. That's stress too. And with men, given the cultural imperative of suppressing their distress, we might expect nightmares, some with fatal endings. All said, there's a political economy of stress involved, meaning power relations shape the way one experiences and expresses stress. Common sense tells us the poor suffer much more daily stress, from battling the traffic while commuting, breathing in more of the toxic fumes, dealing with tyrannical bosses and snakepit offices. Poor women are doubly burdened, having to deal with the tribulations of work, as well as of the home, running after the needs of husband and children.

45 Public health analysts in Western countries have produced voluminous literature on how poverty interacts with stress to cause illnesses and death. Earlier research tended to be simplistic, explaining high illness and death rates among the poor as being due to their lack of access to good health care. But more recent research has shown that the problems of poverty also relate to power and autonomy. The poor are less healthy because they suffer more stress, not just from what I described earlier, but also from the inequities in power. The poor are more prone to feeling helpless and will have less self-esteem all that contributes to a more rapid deterioration of health when confronted with stressors. Men may be more prone to the problem of this "political economy of stress," since they have to live up to higher expectations of gender. A jobless man, for example, may be more adversely affected by stress because of a loss of pride. Machismo also blocks him from taking up jobs that he thinks are beneath his station. So he ends up drinking with the barkada, which is then interpreted as "resilience" and an ability to be happy. His wife, meanwhile, will pick up odd jobs here and there, doing laundry, mending clothes; ironically, that again generates stress for him, as he feels his masculinity threatened.

46 The macho imperatives around stress are inevitably tied to alcohol and drugs. Younger male Filipinos are particularly vulnerable, given their struggles with identity, masculinity and self-esteem, unable to express their frustrations and resentment. Drugs are one way of dealing with the stress, with all its attendant problems. It's significant though that the most abused drugs are metaphetamines, which are "uppers" or stimulants. Again, the Filipino response to stress is to look for more stimulation. The nerve cells fire away until, frayed and exhausted, the user develops paranoia (borrowed into Filipino as praning) and then psychosis. Others take out their frustrations through violent behavior. The phenomenon of the amok, favorite fare for our tabloid newspapers, used to be the subject of racialized descriptions from Western anthropologists, who thought that those belonging to the "Malay race," including Filipinos, were especially prone to going on a violent rampage, sometimes with hostage-taking. The racial angle is total nonsense of course. Running amok has nothing to do with race. It's, quite simply, a person reaching the end of the line, or put another way, the bottom of the heap. It's the poorest, most disempowered men, who tend to run amok. A stressed rich man takes out his frustrations on those lower in a

47 pecking order; the amok has no one, not even the dogs at home, to vent his anger, so he turns to random violence. All that discussion should have stressed you by now, and made you wonder: given the deteriorating economic and political situation in the Philippines, are we about to see an epidemic of stress-related ailments? I think we're already in that epidemic, and too little is being done to help Filipinos tackle stress. I've intentionally used the verb "tackle" rather than "treat" because there is a tendency to medicalize stress, to look for drug treatments that could lead to new dependencies. The drug companies push all kinds of "antidepressants" to doctors, who are then quick to prescribe them to stressed patients. Sessions with psychiatrists or psychologists are more effective than drug treatments, but again, low incomes may prevent many Filipinos from getting the "talking therapy" they need. That is why we need to be able to tap what we already have in culture, looking into how families and communities can be mobilized to help people with their stress. Massage and aromatherapy, however, are only the externals. Stress management is really helping people to dissect their own feelings, to understand where their distress is coming from. The solutions may not always be easy all the

48 aromatherapy and meditation in the world will not raise low wages. But community action can help to make the stress more tolerable. Communities should be urged to create their own safe spaces where people can seek some refuge. Filipino-style, such spaces need not be totally quiet, but they do need to give some sense of safety, of sanity in a mad world. Filipino-style, too, we need to think of how these therapeutic spaces might work out as places where people can engage in social activities, without becoming more agitated. Alternatives could be offered: gardening, cross-stitching, bingoanything that calms the mind. You don't need to be in the lotus position to meditate. Ultimately, stress management is a matter of helping people to recognize that the world, which seems so stressful, can also be a source of joy and pleasure, fulfillment and renewal. The therapies being dangled around are really meant as appetizers, ways of inducing the depressed the person to garner enough strength and courage to re-engage not just the world, but life itself. (Michael L. Tan)

49 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This study is anchored on the Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud. He proposed that unconscious Psychological forces powerfully affect human thought and behavior. These forces originate in the emotions of childhood and continue their influence throughout life. According to Freud, the ego uses various strategies to resolve intra-psychic conflict. Defense mechanisms are psychological strategic by which persons reduce or avoid negative state such as conflict, frustration, anxiety and stress (Cloninger, 1996). These defense mechanisms are adopted if direct expression of the ID impulse is unacceptable to the super ego dangerous in the real world. All defense mechanisms begin with repression of a unacceptable impulses, that is forcing them to be unconscious People differ in their ego defense mechanism; which control expression of primitive forces in personality. A psycho analyst provides methods for overcoming psychological conflict. First defense mechanisms are used to avoid or reduce negative emotion states. Second, most defense mechanism involves a distortion of reality. Third, person is not consciously aware of their use of defense mechanisms. This theory will serve as a guide of whom mechanisms are common used by the students in coping with stressful experiences.

50 In which of these mechanisms are can prevent to happen that affects personality of the individual instead use other behavior strategies to improve the personality. It will also guide the individual to prevent or lessen stressful experiences.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The researchers is to know the Influence if Stressor on the Students academic performance as perceived by selected BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University as to input, process and output. The specific focus of the study is to determine the students stress experience and identity causes of it. It also determines its effects to their academic performance.

51

RESEARCH PARADIGM

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

52 DEFENITION OF TERMS

Influence - The act or power of producing an effect w/o apparent force or direct presence.

Stressors - Mental, emotional, physical strain caused by anxiety or overwork it may cause such symptoms as raised blood pressure or depression.

Selected - Chosen grounds or particular group.

Students - Learners that attend group

Semester - Period or instruction in which academic year is divided.

School Year (S.Y) - The year during which instruction is given at a school, college or university.

Determine - It is a emphasize the motivational role of the psychophysical system.

53 Exercise - Best physical stress reduction technique. Its not only to improve your health but it also relaxes tense muscles and help you to sleep.

Climate - The average course or condition of the weather at a particular place.

Environment - Something that environs(surroundings) he surrounding conditions influence or forces that influence or modify.

Performance - The execution or accomplishment of works. The manner in which or the efficiency with when something reacts or fulfills its intended purpose.

Time Schedule - This refers to the students schedule in class and also schedule of submission of requirements.

Sleep - This refers to the number of hours that the students need to have rest. To have good concentration ability in the school.

Meditation - Refers to some relaxation activity that the students indulge with like prayer meeting, yoga, other form of physical and mental exercise.

54 Chronic form - Having a particular long-term illness or condition, repeatedly doing something or behaving compulsively.

55 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the research design, population and sample, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN This descriptive method of research was used in this study. It employed correlation design to determine the influence of stressors to the students academic performance of fourth year BSHRM student of Our Lady of Fatima University for the S.Y 2009-2010.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE Random sampling was used in choosing the respondents in this study. The study included by the regular and irregular students who have been enrolled for this first semester of 2009-2010 from Our Lady of Fatima University.

56 TABLE 1 POPULATION AND SAMPLE Total no. of Section student BS HRM 4y1-1 BS HRM 4y1-2 BS HRM 4y1-3 BS HRM 4y1-4 BS HRM 4y1-5 Total 45 45 45 45 45 225 9 9 9 9 9 45 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 100% No of Respondents %

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Questionnaire was Chief Data gathering instrument used in this study. Some part of the questionnaire were pattern from already existing surveys and studies; the researchers structured other parts first part is the personal information sheet w/c was used to generate information on the general characteristics of the respondents of the study namely; age, gender, civil status and number of siblings.

57 Second part of questionnaire solicited information about the stressors that affect to the student academic performance of the Fourth year students of Our Lady of Fatima University. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE The Following procedure was followed to complete the study 1. 1.Conduct study on Selected Fourth year BSHRM student of Our Lady of Fatima University 2. Distributed the structured questionnaires to the respondents 3. Data gathering

STATISTICAL TREATMENT The researcher used statistical analysis in interpreting the data gathered from the study. 1. Percentage- this will be used to determine the distribution of subjects to their profile and their answer the formula is : %= F x 100 N Where: F= Frequency of response N=No of respondents

58 2. Weighted Mean- this will be used to determine the overall mean of the relationship of the students to rewards system, formula is:

WX = FX N Where: WX= Weighted mean F= Frequency of response N= no. of respondents

59 CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter presents the data gathering including the analysis and interpretation based on the questionnaires. 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil Status 1.4 Type of Student 1.5 No. of Siblings TABLE 2 Distribution of respondents based on the age AGE 18 19 20 21 22 - 23 Total No. of Respondents 26 16 3 45 Percentage 57.78% 35.55% 6.67% 100%

60 Table 1 with reference to the age of the respondents that were surveyed, these are 26 or 57.78% of the students whose age range from 18 19 years old, 16 or 35.55% of respondents are 20 21 years old and 3 or 6.67% of the respondents are 22 23 years old. The table shows that the majority of fourth year students are 18 19 years of age. TABLE 3 Distribution of respondents base on gender Gender Male Female Total No. of Respondents 23 22 45 Percentage 51.11% 48.89% 100%

Table 2 with reference to the gender of the respondents that were surveyed, there are 23 or 51.11% of the respondents are male and 22 or 48.89% of the respondents are female.

61 TABLE 4 Distribution of respondents based on civil status Civil Status Married Single Total No. of Respondents 1 44 45 Percentage 2.22% 97.78% 100%

Table 3 shows that 44 or 97.78% of the respondents are single and 1 or 2.22% of the respondents is married. The table shows that majority of the respondents are single.

TABLE 5 Distribution of respondents based on type of students Type of students Regular Irregular Total No. of respondents 38 7 45 Percentage 84.44% 15.56% 100%

62 Table 5 shows that 38 or 84.44% of the respondents are regular and 7 or 15.56% of the respondents are irregular. The table shows that majority of the respondents are regular students.

TABLE 6 Distribution of respondents base on the no. of siblings No. of siblings None 13 46 Total No. of respondents 11 22 12 45 Percentage 24.44% 48.89% 26.67% 100%

Table 6 shows that 22 or 48.89% of the respondents have 1-3 siblings, 12 or 26.67% of the respondents have 4-6 siblings, and 11 or 24.44% of the respondents are only child. The table shows that majority of the respondents have 1-3 siblings.

63 TABLE 7 Distribution of respondents based on the stressors on the academic Performance of selected Fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University Environment 5 4 3 5 2 1 1 1 WM 4.16 VINT Agree

1.I usually get irritated w/ unwanted noise of 17 21 my classmate 2.When the classroom is too hot it makes me 31 11 inattentive and irritable 3.I get tired and exhausted easily with too much crowding 4.Smells bad makes me mad and irritated Average Weighted Mean = 4.31 27 12 16 21

4.56

Strongly Agree

4.09

Agree

4.40

Agree

Interpretation= Agree

Table 7 shows that the average weighted mean is 4.31 which mean that the respondents agree that the environment is one of the stressors why students affect their academic performance. The table shows that majority of the respondents feel irritable and inattentive when the classroom is hot with a weighted mean of 4.56. Keys: 4.51 5.00 = Strongly Agree 3.51 4.50 = Agree 2.51 3.50 = Moderately Agree 1.51 2.50 = Disagree 1.00 1.50 = Extremely Disagree

64 TABLE 8 Distribution of respondents based on the stressors on the academic Performance of selected Fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University Relationship Problem 1.I Cant concentrate with my studies when we have conflict with my Bf/Gf 2.I Cant concentrate with my studies when there is a problem at home 3.Lack of time of my parents makes me feel un-important 4. Conflict with my friends make me feel sad 13 11 Average Weighted Mean = 3.54 13 6 2 3.60 8 13 17 5 2 3.44 Fairly Agree Agree 13 18 11 2 1 3.89 5 13 4 8 3 11 2 2 1 WM VINT Fairly Agree Agree

11 3.22

Interpretation = Agree

Table 8 shows that the average weighted mean is 3.54 which mean that the respondents agree that the relationship problem is one of the stressors why students affect their academic performance. Majority of the respondents cant concentrate with their studies when they have a problem at home with a weighted mean of 3.89. Keys: 4.51 5.00 = Strongly Agree 3.51 4.50 = Agree 2.51 3.50 = Moderately Agree 1.51 2.50 = Disagree 1.00 1.50 = Extremely Disagree

65 TABLE 9 Distribution of respondents based on the stressors on the academic Performance of selected Fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University Time Schedule 1.I Feel worried and tense during the deadline of my projects 2.I Feel pressured during class hours 3 16 17 9 0 3.29 Fairly Agree 3.I Feel tired when I have hectic schedule 4.I Feel tired when getting up early for class Average Weighted Mean = 3.89 15 20 16 12 8 10 1 5 1 2 4.04 4.00 Agree Agree 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 WM 4.22 VINT Agree

18 22

Interpretation = Agree

Table 9 shows that the average weighted mean is 3.89 which mean that the respondents agree that the time schedule is one of the stressors why students affect their academic performance. Majority of the respondents feel worried and tense during the deadline of their projects with a weighted mean of 4.22. Keys: 4.51 5.00 = Strongly Agree 3.51 4.50 = Agree 2.51 3.50 = Moderately Agree 1.51 2.50 = Disagree 1.00 1.50 = Extremely Disagree

66 TABLE 10 Distribution of respondents based on the stressors on the academic Performance of selected Fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University Climate 1.I usually get irritated when the weather is hot 2.I always feel bad when there is an unexpected climate change 3.I feel disappointed if the class is unexpected to be suspended because of bad weather 4.I usually stress out if theres a flood in my route and Im in a hurry Average Weighted Mean = 4.03 Interpretation = Agree 23 16 2 1 3 4.22 Agree 11 22 9 1 2 3.87 11 12 16 2 4 3.49 5 32 4 8 3 3 2 1 1 1 WM 4.53 VINT Strongly Agree Fairly Agree Agree

Table 10 shows that the average weighted mean is 4.03 which mean that the respondents agree that the climate is one of the stressors why students affect their academic performance. Majority of the respondents usually get irritated when the weather is hot with a weighted mean of 4.22. Keys: 4.51 5.00 = Strongly Agree 3.51 4.50 = Agree 2.51 3.50 = Moderately Agree 1.51 2.50 = Disagree 1.00 1.50 = Extremely Disagree

67 TABLE 11 Distribution of respondents based on the stressors on the academic Performance of selected Fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University Effects of stressors on the Academic Performance 1.Im absent minded when Im stress 2.Im loss of focus 5 4 3 8 14 2 2 5 1 1 3 WM 4.07 3.44 VINT Agree Fairly Agree 3.Im tired to go to school when Im stress 4.I Feel irritated with other group when I am stressed 5.I lose my concentration with my studies when I am stressed 6.Im lazy to do home works when I am stressed 7.I getting low grades when I am stressed 8. Im Failing major exam when I am stressed Average Weighted Mean = 3.72 Interpretation = Agree 11 15 9 13 15 18 2 2 2 4 3.69 3.51 Agree Agree 15 17 9 3 1 3.93 Agree 13 23 8 1 0 4.07 10 20 6 11 11 20 3 5 1 3 3.78 3.27 Agree Fairly Agree Agree

18 16 5 19

Table 11 shows that the average weighted mean is 3.72 which mean that the respondents agree that the stressors affect their academic performance. Majority of the respondents are absent minded and they loss their concentration in their studies when they are stress with a weighted mean of 4.07.

68 Keys: 4.51 5.00 = Strongly Agree 3.51 4.50 = Agree 2.51 3.50 = Moderately Agree 1.51 2.50 = Disagree 1.00 1.50 = Extremely Disagree

TABLE 12 Distribution of respondents based on the stressors on the academic Performance of selected Fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University Ways how to manage and control stress 1.Exercise regularly 2.Meditation 3.Get enough rest and sleep 4.Time management 5.Spend time w/ those you love 6.Eat healthy, well balanced food 7.Seek treatment w/ psychologist or other mental professions 8.Listen to the soft music 9.Smoking when I feel stress 10.Drinking alcoholic beverage when I feel stress Average Weighted Mean = 3.79 Interpretation = Agree 22 15 5 8 2 5 6 3 11 2 5 18 0 4.27 5 4 3 10 13 7 3 5 6 19 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 WM 4.13 3.69 4.40 4.38 4.36 4.49 3.44 VINT Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Fairly Agree Agree Disagree Fairly Agree

18 16 8 20

27 10 22 19 23 16 30 8 7 12

30 1.82 3 2.93

69 Table 12 shows that the average weighted mean is 3.79 which mean that the respondents agree on the ways how to manage and control stress. Majority of the respondents are agree that eating healthy and well balanced food is the best way to cope with stress with the total weighted mean of 4.49. Majority of the respondents disagree that smoking is a way to cope with stress with a weighted mean of 1.82.

Keys: 4.51 5.00 = Strongly Agree 3.51 4.50 = Agree 2.51 3.50 = Moderately Agree 1.51 2.50 = Disagree 1.00 1.50 = Extremely Disagree

70 CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

This study is about Influence of Stressors on the Students Academic Performance of the Selected Fourth Year BSHRM Students of Our Lady of Fatima University for the S.Y. 2009-2010. Specifically the study answered the following: 1. What is the profile of the respondents? 1.1 Age of the students which was shown in table 2 1.2 Gender of the students which shown in table 3 1.3 Civil status was shown in table 4 1.4 Type of student which shown in table 5 1.5 Number of siblings was shown in table 6 2. What are the factors that cause stress? In environment the average weighted mean is 4.31which means it is agree, in relationship problem the average weighted mean is3.54 which means it is agree, Also in the time schedule the average weighted mean is 3.89 which

71 mean it is agree, and the average weighted mean of the climate is 4.03 means it is also agree. 3. Effects of stress on the academic performance as perceived by selected fourth year BS HRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University. 4. How they manage and control stress?

CONCLUSION Based on the findings, there is factual evidence that the stressors influence the students academic performance as perceived by the selected fourth year BSHRM students of Our Lady of Fatima University. We also concluded that there are a lot of stressors that stresses the fourth year students why they are always absent minded, loss their focus and cant concentrate with their studies and also getting low grades and failed to pass their major exams. Eating healthy food, getting enough rest and sleep, time management, spend time with those you love, listen to the soft music and get exercise regularly is their way to manage and cope with stress.

72 RECOMMENDATION 1. Students should well discipline and put more attention to their studies and try to avoid some other activities that are not related to their subject. 2. The university should provide facilities that will make the students more comfortable. 3. Students also may have consulted to the guidance or clinic if there are some symptoms or indications or stressors that they feel.

4. We also recommend to our beloved and fellow students to eat healthy well balance food, get enough rest and sleep to minimize stress. Time management is a must to the students to avoid worried and feel tense during the deadline of their projects and to avoid hectic schedule.

73 BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABC's of stress management Dr. Lensworth Livingston Ph. D MPH pages 1-3, 9, 13-21, 50-55, 80-91 148-157, 170-173, 190-191 sixth edtion copyright 1992 by the the Mcgraw-Hill companies inc Stress and the Filipino Michael L. Tan is a medical anthropologist. He is currently chair of the anthropology at UP Diliman, Quezon City. He also writes an op-ed column, "Pinoy Kasi," for the Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/opinion/view/20090608-209372/Stress-echo http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress/page14_em.htm#Authors%20and%20Editors http://www.womenshealth.gov/faq/stress-your-health.cfm#1 http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress/page7_em.htm http://www.emedicinehealth.com/stress/page6_em.htm#Stress%20Treatment http://apahelpcenter.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=pageA&item=42

74

APPENDIX A Letter of Approval

Our Lady of Fatima University College of hospitality Management Valenzuela City

August 6, 2009 PROF. MARY ANN A. DONATO.RND College of Hospitality Management Valenzuela City Dear Ms. Donato, We are presently conducting a descriptive study entitled INFLUENCE OF STRESSORS ON THE STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AS PERCIEVED BY SELECTED FOURTH YEAR BSHRM STUDENTS OF OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY FOR THE S.Y 2009 2010. In line with this, we would like to request your permission to allow us to administer questionnaires to selected Fourth Year BSHRM students of College of Hospitality Management. We wish this to assure you that all the information provided by the respondents will be treated with utmost confidentially. Your Favorable acion and support will highly appreciated Thank you very much. Respectfully yours, Reseachers

________________ Ms.Kathleen Ruedas _____________ Mr.Jaymar Orale _______________________ Mr.Francis Angelo Revillosa Noted by: _______________________ DRA. LIWAYWAY MANIO Thesis Adviser

________________ Mr. Renold Cantilan _________________ Mr. Ron Carlo Martin

_________________________________ PROF. MARY ANN A. DONATO, RND College of Hospitality Management

75

Appendix B Sample Questionnaire

76 SURVEY QUESTION Dear Respondents, May I respectfully request your cooperation by way carefully answering this structured questionnaire to the best of your knowledge. The information to be gathered in this survey shall be use in an ongoing research work entitled Influence of Stressors on the Students Academic Performance as Perceived by Selected Fourth Year BS HRM Students of Our Lady of Fatima University. Rest assured that all information will be treated with outmost confidentiality. Part I. Students Profile Direction: Please provide the necessary information by checking ( ) or filling up the data.

A. Age: __18 - 19 __22 - 23 __20 - 21 B. Sex: __ Male __ Female C. Civil Status: __ Married __ Single D. Type of Student: __ Regular __Irregular E. Number of Siblings: __ None __ 1-3 __ 4-6

77
Part II. Legend Direction: Read each item and answer the corresponding questions. Please check the column that corresponds to your answer. 5 - Strongly agree 4 - Agree 3 - Fairly agree 2 - Disagree 1 - Strongly disagree Environment 1. I usually get irritated with unwanted noise of my classmate. 2. When the classroom is too hot it makes me inattentive and irritable. 3. I get tired and exhausted easily with too much crowding 4. Smells bad makes me mad and irritated Relationship Problem 1. I cant concentrate with my studies when we have conflict with my boyfriend/girlfriend. 2. I cant concentrate with my studies when there is a problem at home. 3. Lack of time of my parents makes me feel unimportant 4. Conflict with my friends makes me feel sad Time Schedule 1. I feel worried and tense during the deadlines of my projects. 2. I feel pressured during class hours. 3. I feel tired when I have hectic schedule. 4. I feel tired when getting up early for classes. Climate 1. I usually get irritated when the weather is hot. 2. I always feel bad when there is an unexpected climate. 3. I feel disappointed if the class is unexpected to be suspended because of bad weather. 4. I usually stress out if theres a flood in my route and Im in a hurry 5 4 3 2 1

78
Effects of Stressors on the Academic Performance 1. Im absent-minded when Im stressed. 2. Im loss of focus 3. Im Tired to go to School when Im stressed. 4. I feel irritated with other group when I am stressed. 5. I lose my concentration with my studies when I am stressed. 6. Im lazy to do homeworks when I am stressed. 7. Im getting low grades when I am stressed. 8. Im failing major exams when I am Stressed In what ways do you want to manage and control your stress 1. Exercise regularly 2. Meditation 3. Get enough rest and sleep 4. Time management 5. Spend time with those you love 6. Eat healthy, well balanced food 7. Seek treatment w/ psychologist or other mental professions 8. Listen to the soft music 9. Smoking when I feel stress 10. Drinking alcoholic beverage when I feel stress 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1

79

Appendix C Tabulation Sheet

80 Appendix C- Tabulation Sheet ENVIRONMENT 1.

5 IIII IIII IIII II 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII I 3 IIII 2I 1I 2. 5 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII I 4 IIII IIII I 3I 2I 1I 3. 5 IIII IIII IIII I 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII I 3 IIII 2 II 1I 16 21 5 2 1 45 31 11 1 1 1 45 17 21 5 1 1_ 45

4. 5 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII II 4 IIII IIII II 3 IIII 2I 1I Relationship Problem 1. 5 IIII IIII III 4 IIII III 3 IIII IIII I 2 II 1 IIII IIII I 27 12 4 4 1 45

13 8 11 2 11 45

81 2. 5 IIII IIII III 13 4 IIII IIII IIII III 18 3 IIII IIII I 11 2 II 2 1I 1 45

3. 5 IIII III 4 IIII IIII III 3 IIII IIII IIII II 2 IIII 1 II 4. 5 IIII IIII III 4 IIII IIII I 3 IIII IIII III 2 IIII I 1 II 13 11 13 6 2 45 8 13 17 5 2 45

Time Schedule
1. 5 IIII IIII IIII III 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII II 3 III 2I 1I 18 22 3 1 1 45

2. 5 III 4 IIII IIII IIII I 3 IIII IIII IIII II 2 IIII IIII 10 3 16 17 9 0 45

82 3. 5 IIII IIII IIII 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII 3 IIII III 2I 1I 4. 5 IIII IIII IIII I 4 IIII IIII II 3 IIII IIII 2 IIII 1 II 16 12 10 5 2 45 15 20 8 1 1 45

CLIMATE
1. 5 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII II 4 IIII III 3 III 2I 1I 2. 5 IIII IIII I 4 IIII IIII II 3 IIII IIII IIII I 2 II 1 IIII 3. 5 IIII IIII I 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII II 3 IIII IIII 2I 1 II 11 22 9 1 2 45 11 12 16 2 4 45 32 8 3 1 1 45

83 4. 5 IIII IIII IIII IIII II 4 IIII IIII IIII I 3 II 2I 1 III 23 16 2 1 3 45

Effects of Stressors on the Academic Performance

1. 5 IIII IIII IIII III 4 IIII IIII IIII I 3 IIII III 2 II 1I 2. 5 IIII 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII 3 IIII IIII IIII 2 IIII 1 II 3 19 14 5 2 45 18 16 8 2 1 45

3. 5 IIII IIII 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII 3 IIII IIII I 2 III 1I 4. 5 IIII I 4 IIII IIII I 3 IIII IIII IIII IIII 2 IIII 1 III 6 11 20 5 3 45 10 20 11 3 1 45

84 5. 5 IIII IIII III 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII III 3 IIII III 2I 10 13 23 8 1 0 45

6. 5 IIII IIII IIII 4 IIII IIII IIII II 3 IIII IIII 2 III 1I 7. 5 IIII IIII I 4 IIII IIII IIII 3 IIII IIII IIII 2 II 1 II 8. 5 IIII IIII 4 IIII IIII III 3 IIII IIII IIII III 2 II 1 III 9 13 18 2 3 45 11 15 15 2 2 45 15 17 9 3 1 45

85
Ways how to manage and control stress 1. 5 IIII IIII IIII III 4 IIII IIII IIII I 3 IIII IIII 2I 10 2. 5 IIII III 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII 3 IIII IIII III 2 III 1I 3. 5 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII II 4 IIII IIII 3 IIII II 2I 10 27 10 7 1 0 45 8 20 13 3 1 45 18 16 10 1 0 45

4. 5 IIII IIII IIII IIII II 4 IIII IIII IIII IIII 3 III 2I 10 5. 5 IIII IIII IIII IIII III 4 IIII IIII IIII I 3 IIII 2I 10 23 16 5 1 0 45 22 19 3 1 0 45

86
6. 5 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII 4 IIII II 3 IIII I 2 II 10 30 7 6 2 0 45

7. 5 IIII III 4 IIII IIII II 3 IIII IIII IIII IIII 2 IIII 1 II 8. 5 IIII IIII IIII IIII - II 4 IIII IIII IIII 3 IIII I 2 II 10 9. 5 IIII 4 II 3 III 2 IIII 1 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII 10. 5 IIII III 4 IIII 3 IIII IIII I 2 IIII IIII IIII III 1 III 8 5 11 18 3 45 5 2 3 5 30 45 22 15 6 2 0 45 8 12 19 4 2

87 Environment
1. WA F 5 17 85 4 21 84 3 5 15 2 1 2 1 1 1 Total 45 187

2.

WA F

5 31 155

4 11 44

3 1 3

2 1 2

1 1 1

Total 45 205

3.

WA F

5 16 80

4 21 84

3 5 15

2 2 4

1 1 1

Total 45 184

4.

WA F

5 27 135

4 12 48

3 4 12

2 1 2

1 1 1

Total 45 198

88
Time Schedule 1. WA F 5 18 90 4 22 88 3 3 9 2 1 2 1 1 1 Total 45 190

2.

WA F

5 3 15

4 16 64

3 17 57

2 9 18

1 0 0

Total 45 154

3.

WA F

5 15 75

4 20 80

3 8 24

2 1 2

1 1 1

Total 45 182

4.

WA F

5 16 90

4 12 48

3 10 30

2 5 10

1 2 2

Total 45 180

89
Relationship Problem 1. WA F 5 13 65 4 8 32 3 11 33 2 2 4 1 11 11 Total 45 145

2.

WA F

5 13 65

4 18 72

3 11 33

2 2 4

1 1 1

Total 45 175

3.

WA F

5 8 40

4 13 52

3 17 51

2 5 10

1 2 2

Total 45 155

4.

WA F

5 13 65

4 11 44

3 13 39

2 6 12

1 2 2

Total 45 162

90
Climate 1. WA F 5 32 160 4 8 32 3 3 9 2 1 2 1 1 1 Total 45 204

2.

WA F

5 11 55

4 12 48

3 16 48

2 2 2

1 4 9

Total 45 157

3.

WA F

5 11 55

4 22 88

3 9 27

2 1 2

1 2 2

Total 45 174

4.

WA F

5 23 115

4 16 64

3 2 6

2 1 2

1 3 3

Total 45 190

91
Effects of Stressors on the Academic Performance 1. WA F 5 18 90 4 16 64 3 8 24 2 2 4 1 1 1 Total 45 183

2.

WA F

5 5 25

4 19 76

3 14 42

2 5 10

1 2 2

Total 45 155

3. WA F

5 4 3 2 1 Total

10 50

20 80

11 33

3 6

1 1

45 170

4.

WA F

5 6 30

4 11 44

3 20 60

2 5 10

1 3 3

Total 45 147

92
5. WA F 5 13 65 4 23 92 3 8 24 2 1 2 1 0 0 Total 45 183

6.

WA F

5 15 75

4 17 68

3 9 27

2 3 6

1 1 1

Total 45 177

7.

WA F

5 11 55

4 15 60

3 15 45

2 2 4

1 2 2

Total 45 166

8.

WA F

5 9 45

4 13 52

3 18 54

2 2 4

1 3 3

Total 45 158

93
Ways how to manage and control stress 1. WA F 5 18 90 4 16 64 3 10 30 2 1 2 1 0 0 Total 45 186

2.

WA F

5 8 40

4 20 80

3 13 39

2 3 6

1 1 1

Total 45 166

3.

WA F

5 27 135

4 10 40

3 7 21

2 1 2

1 0 0

Total 45 198

4.

WA F

5 22 110

4 19 76

3 3 9

2 1 2

1 0 0

Total 45 197

94
5. WA F 5 23 115 4 16 64 3 5 15 2 1 2 1 0 0 Total 45 196

6.

WA F

5 30 150

4 7 28

3 6 18

2 2 4

1 0 0

Total 45 200

7.

WA F

5 8 40

4 12 48

3 19 57

2 4 8

1 2 2

Total 45 155

8.

WA F

5 22 110

4 15 60

3 6 18

2 2 4

1 0 0

Total 45 192

95
9. WA F 5 5 25 4 2 8 3 3 9 2 5 10 1 30 30 Total 45 82

10.

WA F

5 8 40

4 5 20

3 11 33

2 18 36

1 3 3

Total 45 132

96

Appendix D Curriculum Vitae